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Stenotype

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proofreaders work closely with court reporters to ensure an accurate transcript. The widespread use of realtime translation of the strokes has increased the demand for scopists to work simultaneously with the court reporter. With transcripts produced on computer-aided transcription (CAT) software, a scopist no longer needs to have any knowledge of shorthand theories, because the software converts shorthand to text in real time via a dictionary. However, it may still be helpful in some situations while scoping, as misstroked words may not translate and would appear in steno. Depending on availability of scopists and proofreaders, court reporters may use a scopist only to clean up a rough draft of their transcript, then proofread and certify the transcript themselves, or they may use neither and produce a final transcript by themselves, though this is a very time-consuming practice.
405:, to combine letters to make different sounds; different court reporters use different theories in their work. Historically, reporters often created "briefs" (abbreviations) on-the-fly, and sometimes mixed theories, which could make it difficult for one reporter to read another reporter's notes, but current versions of theories are primarily designed for computerized translation using a standardized dictionary provided by the company that promulgates the theory, which forces reporters to stick with one theory and use only the specific combinations in that company's dictionary. However, it is not uncommon for students and reporters to add a significant number of entries to a stock dictionary, usually when creating briefs of their own. 2738: 223: 138: 183: 2629: 2773: 25: 337: 231: 142: 139: 141: 278:
Stenograph is by far the largest manufacturer of American stenotype keyboards with an estimated market share in excess of 90%. Their top models are the Luminex professional writer and the Wave student writer. The Stentura paper-based writers and the paperless Élan writers preceded the current models.
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To enter a number, a user presses the number bar at the top of the keyboard at the same time as the other keys, much like the Shift key on a QWERTY-based keyboard. The illustration shows which lettered keys correspond to which digits. Numbers can be chorded, just as letters can. They read from left
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computer keyboards. Most contain microprocessors, and many allow sensitivity adjustments for each individual key. They translate stenotype to the target language internally using user-specific dictionaries, and most have small display screens. They typically store a full day's work in non-volatile
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to translate and edit their work. A scopist is a person who is trained in the phonetic writing system, English punctuation, and usually in legal formatting. They are especially helpful when court reporters are working so much that they do not have time to edit their own work. Both scopists and
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Steno paper has become almost obsolete with the advancement in paperless stenotype machines. When it is used, steno paper comes out of a stenotype machine at the rate of one row per chord, with the pressed letters printed out in 22 columns corresponding to the 22 keys, in the following order:
251:, as only a few thousand stenotype keyboards are sold each year. As of October 2013, student models, such as a Wave writer, sell for about US$ 1,500 and top-end models sell for approximately US$ 5,000. Machines that are 10 to 15 years old still resell for upward of $ 350. 174:. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories. 307:
Many steno enthusiasts are making and selling keyboards designed for use with Plover, the open source steno software. Most of these keyboards range from about $ 100 to $ 200 and allow the user to use stenography on their computer through Plover. Vendors include:
134:(wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach up to 375 words per minute, according to the website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA). 279:
There were two other large manufacturers in the 1980s (Xscribe, with the StenoRAM line and BaronData with the Transcriptor line). Stenograph purchased both companies and discontinued their products. The current manufacturers in the US include:
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The following example shows how steno paper coming out of the machine represents an English sentence. Notice that key combinations can have different meanings depending on context. In the first stroke of the word
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As with the Korean language, Chinese stenotype layouts depend on the manufacturer, four of which are most commonly encountered in the market. A combination of chording and abbreviation is used.
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There is one NCRA-approved school in all of Canada that teaches stenotype: the captioning and court reporting program at NAIT (Northern Alberta Institute of Technology). This program uses the
363:"). These fingers are used to generate initial consonants. The fingers of the right hand lie in the corresponding position to the right of the asterisk (forefinger on " 439:
This is a basic chart of the letters of this machine. There are, however, different writing theories that represent some letters or sounds differently (e.g., the
195: 203: 398:, but it takes three separate strokes to write 731. Many court reporters and stenocaptioners write out numbers phonetically instead of using the number bar. 211: 2972: 351:
In "home position", the fingers of the left hand rest along the gap between the two main rows of keys to the left of the asterisk (little finger on the "
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The first shorthand machine (the word "stenotype" was not used for another 80 years or more) punched a paper strip and was built in 1830 by
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Stenotype keys normally are made of a hard, high-luster acrylic material with no markings. The accompanying image shows the
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The Portuguese language has two stenotype systems. The Brazilian system uses the same layout as the American English one.
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for stenography. Plover software translates keypresses to Stenotype on any modern keyboard, with a preference given to
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used internationally (Ward Stone Ireland 1913), there is also a Possum Palantype system still being used in the UK.
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invented a stenotype and filed patent number 175892 for type writers and phenotypic notation application. In 1879,
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to right across the keyboard. It is possible to write 137 in one stroke by pressing the number bar along with
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The Japanese language uses a StenoWord system with ten remapped keys or a more conventional Sokutaipu system.
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in about 1913, and the word "stenotype" was applied to his machine and its descendants sometime thereafter.
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Most modern stenotype keyboards have more in common with computers than they do with typewriters or
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and was in actual use from 1880 in the Italian Senate. In New York City on December 24, 1875,
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in the chart below), and each court reporter develops personalized "briefs" and codes.
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Stenograph (Stentura, élan Mira, Fusion, élan Cybra, Wave, Diamante and Luminex)
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providers and report a median income of $ 70,000 CAD between 2017 and 2020.
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The Open Steno Project has written free open-source software, including
3964: 3881: 194:, a German inventor. The first machine was made in 1863 by the Italian 191: 107: 371:"), and are used for final consonants. The thumbs produce the vowels. 336: 3886: 3773: 3743: 3359: 2811: 115: 16:
Specialized typewriter or chorded keyboard for recording in shorthand
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in 1909. The direct ancestor of today's stenotype was created by
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invented the shorthand machine. A French version was created by
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Open source stenotype hardware created by the SOFT/HRUF project
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Type 225 Words per Minute with a Stenographic Keyboard (Video)
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The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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alternatively, commonly chorded by the entire initial bank,
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would be written by a single stroke expressing the initial
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ProCAT (Stenopaq, Flash, Stylus, Impression, and Xpression)
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Neutrino Group (Gemini, Revolution, & Infinity writers)
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The main stenotype systems in Korea are CAS and Sorizava.
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Karl Drais-The New Biography by Dr. Hans-Erhard Lessing
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In addition to the above American Stenotype layout of
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The system is roughly phonetic; for example the word
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must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225
2768: 1309:       AO EU 1233:       AO E 3047:"Infinity Writers, Neutrino Group, StenoWorks.com" 1023:S        * 1347:        O 186:Stenograph - first model, Miles Bartholomew, 1879 4130: 283:Advantage Software (Passport and Passport Touch) 247:. These factors influence the price, along with 3318:"NCRA-Approved Court Reporting Programs | NCRA" 2875:California Official Court Reporters Association 2941:, Slashdot, Posted by Roblimo, August 12, 2014 3463: 2688:keyboard layout. Graduates are trained to be 32:The examples and perspective in this article 1472:       AO 3444:Open source hardware, software, and guides. 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 2973:"Beginner's Guide: Get Started with Plover" 1069:       A 3470: 3456: 348:layout of the American stenotype machine. 3385:"Steno Layouts & Supported Languages" 2725:Two Stenotype layouts are in use for the 1495:to disambiguate certain homophones, like 70:Learn how and when to remove this message 3370: 2736: 2632:English text rendered in steno shorthand 335: 229: 221: 181: 136: 118:use. In order to pass the United States 3177:"nolltronics – Making Steno Affordable" 2919: 2905:"The Commissioners of Patents' Journal" 4131: 3150: 3000:"Stenograph Closes Deal For Barondata" 401:There are various rule sets, known as 3685:(Indian languages; Hindi, Telugu etc) 3451: 2741:A Korean stenotype of the CAS layout. 831:      R 302: 3477: 3026:"Advantage Software, Eclipsecat.com" 2949: 2947: 340:A stenotype machine keyboard layout. 158:" or "stroking") to spell out whole 18: 1696:to disambiguate certain homophones 146:Demonstration Marc Grandjean (1928) 13: 2748: 2636:Many words have been abbreviated: 2627: 2320:may be used when in conflict with 331: 217: 14: 4165: 3435: 2944: 1796:use only for words that end with 1491:also used for words spelled with 1486:only used for words spelled with 2771: 2703: 1641: 1610: 1572: 1559: 1521: 1457: 1444: 1407: 1370: 1332: 1294: 1256: 1218: 1180: 1142: 1129: 1092: 1054: 951:S     R 711:     HR 510:  K   R 273: 243:memory of some type, such as an 120:Registered Professional Reporter 23: 3419: 3413: 3395: 3352: 3334: 3310: 3285: 3261: 3237: 3213: 3189: 3169: 3144: 3123: 3102: 3081: 3060: 3039: 3018: 635:     H 2992: 2965: 2932: 2913: 2898: 2889: 2863: 2828: 418: 1: 2822: 327:Stenography Store (Starboard) 1688:used for words spelled with 226:Stentura 8000LX steno writer 7: 4154:Transcription (linguistics) 4103:Blickensderfer (DHIATENSOR) 3293:"Theories and dictionaries" 2764: 999:  K W R 449: 312:g Heavy Industries (Georgi) 46:, discuss the issue on the 10: 4170: 2720: 2708: 2603: 1700: 1653:that are not spelled with 1045: 927: T   H 879:S    H 735:   P H 539:  K  H 475: 258:, and has developed cheap 177: 4095: 4074: 4039: 4013: 4002: 3922: 3864: 3827: 3818: 3761: 3717: 3665: 3656: 3579: 3541: 3498: 3485: 2855:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2732: 2679: 2528: 1639:also used for words with 975:    W 470: 455: 434: 408:Some court reporters use 298:Word Technologies (Tréal) 295:Stenovations (LightSpeed) 2955:"The Open Steno Project" 2910:(August 4 1876): p. 1942 355:" to forefinger on the " 321:StenoKeyboards (The Uni) 318:SOFT/HRUF (Splitography) 4139:Computer keyboard types 2836:"Closed Captioning Web" 367:" to little finger on " 3442:The Open Steno Project 3131:"WordTechnologies.com" 2921:US patent 1098115A 2742: 2715:STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ 2686:STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ 2633: 2617:combination refers to 2588:Correction (asterisk) 659:S K W R 463:STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ 429:STKPWHRAO*EUFRPBLGTSDZ 341: 315:Nolltronics (EcoSteno) 235: 227: 200:John Celivergos Zachos 187: 164:realtime transcription 147: 3801:Russian (post-reform) 3391:. Open Steno Project. 3249:stenomod.blogspot.com 3151:Industries, g Heavy. 2740: 2631: 759: T P H 339: 233: 225: 196:Antonio Michela Zucco 185: 152:alphanumeric keyboard 145: 3796:Russian (pre-reform) 3513:British and American 3153:"g Heavy Industries" 2959:openstenoproject.org 2694:broadcast captioners 807:  K W 485:   PW 266:keyboards that have 260:open-source hardware 204:Miles M. Bartholomew 52:create a new article 44:improve this article 3752:SIL Korean Phonetic 3269:"Stenography Store" 2792:Captioned telephone 783:   P 476:Initial consonants 452: 4118:Printing Telegraph 3718:East Asian scripts 3678:Dzongkha (Tibetan) 3157:g Heavy Industries 3110:"Stenovations.com" 2743: 2634: 450: 342: 324:Stenomod (TinyMod) 303:Hobbyist keyboards 249:economies of scale 236: 228: 212:Ward Stone Ireland 188: 148: 4126: 4125: 4070: 4069: 3998: 3997: 3909:Telephone (9-key) 3814: 3813: 3694:Meitei (Manipuri) 3652: 3651: 3273:Stenography Store 2797:Closed captioning 2601: 2600: 1701:Final consonants 451:Stenotype chords 172:closed captioning 143: 102:is a specialized 92:shorthand machine 88:stenotype machine 80: 79: 72: 54:, as appropriate. 4161: 4011: 4010: 3857: 3845: 3825: 3824: 3663: 3662: 3496: 3495: 3479:Keyboard layouts 3472: 3465: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3430: 3429: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3221:"StenoKeyboards" 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3183: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3089:"Stenograph.com" 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2908:US Patent 175892 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2832: 2787:Chorded keyboard 2781: 2776: 2775: 2727:Italian language 2564:ST P H 1652: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1060: 453: 386:, and the final 270:functionality. 144: 132:words per minute 128:closed captioner 122:test, a trained 104:chorded keyboard 75: 68: 64: 61: 55: 27: 26: 19: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4149:Court reporting 4129: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4091: 4066: 4035: 4005: 3994: 3918: 3860: 3851: 3839: 3820: 3810: 3757: 3713: 3666:Brahmic scripts 3658: 3648: 3581:not QWERTY-like 3575: 3537: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3438: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3371: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3297:Art of Chording 3291: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3159: 3149: 3145: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3006:. March 6, 1990 3004:Chicago Tribune 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2802:Court reporting 2777: 2770: 2767: 2751: 2749:Other languages 2735: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2690:court reporters 2687: 2682: 2648:are chorded as 2616: 2606: 2593: 2579: 2565: 2551: 2537: 2521: 2512: 2497: 2488: 2473: 2464: 2449: 2440: 2425: 2416: 2401: 2392: 2377: 2368: 2353: 2344: 2331: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2289: 2280: 2265: 2256: 2241: 2232: 2217: 2208: 2193: 2184: 2169: 2160: 2145: 2136: 2121: 2112: 2097: 2088: 2073: 2064: 2049: 2040: 2025: 2016: 2001: 1992: 1977: 1968: 1955: 1940: 1931: 1916: 1907: 1892: 1883: 1868: 1859: 1844: 1835: 1820: 1811: 1792: 1783: 1768: 1759: 1744: 1735: 1720: 1711: 1684: 1675: 1664: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1626: 1613: 1609: 1597: 1588: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1546: 1537: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1502: 1482: 1473: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1432: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1386: 1373: 1369: 1357: 1348: 1335: 1331: 1319: 1310: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1272: 1259: 1255: 1243: 1234: 1221: 1217: 1205: 1196: 1183: 1179: 1167: 1158: 1145: 1141: 1132: 1128: 1117: 1108: 1095: 1091: 1079: 1070: 1057: 1053: 1040: 1033: 1024: 1009: 1000: 985: 976: 961: 952: 937: 928: 913: 904: 889: 880: 865: 856: 841: 832: 817: 808: 793: 784: 769: 760: 745: 736: 721: 712: 693: 684: 669: 660: 645: 636: 621: 612: 597: 588: 573: 564: 549: 540: 520: 511: 495: 486: 465: 464: 460: 459:Stenotype chord 456:English letter 442: 437: 430: 421: 397: 389: 385: 381: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 334: 332:Keyboard layout 305: 276: 220: 218:Modern hardware 180: 168:court reporting 137: 76: 65: 59: 56: 41: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4167: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4008: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3846: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3737: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3509: 3507: 3493: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3436:External links 3434: 3432: 3431: 3412: 3394: 3369: 3351: 3333: 3309: 3284: 3260: 3236: 3225:StenoKeyboards 3212: 3188: 3168: 3143: 3122: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3038: 3017: 2991: 2964: 2943: 2931: 2912: 2897: 2888: 2877:. July 6, 2012 2862: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2779:Writing portal 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2734: 2731: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2676:respectively. 2614: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2574:New paragraph 2571: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560:Question mark 2557: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1944:also used for 1942: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1637: 1633: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1500: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1437: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1248: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1084: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1001: 998: 996: 990: 989: 987: 983: 977: 974: 972: 966: 965: 963: 959: 953: 950: 948: 942: 941: 939: 935: 929: 926: 924: 918: 917: 915: 911: 905: 902: 900: 894: 893: 891: 887: 881: 878: 876: 870: 869: 867: 863: 857: 854: 852: 846: 845: 843: 839: 833: 830: 828: 822: 821: 819: 815: 809: 806: 804: 798: 797: 795: 791: 785: 782: 780: 774: 773: 771: 767: 761: 758: 756: 750: 749: 747: 743: 737: 734: 732: 726: 725: 723: 719: 713: 710: 708: 702: 701: 697:Includes hard 695: 691: 685: 682: 680: 674: 673: 671: 667: 661: 658: 656: 650: 649: 647: 643: 637: 634: 632: 626: 625: 623: 619: 613: 610: 608: 602: 601: 599: 595: 589: 587: T P 586: 584: 578: 577: 575: 571: 565: 562: 560: 554: 553: 551: 547: 541: 538: 536: 530: 529: 522: 518: 512: 509: 507: 500: 499: 497: 493: 487: 484: 482: 477: 473: 472: 469: 466: 462: 461: 457: 440: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 420: 417: 395: 387: 383: 379: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 304: 301: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 275: 272: 219: 216: 208:Marc Grandjean 179: 176: 166:practical for 124:court reporter 78: 77: 38:of the subject 36:worldwide view 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4166: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4001: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3837:2-touch input 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3829:Japanese kana 3826: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3178: 3172: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3132: 3126: 3111: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2940: 2935: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2704:Other systems 2701: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 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1391: 1388: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1330: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1138: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1036: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1002: 997: 995: 992: 991: 988: 981: 978: 973: 971: 968: 967: 964: 957: 954: 949: 947: 944: 943: 940: 933: 930: 925: 923: 920: 919: 916: 909: 906: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892: 885: 882: 877: 875: 872: 871: 868: 861: 858: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 837: 834: 829: 827: 824: 823: 820: 813: 810: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796: 789: 786: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 765: 762: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 741: 738: 733: 731: 728: 727: 724: 717: 714: 709: 707: 704: 703: 700: 696: 689: 686: 683:  K 681: 679: 676: 675: 672: 665: 662: 657: 655: 652: 651: 648: 641: 638: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 617: 614: 609: 607: 604: 603: 600: 593: 590: 585: 583: 580: 579: 576: 569: 566: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 545: 542: 537: 535: 532: 531: 527: 524:Use for soft 523: 516: 513: 508: 505: 502: 501: 498: 491: 488: 483: 481: 478: 474: 467: 458: 454: 448: 446: 427: 426: 425: 416: 413: 412: 406: 404: 399: 391: 377: 372: 349: 347: 338: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 310: 309: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 281: 280: 274:Manufacturers 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 241: 232: 224: 215: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 184: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 112:stenographers 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 84:steno machine 74: 71: 63: 60:December 2010 53: 49: 45: 39: 37: 30: 21: 20: 4087:ISO/IEC 9995 4025: 3486:Latin script 3425: 3422:"速录机的原理是什么?" 3415: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3325:. Retrieved 3322:www.ncra.org 3321: 3312: 3301:. Retrieved 3299:. 2022-01-24 3296: 3287: 3276:. Retrieved 3272: 3263: 3252:. Retrieved 3248: 3239: 3228:. Retrieved 3224: 3215: 3204:. Retrieved 3200: 3191: 3180:. Retrieved 3171: 3160:. Retrieved 3156: 3146: 3134:. Retrieved 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3104: 3092:. Retrieved 3083: 3071:. Retrieved 3068:"ProCAT.com" 3062: 3050:. Retrieved 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 3003: 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2976: 2967: 2958: 2934: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2879:. Retrieved 2874: 2865: 2840:. Retrieved 2830: 2744: 2724: 2712: 2683: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2607: 2529:Punctuation 2515: 2505: 2491: 2481: 2467: 2457: 2443: 2433: 2419: 2409: 2395: 2385: 2371: 2361: 2347: 2337: 2325: 2321: 2307: 2297: 2283: 2273: 2259: 2249: 2235: 2225: 2211: 2201: 2187: 2177: 2163: 2153: 2139: 2129: 2115: 2105: 2091: 2081: 2067: 2057: 2043: 2033: 2019: 2009: 1995: 1985: 1971: 1961: 1949: 1945: 1934: 1924: 1910: 1900: 1886: 1876: 1862: 1852: 1838: 1828: 1814: 1804: 1797: 1786: 1776: 1762: 1752: 1738: 1728: 1714: 1704: 1693: 1689: 1678: 1658: 1654: 1629: 1606: 1591: 1555: 1540: 1517: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1476: 1440: 1426: 1403: 1389: 1366: 1351: 1328: 1313: 1290: 1275: 1252: 1237: 1214: 1199: 1176: 1161: 1125: 1111: 1088: 1073: 1050: 1027: 1017: 1003: 993: 979: 969: 955: 945: 931: 921: 907: 897: 883: 873: 859: 849: 835: 825: 811: 801: 787: 777: 763: 753: 739: 729: 715: 705: 698: 687: 677: 663: 653: 639: 629: 615: 605: 591: 581: 567: 557: 543: 533: 525: 514: 503: 489: 479: 444: 438: 422: 409: 407: 402: 400: 392: 382:, the vowel 375: 373: 350: 343: 306: 277: 253: 237: 189: 149: 100:steno writer 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 66: 57: 33: 4144:Typewriters 4062:Microwriter 3970:ShapeWriter 3945:Flick input 3914:Thumb board 3852: [ 3840: [ 3734:thumb-shift 3542:QWERTY-like 3197:"SOFT/HRUF" 2807:Remote CART 419:Steno paper 264:ortholinear 4133:Categories 4096:Historical 4040:One handed 4014:Two handed 3965:MessagEase 3882:LetterWise 3849:Nico Touch 3819:For mobile 3528:Portuguese 3327:2021-07-14 3303:2022-02-22 3278:2023-05-16 3254:2022-04-21 3245:"Stenomod" 3230:2022-04-21 3206:2022-04-21 3182:2022-04-21 3162:2022-04-21 2842:2013-01-14 2823:References 611: TKPW 443:for final 192:Karl Drais 108:typewriter 96:stenograph 4075:Standards 4026:Stenotype 4021:Palantype 4006:keyboards 3955:Graffiti 3887:Multi-tap 3774:Intellark 3748:Sebeolsik 3744:Dubeolsik 3657:Non-Latin 3634:Turkish F 3518:Icelandic 3201:SOFT/HRUF 2881:August 1, 2812:Shorthand 2666:shorthand 2496:TPHA*EUGS 2024:HRUFRPBLG 1670:See note 471:Comments 170:and live 160:syllables 116:shorthand 48:talk page 4108:Linotype 4031:Velotype 3990:Typewise 3985:TouchPal 3975:SwiftKey 3904:SureType 3865:Physical 3786:Georgian 3730:Japanese 3683:InScript 3564:Albanian 3533:Romanian 2851:cite web 2817:Velotype 2765:See also 2468:laughing 2096:HR*EUPBG 1791:TPREPBDZ 563: TK 468:Example 411:scopists 403:theories 346:keyboard 156:chording 110:used by 42:You may 4082:ECMA-23 4057:FrogPad 4004:Chorded 3930:5-Tiles 3923:Virtual 3821:devices 3725:Chinese 3699:Sinhala 3673:Bengali 3644:Workman 3619:Maltron 3594:Colemak 3523:Italian 3010:May 11, 2721:Italian 2709:English 2668:become 2662:machine 2611:example 2604:Example 2532:Period 2400:HRAO*EF 2376:HRA*EUT 2324:, like 2168:HRUFRPB 2144:HRAOEUR 2072:RAEUPBG 2000:HRAEUPB 1867:HREPBLG 1787:friends 1046:Vowels 1039:STKPWHR 903: T 506:(soft) 359:" and " 245:SD card 178:History 3950:Gboard 3940:Fleksy 3935:FITALY 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