900:. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different witnesses may be entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them, or derived from an existing apparatus. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between phylogenetics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, phylogenetics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the "root"âwhich manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.
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Relegating all editorial matter to an appendix and allowing the text to stand by itself serves to emphasize the primacy of the text and permits the reader to confront the literary work without the distraction of editorial comment and to read the work with ease. A second advantage of a clear text is that it is easier to quote from or to reprint. Although no device can insure accuracy of quotation, the insertion of symbols (or even footnote numbers) into a text places additional difficulties in the way of the quoter. Furthermore, most quotations appear in contexts where symbols are inappropriate; thus when it is necessary to quote from a text which has not been kept clear of apparatus, the burden of producing a clear text of the passage is placed on the quoter. Even footnotes at the bottom of the text pages are open to the same objection, when the question of a photographic reprint arises.
1026:(1864â1938), who had worked with stemmatics, launched an attack on that method in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce bifid trees, divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to "break the tie" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.
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determined at this stage by literary considerations. Again in consequence of the systemic character of the work, the contamination of the two historical versions in the edited text gives rise to a third version. Though the editor may indeed give a rational account of his decision at each point on the basis of the documents, nevertheless to aim to produce the ideal text which Crane would have produced in 1896 if the publisher had left him complete freedom is to my mind just as unhistorical as the question of how the first World War or the history of the United States would have developed if
Germany had not caused the USA to enter the war in 1917 by unlimited submarine combat. The nonspecific form of censorship described above is one of the historical conditions under which Crane wrote the second version of
2976:, a rigorous account of the phenomenology of text, with a deep Platonic suspicion of this phenomenology, and of the concrete world of experience (see my 'Materiality' for further discussion). For himâand, I would contend, for the idealist, or 'eclectic' editing with which he and Greg-Bowers are often identified, whereby an idealist 'text that never was' is constructed out of the corrupt states of extant documentsâontology is only immanent, never assuredly present in historical, particularized text, for it can be achieved only at the unattainable level of nous rather than phenomenon. Thus, even the high aims of eclectic (or, as it is sometimes known, 'critical') editing can be called into question, because of the unsure phenomenological status of the documentary and historical."
1127:, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later editionâeven if it contained authorial correctionsâwould "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript". He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be "produced by using the earliest 'good' print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author". But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints".
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transcriptions of texts. Notable exceptions are the earliest digital scholarly editions published in
Budapest in the 1990s. These editions contained high resolution images next to the diplomatic transcription of the texts, as well as a newly typeset text with annotations. These old websites are still available at their original location. Over the course of the early twenty-first century, image files became much faster and cheaper, and storage space and upload times ceased to be significant issues. The next step in digital scholarly editing was the wholesale introduction of images of historical texts, particularly high-definition images of manuscripts, formerly offered only in samples.
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1322:. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fireâboth as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of
1010:, also sometimes referred to as "conjectural emendation". But, in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.
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doing so), thus altering the work in degree but not in kind. If one may think of a work in terms of a spatial metaphor, the first might be labeled "vertical revision," because it moves the work to a different plane, and the second "horizontal revision," because it involves alterations within the same plane. Both produce local changes in active intention; but revisions of the first type appear to be in fulfillment of an altered programmatic intention or to reflect an altered active intention in the work as a whole, whereas those of the second do not.
473:, or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both "external" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and "internal" or "physical" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).
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editorial judgment. Stemmatics and copy-text editing â while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources â sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by "objective" criteria. The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.
2315:. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.
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critical edition the text rightly chosen as copy may not by any means be the one that supplies most substantive readings in cases of variation. The failure to make this distinction and to apply this principle has naturally led to too close and too general a reliance upon the text chosen as basis for an edition, and there has arisen what may be called the tyranny of the copy-text, a tyranny that has, in my opinion, vitiated much of the best editorial work of the past generation.
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of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the
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transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be
465:. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be
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1298:, presented "the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions." In his writings, Tanselle refers to "unconstrained authorial intention" or "an author's uninfluenced intentions." This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading "is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former", not implying any further inquiry as to
1315:. After the novel's initial publication, Melville's publisher asked him to soften the novel's criticisms of missionaries in the South Seas. Although Melville pronounced the changes an improvement, Tanselle rejected them in his edition, concluding that "there is no evidence, internal or external, to suggest that they are the kinds of changes Melville would have made without pressure from someone else."
685:. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties." They also argued that "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses", and that "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."
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the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the
European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the
4436: â 2008 Middle East report: Issues 218â222; Issues 224â225 Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR (Organization) â 2001 Shahine filed to divorce Abu Zayd from his wife, on the grounds that Abu Zayd's textual criticism of the Quran made him an apostate, and hence unfit to marry a Muslim. Abu Zayd and his wife eventually relocated to the Netherlands
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807:, where the text of the archetype is determined by examining variants from the closest hyparchetypes to the archetype and selecting the best ones. If one reading occurs more often than another at the same level of the tree, then the dominant reading is selected. If two competing readings occur equally often, then the editor uses judgment to select the correct reading.
321:, survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct. Although texts such as Greek plays presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the
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This is what has caused the traditional anxiety regarding translation. If the Koran is not comprehensibleâif it can't even be understood in Arabicâthen it's not translatable. People fear that. And since the Koran claims repeatedly to be clear but obviously is notâas even speakers of Arabic will tell youâthere is a contradiction. Something else must be going on.
2422:(TEI) uses encoding for the same purpose, although its particulars were designed for scholarly uses in order to offer some hope that scholarly work on digital texts had a good chance of migrating from aging operating systems and digital platforms to new ones and the hope that standardization would lead to easy interchange of data among different projects.
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596:(the harder reading is stronger), recognizes the tendency for harmonizationâresolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. Such cases also include scribes simplifying and smoothing texts they did not fully understand.
1112:, defining it as "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine". McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic
4148:"The editorial standards that form the criteria for the award of the CSE "Approved Edition" emblem can be stated here in only the most general terms, since the range of editorial work that comes within the committee's purview makes it impossible to set forth a detailed, step-by-step editorial procedure."
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My idea is that the Koran is a kind of cocktail of texts that were not all understood even at the time of
Muhammad. Many of them may even be a hundred years older than Islam itself. Even within the Islamic traditions there is a huge body of contradictory information, including a significant Christian
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Between 1966 and 1975, the Center allocated more than $ 1.5 million in funding from the
National Endowment for the Humanities to various scholarly editing projects, which were required to follow the guidelines (including the structure of editorial apparatus) as Bowers had defined them. According
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and made it function. From the text which arose in this way it is not possible to subtract these forces and influences, in order to obtain a text of the author's own. Indeed I regard the "uninfluenced artistic intentions" of the author as something which exists only in terms of aesthetic abstraction.
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Economic analysis in
Talmudic literature: rabbinic thought in the .Roman A. Ohrenstein, Barry Gordon.. Page 9 2009 "In fact, textual criticism of the Talmud is as old as the Talmud itself. In modern times, however, it became a separate scholarly concern, where scientific method is applied to correct
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Digital textual criticism is a relatively new branch of textual criticism working with digital tools to establish a critical edition. The development of digital editing tools has allowed editors to transcribe, archive and process documents much faster than before. Some scholars claim digital editing
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Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the
Uthmanic text type has stated and demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is
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has been investigating these Quran fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to early part of the eighth century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and
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With regard to the great bulk of the words of the New
Testament, as of most other ancient writings, there is no variation or other ground of doubt, and therefore no room for textual criticism... The proportion of words virtually accepted on all hands as raised above doubt is very great, not less, on
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began to take full account of Larson's work and to publish a
Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Project which published the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was
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In his 1964 essay, "Some
Principles for Scholarly Editions of Nineteenth-Century American Authors", Bowers said that "the theory of copy-text proposed by Sir Walter Greg rules supreme". Bowers's assertion of "supremacy" was in contrast to Greg's more modest claim that "My desire is rather to provoke
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editions, in that the authority for the "accidentals" is derived from one particular source (usually the earliest one) that the editor considers to be authoritative, but the authority for the "substantives" is determined in each individual case according to the editor's judgment. The resulting text,
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Although Greg argued that editors should be free to use their judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be
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The true theory is, I contend, that the copy-text should govern (generally) in the matter of accidentals, but that the choice between substantive readings belongs to the general theory of textual criticism and lies altogether beyond the narrow principle of the copy-text. Thus it may happen that in a
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Lastly, the stemmatic method assumes that every extant witness is derived, however remotely, from a single source. It does not account for the possibility that the original author may have revised her or his work, and that the text could have existed at different times in more than one authoritative
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The critic may also examine the other writings of the author to decide what words and grammatical constructions match his style. The evaluation of internal evidence also provides the critic with information that helps him evaluate the reliability of individual manuscripts. Thus, the consideration of
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External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority
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who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made
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Christian-Muslim relations: yesterday, today, tomorrow Munawar Ahmad Anees, Ziauddin Sardar, Syed Z. Abedin â 1991 For instance, a Christian critic engaging in textual criticism of the Quran from a biblical perspective will surely miss the essence of the quranic message. Just one example would
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Wendy J. Phillips-Rodriguez*, Christopher J. Howe, Heather F. Windram "Chi-Squares and the Phenomenon of 'Change of Exemplar' in the Dyutaparvan", Sanskrit Computational Linguistics, First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29â31, 2007 Providence, RI, U, May 15â17, 2008
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Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All
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David Thomas pointed out that the radiocarbon testing found the death date of the animal whose skin made up the Quran, not the date when the Quran was written. Since blank parchment was often stored for years after being produced, he said the Quran could have been written as late as 650â655, during
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The impact of the Yemeni manuscripts is still to be felt. Their variant readings and verse orders are all very significant. Everybody agrees on that. These manuscripts say that the early history of the Koranic text is much more of an open question than many have suspected: the text was less stable,
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The Koran claims for itself that it is "mubeen", or "clear", but if you look at it, you will notice that every fifth sentence or so simply doesn't make sense. Many Muslimsâand Orientalistsâwill tell you otherwise, of course, but the fact is that a fifth of the Koranic text is just incomprehensible.
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In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic
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In the first place, an editor's primary responsibility is to establish a text; whether his goal is to reconstruct that form of the text which represents the author's final intention or some other form of the text, his essential task is to produce a reliable text according to some set of principles.
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Firstly, in anticipation of the character of the expected censorship, Crane could be led to undertake alterations which also had literary value in the context of the new version. Secondly, because of the systematic character of the work, purely censorial alterations sparked off further alterations,
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In McKerrow's method as originally introduced, the copy-text was not necessarily the earliest text. In some cases, McKerrow would choose a later witness, noting that "if an editor has reason to suppose that a certain text embodies later corrections than any other, and at the same time has no ground
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Phylogenetics faces the same difficulty as textual criticism: the appearance of characteristics in descendants of an ancestor other than by direct copying (or miscopying) of the ancestor, for example where a scribe combines readings from two or more different manuscripts ("contamination"). The same
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Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition
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containing a scholarly curated text. If a scholar has several versions of a manuscript but no known original, then established methods of textual criticism can be used to seek to reconstruct the original text as closely as possible. The same methods can be used to reconstruct intermediate versions,
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So many Muslims have this belief that everything between the two covers of the Koran is just God's unaltered word. They like to quote the textual work that shows that the Bible has a history and did not fall straight out of the sky, but until now the Koran has been out of this discussion. The only
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Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures.
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The result of the process is a text with readings drawn from many witnesses. It is not a copy of any particular manuscript, and may deviate from the majority of existing manuscripts. In a purely eclectic approach, no single witness is theoretically favored. Instead, the critic forms opinions about
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refers to the practice of consulting a wide diversity of witnesses to a particular original. The practice is based on the principle that the more independent transmission histories there are, the less likely they will be to reproduce the same errors. What one omits, the others may retain; what one
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wo types of revision must be distinguished: that which aims at altering the purpose, direction, or character of a work, thus attempting to make a different sort of work out of it; and that which aims at intensifying, refining, or improving the work as then conceived (whether or not it succeeds in
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When an author's manuscript is preserved, this has paramount authority, of course. Yet the fallacy is still maintained that since the first edition was proofread by the author, it must represent his final intentions and hence should be chosen as copy-text. Practical experience shows the contrary.
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Greg observed that compositors at printing shops tended to follow the "substantive" readings of their copy faithfully, except when they deviated unintentionally; but that "as regards accidentals they will normally follow their own habits or inclination, though they may, for various reasons and to
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resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it
2949:"Textual Criticism is that process by which it is sought to determine the original text of a document or of a collection of documents, and to exhibit it, freed from all the errors, corruptions, and variations which it may have accumulated in the course of its transmission by successive copyings."
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is an open-source tool for comparing and collating multiple witnesses to a single textual work. It was designed to aid scholars and editors examine the history of a text from manuscript to print versions. Juxta provides collation for multiple versions of texts that are marked up in plain text or
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From its beginnings, digital scholarly editing involved developing a system for displaying both a newly "typeset" text and a history of variations in the text under review. Until about halfway through the first decade of the twenty-first century, digital archives relied almost entirely on manual
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Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be
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Before inexpensive mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual
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have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticismâboth because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual
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Thus far, Professor Skousen has published complete transcripts of the Original and Printer's Manuscripts, as well as a six-volume analysis of textual variants. Still in preparation are a history of the text, and a complete electronic collation of editions and manuscripts (volumes 3 and 5 of the
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The stemmatic method assumes that each witness is derived from one, and only one, predecessor. If a scribe refers to more than one source when creating her or his copy, then the new copy will not clearly fall into a single branch of the family tree. In the stemmatic method, a manuscript that is
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The Center for Scholarly Editions (CSE) replaced the CEAA in 1976. The change of name indicated the shift to a broader agenda than just American authors. The center also ceased its role in the allocation of funds. The center's latest guidelines (2003) no longer prescribe a particular editorial
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similarly that the editor's task is to "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy." Tanselle notes that, "Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author".
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McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated
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Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide
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Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly
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against the first printed edition, one finds an average of ten to fifteen differences per page between the manuscript and the print, many of them consistent alterations from the manuscript system of punctuation, capitalization, spelling, and word-division. It would be ridiculous to argue that
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ill be determined partly by the opinion the editor may form respecting the nature of the copy from which each substantive edition was printed, which is a matter of external authority; partly by the intrinsic authority of the several texts as judged by the relative frequency of manifest errors
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Using the copy-text method, the critic examines the base text and makes corrections (called emendations) in places where the base text appears wrong to the critic. This can be done by looking for places in the base text that do not make sense or by looking at the text of other witnesses for a
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BĂ©dier's doubts about the stemmatic method led him to consider whether it could be dropped altogether. As an alternative to stemmatics, BĂ©dier proposed a Best-text editing method, in which a single textual witness, judged to be of a 'good' textual state by the editor, is emended as lightly as
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Following Greg, the editor would then replace any of the manuscript readings with substantives from printed editions that could be reliably attributed to the author: "Obviously, an editor cannot simply reprint the manuscript, and he must substitute for its readings any words that he believes
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prepared for the Printer in 1829â1830), and compared them with the first, second, and third editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of
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therein; and partly by the editor's judgment of the intrinsic claims of individual readings to originalityâin other words their intrinsic merit, so long as by 'merit' we mean the likelihood of their being what the author wrote rather than their appeal to the individual taste of the editor.
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distinction between the significant, or as I shall call them 'substantive', readings of the text, those namely that affect the author's meaning or the essence of his expression, and others, such in general as spelling, punctuation, word-division, and the like, affecting mainly its formal
2284:"clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating. Similarly, Stephen J. Shoemaker has also argued that it is extremely unlikely that the Birmingham manuscript was a pre-Uthmanic manuscript.
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Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first
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witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.
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states: "nothing we believe to be doctrinally true, and nothing we are commanded to do, is in any way jeopardized by the variants. This is true for any textual tradition. The interpretation of individual passages may well be called in question; but never is a doctrine affected."
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Studies on Islam Merlin L. Swartz â 1981 One will find a more complete bibliographical review of the recent studies of the textual criticism of the Quran in the valuable article by Jeffery, "The Present Status of Qur'anic Studies," Report on Current Research on the Middle
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and abbreviated PVL) aims to reconstruct the original text by comparing extant witnesses. This has included the search for reliable textual witnesses (such as extant manuscripts and quotations of lost manuscripts); the collation and publication of such witnesses; the study of
1498:âRLDS Church in Independence, Missouri) for differences in types of ink or pencil, in order to determine when and by whom they were made. He also collated the various editions of the Book of Mormon down to the present to see what sorts of changes have been made through time.
1449:(a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis projectâwhich he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by
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criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity and the Bible, and, for Anglo-American Copy-Text editing, Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, from (near-)contemporary texts to the earliest known written documents. Ranging from ancient
1251:. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period." For works where an author's manuscript survivedâa case Greg had not consideredâBowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:
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Internal evidence is evidence that comes from the text itself, independent of the physical characteristics of the document. Various considerations can be used to decide which reading is the most likely to be original. Sometimes these considerations can be in conflict.
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with the originals; the manuscripts we possess derive from the originals through an unknown number of intermediate copies, and are consequently of questionable trustworthiness. The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original
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When copy-text editing, the scholar fixes errors in a base text, often with the help of other witnesses. Often, the base text is selected from the oldest manuscript of the text, but in the early days of printing, the copy text was often a manuscript that was at hand.
2573:. Texts can be arranged in running paragraphs or on facing pages, in any number of columns which in turn can be synchronized or not. In addition to printed texts, ekdosis can convert .tex source files so as to produce TEI xml-compliant critical editions. See also on
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There are many other more sophisticated considerations. For example, readings that depart from the known practice of a scribe or a given period may be deemed more reliable, since a scribe is unlikely on his own initiative to have departed from the usual practice.
2438:. The Guidelines of the TEI provide much detailed analysis of the procedures of critical editing, including recommendations about how to mark up a computer file containing a text with critical apparatus. See especially the following chapters of the Guidelines:
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Amongst Muslims, the original Arabic text is commonly considered to be the final revelation, revealed to Muhammad from AD 610 to his death in 632. In Islamic tradition, the Quran was memorised and written down by Muhammad's companions and copied as needed.
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Religions of the world Lewis M. Hopfe â 1979 "Some Muslims have suggested and practiced textual criticism of the Quran in a manner similar to that practiced by Christians and Jews on their bibles. No one has yet suggested the higher criticism of the
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5492:
1906:
The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, chiefly in that it makes stemmatics in many cases impossible, because many writers used two or more different manuscripts as sources. Consequently, New Testament textual critics have adopted
2196:, the Sana'a manuscripts. About 12,000 fragments belonged to 926 copies of the Quran, the other 2,000 were loose fragments. The oldest known copy of the Quran so far belongs to this collection: it dates to the end of the seventh to eighth centuries.
2270:
These portions must have been in a form that is very close to the form of the Koran read today, supporting the view that the text has undergone little or no alteration and that it can be dated to a point very close to the time it was believed to be
1376:
of the apparatus, Bowers led a movement to relegate editorial matter to appendices, leaving the critically established text "in the clear", that is, free of any signs of editorial intervention. Tanselle explained the rationale for this approach:
2373:); discussion, development and application of methods according to which the most reliable readings are identified and favoured of others; and the ongoing publication of critical editions in pursuit of a paradosis ("a proposed best reading").
774:. The method works from the principle that "community of error implies community of origin". That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a
1030:
possible for manifest transmission mistakes, but left otherwise unchanged. This makes a Best-text edition essentially a documentary edition. For an example one may refer to Eugene Vinaver's edition of the Winchester Manuscript of Malory's
2962:
is placed underneath the text simply on account of bookprinting conditions and in particular of the format of modern books. The practice in ancient and medieval manuscripts of using the outer margin for this purpose makes for far greater
952:
The stemmatic method requires the textual critic to group manuscripts by commonality of error. It is required, therefore, that the critic can distinguish erroneous readings from correct ones. This assumption has often come under attack.
4340:
545:
bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament (currently, the United Bible Society, 5th ed. and Nestle-Ă
land, 28th ed.). Even so, the oldest manuscripts, being of the
4613: â 1978 It goes without saying that the writings of modern authors dealing with textual criticism of the Talmud, many of which are scattered in Hebrew and German periodicals, are likewise to be utilized for the purpose.
1387:
editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page, indicating, tacitly, a greater modesty about the "established" text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text".
6075:
603:, meaning "similar endings". Homoioteleuton occurs when two words/phrases/lines end with the similar sequence of letters. The scribe, having finished copying the first, skips to the second, omitting all intervening words.
1203:
vigorously took up the method's defense and added significant contributions of his own. Greg's rationale as practiced by Bowers and Tanselle has come to be known as the "GregâBowers" or the "GregâBowersâTanselle" method.
1175:
no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand." The "exactly balanced" variants are said to be
4157:
Stanley R. Larson, "A Study of Some Textual Variations in the Book of Mormon, Comparing the Original and Printer's MSS., and Comparing the 1830, 1837, and 1840 Editions," unpublished master's thesis (Provo: BYU,
534:
alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions. Although nearly all subsequent manuscripts may have included the addition, textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.
2540:
is a word-processor for critical editions, commentaries and parallel texts written by Stefan Hagel. CTE is designed for use on the Windows operating system, but has been successfully run on Linux and OS/X using
480:, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The
912:, particularly among bacteria. Further exploration of the applicability of the different methods for coping with these problems across both living organisms and textual traditions is a promising area of study.
2413:
In view of the need to represent historical texts primarily through transcription, and because transcriptions required encoding for every aspect of text that could not be recorded by a single keystroke on the
169:(mss) or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically,
2087:
in the Byzantine Empire. It contains the most harmonistic readings, paraphrasing and significant additions, most of which are believed to be secondary readings. It underlies the Textus Receptus used for most
2249:, have proposed that the traditional account of the Quran's composition needs to be discarded and a new perspective on the Quran is needed. Puin, comparing Quranic studies with Biblical studies, has stated:
505:
In practice, citation of manuscript evidence implies any of several methodologies. The ideal, but most costly, method is physical inspection of the manuscript itself; alternatively, published photographs or
177:
The objective of the textual critic's work is to provide a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of the text and its variants. This understanding may lead to the production of a
1403:, first published in 1967, adopted the GregâBowers rationale in full. A CEAA examiner would inspect each edition, and only those meeting the requirements would receive a seal denoting "An Approved Text."
3476:"The reading is to be preferred that makes the best sense, that is, that best conforms to the grammar and is most congruous with the purport of the rest of the sentence and of the larger context." (2.20)
768:". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit without the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a
1894:
a rough computation, than seven eights of the whole. The remaining eighth therefore, formed in great part by changes of order and other comparative trivialities, constitutes the whole area of criticism.
618:
After considering all relevant factors, the textual critic seeks the reading that best explains how the other readings would arise. That reading is then the most likely candidate to have been original.
408:
The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition". This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an
3670:
1950:. It contains readings that are often terse, shorter, somewhat rough, less harmonised, and generally more difficult. The family was once thought to result from a very carefully edited third-century
5816:
5504:
2524:
package is a further development of eledmac by MaĂŻeul Rouquette that rewrittes many part of the code in order to allow more robust developments in the future. In 2015, it is in active development.
2396:
has radically changed the nature of textual criticism; but others believe the editing process has remained fundamentally the same, and digital tools have simply made aspects of it more efficient.
1954:, but now is believed to be merely the result of a carefully controlled and supervised process of copying and transmission. It underlies most translations of the New Testament produced since 1900.
2867:
5030:
2292:
Textual criticism of the Talmud has a long pre-history but has become a separate discipline from Talmudic study only recently. Much of the research is in Hebrew and German language periodicals.
5592:
5568:
5544:
5520:
5220:
671:, "the shorter reading is better", based on the idea that scribes were more likely to add than to delete. This rule cannot be applied uncritically, as scribes may omit material inadvertently.
3683:
Revised Selected and Invited Papers; Windram, H. F., Howe, C. J., Spencer M.: "The identification of exemplar change in the Wife of Bath's Prologue using the maximum chi-squared method".
2569:
package developed by Robert Alessi. It is designed for multilingual critical editions. It can be used to typeset texts and different layers of critical notes in any direction accepted by
945:
The method also assumes that scribes only make new errorsâthey do not attempt to correct the errors of their predecessors. When a text has been improved by the scribe, it is said to be
3449:"Brevior lectio, nisi testium vetustorum et gravium auctoritate penitus destituatur, praeferenda est verbosiori. Librarii enim multo proniores ad addendum fuerunt, quam ad omittendum."
1889:). The manuscripts contain approximately 300,000 textual variants, most of them involving changes of word order and other comparative trivialities. As according to Wescott and Hort:
417:. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called
5616:
1942:
This family constitutes a group of early and well-regarded texts, including Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. Most representatives of this tradition appear to come from around
949:, but "sophistication" impairs the method by obscuring a document's relationship to other witnesses, and making it more difficult to place the manuscript correctly in the stemma.
590:(more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second,
2305:
Textual criticism originated in the classical era and its development in modern times began with classics scholars, in an effort to determine the original content of texts like
421:); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).
1445:
One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes; another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end,
2809:
1470:
4914:
1407:
to Davis, the funds coordinated by the CEAA over the same period were more than $ 6 million, counting funding from universities, university presses, and other bodies.
2152:
has stated that the discovery of Sana'a manuscript is significant, and its variant readings suggest that the early Quranic text was less stable than previously claimed.
916:
4888:
6440:
2475:
is a set of macros originally developed by John Lavagnino and Dominik Wujastyk for typesetting critical editions. "EDMAC" stands for "EDition" "MACros." EDMAC is in
1458:
well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.
663:(1745â1812) published several editions of the New Testament. In his 1796 edition, he established fifteen critical rules. Among them was a variant of Bengel's rule,
530:
adds, the others are unlikely to add. Eclecticism allows inferences to be drawn regarding the original text, based on the evidence of contrasts between witnesses.
1195:
W. W. Greg did not live long enough to apply his rationale of copy-text to any actual editions of works. His rationale was adopted and significantly expanded by
1120:
for disbelieving that these corrections, or some of them at least, are the work of the author, he has no choice but to make that text the basis of his reprint".
1116:
likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.
302:
collected and edited many Latin manuscripts, while a new spirit of critical enquiry was boosted by the attention to textual states, for example in the work of
4808:
Shillingsburg, Peter, "Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally" (2013). Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications. 3.
688:
Many of these rules, although originally developed for biblical textual criticism, have wide applicability to any text susceptible to errors of transmission.
1502:
Project, respectively). Yale University has in the meantime published an edition of the Book of Mormon which incorporates all aspects of Skousen's research.
1479:
1076:, the editor, selected a manuscript from the local Dominican monastery in Basle and corrected its obvious errors by consulting other local manuscripts. The
450:. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.
4283:
1796:
As in the New Testament, changes, corruptions, and erasures have been found, particularly in the Masoretic texts. This is ascribed to the fact that early
1494:
techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments. He also closely examined the Printer's Manuscript (owned by the
1474:
already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work, greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate
2845:
1446:
4754:
Margoni, Thomas; Mark Perry (2011). "Scientific and Critical Editions of Public Domain Works: An Example of European Copyright Law (Dis)Harmonization".
929:
uses phylogenetic and traditional methods alongside each other in a comprehensive exploration of relations among seven early witnesses to Dante's text.
2189:
began a process of standardization, presumably to rid the Quran of these differences. Uthman's standardization did not eliminate the textual variants.
1462:
2079:
This group comprises around 95% of all the manuscripts, the majority of which are comparatively very late in the tradition. It had become dominant at
1360:, fundamentally altering the work's intention as a whole), then the revision should be treated as a new work, and edited separately on its own terms.
1356:, aimed at improving the work as originally conceived), then the editor should adopt the author's later version. But where a revision is "vertical" (
5736:
4995:
488:
have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as
1329:
Hans Zeller argued that it is impossible to tease apart the changes Crane made for literary reasons and those made at the publisher's insistence:
3740:
Neue Kritiken ĂŒber den berĂŒhmten Sprych: Drey sind, die da zeugen im Himmel, der Vater, das Wort, und der heilige Geist, und diese drei sind eins
1430:
5998:
2551:
by Bernt Karasch is a system for typesetting critical editions starting from input into a word-processor, and ending up with typesetting with
1290:
Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of
1490:, and others too numerous to mention here. However, these were merely preliminary steps to a far more exacting and all-encompassing project.
4566:"Apparently some are still under the impression that the Birmingham Fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c) is pre-Uthmanic copy of the Quran"
6125:
3371:
2262:, containing 62 out of 6236 verses of the Quran and with proposed dating from between approximately AD 568 and 645, were identified at the
2001:
822:
is applied to find corruptions. Where the editor concludes that the text is corrupt, it is corrected by a process called "emendation", or
7057:
6939:
645:
of textual criticism, to guide the exercise of the critic's judgment in determining the best readings of a text. One of the earliest was
6083:- transcription of more than 60 ancient manuscripts of the New Testament with a textual commentary and an exhaustive critical apparatus.
2505:
package is a further development of ledmac by MaĂŻeul Rouquette that adds more sophisticated features and solves more advanced problems.
737:(1793â1851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word
6050:
2327:
1056:
between columns one and two) criticizing a predecessor for changing the text: "Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!"
3637:
2742:
2514:
2506:
2366:
963:
defended the traditional point of view in theology and was against the modern textual criticism. He defended an authenticity of the
6059:
3101:
Howe, Christopher J.; Connolly, Ruth; Windram, Heather (2012). "Responding to criticisms of phylogenetic methods in stemmatology".
2491:
4378:
3797:
The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
3436:
778:. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or
7016:
4910:
2830:
2687:
2556:
682:
6024:
by Mario Tonelotto : an example of critical edition from 4 different manuscripts (transcription from medieval paleography).
107:
6924:
6919:
6044:
3802:
3503:
A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.
3397:
2626:
1854:
915:
Software developed for use in biology has been applied successfully to textual criticism; for example, it is being used by the
3529:
Tensaurus Italograecus. AusfĂŒhrliches historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Lehn- und Fremdwörter im Lateinischen.
957:
noted: "That if a scribe makes a mistake he will inevitably produce nonsense is the tacit and wholly unwarranted assumption."
79:
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5144:
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3776:
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3245:
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2746:, a critical translation from the completed parts of the Göttingen Septuagint, with the remainder from Rahlf's manual edition
2246:
1860:
964:
236:
In some domains, such as religious and classical text editing, the phrase "lower criticism" refers to textual criticism and "
3710:
814:, the text may still contain errors, since there may be passages where no source preserves the correct reading. The step of
6625:
4884:
4135:
1981:
1911:
after sorting the witnesses into three major groups, called text-types. As of 2017 the most common division distinguishes:
1517:
206:; however, there is not necessarily a single original text for every group of texts. For example, if a story was spread by
6037: â allows two or more New Testament manuscript editions to be compared in side by side and unified views (similar to
4935:
3613:
2254:
way to break through this wall is to prove that the Koran has a history too. The Sana'a fragments will help us to do this.
6731:
6008:
86:
5985:
7052:
6726:
6587:
4590:
Shoemaker, Stephen J. "Creating The Quran: A Historical Critical Study" University of California Press, 2022, p. 96-97.
4515:"The 'Grace of God' as evidence for a written Uthmanic archetype: the importance of shared orthographic idiosyncrasies"
1965:
1898:
Since the 18th century, New Testament scholars have argued that textual variants have not affected doctrine. Professor
1135:
Anglo-American textual criticism in the last half of the 20th century came to be dominated by a landmark 1950 essay by
60:
2037:
Also a very early tradition, which comes from a wide geographical area stretching from North Africa to Italy and from
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Several computer programs and standards exist to support the work of the editors of critical editions. These include
1425:
126:
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When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called
6812:
6689:
6540:
6118:
4819:
2644:
1817:
1343:
Bowers and Tanselle recognize that texts often exist in more than one authoritative version. Tanselle argues that:
93:
844:
resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of
7072:
2456:
1811:
3418:
4279:
2647: â an ongoing product which is designed to be different from Biblia Hebraica by producing an eclectic text
2636:
1830:
831:
64:
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75:
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4846:
2862:
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Hawthorne made approximately three to four thousand small changes in proof, and then wrote the manuscript of
1258:
1162:
358:
199:
7156:
7021:
2857:
1622:
1218:
1049:
992:
518:. More typically, editions of manuscripts are consulted, which have done this paleographical work already.
257:
225:. Quantitative techniques are also used to determine the relationships between witnesses to a text, called
5281:
Scholars and Gentlemen: Shakespearian Textual Criticism and Representations of Scholarly Labour, 1725â1765
1165:
so far as substantive readings are concerned". The choice between reasonable competing readings, he said:
7105:
6535:
6111:
5384:
3542:
Corpus iuris Sueo-Gotorum antiqui: Samling af Sweriges gamla lagar, pÄ Kongl. Maj:ts. nÄdigste befallning
2659:
2259:
2170:
Textual criticism of the Quran is a beginning area of study, as Muslims have historically disapproved of
2165:
2053:. Some New Testament scholars would argue that the Caesarean constitutes a distinct text-type of its own.
1985:
1396:
1144:
presentation, which may be regarded as the accidents, or as I shall call them 'accidentals', of the text.
210:, and then later written down by different people in different locations, the versions can vary greatly.
2045:. It is much less controlled than the Alexandrian family and its witnesses are seen to be more prone to
7126:
6709:
2994:
2937:
1680:
1441:
as a foundational reference. LDS members typically believe the book to be a literal historical record.
17:
6827:
4167:
Stanley Larson, "Early Book of Mormon Texts: Textual Changes to the Book of Mormon in 1837 and 1840,"
919:
to determine the relationship between the 84 surviving manuscripts and four early printed editions of
6741:
6720:
6714:
3667:"Chi-Squares and the Phenomenon of "Change of Exemplar" in the Dyutaparvan. (PDF Download Available)"
3034:
2193:
2161:
2009:
1957:
715:
592:
191:
3531:
Wien: Druck und Verlag von Carl Gerold's Sohn, BuchhÀndler der Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
2530:, written by Christian Tapp and Uwe LĂŒck is another package for typesetting critical editions using
2509:
was forked from ledmac when it became clear that it needed to develop in ways that would compromise
1044:
856:
The HodgesâFarstad edition of the Greek New Testament attempts to use stemmatics for some portions.
187:, of a document's transcription history, depending on the number and quality of the text available.
6736:
6704:
6699:
6435:
6396:
5996:
Searching for the Better Text: How errors crept into the Bible and what can be done to correct them
5995:
4175:, 10/4 (Autumn 1977), 8â30 ; Larson, "Conjectural Emendation and the Text of the Book of Mormon,"
2695:
2435:
2419:
2384:
2344:
2263:
2208:
which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.
2185:
of passing down at some point. Differences that affected the meaning were noted, and around AD 650
2021:
1993:
1989:
1081:
905:
499:
31:
5090:
Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism
1161:
Greg's view, in short, was that the "copy-text can be allowed no over-riding or even preponderant
174:
as well, for example, the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons.
7042:
6914:
6771:
6632:
6372:
5133:
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4315:
3363:
3014:
2084:
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versions of the following sources (dates refer to the oldest extant manuscripts in each family):
980:
307:
190:
On the other hand, the one original text that a scholar theorizes to exist is referred to as the
53:
165:
that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either
6898:
6781:
6766:
6756:
6348:
5917:
3806:
2613:
2606:
2510:
2104:
2089:
1969:
1805:
1511:
1265:
660:
646:
366:
325:, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the
241:
203:
100:
6034:
4767:
2447:
2443:
2439:
240:" to the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original
7141:
7131:
6847:
6786:
6776:
6684:
6095:
5845:
1932:
1587:
1187:
except for the accidentals, is constructed without relying predominantly on any one witness.
972:
909:
547:
330:
3794:
2486:
package is a development of EDMAC by Peter R. Wilson for typesetting critical editions with
1339:
Between influences on the author and influences on the text are all manner of transitions.
853:
seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.
139:
7047:
6967:
6679:
6592:
6502:
6268:
6155:
5661:
Tanselle, G. Thomas (1995). "The Varieties of Scholarly Editing". In D. C. Greetham (ed.).
5023:
The Variorum and Definitive Edition of the Poetical and Prose Writings of Edward Fitzgerald
3634:
2815:
2715:
2311:
2157:
2141:
2124:
1738:
1684:
1077:
1032:
921:
674:
515:
277:
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4134:. The Committee on Scholarly Editions, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis.
8:
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6954:
6751:
6430:
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2985:
2825:
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2174:
being applied to the Quran. In some countries textual criticism can be seen as apostasy.
2064:
2050:
2013:
1977:
1546:
1495:
1244:
988:
960:
485:
337:
269:
154:
6056:
5841:, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 69, No. 3/4 (JulyâOctober 1976), pp. 211â257
5385:
Montgomery, William Rhadamanthus; Wells, Stanley W.; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John (1997).
4565:
4309:
4171:, 1/4 (Fall 1976), 44â55; Larson, "Textual Variants in the Book of Mormon Manuscripts,"
3545:
3544:, 13 vols (Stockholm: Haeggström, 1827â77), vol. 1, table 3; the volume is available at
7151:
6881:
6796:
6602:
6597:
6559:
6482:
6445:
6425:
6355:
6072:(listing of the manuscript evidence for more than 11,000 variants in the New Testament)
5904:
5730:
5375:
5371:
5245:
5216:
4989:
4782:
4546:
3432:
3126:
3118:
3025:
2925:
2892:
2370:
2100:
1961:
1747:
1654:
1369:
1200:
1136:
1101:
1065:
superior reading. Close-call decisions are usually resolved in favor of the copy-text.
976:
414:
299:
281:
162:
5980:
5053:
Bowers, Fredson (1972). "Multiple Authority: New Problems and Concepts of Copy-Text".
4447:
3548:
but the scan unfortunately omits the stemma. William Robins, 'Editing and Evolution',
2527:
514:
analysisâinterpretation of handwriting, incomplete letters and even reconstruction of
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6891:
6886:
6659:
6569:
6512:
6333:
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5954:
5918:"The Collation and Textual Criticism of Icelandic Manuscripts (2): Textual Criticism"
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3149:
3130:
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2120:
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1943:
1886:
719:
349:
to the twentieth century, textual criticism covers a period of about five millennia.
5745:
5120:
5066:
3393:
2738: â with textual mapping to Masoretic, Dead Sea Scrolls, and Septuagint variants
2545:. CTE can export files in TEI format. CTE is currently (2014) in active development.
1803:
There are three separate new editions of the Hebrew Bible currently in development:
7067:
6962:
6944:
6876:
6864:
6822:
6761:
6746:
6637:
6525:
6318:
6263:
6243:
6223:
5931:
5893:"Textual Criticism and the Povest' vremennykh let: Some Theoretical Considerations"
5116:
5062:
4536:
4526:
3553:
3110:
3005:
2917:
2796:
2495:
2476:
2213:
2171:
2041:
to Syria. It occurs in Greek manuscripts and in the Latin translations used by the
2005:
1997:
1878:
1626:
1581:
1576:
869:
635:
237:
213:
There are many approaches or methods to the practice of textual criticism, notably
195:
3459:
2630:(Vetus Testamentum Graecum: Auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Gottingensis editum)
1113:
1023:
6859:
6837:
6791:
6338:
6298:
6273:
6203:
6178:
6163:
6063:
6002:
5640:
5433:
3714:
3707:
3641:
2933:
2542:
2460:
2112:
2017:
1973:
1874:
1834:
1712:
1659:
1399:(MLA) established the Center for Editions of American Authors (CEAA). The CEAA's
1306:
1089:
1085:
968:
756:
650:
494:
290:
261:
143:
30:"Critical edition" redirects here. For critical editions of operatic scores, see
4131:
3489:, ed. and trans. by Glenn W. Most (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) .
1936:(also called the "Neutral Text" tradition; less frequently, the "Minority Text")
1873:
manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages (including
252:
Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years, as one of the
7095:
7077:
7011:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6620:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6391:
6367:
6328:
6278:
6258:
6228:
6208:
6193:
6188:
6168:
6134:
5786:
Scribes and scholars: a guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin literature
5173:
5128:
5031:"Some Principles for Scholarly Editions of Nineteenth-Century American Authors"
4942:
4491:
3605:
2820:
2680:
2245:
For these reasons, some scholars, especially those who are associated with the
2204:
rare styles of orthography. He also suggested that some of the parchments were
2182:
2080:
2042:
1866:
1454:
1438:
1240:
1196:
780:
631:
600:
582:
370:
273:
207:
5710:
4531:
4514:
2222:
substrate; one can derive a whole Islamic anti-history from them if one wants.
1212:
550:, are the most favored, and the critical text has an Alexandrian disposition.
7120:
6842:
6651:
6520:
6386:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6283:
6253:
6151:
5990:
5267:
Text and Interpretation: New Approaches in the Criticism of the New Testament
4466:
2766:
2620:
2233:
2149:
2108:
1947:
1487:
1483:
1291:
1248:
1069:
877:
742:
734:
438:
346:
318:
303:
285:
230:
5839:
The Eclectic Method in New Testament Textual Criticism: Solution or Symptom?
3516:
A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
2137:
7100:
7000:
6929:
6831:
6293:
6288:
6248:
6218:
6198:
6146:
5493:"An Inquiry into the Social Status of Texts and Modes of Textual Criticism"
4610:
4433:
4261:
Hendel, R., "The Oxford Hebrew Bible: Prologue to a New Critical Edition",
2791:
2776:
2200:
2116:
2056:
1899:
1708:
1538:
1450:
1109:
889:
489:
374:
6018:
5935:
3696:
3114:
799:
Having completed the stemma, the critic proceeds to the next step, called
260:
in the last two centuries BC, were concerned with preserving the works of
6983:
6579:
6497:
6492:
6406:
6401:
6233:
6076:
Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism
2771:
2068:
1908:
1762:, oldest mss available to scholars 16th century CE, only Torah contained
1475:
1236:
1223:
765:
678:
627:
526:
511:
342:
265:
166:
6817:
5908:
5892:
5849:
3122:
2868:
List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations
6972:
5975:
4811:
3790:
2205:
2046:
1617:
1434:
1053:
1000:
954:
434:
6088:
4843:"Typesetting Critical Editions with LaTeX: ledmac, ledpar and ledarab"
4541:
2453:
1533:
830:). Emendations not supported by any known source are sometimes called
538:
individual witnesses, relying on both external and internal evidence.
333:
in 1972, which possibly date back to the seventh to eighth centuries.
6487:
6103:
2387:. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.
2229:
1951:
1703:
904:
phenomenon is widely present among living organisms, as instances of
893:
770:
507:
397:
253:
184:
158:
4342:
One Bible Only?: Examining Exclusive Claims for the King James Bible
1469:) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by
42:
6994:
6564:
6551:
6530:
6477:
6472:
5545:"Greg's Theory of Copy-Text and the Editing of American Literature"
2781:
2581:
2566:
2521:
1882:
1649:
864:
752:
477:
378:
295:
5991:
Computer-assisted stemmatology challenge & benchmark data-sets
5593:"Recent Editorial Discussion and the Central Questions of Editing"
5435:
Handbook of Stemmatology. History, Methodology, Digital Approaches
4842:
2548:
2502:
710:
476:
The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a
7006:
6871:
6069:
2872:
2835:
2483:
1800:(scribes) did not treat copy errors in the same manner later on.
1778:
1675:
1073:
897:
881:
395:
before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the
170:
5406:
An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts
5135:
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
4783:"Balassi Bålint összes verse, hålózati kritikai kiadås (c) 1998"
2266:. David Thomas, Professor of Christianity and Islam, commented:
1088:
of the English bible, also used the copy-text method, using the
276:. Textual criticism was an important aspect of the work of many
6977:
6854:
6238:
6080:
5805:"A New Approach to the Critical Constitution of Literary Texts"
2574:
2570:
2415:
2277:
2241:
and therefore had less authority, than has always been claimed.
2192:
In the 1970s, 14,000 fragments of Quran were discovered in the
2186:
1771:
1527:
322:
4816:
Center for Textual Studies and Digital Humanities Publications
4311:
The New Testament in The Original Greek: Introduction Appendix
4280:"The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical?"
1372:
that should accompany a scholarly edition. In addition to the
541:
Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no
6138:
6013:
2810:
An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture
2531:
2487:
2355:
2306:
2145:
1870:
1466:
1311:
746:
481:
418:
326:
314:
6045:
A detailed discussion of the textual variants in the Gospels
5783:
5005:
New Testament Textual Criticism, Exegesis and Church History
4812:"Literary Documents, Texts, and Works Represented Digitally"
4432:
Egypt's culture wars: politics and practice â Page 278
405:(reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced."
6038:
5422:
4969:
4667:
4665:
4652:
4650:
4100:
3965:
McKerrow 1939, pp. 17â8, quoted in Bowers 1974, p. 82, n. 4
2038:
6066:
of The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition
6019:
Walter Burley, Commentarium in Aristotelis De Anima L.III
5657:(originally published 1989; first paperback printing 1992)
5331:
Textual criticism: recovering the text of the Hebrew Bible
5247:
A history of literary criticism: from Plato to the present
5107:
Davis, Tom (1977). "The CEAA and Modern Textual Editing".
4711:
4709:
4132:"Aims and Services of the Committee on Scholarly Editions"
2537:
256:
arts. Early textual critics, especially the librarians of
5953:; Westminster John Knox Press; 3 edition (October 2001),
4728:
4689:
4687:
4630:
4628:
4467:"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"
4079:
2562:
2552:
2472:
1980:(albeit, with some reliance on the Byzantine text-type),
1522:
1281:
5075:
Leaves of Grass: A Textual Variorum of the Printed Poems
4662:
4647:
3949:
3947:
3764:
3340:
3338:
3280:
2999:
6081:
An Online Textual Commentary of the Greek New Testament
5747:
A History of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament
5711:
Van Mulken, Margot; Van Reenen, Pieter Th van. (1996).
5665:. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.
5326:
4706:
4067:
4034:
3039:
2468:
1841:
is also diplomatic, but based on the Aleppo Codex. The
1453:
to his scribes) and the Printer's Manuscript (the copy
5087:
4870:"The New Testament in the Original Greek :: 2018"
4867:
The New Testament in the Original Greek, 2018 edition
4684:
4625:
4519:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4273:
4271:
4010:
3989:
3745:
3497:
3495:
3364:"Manuscript Studies: Textual analysis (Scribal error)"
3261:
3167:
3165:
2677:
The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text
2083:
from the fifth century on and was used throughout the
1318:
Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of
1269:
according to the same system as the manuscript of the
1207:
1130:
429:
233:) appearing to be effective on a range of traditions.
5976:
An example of cladistics applied to textual criticism
3968:
3944:
3901:
3335:
3233:
3019:
1414:
892:. In biology, the technique is used to determine the
5569:"The Editorial Problem of Final Authorial Intention"
5423:
von Reenen, Pieter; Margot van Mulken, eds. (1996).
4804:
4802:
4046:
3925:
3838:
McKerrow 1939. pp. 17â18, quoted in Greg 1950, p. 25
3148:. Lausanne: Charles Bally in Payot C. pp. 1â3.
1368:
Bowers was also influential in defining the form of
649:(1687â1752), who in 1734 produced an edition of the
5767:
A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible
5474:
Biological systematics: principles and applications
5265:Hartin, Patrick J., Petzer J. H., Manning, Bruce.
4268:
4112:
3492:
3214:
3162:
3100:
3082:
3063:
2846:
List of major textual variants in the New Testament
2559:. Development of CET seems to have stopped in 2004.
1352:
He suggests that where a revision is "horizontal" (
788:. The process of constructing the stemma is called
401:. "If we succeed in establishing the text of , the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5903:(1). Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 11â31.
5874:Scribal Publication in Seventeenth-Century England
5669:
5328:
5244:
5179:From Writer to Reader: Studies in Editorial Method
5132:
4616:
4218:Analysis of Textual Variants of the Book of Mormon
4022:
3913:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3789:
3720:
3326:
2049:and other corruptions. It is sometimes called the
1865:Early New Testament texts include more than 5,800
1463:Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies
1095:
1068:The first published, printed edition of the Greek
5850:"The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism"
5645:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 104.
5471:
5452:
5356:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
5349:
4799:
4753:
4307:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3508:
3195:
1526:11th-century manuscript of the Hebrew Bible with
7118:
4911:"Greek New Testament :: Academic-bible.com"
4236:
2582:Critical editions of religious texts (selection)
1401:Statement of Editorial Principles and Procedures
938:derived from more than one source is said to be
510:editions may be inspected. This method involves
377:classical writers and no copies which have been
5750:. Macmillan. Original from Harvard University.
5431:
5427:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
5196:
5153:
5127:
4882:Novum Testamentum Graece, German Bible Society
4609:The treatise Ta'anit of the Babylonian Talmud:
1545:Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible compares
1431:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1149:varying degrees, be influenced by their copy".
1139:, "The Rationale of Copy-Text". Greg proposed:
641:Various scholars have developed guidelines, or
580:Two common considerations have the Latin names
352:
5455:Understanding scholastic thought with Foucault
5002:
4908:UBS Greek New Testament, German Bible Society
4206:The Printer's Manuscript of the Book of Mormon
2390:
667:, "the harder reading is better." Another was
622:
329:has also developed after the discovery of the
6119:
6009:The European Society for Textual Scholarship.
5490:
4839:See further the useful guidelines offered by
4809:
4492:"Birmingham's ancient Koran history revealed"
4338:
4202:The Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon
4192:, 2nd ed., 3 vols. (Provo: FARMS, 1986â1987).
3697:The Canterbury Tales Project Official Website
2295:
733:is a rigorous approach to textual criticism.
691:
657:, ("the harder reading is to be preferred").
653:. In his commentary, he established the rule
6047:(covering about 1200 variants on 2000 pages)
5735:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5691:
5457:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 73.
5403:
5242:
5158:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
4994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4739:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2003 (
4676:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowski2018 (
3521:
2732: â standardized Nestle-Aland 27 edition
1182:Editors who follow Greg's rationale produce
932:
6051:A complete list of all New Testament Papyri
5949:Soulen, Richard N. and Soulen, R. Kendall,
5677:. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4303:
4301:
3386:
3272:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreetham1999 (
3103:SEL Studies in English Literature 1500â1900
991:, because of grammar differences, but used
759:
615:internal and external evidence is related.
6126:
6112:
6086:
5307:
4720:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGippius2014 (
4563:
4512:
4339:Beacham, Roy E.; Bauder, Kevin T. (2001).
3606:"The Greek Vorlage of the Syra Harclensis"
3433:"Critical Rules of Johann Albrecht Bengel"
3394:"Critical Rules of Johann Albrecht Bengel"
2703:United Bible Society's Greek New Testament
2328:Textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle
229:, with methods from evolutionary biology (
5890:
5521:"Some Principles for Editorial Apparatus"
5476:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
5408:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4734:
4698:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIsoaho2018 (
4671:
4656:
4639:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDimnik2004 (
4584:
4540:
4530:
3936:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBowers1973 (
3775:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEhrman2005 (
3291:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcGann1992 (
3074:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEhrman2005 (
2932:, is sometimes used for studies of (Old)
2743:New English Translation of the Septuagint
1390:
1273:, a system that he had rejected in proof.
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5915:
5854:Proceedings of the Classical Association
5788:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 186.
5660:
5638:
5614:
5590:
5566:
5542:
5518:
5389:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
5387:William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion
5370:
4464:
4359:
4327:The New Testament in the Original Greek.
4298:
4106:
4085:
4073:
4040:
4016:
3995:
3540:CollĂn, H. S. and C. J. Schlyter (eds),
3267:
3171:
3143:
2972:"Tanselle thus combines an Aristotelian
2136:
1532:
1521:
1211:
1043:
863:
714:Scheme of descent of the manuscripts of
709:
681:(1828â1892) published an edition of the
626:
428:
146:, Manuscript C, folio 436v, 11th century
138:
5930:(3). Oxford University Press: 174â181.
5844:
5784:Wilson, N. R. p.; Reynolds, L. (1974).
5743:
5172:
4715:
4564:van Putten, Marijn (January 24, 2020).
4445:
3244:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3225:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3206:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMaas1958 (
3088:
2831:Categories of New Testament manuscripts
2688:The New Testament in the Original Greek
2667:The New Testament in the Original Greek
2181:The Quran is believed to have had some
2092:-era translations of the New Testament.
1461:By 1979, with the establishment of the
1363:
1190:
14:
7119:
6133:
5802:
5764:
5663:Scholarly Editing: A Guide to Research
5377:Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
5353:A critique of modern textual criticism
5052:
5028:
4885:"Copyright :: Academic-bible.com"
4781:Balassi, BĂĄlint. HorvĂĄth, IvĂĄn (ed.).
4693:
4634:
4600:corrupt and incomprehensible passages.
4376:
4247:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTov2001 (
3974:
3953:
3931:
3907:
3803:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
3770:
3756:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTov2001 (
3635:Critical Editions of the New Testament
3501:Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940).
3344:Hartin, Petzer, Mannig 2001, pp. 47â53
3286:
3069:
2333:Textual criticism or textology of the
2217:, Gerd Puin is quoted as saying that:
2099:which is close to the Byzantine text:
1855:Textual criticism of the New Testament
1397:Modern Language Association of America
1282:Uninfluenced final authorial intention
1231:discussion than to lay down the law".
1125:Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare
336:In the English language, the works of
222:
6107:
5694:Textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible
5106:
4849:from the original on 5 September 2014
4810:Shillingsburg, Peter (January 2013).
4756:Canadian Intellectual Property Review
4231:The Book of Mormon: The Earliest Text
4173:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
4118:
4052:
2883:Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
2851:Textual variants in the New Testament
2444:11. Representation of Primary Sources
2247:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
1861:Textual variants in the New Testament
1006:The stemmatic method's final step is
6099:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
5872:Love, Harold (1993). "section III".
5871:
5335:. Philadelphia, PA: Fortress Press.
5295:An Introduction to the New Testament
5215:
5201:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
4970:Aland, Kurt, Aland, Barbara (1987).
4286:from the original on 3 December 2013
4220:, 6 vols. (Provo: FARMS, 2004â2009).
4028:
3919:
3895:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3726:
3514:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
3239:
3220:
3201:
2782:Kaozheng (Chinese textual criticism)
2719: â German Bible Society edition
2318:
1518:Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
1256:When one collates the manuscript of
1199:(1905â1991). Starting in the 1970s,
1108:in his 1904 edition of the works of
1039:
1017:
571:
553:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
7058:Other books referenced in the Bible
7017:New Testament manuscript categories
5744:Vincent, Marvin Richardson (1899).
5438:. Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 694.
5293:Klijn, Albertus Frederik Johannes,
5182:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4780:
4277:
4242:
3751:
3568:Mulken & van Pieter 1996, p. 84
2691: â Westcott & Hort edition
2377:
1208:Application to works of all periods
1131:W. W. Greg's rationale of copy-text
599:Another scribal tendency is called
357:The basic problem, as described by
24:
6588:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
5831:
5673:(1985). Dunnett, Walter M. (ed.).
5617:"Historicism and Critical Editing"
5283:, Oxford University Press, 1995,
4840:
4484:
3646:Encyclopaedia of Textual Criticism
2709:Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine
2300:
2095:Bible translations relying on the
1415:Application to religious documents
1305:Tanselle discusses the example of
1084:text, which was the basis for the
655:Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua
27:Identification of textual variants
25:
7168:
6087:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
5986:Stemmatics and Information Theory
5964:
5923:Literary and Linguistic Computing
5025:, (1902), Doubleday, Page and Co.
3685:Literary and Linguistic Computing
3616:from the original on 3 March 2016
3374:from the original on 4 April 2016
2878:Modern English Bible translations
2418:keyboard, encoding was invented.
1426:Historicity of the Book of Mormon
1419:
288:, creating what developed as the
264:, and this continued through the
6014:Society for Textual Scholarship.
5891:Ostrowski, Donald (March 1981).
5715:. John Benjamins Publishing Co.
5642:A Rationale of Textual Criticism
5327:McCarter, Peter Kyle Jr (1986).
5251:. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub.
5021:Bentham, George, Gosse, Edmund.
4928:
4902:
4876:
4861:
4833:
4774:
4747:
4446:Sadeghi, Behnam (23 July 2015).
4265:, no. 3 (2008). pp. 325â326
3986:quoted in Tanselle 1976, p. 168
3577:Wilson and Reynolds 1974, p. 186
3558:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00391.x
3552:4 (2007): 89â120, at pp. 93â94,
3487:The Genesis of Lachmann's Method
3353:Aland K., Aland, B. 1987, p. 276
3046:
2979:
2699:Nestle-Aland 28th edition (NA28)
2645:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
2326:This section is an excerpt from
2260:earliest known Quranic fragments
1848:
1843:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
1818:Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition
1302:the author had made the change.
896:relationships between different
884:, where it was originally named
859:
469:-original, hence establishing a
313:Many ancient works, such as the
214:
41:
7073:Biblical and Quranic narratives
5088:Comfort, Philip Wesley (2005).
4963:
4936:"Review of Biblical Literature"
4917:from the original on 2013-11-02
4891:from the original on 2013-11-02
4822:from the original on 2017-08-16
4603:
4593:
4557:
4506:
4465:Coughlan, Sean (22 July 2015).
4458:
4439:
4426:
4416:
4406:
4396:
4332:
4255:
4223:
4211:
4195:
4182:
4161:
4151:
4138:from the original on 2008-05-23
4124:
4097:Shillingsburg 1989, p. 56, n. 8
4091:
4058:
4001:
3980:
3959:
3832:
3829:Quoted in Greg 1950, pp. 23â24
3823:
3783:
3732:
3701:
3690:
3673:from the original on 2017-08-16
3659:
3650:
3628:
3598:
3534:
3479:
3466:from the original on 2010-02-13
3460:"Theories of Westcott and Hort"
3452:
3439:from the original on 2010-02-13
3425:
3411:
3400:from the original on 2010-02-13
3356:
3347:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3252:
3144:Saussure, Ferdinand de (1916).
2966:
2952:
2730:The Comprehensive New Testament
2610:(based on now-lost manuscripts)
2276:the Quranic codification under
1505:
1486:(the head of FARMS), Professor
1096:McKerrow's concept of copy-text
908:(or lateral gene transfer) and
218:
52:needs additional citations for
5951:Handbook of Biblical Criticism
5916:Robinson, Peter M. W. (1989).
4007:quoted in Zeller 1975, p. 247
3186:
3177:
3146:Cours de linguistique générale
3137:
3094:
2943:
2906:
2637:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
2600:Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
683:New Testament in Greek in 1881
521:
13:
1:
5491:Shillingsburg, Peter (1989).
5121:10.1093/library/s5-XXXII.1.61
5067:10.1093/library/s5-XXVII.2.81
4972:The Text of the New Testament
4377:Lester, Toby (January 1999).
4179:, 18 (Summer 1978), 563â569 .
3323:Comfort, Comfort 2005, p. 383
3056:
2863:List of New Testament uncials
2841:List of Biblical commentaries
2762:Authority (textual criticism)
2073:(also called "Majority Text")
1756:
1721:
1602:
1593:
1278:Hawthorne changed in proof."
1259:The House of the Seven Gables
1072:was produced by this method.
1052:shows a medieval scribe (the
880:is a technique borrowed from
700:
294:. In Italy, scholars such as
5969:
5639:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1992).
5615:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1986).
5591:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1981).
5567:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1976).
5543:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1975).
5519:Tanselle, G. Thomas (1972).
5221:"The Rationale of Copy-Text"
5092:. B&H Publishing Group.
4190:Book of Mormon Critical Text
2895:, dating the book of Genesis
2858:List of New Testament papyri
2673:and William Pierpont edition
2593:Book of Mormon Critical Text
2399:
2356:
1050:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
925:. Shaw's edition of Dante's
607:refers to eye-skip when the
498:, and the prose writings of
353:Basic notions and objectives
7:
6005:Biblical Archaeology Review
5876:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5312:. Oxford University Press.
5297:(1980), p. 14, BRILL,
3527:Saalfeld, G.A.E.A. (1884).
3040:
3020:
3000:
2750:
2663: â Tischendorf edition
2660:Editio octava critica maior
2549:Critical Edition Typesetter
2425:
2391:Digital textual scholarship
2367:identified textual variants
2166:Birmingham Quran manuscript
1913:
1638:2nd century BCE (fragments)
1551:
705:
623:Canons of textual criticism
10:
7173:
7053:English Bible translations
6441:Song of the Three Children
6028:
5472:Schuh, Randall T. (2000).
5453:Rosemann, Philipp (1999).
5380:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5350:McGann, Jerome J. (1992).
4448:"The origins of the Koran"
4308:Westcott and Hort (1896).
4263:Vetus Testamentum, vol. 58
2755:
2736:The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible
2440:10. Manuscript Description
2408:
2348:
2325:
2296:Application to other texts
2211:In an article in the 1999
2155:
1858:
1852:
1681:Quedlinburg Itala fragment
1640:4th century CE (complete)
1515:
1509:
1423:
747:
692:Limitations of eclecticism
669:Lectio brevior praeferenda
611:of two lines are similar.
424:
247:
29:
7091:
7035:
6953:
6907:
6805:
6650:
6613:
6578:
6549:
6511:
6456:
6363:
6347:
6145:
6070:New Testament Manuscripts
5897:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
5815:: 231â264. Archived from
5696:. Minneapolis: Fortress.
4532:10.1017/S0041977X19000338
4233:(Yale Univ. Press, 2009).
4064:Zeller 1975, pp. 247â248
3029:
3009:
2989:
2929:
2921:
2595: â FARMS 2nd edition
2287:
2162:Early Quranic manuscripts
1919:
1916:
1790:
1766:
1733:
1698:
1670:
1644:
1629:and other earlier papyri
1612:
1554:
1219:A Midsummer Night's Dream
933:Limitations and criticism
716:Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarius
665:Lectio difficilior potior
593:lectio difficilior potior
272:and the invention of the
5432:Roelli, Philipp (2020).
5197:Greetham, D. C. (1999).
5154:Ehrman, Bart D. (2006).
5029:Bowers, Fredson (1964).
4208:, 2 vols. (FARMS, 2001).
3793:; Barbara Aland (1995).
3518:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3505:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3462:. Bible-researcher.com.
3435:. Bible-researcher.com.
3420:Novum Testamentum Graece
3396:. Bible-researcher.com.
2899:
2802:
2696:Novum Testamentum Graece
2471:macro package for Plain
2436:Text Encoding Initiative
2420:Text Encoding Initiative
2385:Copyright Term Directive
2369:(including developing a
2357:PovÄstÄ vremÄnÄnyxĆ lÄtĆ
2349:ĐĐŸĐČŃŁŃŃŃ ĐČŃĐ”ĐŒŃ§ĐœŃĐœŃŃ
Ń Đ»ŃŁŃŃ
2264:University of Birmingham
2132:
1845:is an eclectic edition.
1715:and other incomplete mss
1092:as the base manuscript.
995:. According to him, the
993:Complutensian Polyglotta
983:did not incorporate the
917:Canterbury Tales Project
906:horizontal gene transfer
886:phylogenetic systematics
784:descended from a single
32:Critical edition (opera)
6915:Intertestamental period
6090:"Lower Criticism"
5809:Studies in Bibliography
5713:Studies in Stemmatology
5621:Studies in Bibliography
5597:Studies in Bibliography
5573:Studies in Bibliography
5549:Studies in Bibliography
5525:Studies in Bibliography
5503:: 55â78. Archived from
5497:Studies in Bibliography
5425:Studies in Stemmatology
5225:Studies in Bibliography
5035:Studies in Bibliography
5003:Aland, Barbara (1994).
4787:magyar-irodalom.elte.hu
4513:van Putten, M. (2019).
4494:. BBC. 23 December 2015
4345:. Kregel Publications.
3001:ApoviesÄ minulych ÄasoĆ
2938:(Old) East Slavic texts
2360:, commonly transcribed
2085:Eastern Orthodox Church
1839:Hebrew University Bible
1821:(formerly known as the
1812:Hebrew University Bible
1743:Abisha Scroll of Nablus
981:Novum Instrumentum omne
826:(also sometimes called
308:Donation of Constantine
284:, who edited the Greek
144:Carmina Cantabrigiensia
6899:Apocalyptic literature
6536:Paralipomena of Baruch
5769:. InterVarsity Press.
5007:. Peeters Publishers.
4204:(Provo: FARMS, 2001);
4188:Robert F. Smith, ed.,
3332:Aland, B. 1994, p. 138
3021:Povest' vremennykh let
2990:ĐĐżĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐŒŃĐœŃĐ»ŃŃ
ŃĐ°ŃĐŸŃ
2705:UBS 4th edition (UBS4)
2607:Complutensian polyglot
2511:backward-compatibility
2448:12. Critical Apparatus
2362:Povest' vremennykh let
2273:
2256:
2243:
2227:
2194:Great Mosque of Sana'a
2153:
1948:the Alexandrian Church
1896:
1827:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
1806:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
1760: 11th century CE
1655:Codex Ambrosianus B.21
1590:and Greek (Septuagint)
1564:
1558:
1542:
1530:
1512:Documentary hypothesis
1391:The MLA's CEAA and CSE
1384:
1350:
1341:
1275:
1266:The Blithedale Romance
1227:
1172:
1159:
1146:
1057:
874:
760:
723:
661:Johann Jakob Griesbach
647:Johann Albrecht Bengel
638:
586:(shorter reading) and
442:
388:
258:Hellenistic Alexandria
147:
7063:Additional Scriptures
7027:New Testament uncials
6096:Catholic Encyclopedia
6057:An Electronic Edition
6035:Manuscript Comparator
5981:Stemma and Stemmatics
5803:Zeller, Hans (1975).
5765:Wegner, Paul (2006).
5692:Tov, Emanuel (2001).
5404:Parker, D.C. (2008).
5243:Habib, Rafey (2005).
5077:, (1980), NYU Press,
4314:. Macmillan. p.
3485:Sebastian Timpanaro,
3183:Jarvis 1995, pp. 1â17
3115:10.1353/sel.2012.0008
3010:ĐĐŸĐČĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐČŃĐ”ĐŒĐ”ĐœĐœŃŃ
лДŃ
2724:Critical translations
2683:& Farstad edition
2538:Classical Text Editor
2268:
2258:In 2015, some of the
2251:
2238:
2236:has likewise stated:
2219:
2140:
2076:5thâ16th centuries CE
1933:Alexandrian text-type
1891:
1859:Further information:
1833:edition based on the
1694:Early 5th century CE
1666:Early 5th century CE
1536:
1525:
1516:Further information:
1379:
1345:
1331:
1253:
1216:William Shakespeare,
1215:
1167:
1154:
1141:
1047:
973:Testimonium Flavianum
910:genetic recombination
867:
713:
630:
548:Alexandrian text-type
432:
363:
278:Renaissance humanists
142:
7048:Bible version debate
7022:New Testament papyri
6968:Samaritan Pentateuch
6593:Testament of Abraham
6531:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
5675:New Testament survey
5199:Theories of the text
4379:"What Is the Koran?"
3742:: Braunschweig 1785
3687:20, 189â-204 (2005).
3595:McCarter 1986, p. 62
3546:the internet archive
3041:Povist' mynulykh lit
2816:Bible version debate
2716:Editio Critica Maior
2711: â Merk edition
2628:Gottingen Septuagint
2517:is maintenance mode.
2341:Tale of Bygone Years
2158:History of the Quran
2034:3rdâ9th centuries CE
1939:2ndâ4th centuries CE
1869:manuscripts, 10,000
1739:Samaritan Pentateuch
1685:Codex Complutensis I
1364:Format for apparatus
1191:GregâBowersâTanselle
1104:introduced the term
975:. According to him,
922:The Canterbury Tales
675:Brooke Foss Westcott
61:improve this article
7157:Textual scholarship
6990:Muratorian fragment
6925:New Testament canon
6920:Old Testament canon
6813:Chapters and verses
6431:Additions to Daniel
6397:Additions to Esther
6053:with link to images
5936:10.1093/llc/4.3.174
5308:Maas, Paul (1958).
4403:clarify this point.
4109:, pp. 167â168.
3754:, pp. 351â368.
3610:rosetta.reltech.org
3586:Roseman 1999, p. 73
3314:Bentham, Gosse 1902
3030:ĐĐŸĐČŃŃŃŃ ĐŒĐžĐœŃлОŃ
Đ»ŃŃ
2826:Biblical manuscript
2787:List of manuscripts
2671:Maurice_A._Robinson
2640: â 4th edition
2199:The German scholar
2065:Byzantine text-type
2051:Caesarean text-type
1823:Oxford Hebrew Bible
1568:Date of Composition
1496:Community of Christ
1480:Gordon C. Thomasson
1245:Nathaniel Hawthorne
989:Codex Montfortianus
961:Franz Anton Knittel
651:Greek New Testament
486:William Shakespeare
369:manuscripts of the
338:William Shakespeare
270:early modern period
194:(in the context of
155:textual scholarship
76:"Textual criticism"
6603:Testament of Jacob
6598:Testament of Isaac
6483:Prayer of Manasseh
6446:Bel and the Dragon
6426:Letter of Jeremiah
6062:2010-11-29 at the
6001:2012-03-14 at the
5671:Tenney, Merrill C.
5139:. Harper Collins.
5073:Bradley, Sculley,
4622:Habib 2005, p. 239
3773:, pp. 44, 56.
3717:Shaw edition, 2010
3713:2017-05-31 at the
3640:2009-04-14 at the
3550:Literature Compass
2960:apparatus criticus
2893:Wiseman hypothesis
2459:2018-05-11 at the
2371:critical apparatus
2154:
2142:Sana'a manuscripts
1755:Oldest extant mss
1748:Samaritan alphabet
1543:
1531:
1370:critical apparatus
1228:
1201:G. Thomas Tanselle
1137:Sir Walter W. Greg
1102:Ronald B. McKerrow
1100:The bibliographer
1058:
971:(1 John 5:7), and
967:(John 7:53â8:11),
965:Pericopa Adulterae
875:
724:
639:
588:lectio difficilior
443:
415:critical apparatus
411:apparatus criticus
384:constitutio textus
331:Sana'a manuscripts
300:Poggio Bracciolini
282:Desiderius Erasmus
163:literary criticism
148:
7127:Textual criticism
7114:
7113:
7083:Textual criticism
6646:
6645:
6570:Psalms of Solomon
6513:Orthodox Tewahedo
5415:978-0-521-71989-6
5310:Textual Criticism
5269:. (1991), BRILL,
5156:Whose Word Is It?
5146:978-0-06-073817-4
4278:Wallace, Daniel.
4088:, pp. 45â46.
3289:, p. xviiii.
3242:, pp. 22â23.
3038:
3018:
2998:
2916:", borrowed from
2887:Pericope AdulterĂŠ
2354:
2336:Primary Chronicle
2320:Primary Chronicle
2232:Islamic scholar,
2130:
2129:
2030:Western text-type
1944:Alexandria, Egypt
1794:
1793:
1447:Stanley R. Larson
1040:Copy-text editing
1033:Le Morte d'Arthur
1018:Best-text editing
720:Henry E. Sigerist
572:Internal evidence
554:External evidence
500:Edward Fitzgerald
484:and the works of
361:, is as follows:
306:on the purported
227:textual witnesses
223:copy-text editing
151:Textual criticism
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
7164:
6963:Dead Sea Scrolls
6945:Dating the Bible
6823:Historical books
6460:Eastern Orthodox
6373:Eastern Orthodox
6361:
6360:
6354:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6092:
6021:Critical Edition
5946:
5944:
5942:
5912:
5887:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5799:
5780:
5761:
5740:
5734:
5726:
5707:
5688:
5666:
5656:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5487:
5468:
5449:
5428:
5419:
5400:
5381:
5367:
5346:
5334:
5323:
5262:
5250:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5212:
5193:
5169:
5150:
5138:
5124:
5111:. Fifth Series.
5103:
5070:
5057:. Fifth Series.
5049:
5047:
5046:
5018:
4999:
4993:
4985:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4947:
4941:. Archived from
4940:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4632:
4623:
4620:
4614:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4534:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4357:
4356:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4275:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4240:
4234:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4199:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3801:. Grand Rapids:
3800:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3743:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3705:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3656:Schuh 2000, p. 7
3654:
3648:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3417:J.J. Griesbach,
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2923:
2910:
2797:Source criticism
2496:maintenance mode
2477:maintenance mode
2378:Legal protection
2359:
2353:romanized:
2352:
2350:
2214:Atlantic Monthly
2172:higher criticism
1914:
1761:
1758:
1729:10th century CE
1726:
1723:
1627:Codex Sinaiticus
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1582:Tanakh at Qumran
1577:Dead Sea Scrolls
1552:
1537:A page from the
1294:'s first novel,
1123:By 1939, in his
870:Canterbury Tales
763:
750:
749:
677:(1825â1901) and
636:Codex Sinaiticus
455:variant readings
238:higher criticism
196:Biblical studies
180:critical edition
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7087:
7031:
6949:
6940:Christian canon
6903:
6838:Prophetic books
6801:
6732:2 Thessalonians
6727:1 Thessalonians
6642:
6609:
6574:
6545:
6507:
6466:
6452:
6380:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6132:
6064:Wayback Machine
6031:
6003:Wayback Machine
5972:
5967:
5940:
5938:
5884:
5863:
5861:
5837:Epp, Eldon J.,
5834:
5832:Further reading
5822:
5820:
5796:
5777:
5758:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5704:
5685:
5653:
5630:
5628:
5606:
5604:
5582:
5580:
5558:
5556:
5534:
5532:
5510:
5508:
5484:
5465:
5446:
5416:
5397:
5372:McKerrow, R. B.
5364:
5343:
5320:
5279:Jarvis, Simon,
5259:
5234:
5232:
5209:
5190:
5174:Gaskell, Philip
5166:
5147:
5129:Ehrman, Bart D.
5100:
5044:
5042:
5015:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4920:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4892:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4872:. January 2018.
4868:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4850:
4838:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4807:
4800:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4775:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4675:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4648:
4638:
4633:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4573:
4562:
4558:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4463:
4459:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4360:
4353:
4337:
4333:
4320:
4318:
4306:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4200:
4196:
4187:
4183:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:, pp. 2â3.
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3715:Wayback Machine
3706:
3702:
3695:
3691:
3676:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3642:Wayback Machine
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3539:
3535:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3368:www.ualberta.ca
3362:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3223:, pp. 2â3.
3219:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:Montgomery 1997
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3047:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2934:Church Slavonic
2911:
2907:
2902:
2805:
2758:
2753:
2584:
2464:TEI/XML format.
2461:Wayback Machine
2428:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2345:Old East Slavic
2331:
2323:
2303:
2301:Classical texts
2298:
2290:
2223:
2168:
2135:
2097:Textus Receptus
2072:
1935:
1923:Characteristics
1863:
1857:
1851:
1835:Leningrad Codex
1786:5th century CE
1759:
1724:
1713:Leningrad Codex
1639:
1623:Codex Vaticanus
1605:
1596:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1471:Robert F. Smith
1437:) includes the
1428:
1422:
1417:
1393:
1366:
1307:Herman Melville
1284:
1210:
1193:
1133:
1098:
1090:Codex Vaticanus
1086:Revised Version
1042:
1020:
969:Comma Johanneum
935:
862:
840:The process of
792:, or the Latin
757:classical Latin
708:
703:
694:
625:
574:
556:
524:
495:Leaves of Grass
427:
355:
319:Greek tragedies
291:Textus Receptus
250:
153:is a branch of
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7170:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7080:
7078:Synod of Hippo
7075:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7012:Masoretic Text
7009:
7004:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6959:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6848:Minor prophets
6845:
6843:Major prophets
6835:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6621:Pseudepigrapha
6617:
6615:
6614:Classification
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6584:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:Psalms 152â155
6556:
6554:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6517:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6428:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6214:1â2 Chronicles
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6142:
6131:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6084:
6078:
6073:
6067:
6054:
6048:
6042:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6016:
6011:
6006:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:External links
5963:
5962:
5961:
5947:
5913:
5888:
5882:
5869:
5846:Housman, A. E.
5842:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5800:
5794:
5781:
5775:
5762:
5756:
5741:
5721:
5708:
5702:
5689:
5683:
5667:
5658:
5651:
5636:
5612:
5588:
5564:
5540:
5516:
5488:
5482:
5469:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5429:
5420:
5414:
5401:
5395:
5382:
5368:
5362:
5347:
5341:
5324:
5318:
5305:
5291:
5277:
5263:
5257:
5240:
5213:
5207:
5194:
5188:
5170:
5164:
5151:
5145:
5125:
5104:
5098:
5085:
5071:
5050:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5000:
4980:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4927:
4901:
4875:
4860:
4832:
4798:
4773:
4762:(1): 157â170.
4746:
4737:, p. XIX.
4735:Ostrowski 2003
4727:
4718:, p. 342.
4705:
4696:, p. 637.
4683:
4672:Ostrowski 2018
4661:
4657:Ostrowski 1981
4646:
4637:, p. 255.
4624:
4615:
4602:
4592:
4583:
4556:
4525:(2): 271â288.
4505:
4483:
4457:
4438:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4395:
4358:
4351:
4331:
4297:
4267:
4254:
4235:
4229:Skousen, ed.,
4222:
4210:
4194:
4181:
4160:
4150:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4090:
4078:
4076:, p. 193.
4066:
4057:
4045:
4043:, p. 194.
4033:
4021:
4009:
4000:
3988:
3979:
3977:, p. 227.
3967:
3958:
3956:, p. 226.
3943:
3924:
3912:
3910:, p. 224.
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3815:
3782:
3763:
3744:
3731:
3719:
3700:
3689:
3658:
3649:
3627:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3533:
3520:
3507:
3491:
3478:
3451:
3424:
3410:
3385:
3355:
3346:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3258:Gaskell, 1978.
3251:
3232:
3213:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3161:
3154:
3136:
3093:
3081:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3045:
2978:
2965:
2951:
2942:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Biblical gloss
2818:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2624:
2611:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2587:Book of Mormon
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2560:
2546:
2535:
2525:
2518:
2499:
2480:
2465:
2451:
2427:
2424:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2379:
2376:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2183:oral tradition
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2121:Bishops' Bible
2093:
2081:Constantinople
2077:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2043:Western church
2035:
2032:
2025:
2024:
1955:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1926:Bible version
1924:
1921:
1918:
1853:Main article:
1850:
1847:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608: â 70 CE
1606: 150 BCE
1600:
1597: 150 BCE
1591:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1541:, Deuteronomy.
1510:Main article:
1507:
1504:
1455:Oliver Cowdery
1439:Book of Mormon
1421:
1420:Book of Mormon
1418:
1416:
1413:
1392:
1389:
1365:
1362:
1283:
1280:
1209:
1206:
1197:Fredson Bowers
1192:
1189:
1152:He concluded:
1132:
1129:
1097:
1094:
1041:
1038:
1019:
1016:
999:was known for
934:
931:
873:, Woodcut 1484
861:
858:
781:stemma codicum
764:may refer to "
707:
704:
702:
699:
693:
690:
624:
621:
601:homoioteleuton
583:lectio brevior
573:
570:
555:
552:
523:
520:
512:paleographical
426:
423:
354:
351:
274:printing press
249:
246:
208:oral tradition
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7169:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6695:2 Corinthians
6693:
6691:
6690:1 Corinthians
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6652:New Testament
6649:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6633:New Testament
6631:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6548:
6542:
6541:Broader canon
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:Song of Songs
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:Old Testament
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6117:
6115:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5960:
5959:0-664-22314-1
5956:
5952:
5948:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5885:
5883:0-19-811219-X
5879:
5875:
5870:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5819:on 2013-09-12
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5795:0-19-814371-0
5791:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5776:0-8308-2731-5
5772:
5768:
5763:
5759:
5757:0-8370-5641-1
5753:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5724:
5722:90-272-2153-7
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5703:90-232-3715-3
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5684:0-8028-3611-9
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:9780812214093
5648:
5644:
5643:
5637:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5565:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5541:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5507:on 2013-09-12
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5485:
5483:0-8014-3675-3
5479:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5464:0-312-21713-7
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5445:9783110684391
5441:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5396:0-393-31667-X
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5363:0-8139-1418-3
5359:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5344:
5342:0-8006-0471-7
5338:
5333:
5332:
5325:
5321:
5319:0-19-814318-4
5315:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5303:90-04-06263-7
5300:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:0-19-818295-3
5286:
5282:
5278:
5276:
5275:90-04-09401-6
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5258:0-631-23200-1
5254:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5208:0-19-811993-3
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5189:0-19-818171-X
5185:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5165:0-8264-9129-4
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5115:(32): 61â74.
5114:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5099:0-8054-3145-4
5095:
5091:
5086:
5084:
5083:0-8147-9444-0
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5061:(2): 81â115.
5060:
5056:
5051:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5014:90-390-0105-7
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4983:
4981:90-04-08367-7
4977:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4948:on 2015-09-23
4944:
4937:
4931:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4871:
4864:
4848:
4844:
4841:Dekker, D-J.
4836:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4679:
4674:, p. 32.
4673:
4668:
4666:
4659:, p. 11.
4658:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4596:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4493:
4487:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4399:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4354:
4352:9780825497032
4348:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4328:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4302:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4154:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4121:, p. 61.
4120:
4115:
4108:
4107:Tanselle 1975
4103:
4094:
4087:
4086:Tanselle 1972
4082:
4075:
4074:Tanselle 1976
4070:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4041:Tanselle 1976
4037:
4031:, p. 32.
4030:
4025:
4019:, p. 19.
4018:
4017:Tanselle 1986
4013:
4004:
3998:, p. 16.
3997:
3996:Tanselle 1995
3992:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3939:
3934:, p. 86.
3933:
3928:
3922:, p. 36.
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3898:, p. 31.
3897:
3892:
3886:, p. 29.
3885:
3880:
3874:, p. 26.
3873:
3868:
3862:, p. 22.
3861:
3856:
3850:, p. 21.
3849:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3818:
3816:0-8028-4098-1
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3729:, p. 20.
3728:
3723:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3414:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:, p. 40.
3269:
3268:Greetham 1999
3264:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3172:Tanselle 1992
3168:
3166:
3157:
3155:9782228500647
3151:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:, p. 46.
3071:
3066:
3062:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Close reading
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2653:New Testament
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:: in progress
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:ekdosis is a
2564:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2234:Andrew Rippin
2231:
2226:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2150:Andrew Rippin
2147:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1849:New Testament
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725: 100 CE
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599: â 70 CE
1592:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:Royal Skousen
1485:
1484:John W. Welch
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:In 1963, the
1388:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Stephen Crane
1288:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1249:Stephen Crane
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:Shakespeare,
1232:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1114:Joseph BĂ©dier
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:New Testament
1066:
1062:
1055:
1054:marginal note
1051:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1024:Joseph BĂ©dier
1015:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
950:
948:
947:sophisticated
943:
941:
930:
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
911:
907:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Phylogenetics
872:
871:
866:
860:Phylogenetics
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
773:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
744:
743:Ancient Greek
740:
736:
735:Karl Lachmann
732:
728:
721:
717:
712:
698:
689:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
633:
629:
620:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
578:
569:
565:
562:
551:
549:
544:
539:
535:
531:
528:
519:
517:
513:
509:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
471:critical text
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
440:
439:2 Corinthians
437:, containing
436:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
400:
399:
394:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
362:
360:
350:
348:
344:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
304:Lorenzo Valla
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
286:New Testament
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
239:
234:
232:
231:phylogenetics
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
181:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:
141:
131:
128:
120:
117:November 2023
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: â
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7142:Hermeneutics
7132:Bibliography
7082:
7001:Vetus Latina
6999:
6982:
6935:Jewish canon
6930:Antilegomena
6832:Poetic Books
6828:Wisdom books
6806:Subdivisions
6719:
6424: /
6349:Deuterocanon
6269:Lamentations
6249:Ecclesiastes
6156:(protocanon)
6147:Hebrew Bible
6094:
6020:
5950:
5939:. Retrieved
5927:
5921:
5900:
5896:
5873:
5862:. Retrieved
5857:
5853:
5838:
5821:. Retrieved
5817:the original
5812:
5808:
5785:
5766:
5746:
5712:
5693:
5674:
5662:
5641:
5629:. Retrieved
5624:
5620:
5605:. Retrieved
5600:
5596:
5581:. Retrieved
5576:
5572:
5557:. Retrieved
5552:
5548:
5533:. Retrieved
5528:
5524:
5509:. Retrieved
5505:the original
5500:
5496:
5473:
5454:
5434:
5424:
5405:
5386:
5376:
5352:
5330:
5309:
5294:
5280:
5266:
5246:
5233:. Retrieved
5228:
5224:
5198:
5178:
5155:
5134:
5112:
5108:
5089:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5043:. Retrieved
5038:
5034:
5022:
5004:
4971:
4964:Bibliography
4950:. Retrieved
4943:the original
4930:
4919:. Retrieved
4904:
4893:. Retrieved
4878:
4863:
4851:. Retrieved
4835:
4824:. Retrieved
4815:
4790:. Retrieved
4786:
4776:
4759:
4755:
4749:
4730:
4716:Gippius 2014
4618:
4611:Henry Malter
4605:
4595:
4586:
4574:. Retrieved
4569:
4559:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4470:
4460:
4451:
4441:
4434:Samia Mehrez
4428:
4418:
4408:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4383:The Atlantic
4382:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4319:. Retrieved
4310:
4288:. Retrieved
4262:
4257:
4245:, p. 9.
4238:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4140:. Retrieved
4126:
4114:
4102:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4060:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4003:
3991:
3982:
3970:
3961:
3927:
3915:
3903:
3891:
3879:
3867:
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6407:2 Maccabees
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6184:Deuteronomy
5217:Greg, W. W.
4694:Isoaho 2018
4635:Dimnik 2004
4570:Twitter.com
4321:23 November
4290:23 November
4177:BYU Studies
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343:Mesopotamia
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6721:Laodiceans
6715:Colossians
6204:1â2 Samuel
5864:2008-03-08
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5631:2024-06-28
5607:2007-09-07
5583:2006-06-04
5559:2006-06-04
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5511:2006-06-07
5235:2006-06-04
5045:2006-06-04
4952:2010-02-08
4921:2013-10-31
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4826:2017-05-16
4792:2022-10-19
4576:August 24,
4542:1887/79373
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4142:2008-05-24
4119:Davis 1977
4053:Davis 1977
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