429:
17:
517:
Theater in Iaşi, and other
Theaters in Romania played a series of his plays, (The Grunwald Family in 1952, The Return of Christopher Columbus, 1955, Dor Hamidbar, or The Desert Generation in 1957, An Unfinished Trial in 1961, White Night, 1963, and Meeting on the Mountain in 1969), and Bruckstein became, before his 1972 emigration to Israel, the most important Yiddish playwright of post-war Romania, as mentioned in the
226:; the Guard's defeat resulted in a government less actively hostile to Jews. These new requirements were relaxed after the defeat of the Iron Guard, and Rebreanu wrote on February 19 that "in view of the current situation" they could open on March 1. The Military Commander never did give formal permission, but that requirement seems to have been ignored.
257:. Although officially exclusively Jewish, at times various Gentile intellectuals helped the company illegally, especially with translations; this was well enough known to provoke indignation from at least one antisemitic newspaper. Some Gentiles, mostly intellectuals, showed support for the theater by coming to performances.
899:("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 1st Romanian-language edition, Kriterion Publishing House, Bucharest, 1982, with foreword by Ileana Berlogea, translated to Romanian by the author, from the Yiddish original: "Hundert ior idis teater in Rumenie", Kriterion Publishing House, Bucharest, 1976.
274:, later a key figure in the State Jewish Theater, has said of this period that Jewish theater was pushed to the periphery, but "turned that periphery into a center of Jewish culture and art". Their included Romanian-language translations of classic Yiddish theater pieces such as the bittersweet
211:
Over the next six months, the company would struggle with the authorities over the conditions under which they could open, while awaiting the elusive permission from the
Military Commander. A January 17, 1941 document from the Minister of Culture and from Director General of Theaters and Operas
516:
and several other concentration-camps, wrote in 1948 a play entitled "Night-Shift" (Nachtshicht, in
Yiddish) describing the revolt of the Auschwitz sonderkommando towards the end of the Second World-War, and the play had a huge success over the years 1949-1958. Subsequently, TES, The Yiddish
460:
became head of the theater with Iancu Gluck as
General Manager and Israil Bercovici as literary secretary. Over the next two decades, these three would doubtless do as much as anyone in the world to keep the flame of Yiddish theater alive. (Auerbach's successor,
648:
Despite significant repression of Jews during some phases of the
Communist regime, despite significant emigration of Romanian Jews, and despite the demolition of much of the Văcăreşti neighborhood in anticipation of a never-finished portion of
216:
added new requirements: each individual artist would need approval from the
Director General of Theaters; no plays could be performed on major Christian holidays, nor on the three "legionary holidays"; they could use only the front door of the
455:
TES has operated in the former Baraşeum building almost continually since that time. In 1954–1956 the theater building was rebuilt with a modern stage; the company appeared on a number of other
Bucharest stages during that time. In 1955
357:, organizing libraries and conferences, and evolving Teatrul IKUF, a new Yiddish theater led initially by Iacob Mansdorf. Drawing its mostly young, professional actors from cities around Romania, their production of Moşe Pincevski's new play
482:. For four years (1957–1961), TES also operated a studio theater to train young actors and stage technicians, in which some of the surviving greats of Yiddish theater taught their crafts to a new generation.
1305:
909:("One hundred years of Yiddish/Jewish theater in Romania"), 2nd Romanian-language edition, revised and augmented by Constantin Măciucă. Editura Integral (an imprint of Editurile Universala), Bucharest (1998).
305:
On August 23, 1944 the overthrow of
Antonescu in a coup led immediately to the re-legalization of the use of the Yiddish language. The Baraşeum returned to performing in Yiddish, presenting Sholom Aleichem's
221:
on str. Ionescu de la Brad, not the stage door on str. Udricani; and they could not open until May 31, 1941, four and a half months away. Days after these requirements were put in place, the Iron Guard
1119:
43:-related plays. It is the oldest Yiddish-language theater with uninterrupted activity in the world. Its contemporary repertoire includes plays by Jewish authors, plays on Jewish topics, and plays in
1277:
177:
Nonetheless, after some petitioning, permission was obtained on
September 26 to start a single Jewish theater in Bucharest, subject to conditions such as making donations to a fund for unemployed
1543:
143:
that had long been a factor in
Romania came to the fore, resources for Yiddish theater in Bucharest dried up. In the summer of 1940, all four Bucharest-based Yiddish theater companies, including
185:, and getting permission from the Military Commander of the capital. Some 200 people were associated with the group that emerged, ranging from performers of light comedy to actors versed in the
1193:
400:, reorganized under Bernard Lebli, and became the new permanent company of the Baraşeum, with an unprecedented subsidy from the government. They began their new season January 11, 1948 with
170:
became the only legal political party in Romania. On September 9, Jews were prohibited from participating in theater. All Jews were fired from artistic or administrative positions at the
1183:
1114:
1510:
1035:
1356:
1259:
1073:
622:
1295:
314:) on September 15. This Baraşeum production was not, however, the first Yiddish play after of the new period. On the very evening of August 23 an improvised Yiddish performance
1137:
1096:
1415:
1178:
448:, the IKUF theater was nationalized August 1, 1948 as the State Jewish Theater (Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat, TES). A second Romanian State Jewish Theater was established in
1091:
1469:
1374:
657:. It still continues today (as of 2007) as a public institution, receiving a subsidy from the General Council of the Municipality of Bucharest. Along with the nearby
468:
The first production on the new stage in their building (now called, like the company, Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat, but still sometimes referred to as the Baraşeum) was
1300:
1218:
1188:
369:
was moving toward hegemony. Ceremonies for the play's opening included a number of speakers, including Minister of Art Mihail Ralea and Iosif Eselaohn of the
1392:
638:
82:
The Jewish Theatre in Romania has a tradition dating back to the 19th century. The first newspaper reference to a Jewish theater in Romania was a review by
1397:
630:
397:
505:
338:
This group who had improvised the play in Botoşani were part of the Yiddisher Kultur Ferband (IKUF). They would evolve and repeat their performance of
948:
512:, (or I.L. or Leibush Brukstein, 1920-1988) who wrote between 1948 and 1969 a series of plays both in Yiddish and Romanian. Bruckstein, a survivor of
1208:
475:
634:
457:
381:
389:
1505:
393:
223:
933:
836:
385:
599:
254:
380:
Mansdorf, according to Bercovici, tired of leading a theater troupe after only two years; some of his actors left with him. Others, including
1042:
642:
462:
417:
991:
117:, was used from the early 1930s as a Yiddish-language theater, originally under private management. The theater was named in honor of Dr.
661:, it is one of the two most prominent remaining secular Jewish institutions in Romania, continuing what Bercovici called "a tradition of
522:
268:
love song, lest they be understood politically. At other times, though, they sneaked in the occasional Yiddish-language joke or refrain.
174:
and others, and the country's Yiddish-language companies had their licenses revoked. Public use of the Yiddish language was also banned.
121:, as was an adjoining clinic. (The street it is on, the former str. Ionescu de la Brad, is now str. Dr. Iuliu Barasch.) On the verge of
264:("I know that tomorrow everything could change") and "L'histoire est à tournant" ("The story/history is at a turning point") from a
615:
During the Communist era, TES had some interesting exchanges with other Romanian theaters. TES's Mauriciu Sekler directed Brecht's
1569:
1533:
350:
expressing a belief in life. The play used songs both from the forced labor camps and from Yiddish theater before the war.
1579:
970:
914:
1538:
253:
During the war years, the Baraşeum Jewish Theater premiered over thirty productions, about half of them directed by
1461:
1528:
1574:
1323:
1068:
470:
330:
had presented one of the first professional Yiddish language productions, the first ever in an indoor theater.
260:
At times their plays were heavily censored. For example, on one occasion they were required to drop the lines
937:
1487:
1236:
1028:
833:
205:
654:
51:, using headphones installed in the theater in the 1970s). Many of the plays also feature Jewish actors.
1198:
366:
171:
1451:
1241:
1213:
658:
1584:
1564:
250:
and also substituted a different author's name (since they were only allowed to do plays by Jews).
159:
63:
1338:
560:
190:
583:
234:
On March 1, 1941 Teatrul Evreiesc Baraşeum (the Baraşeum Jewish Theater) opened with a revue,
1155:
518:
94:) in 1876, in which he described a troupe of six Jewish actors who performed in the famous
8:
1433:
929:(1921–1988) served the theater as a dramaturg, playwright, director, and historian.
152:
140:
949:
Theatre in Spotlight: The State Jewish Theatre of Bucharest Romania Director Harry Eliad
509:
365:) about resistance in a forced labor camp put them on the map in a Bucharest where the
1366:
966:
910:
575:
445:
433:
327:
295:
182:
103:
67:
48:
1333:
1497:
1173:
926:
920:
902:
892:
550:
271:
147:, set out on tours of the country rather than attempt summer theater in Bucharest.
565:
591:
545:
541:
533:
508:. They have performed traditional works of the Yiddish theater, and new plays by
353:
IKUF would become a key institution in the next few years, publishing a magazine
283:
265:
200:
district, but were told that they would only be allowed to perform in the Jewish
130:
1425:
1348:
617:
608:
529:
299:
213:
83:
1558:
1328:
1060:
1006:
993:
840:
653:, the theater continued to operate until the end of the communist era in the
650:
555:
537:
490:
428:
186:
163:
118:
71:
137:
122:
59:
16:
1520:
626:
294:
as well as new pieces, and performances of works by the acceptably Jewish
193:, and representing a wide range of politics and all levels of experience.
1228:
603:
498:
1106:
323:
621:
at the National Theater; Franz Auerbach directed several plays are the
595:
479:
178:
167:
155:
1407:
1269:
1020:
983:
963:
Die jiddische Kultur im Schatten der Diktaturen—Israil Bercovici
504:
The repertoire of TES has included many works with music by their own
1443:
1165:
513:
370:
32:
1287:
1147:
1129:
944:("Jewish culture in the shadow of the dictators: Israil Bercovici").
889:) by Israel Horowitz. Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat, Stagiunea 2001-2002.
662:
437:
287:
197:
1083:
1251:
1051:
570:
432:
TES (2002). The poster at lower right advertises a production of
44:
36:
1315:
942:
Die jiddische Kultur im Schatten der Diktaturen-Israil Bercovici
449:
99:
1384:
494:
486:
413:
201:
1479:
590:. More recent additions to their repertoire include works by
742:
740:
374:
196:
The company wanted to rent the Roxy Theater in the central
544:, and but also a vast array of works from world theater:
62:, although they were closed during the few months of the
40:
769:
767:
737:
106:’s management, the father of the modern Jewish Theatre.
47:(which are performed with simultaneous translation into
342:. This performance was sharply divided into two parts,
528:
TES also staged works by Romanian playwrights such as
764:
242:). Five days later they premiered a production of
1556:
1306:Nae Leonard National Opera and Operetta Theatre
246:by Margereth Kennedy. They changed the name to
70:rather than Yiddish through until the fall of
1036:
58:operated as a Jewish theater through most of
465:, continues to run the theater as of 2005.)
452:in 1949, but went out of existence in 1964.
907:O sută de ani de teatru evreiesc în România
897:O sută de ani de teatru evreiesc în România
523:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
423:
262:"Je sais bien que demain tout peut changer"
1043:
1029:
645:played major roles in productions at TES.
229:
940:of Elvira Groezinger's 2003 German book
629:. Conversely, non-Jewish actors such as
427:
109:In Bucharest, the theater building, the
15:
1278:Major Gheorghe Pastia Municipal Theatre
1050:
158:on September 6, 1940, the start of the
1557:
1120:Vasilache Children's and Youth Theatre
1534:Csiky Gergely Hungarian State Theatre
1024:
951:on the All About Jewish Theater site.
133:companies in Bucharest at that time.
1194:Ion Dacian National Operetta Theatre
923:for further publication information.
1544:Merlin Children's and Youth Theatre
1199:Ion Luca Caragiale National Theatre
208:neighborhood met this requirement.
136:As war broke out in Europe and the
13:
1339:Vasile Alecsandri National Theatre
955:
224:attempted a coup against Antonescu
129:company, one of four professional
14:
1596:
977:
326:— the town where, in 1876,
282:, a musical based on a story by
240:What are you doing this evening?
1529:Mihai Eminescu National Theatre
1184:Constantin Tănase Revue Theatre
863:
854:
845:
827:
818:
809:
803:
794:
785:
776:
755:
1260:Marin Sorescu National Theatre
1069:Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre
887:Park Your Car in Harvard Yard!
749:
728:
719:
710:
701:
692:
683:
674:
162:under General (later Marshal)
66:, and thereafter performed in
1:
1570:Jews and Judaism in Bucharest
1296:Fani Tardini Dramatic Theatre
1237:Lucian Blaga National Theatre
881:—, theater program for
875:
77:
39:is a theater specializing in
1488:Radu Stanca National Theatre
883:Parchează Maşina la Harvard!
580:Raquel, The Jewess of Toledo
166:. The extremely antisemitic
7:
1097:Radu Beligan Summer Theatre
655:Romanian Revolution of 1989
181:actors, performing only in
151:were on the road when King
10:
1601:
1580:Yiddish culture in Romania
1416:Mihai Eminescu Old Theatre
965:(2003, in German), Philo,
86:in the Romanian newspaper
1519:
1496:
1478:
1460:
1442:
1424:
1406:
1383:
1365:
1347:
1314:
1286:
1268:
1250:
1227:
1164:
1146:
1138:Sică Alexandrescu Theatre
1128:
1105:
1092:Bacovia Municipal Theatre
1082:
1074:Hungarian Chamber Theatre
1059:
1007:44.4293917°N 26.1105222°E
938:All About Jewish Theatre
668:
525:on Romanian literature.
424:The State Jewish Theater
346:being the dark past and
160:National Legionary State
64:National Legionary State
56:Teatru Evreiesc Baraşeum
25:Teatrul Evreiesc de Stat
1301:Gulliver Puppet Theatre
1242:Hungarian State Theatre
934:English-language review
598:, and an adaptation by
471:The Diary of Anne Frank
404:; this was followed by
333:
230:Baraşeum Jewish Theater
191:Konstantin Stanislavski
1115:Mihai Eminescu Theatre
1012:44.4293917; 26.1105222
485:The company toured to
441:
280:The Big Lottery Ticket
204:; the Baraşeum in the
21:
1575:Theatres in Bucharest
1375:Tomcsa Sándor Theatre
1156:Maria Filotti Theatre
921:article on the author
734:, p. 179-181, 184-185
519:Encyclopaedia Judaica
431:
125:, it was home of the
19:
1539:German State Theatre
1204:Jewish State Theatre
961:Groezinger, Elvira,
932:Dalinger, Brigitte,
623:State German Theater
584:Friedrich Dürrenmatt
446:Communism in Romania
29:State Jewish Theater
20:State Jewish Theatre
1470:Tamási Áron Theatre
1393:Queen Marie Theatre
1189:Ion Creangă Theatre
1003: /
244:The Brothers Sanger
236:Ce faci astă seară?
141:right-wing politics
92:The Courier of Iaşi
1398:Szigligeti Theatre
1334:National Athenaeum
1324:Luceafărul Theatre
925:From 1955 to 1982
510:Ludovic Bruckstein
444:After the rise of
442:
402:Dos Groise Ghivens
276:Dos Groise Ghivens
22:
1552:
1551:
1367:Odorheiu Secuiesc
1357:Municipal Theatre
903:Bercovici, Israil
893:Bercovici, Israil
631:George Trodorescu
576:Lion Feuchtwanger
296:Jacques Offenbach
54:A precursor, the
1592:
1511:National Theatre
1174:Bulandra Theatre
1045:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
927:Israil Bercovici
870:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
831:
825:
822:
816:
815:P. 203, 220, 284
813:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
771:
762:
759:
753:
747:
744:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
639:Ştefan Hablinski
561:Twelve Angry Men
551:Threepenny Opera
506:Haim Schwartzman
497:in 1972, and to
489:in 1968, to the
322:) took place in
272:Israil Bercovici
172:National Theater
88:Curierul de Iaşi
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1585:Yiddish theatre
1565:Jewish theatres
1555:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1515:
1492:
1474:
1462:Sfântu Gheorghe
1456:
1438:
1420:
1402:
1379:
1361:
1343:
1310:
1282:
1264:
1246:
1223:
1209:Nottara Theatre
1160:
1142:
1124:
1101:
1078:
1055:
1049:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
992:
990:
989:
980:
958:
956:Further reading
878:
873:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
804:
799:
795:
790:
786:
781:
777:
772:
765:
760:
756:
750:
745:
738:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
592:Israel Horovitz
546:Bertholt Brecht
542:Lucia Demetrius
534:Victor Ion Popa
476:Samuel Fischler
426:
416:Yiddish writer
410:The Song of War
367:Communist Party
336:
328:Avram Goldfaden
284:Sholom Aleichem
232:
131:Yiddish theater
111:Teatru Baraşeum
104:Avram Goldfaden
80:
12:
11:
5:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:Miercurea Ciuc
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1179:Comedy Theatre
1176:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
987:
986:
979:
978:External links
976:
975:
974:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:Sandak, Moti,
945:
930:
900:
890:
877:
874:
872:
871:
862:
853:
844:
839:2012-12-09 at
826:
817:
808:
802:
793:
784:
775:
763:
754:
748:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
682:
672:
670:
667:
635:Lucu Andreescu
618:Mother Courage
530:Victor Eftimiu
458:Franz Auerbach
425:
422:
398:Marcu Glückman
382:Sevilla Pastor
335:
332:
300:Louis Verneuil
231:
228:
214:Liviu Rebreanu
84:Mihai Eminescu
79:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1597:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:Ariel Theatre
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1452:North Theatre
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1434:Youth Theatre
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Ludic Theatre
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1219:Small Theatre
1217:
1215:
1214:Odeon Theatre
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
995:44°25′45.81″N
985:
984:Official site
982:
981:
972:
971:3-8257-0313-4
968:
964:
960:
959:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
922:
916:
915:973-98272-2-5
912:
908:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
879:
866:
857:
848:
842:
841:archive.today
838:
835:
834:Dalinger 2003
830:
821:
812:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
768:
758:
752:
743:
741:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
673:
666:
664:
660:
659:Jewish Museum
656:
652:
651:Centrul Civic
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:
613:
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:Georg Büchner
563:
562:
557:
556:Reginald Rose
553:
552:
547:
543:
539:
538:Tudor Arghezi
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
491:United States
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:
466:
464:
459:
453:
451:
447:
439:
435:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:Moris Siegler
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
227:
225:
220:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
187:method acting
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:Ion Antonescu
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Iuliu Barasch
116:
115:Sala Baraşeum
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
72:Ion Antonescu
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
18:
1426:Piatra Neamț
1203:
998:26°6′37.88″E
988:
962:
941:
918:
906:
896:
886:
882:
865:
856:
847:
829:
820:
811:
805:
796:
787:
778:
757:
751:
730:
721:
712:
703:
694:
685:
676:
647:
616:
614:
607:
600:Dorel Dorian
587:
579:
569:
559:
549:
527:
503:
484:
469:
467:
454:
443:
409:
405:
401:
379:
362:
358:
354:
352:
347:
343:
339:
337:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
291:
279:
275:
270:
261:
259:
255:Sandru Eliad
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
233:
218:
210:
195:
176:
148:
144:
135:
126:
123:World War II
114:
110:
108:
95:
91:
87:
81:
60:World War II
55:
53:
28:
24:
23:
1498:Târgu Mureș
1229:Cluj-Napoca
1010: /
851:p. 205, 211
689:p. 172, 185
643:Dan Jitianu
604:Saul Bellow
521:, see also
499:East Berlin
463:Harry Eliad
418:Haim Sloves
406:Nekomenemer
390:Seidy Glück
355:IKUF Bleter
138:antisemitic
1559:Categories
1054:in Romania
876:References
824:p. 228-233
791:p. 199-201
761:p. 272-275
746:p. 184-186
725:p. 176-179
698:p. 173-174
665:theater".
596:Ray Cooney
480:Otto Frank
434:The Dybbuk
386:Dina König
292:The Dybbuk
168:Iron Guard
98:garden of
96:Green Tree
78:Prehistory
27:(TES, the
1521:Timișoara
1444:Satu Mare
1166:Bucharest
627:Timișoara
514:Auschwitz
501:in 1977.
371:socialist
340:Nacht-Tog
320:Night-Day
316:Nacht-Tog
206:Văcăreşti
179:Christian
156:abdicated
33:Bucharest
1107:Botoșani
1052:Theatres
919:See the
837:Archived
663:humanist
438:S. Ansky
324:Botoşani
288:S. Ansky
219:Baraşeum
198:Lipscani
183:Romanian
153:Carol II
68:Romanian
49:Romanian
1408:Oravița
1270:Focșani
1252:Craiova
588:Frank V
571:Woyzeck
474:, with
359:Ich Leb
308:Mentshn
45:Yiddish
37:Romania
1385:Oradea
1288:Galați
1148:Brăila
1130:Brașov
969:
913:
869:p. 237
860:p. 211
800:p. 202
782:p. 198
773:p. 195
716:p. 176
707:p. 175
641:, and
609:Herzog
582:, and
540:, and
495:Canada
487:Israel
414:French
373:party
363:I Live
286:) and
266:French
202:ghetto
149:Thalia
145:Thalia
127:Thalia
102:under
41:Jewish
1480:Sibiu
1084:Bacău
936:from
680:p. 59
669:Notes
412:) by
344:Nacht
31:) in
1316:Iași
1061:Arad
967:ISBN
911:ISBN
594:and
493:and
450:Iaşi
396:and
375:Ihud
334:IKUF
298:and
248:Gema
100:Iaşi
625:in
606:'s
602:of
586:'s
578:'s
568:'s
558:'s
548:'s
478:as
436:by
348:Tog
312:Men
290:'s
189:of
113:or
1561::
917:.
905:,
895:,
766:^
739:^
637:,
633:,
612:.
574:,
564:,
554:,
536:,
532:,
420:.
392:,
388:,
384:,
377:.
302:.
74:.
35:,
1044:e
1037:t
1030:v
973:.
885:(
440:.
408:(
361:(
318:(
310:(
278:(
238:(
90:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
