2830:
34:
838:, which at that time consisted only of the up, down, and strange quarks. Up and down quarks were the carriers of isospin, while the strange quark carried strangeness. While the quark model explained the
1507:
752:" grew from a few particles in the early 1930s and 1940s to several dozens of them in the 1950s. Some particles were much longer lived than others; most particles decayed through the
1129:. The editors hated the title, so he amended it to 'Strange Particles'. They wouldn't go for that either—never mind that almost everybody used the term—suggesting insteand [
1223:
1376:
811:
Despite their work, the relationships between each particle and the physical basis behind the strangeness property remained unclear. In 1961, Gell-Mann and
1515:
2753:
1104:
716:. These experiments confirmed the existence of up and down quarks, and by extension, strange quarks, as they were required to explain the
2503:
2741:
991:
1752:
1694:
1657:
1250:
1206:
1118:
1036:
1783:
1026:
1453:
Breidenbach, M.; Friedman, J.; et al. (1969). "Observed
Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering".
1218:
843:
713:
2639:
854:
had substructure, and that protons made of three more-fundamental particles explained the data (thus confirming the
2720:
1237:
Y. Ne'eman (2000) . "Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance". In M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman (ed.).
1153:
1125:
By the end of the summer ... completed his first paper, 'Isotopic Spin and
Curious Particles' and send it of to
805:
2864:
871:
75:
2736:
1744:
830:. The physical basis behind both isospin and strangeness was only explained in 1964, when Gell-Mann and
1581:
Kretzer, S.; Lai, H.; et al. (2004). "CTEQ6 Parton
Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects".
2812:
1368:
1262:
866:
847:
709:
2224:
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1714:
1649:
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2415:
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632:
292:
85:
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2715:
2052:
899:
2802:
1193:(2000) . "The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry". In Ne'eman, Y. (ed.).
98:
1637:
1645:
1602:
1555:
1464:
1425:
1311:
1271:
1162:
1077:
944:
545:
861:
At first people were reluctant to identify the three-bodies as quarks, instead preferring
497:
has also been used because the s quark (but also the other three remaining quarks) has an
8:
2817:
1800:
1638:
1538:
1352:
Zweig, G. (1964). "An SU(3) Model for Strong
Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II".
745:
604:
400:
362:
342:
327:
307:
53:
46:
1606:
1559:
1468:
1429:
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1275:
1216:
Gell-Mann, Murray (1961). "The
Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry".
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948:
2760:
1769:
1682:
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1618:
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is the official name, while "strange" is to be considered only as a mnemonic. The name
404:
90:
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33:
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2710:
2189:
1934:
1861:
1748:
1690:
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1337:
Zweig, G. (1964). "An SU(3) Model for Strong
Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking".
1283:
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252:
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1959:
1949:
1939:
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1302:
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862:
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230:
1567:
1106:
Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann and the
Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics
592:
207:
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2002:
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957:
894:
611:
271:
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192:
41:
1260:
Y. Ne'eman (1961). "Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance".
2848:
2792:
2644:
2611:
2403:
2373:
2305:
2164:
1944:
1871:
757:
842:, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the
2770:
2320:
2310:
2300:
2061:
2012:
1954:
1876:
1831:
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1110:
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173:
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2128:
2020:
1984:
1846:
930:
889:
884:
855:
835:
774:
636:
541:
764:, they had lifetimes of around 10 seconds. While studying these decays,
728:
In the beginnings of particle physics (first half of the 20th century),
2527:
2421:
2411:
2393:
2283:
2184:
2119:
1836:
1761:
1597:
1175:
1148:
904:
687:
1484:
2669:
2659:
2629:
2522:
2488:
2481:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2315:
2083:
1866:
783:
58:
2765:
2593:
2548:
2532:
2493:
2466:
2179:
2174:
2154:
2124:
2114:
2109:
1929:
1904:
1899:
1826:
804:)) to explain the "strangeness" of the longer-lived particles. The
683:
682:), but the existence of the strange quark itself (and that of the
614:
223:
708:. The first evidence for the existence of quarks came in 1968, in
667:), which differs from it only in that some of its properties have
578:
2674:
2664:
2634:
2588:
2583:
2558:
2476:
2461:
2388:
2383:
2288:
2273:
2219:
2194:
2159:
2088:
2070:
1809:
993:
Symbols, Units, Nomenclature and
Fundamental Constants in Physics
869:
description, but over time the quark theory became accepted (see
827:
815:
independently proposed a hadron classification scheme called the
737:
607:
498:
102:
678:(a particle containing a strange quark) was discovered in 1947 (
2654:
2649:
2278:
2265:
2256:
2078:
1992:
1891:
1452:
851:
733:
729:
705:
408:
20:
505:
of 0 while the u ("up") and d ("down") quarks have values of +
2679:
2619:
2471:
2330:
2209:
2149:
2104:
1997:
1975:
1818:
820:
808:
is the result of these efforts to understand strange decays.
600:
486:
396:
68:
2446:
2378:
2338:
1914:
1909:
741:
679:
412:
185:
1401:
1031:(second ed.). New York: Academic Press. p. 658.
1131:
411:. Examples of hadrons containing strange quarks include
1580:
760:
of around 10 seconds. When they decayed through the
1300:(1964). "A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons".
1674:
999:(2010 ed.). IUPAP. p. 12. Archived from
931:M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018).
395:(from its symbol, s) is the third lightest of all
1135:] 'Isotopic Spin and New Unstable Particles'.
2846:
1366:
748:. However, new hadrons were discovered and the "
1672:
1402:Bloom, E. D.; Coward, D.; et al. (1969).
1259:
1236:
1777:
1738:
1058:
1446:
1290:
1149:"Charge Independence Theory of V Particles"
1784:
1770:
1345:
1330:
1061:"Isotopic Spin and New Unstable Particles"
1635:
1629:
1596:
1437:
1360:
1296:
1215:
1189:
1174:
1146:
966:
956:
926:
924:
1791:
1673:Peskin, M. E.; Schroeder, D. V. (1995).
1539:"Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons"
1024:
989:
1677:An introduction to quantum field theory
1536:
1102:
2847:
2255:
921:
1765:
1727:, Department of Physics and Astronomy
1395:
1351:
1336:
1640:Introduction to Elementary Particles
1505:
990:Cohen, Richard E.; Giacomo, Pierre.
1712:
1367:Carithers, B.; Grannis, P. (1995).
772:(in 1955) developed the concept of
13:
1706:
1219:California Institute of Technology
844:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
714:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
14:
2876:
690:) was only postulated in 1964 by
669:equal magnitude but opposite sign
2828:
2721:Timeline of particle discoveries
32:
1666:
1574:
1530:
1499:
1154:Progress of Theoretical Physics
1230:
1183:
1140:
1096:
1052:
1028:Introduction to Modern Physics
1018:
983:
403:. Strange quarks are found in
1:
1508:"The Road to the Nobel Prize"
1324:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3
915:
2737:History of subatomic physics
1369:"Discovery of the Top Quark"
1284:10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1
1147:Nishijima, Kazuhiko (1955).
933:"Review of Particle Physics"
826:. This ordered hadrons into
655:of the strange quark is the
7:
1745:University of Chicago Press
1568:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415
1354:CERN Report No.8419/Th 8412
1339:CERN Report No.8181/Th 8419
878:
850:experiments indicated that
834:independently proposed the
806:Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula
631:, and experiences all four
10:
2881:
1615:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005
1477:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935
1439:10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930
1025:McGervey, John D. (1983).
958:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001
723:
603:, the strange quark is an
18:
2826:
2729:
2693:
2610:
2571:
2541:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2434:
2402:
2329:
2264:
2246:
2142:
2097:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2033:
2011:
1983:
1974:
1890:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1636:Griffiths, D. J. (1987).
1412:Scattering at 6° and 10°"
848:Deep inelastic scattering
710:deep inelastic scattering
704:classification scheme of
335:
300:
270:
260:
229:
217:
191:
180:
164:
132:
108:
84:
74:
64:
52:
40:
31:
2754:mathematical formulation
2349:Eta and eta prime mesons
1725:Georgia State University
778:(which Nishijima called
633:fundamental interactions
19:Not to be confused with
2416:Double-charm tetraquark
1547:Physical Review Letters
1537:Feynman, R. P. (1969).
1456:Physical Review Letters
1417:Physical Review Letters
1404:"High-Energy Inelastic
1224:Synchrotron Laboratory
1090:10.1103/PhysRev.92.833
900:Strangeness production
2813:Wave–particle duality
2803:Relativistic particle
1940:Electron antineutrino
1739:A. Pickering (1984).
1646:John Wiley & Sons
1059:M. Gell-Mann (1953).
548:of matter. It has an
337:Weak hypercharge
99:electromagnetic force
2865:Elementary particles
2043:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1793:Particles in physics
1747:. pp. 114–125.
1103:Johnson, G. (2000).
746:elementary particles
544:, it is part of the
231:Electric charge
2818:Particle chauvinism
2761:Subatomic particles
1741:Constructing Quarks
1607:2004PhRvD..69k4005K
1560:1969PhRvL..23.1415F
1518:on 25 December 2008
1469:1969PhRvL..23..935B
1430:1969PhRvL..23..930B
1316:1964PhL.....8..214G
1276:1961NucPh..26..222N
1167:1955PThPh..13..285N
1082:1953PhRv...92..833G
949:2018PhRvD..98c0001T
872:November Revolution
744:were thought to be
712:experiments at the
649:strong interactions
405:subatomic particles
401:elementary particle
139:Strange antiquark (
47:Elementary particle
28:
1176:10.1143/PTP.13.285
828:isospin multiplets
770:Kazuhiko Nishijima
754:strong interaction
659:(sometimes called
26:
2842:
2841:
2798:Massless particle
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2567:
2566:
2430:
2429:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2190:Magnetic monopole
2138:
2137:
2029:
2028:
1970:
1969:
1950:Muon antineutrino
1935:Electron neutrino
1754:978-0-226-66799-7
1696:978-0-201-50397-5
1659:978-0-471-60386-3
1584:Physical Review D
1554:(24): 1415–1417.
1298:Gell-Mann, Murray
1252:978-0-7382-0299-0
1239:The Eightfold Way
1208:978-0-7382-0299-0
1195:The Eightfold Way
1191:Gell-Mann, Murray
1120:978-0-679-43764-2
1038:978-0-12-483560-3
937:Physical Review D
762:weak interactions
661:antistrange quark
657:strange antiquark
645:weak interactions
546:second generation
485:According to the
480:strange particles
385:
384:
302:Weak isospin
2872:
2832:
2808:Virtual particle
2579:Mesonic molecule
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2354:Bottom eta meson
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:
2225:W′ and Z′ bosons
2215:Sterile neutrino
2200:Majorana fermion
2067:
2066:
2058:
2057:
1981:
1980:
1960:Tau antineutrino
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1701:
1700:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1600:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1506:Friedman, J. I.
1503:
1497:
1496:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1256:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:on 18 March 2015
1005:
998:
987:
981:
980:
970:
960:
928:
819:, also known as
803:
802:
801:
794:
793:
766:Murray Gell-Mann
692:Murray Gell-Mann
676:strange particle
641:electromagnetism
629:
627:
626:
623:
620:
598:
590:
589:
570:
568:
567:
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561:
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534:
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520:
518:
517:
514:
511:
477:
476:
475:
468:
467:
455:
454:
453:
445:
444:
435:strange D mesons
432:
431:
430:
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281:
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247:
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219:Decays into
213:
205:
204:
169:Murray Gell-Mann
160:
158:
157:
156:
150:
147:
146:
128:
127:
126:
119:
118:
36:
29:
25:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2822:
2776:Nuclear physics
2725:
2689:
2625:Davydov soliton
2598:
2563:
2537:
2498:
2426:
2398:
2325:
2234:
2134:
2093:
2047:
2025:
2007:
1966:
1886:
1795:
1790:
1755:
1730:
1728:
1709:
1707:Further reading
1704:
1697:
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1667:
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1634:
1630:
1579:
1575:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1500:
1463:(16): 935–939.
1451:
1447:
1424:(16): 930–934.
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1303:Physics Letters
1295:
1291:
1263:Nuclear Physics
1257:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1226:Report CTSL-20.
1213:
1209:
1188:
1184:
1145:
1141:
1127:Physical Review
1121:
1113:. p. 119.
1101:
1097:
1069:Physical Review
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1057:
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1039:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
929:
922:
918:
881:
863:Richard Feynman
824:flavor symmetry
800:
798:
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796:
792:
790:
789:
788:
787:
726:
698:to explain the
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618:
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558:
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550:electric charge
540:Along with the
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2835:Physics portal
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2749:Standard Model
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2745:
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2733:
2731:
2727:
2726:
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2723:
2718:
2716:Quasiparticles
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2612:Quasiparticles
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2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2404:Exotic hadrons
2400:
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2250:
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2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2230:X and Y bosons
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
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2192:
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2075:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2003:W and Z bosons
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Strange (quark
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1736:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1683:Addison–Wesley
1665:
1658:
1628:
1598:hep-th/0307022
1591:(11): 114005.
1573:
1529:
1512:Hue University
1498:
1445:
1394:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1310:(3): 214–215.
1289:
1251:
1243:Westview Press
1229:
1207:
1201:. p. 11.
1199:Westview Press
1182:
1139:
1119:
1095:
1051:
1037:
1017:
982:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
895:Strange matter
892:
887:
880:
877:
799:
791:
768:(in 1953) and
725:
722:
537:respectively.
500:
473:
465:
450:
442:
428:
420:
383:
382:
339:
333:
332:
304:
298:
297:
274:
268:
267:
264:
258:
257:
233:
227:
226:
221:
215:
214:
195:
189:
188:
182:
178:
177:
166:
162:
161:
154:
144:
136:
130:
129:
124:
116:
110:
106:
105:
88:
82:
81:
78:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2877:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Strange quark
2853:
2852:
2850:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Exotic matter
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:Eightfold way
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Antiparticles
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2442:Atomic nuclei
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:Upsilon meson
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:Lambda baryon
2304:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Dual graviton
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Superpartners
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Muon neutrino
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Bottom (quark
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1002:
995:
994:
986:
978:
974:
969:
968:10044/1/68623
964:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
927:
925:
920:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
876:
874:
873:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:eightfold way
837:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
817:eightfold way
814:
813:Yuval Ne'eman
809:
807:
785:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
719:
718:eightfold way
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
701:eightfold way
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
613:
609:
606:
602:
597:
596:
580:
576:
575:
551:
547:
543:
538:
504:
496:
492:
489:, the symbol
488:
483:
481:
478:), and other
459:
458:Sigma baryons
436:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:strange quark
364:
344:
340:
338:
334:
329:
309:
305:
303:
299:
296:
295:
275:
273:
269:
265:
263:
259:
256:
255:
234:
232:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:
196:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
137:
135:
131:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
35:
30:
27:Strange quark
22:
16:Type of quark
2833:
2504:Hypothetical
2452:Exotic atoms
2321:Omega baryon
2311:Sigma baryon
2301:Delta baryon
2053:Hypothetical
2035:Ghost fields
2021:Higgs boson
1955:Tau neutrino
1856:
1847:Charm (quark
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1720:HyperPhysics
1718:
1676:
1668:
1639:
1631:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1551:
1545:
1532:
1522:29 September
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1501:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1381:
1375:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1267:
1261:
1238:
1232:
1217:
1194:
1185:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1111:Random House
1105:
1098:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1042:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1001:the original
992:
985:
943:(3): 1–708.
940:
936:
910:Strange star
870:
860:
839:
832:George Zweig
810:
782:, after the
779:
773:
750:particle zoo
727:
717:
699:
696:George Zweig
673:
664:
660:
656:
653:antiparticle
594:
573:
539:
494:
490:
484:
399:, a type of
392:
388:
386:
293:
262:Color charge
253:
209:
174:George Zweig
134:Antiparticle
86:Interactions
2786:Quark model
2554:Theta meson
2457:Positronium
2369:Omega meson
2364:J/psi meson
2294:Antineutron
2205:Dark photon
2170:Graviphoton
2129:Stop squark
1837:Down (quark
890:Quark model
885:Strangeness
856:quark model
836:quark model
775:strangeness
688:down quarks
665:antistrange
637:gravitation
599:. Like all
542:charm quark
42:Composition
2849:Categories
2528:Heptaquark
2489:Superatoms
2422:Pentaquark
2412:Tetraquark
2394:Quarkonium
2284:Antiproton
2185:Leptoquark
2120:Neutralino
1882:antiquark)
1872:antiquark)
1867:Top (quark
1862:antiquark)
1852:antiquark)
1842:antiquark)
1832:antiquark)
1801:Elementary
1731:2008-06-29
1685:. p.
1648:. p.
1388:2008-09-23
1270:(2): 222.
1214:Original:
1161:(3): 285.
1076:(3): 833.
916:References
905:Strangelet
780:eta-charge
674:The first
663:or simply
605:elementary
181:Discovered
76:Generation
54:Statistics
2766:Particles
2711:Particles
2670:Polariton
2660:Plasmaron
2630:Dropleton
2523:Hexaquark
2494:Molecules
2482:Protonium
2359:Phi meson
2344:Rho meson
2316:Xi baryon
2248:Composite
2084:Gravitino
1827:Up (quark
1713:R. Nave.
1623:119379329
1384:(3): 4–16
1377:Beam Line
1258:Original
784:eta meson
758:lifetimes
579:bare mass
165:Theorized
59:Fermionic
2742:timeline
2594:R-hadron
2549:Glueball
2533:Skyrmion
2467:Tauonium
2180:Inflaton
2175:Graviton
2155:Curvaton
2125:Sfermion
2115:Higgsino
2110:Chargino
2071:Gauginos
1930:Neutrino
1915:Antimuon
1905:Positron
1900:Electron
1810:Fermions
1715:"Quarks"
1044:25 March
1010:25 March
977:10020536
879:See also
756:and had
738:neutrons
732:such as
554:−
495:sideways
224:Up quark
2730:Related
2701:Baryons
2675:Polaron
2665:Plasmon
2640:Fracton
2635:Exciton
2589:Diquark
2584:Pomeron
2559:T meson
2516:Baryons
2477:Pionium
2462:Muonium
2389:D meson
2384:B meson
2289:Neutron
2274:Nucleon
2266:Baryons
2257:Hadrons
2220:Tachyon
2195:Majoron
2160:Dilaton
2089:Photino
1925:Antitau
1892:Leptons
1603:Bibcode
1556:Bibcode
1493:2575595
1485:1444731
1465:Bibcode
1426:Bibcode
1312:Bibcode
1272:Bibcode
1163:Bibcode
1078:Bibcode
945:Bibcode
852:protons
734:protons
730:hadrons
724:History
706:hadrons
628:
616:
608:fermion
569:
535:
523:
519:
507:
409:hadrons
407:called
393:s quark
379:
367:
359:
347:
324:
312:
289:
277:
249:
237:
103:gravity
2860:Quarks
2706:Mesons
2655:Phonon
2650:Magnon
2572:Others
2542:Mesons
2435:Others
2331:Mesons
2279:Proton
2143:Others
2098:Others
2079:Gluino
2013:Scalar
1993:Photon
1976:Bosons
1819:Quarks
1751:
1693:
1656:
1621:
1491:
1483:
1249:
1205:
1117:
1035:
975:
867:parton
795:η
651:. The
647:, and
601:quarks
591:
577:and a
571:
469:Σ
397:quarks
291:
251:
206:
184:1968,
176:(1964)
171:(1964)
109:Symbol
91:strong
80:Second
65:Family
21:squark
2694:Lists
2685:Trion
2680:Roton
2620:Anyon
2447:Atoms
2210:Preon
2150:Axion
2105:Axino
1998:Gluon
1985:Gauge
1619:S2CID
1593:arXiv
1542:(PDF)
1489:S2CID
1372:(PDF)
1064:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
997:(PDF)
821:SU(3)
742:pions
680:kaons
610:with
521:and −
503:value
487:IUPAP
413:kaons
69:Quark
2645:Hole
2472:Onia
2379:Kaon
2339:Pion
1910:Muon
1749:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1524:2008
1481:OSTI
1247:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1046:2017
1033:ISBN
1012:2017
973:PMID
740:and
694:and
686:and
612:spin
593:MeV/
387:The
272:Spin
208:MeV/
193:Mass
186:SLAC
95:weak
1920:Tau
1687:556
1611:doi
1564:doi
1473:doi
1434:doi
1320:doi
1280:doi
1171:doi
1132:sic
1086:doi
963:hdl
953:doi
875:).
865:'s
858:).
581:of
552:of
456:),
433:),
391:or
365:: −
330:: 0
310:: −
266:Yes
2851::
1743:.
1723:.
1717:.
1689:.
1681:.
1652:.
1650:42
1644:.
1617:.
1609:.
1601:.
1589:69
1587:.
1562:.
1552:23
1550:.
1544:.
1510:.
1487:.
1479:.
1471:.
1461:23
1459:.
1432:.
1422:23
1420:.
1414:.
1382:25
1380:.
1374:.
1318:.
1306:.
1278:.
1268:26
1266:.
1245:.
1241:.
1222:.
1197:.
1169:.
1159:13
1157:.
1151:.
1123:.
1109:.
1084:.
1074:92
1072:.
1066:.
971:.
961:.
951:.
941:98
939:.
935:.
923:^
846:.
736:,
720:.
684:up
671:.
643:,
639:,
635::
588:−3
586:+9
583:95
482:.
363:RH
361:,
345::
343:LH
328:RH
326:,
308:LH
203:−3
201:+9
198:95
101:,
97:,
93:,
2418:)
2414:(
2131:)
2127:(
1785:e
1778:t
1771:v
1757:.
1734:.
1699:.
1662:.
1625:.
1613::
1605::
1595::
1570:.
1566::
1558::
1526:.
1495:.
1475::
1467::
1442:.
1436::
1428::
1410:p
1408:–
1406:e
1391:.
1356:.
1341:.
1326:.
1322::
1314::
1308:8
1286:.
1282::
1274::
1255:.
1211:.
1179:.
1173::
1165::
1092:.
1088::
1080::
1048:.
1014:.
979:.
965::
955::
947::
786:(
625:2
622:/
619:1
595:c
574:e
566:3
563:/
560:1
556:+
532:2
529:/
526:1
516:2
513:/
510:1
501:3
499:I
491:s
460:(
451:s
446:D
437:(
424:K
415:(
376:3
373:/
370:2
356:3
353:/
350:1
321:2
318:/
315:1
294:ħ
286:2
283:/
280:1
254:e
246:3
243:/
240:1
235:−
210:c
159:)
149:s
120:s
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
