Start-stop system - Knowledge

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position which would allow the end consumer to choose for themselves whether to leave the feature on or off. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently offers gas mileage rating incentives to all car manufacturers who force their auto stop-start systems to switch back on. If the system is “non-latching” — in other words, it doesn’t stay off after you switch off the car — the EPA only calculates fuel economy figures when the system is engaged. If the car manufacturer allows the system to be permanently defeated, then the EPA tests the fuel economy with the system both on and off. After that, the EPA averages the two fuel economy figures. Since that number will always be lower than it will with the system engaged, car manufacturers choose to switch it back on when you start the car again. In order to turn off the auto stop-start feature this means a vehicle operator is currently being forced by both the government and the car manufacturer to press the auto stop-start button each and every time the vehicle is started. This problem is causing many consumers to either; live with the inconvenience of pushing the off button every single time they start their car, search for after-market work-arounds, or completely avoid vehicle models with the feature altogether.

782:(ECO) motor, which serves as the gasoline engine's alternator and starter motor. These vehicles are also equipped with an additional "sub-battery" located in the engine compartment to power the vehicle's electric accessories when the gasoline engine has shut down, instead of using a constantly-driven alternator. When the driver lifts off the throttle or brakes, the ECO motor is driven as an alternator to maintain "sub-battery" charge. In addition to being used to restart the engine, the ECO motor also applies 50 N⋅m (5.1 kg⋅m; 37 lb⋅ft) of torque for one second to the crankshaft when driving away from a stop, providing a small amount of electric motor assist. 981:, which also include weight and aerodynamic improvements. The system is now commonplace in the Volkswagen range, fitted to all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package, though certain other models have the technology too. For the Lupo 3L, with an automated manual gearbox and clutch, the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver's foot on the brake pedal. No other action is necessary. Removing the foot from the brake pedal initiates engine start and the car can be driven away. The gear lever remains in the drive D position throughout. The same applies to the Audi A2 1.2TDi, which is almost identical mechanically. 1036:

this phase of boundary lubrication, metal-to-metal contact can occur between the crankshaft surface and the bearing's sliding surface. This was not an issue while the number of engine restarts totaled what was generally understood to be a normal magnitude. However, in a vehicle with a start-stop system this effect can necessitate new technological solutions to avoid premature bearing wear, depending on the driving cycle. Consequently, future engines for start-stop applications need to be designed for 250,000 to 300,000 starts. Traditional bearing shells with aluminum or copper lining show severe wear after only 100,000 cycles.

27: 1066: 1080: 755:'s first start stop system, detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickest, which is the one in the combustion stroke phase, where air and fuel are in the cylinder, ready to be ignited. The mixture in this cylinder is ignited by the spark plug, forcing that piston down, and with assistance from the starter motor, results in a near instantaneous engine restart time of 0.35 seconds. 672:

While both the Kia Rio and Rio5 share the same new direct-injected four-cylinder 1.6 L engine with its cousin Hyundai Accent/Verna (also newly redesigned for 2012), Hyundai made no mention of this feature in their Accent line. Hyundai 1.4 manual has the ISG (Intelligent Stop & Go) system (in

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in 1999. Though these early implementations were considered rather disconcerting by many drivers, and high pricing failed to yield these cars much commercial success, both the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2 (in their "3 litre" leverage) were more efficient than any production car available in the US

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With a manual-gearbox car, engine shutdown typically comes with braking to a complete stop, gearbox in neutral and clutch release. Cars with automatic transmissions shut down upon braking to a full stop - the shut down is activated by the foot brake pedal being in use when the car comes to a halt. If

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start stop. On Mazda 3 a super capacitor is used to power AC and other accessories as part of i-ELOOP, AC and fans are lowered significantly/to minimum settings when engine is off. With cold AC/fan at max settings super capacitor will be drained in five seconds and engine will automatically turn on.

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A common misconception of stop-start systems is that long-term use may induce additional wear due to lack of oil lubrication. For the crankshaft bearing half shells and the big end bearings this can translate into frequent high-speed rotary movement before a hydrodynamic film is established. During

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2015 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option. Formerly, only the 2.7-liter turbocharged V-6 version came with stop-start, which requires a more robust (and expensive) absorbent-glass-mat (AGM) battery that can better handle the constant cycling and the heavier draw from

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Late in 2010, Ford announced that its start-stop system, already used in its hybrids as well as several mainstream models in Europe, would be introduced in North America with the 2012 models, initially with 4-cylinder engines and later proliferating into V6s and V8s. Eventually the system will be

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The system needs to be implemented in conjunction with modifications and reinforcements on many of the car's components in order to reinforce the engine and electrical system durability and long-term wear resistance, due to the increased loads that the added stopping and starting cycles impose. To

144:(EPA) test is spent at idle. Start/stop activation depends on specific driver inputs as well as operating conditions. The engine must have reached proper temperature to get adequate light-off of its catalytic converter and also to ensure proper lubrication and as effortless a restart as possible. 116:

on the engine, those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power these devices instead. On vehicles where the AC compressor still runs from the drive belt, some drivers turn on the AC as an improvised way to disable

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On a manual transmission vehicle, stop-start is activated by stopping the car, changing gear to neutral, and releasing the clutch. The engine will not stop if the car is moving, even if the aforementioned steps are followed (this is not true for all cars). The engine restarts when the clutch is

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Many vehicle consumers have expressed frustration over the government overreach, inconvenience and annoyance of requiring the auto stop-start feature. Furthermore the auto stop-start button is being defaulted to the "on" position each time, instead of the button simply defaulting to the "off"

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Smart Idle Stop System (SISS) uses combustion start instead of electrical start. By sensing the position of the pistons in the cylinders, the engine is stopped in a configuration that allows immediate starting by combustion. They claim quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds.

1032:(NHTSA) raised questions about non-hybrid Honda vehicles equipped with the company's 'Idle Stop' transmissions due to concerns over the "sudden lurching forward of a vehicle in an automatic restart" – rather than the "gradual creeping forward found in current transmission designs". 1024:

Hybrid/electric assist vehicles experience almost no delay in power from a stop, due to the instant availability of power from the battery to the electric motor(s). Gasoline/microhybrids on the other hand generally experience slight delays (albeit fractions of a second).

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Some car makers such as Suzuki have one additional small 12V lithium-ion battery inside the car. The system is marketed as "SHVS Mild Hybrid System" (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) and available as an option in Ignis, Swift, Baleno in several markets.

778:(stylized in all caps as "S-HYBRID") brand for their micro hybrid system. The S-Hybrid system is entirely contained within the engine compartment and does not require a traction battery. Vehicles with the S-Hybrid system are equipped with an 96:

gains from this technology are typically in the range of 3–10%, potentially as high as 12%. In the United States, idling wastes approximately 14.8 billion liters (3.9 billion U.S. gallons; 3.3 billion Imperial gallons) of gasoline per year.

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Carbon monoxide emissions and the fuel shortage/oil crisis of the 1970s pushed car manufacturers to find solutions to reduce gas consumption. The first vehicle to use the automatic on/off switch was the six-cylinder

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on engines, so the company took the technology a step further. Instead of using an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), BMW has used an enhanced starter which is a conventional starter, developed by

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According to observations by the NOAA Global Monitoring Lab, in 2021 carbon dioxide alone was responsible for about two-thirds of the total heating influence of all human-produced greenhouse gases.

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Kia claims the combination of direct fuel injection and stop-start will offer 30 mpg for city driving and 40 mpg on the highway in both 6 speed manual and automatic transmissions.

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The redesigned 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 (hatchback) debuted at the 2011 New York Auto Show was announced with their Intelligent Stop and Go (ISG) feature, or stop-start technology.

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Manufacturers continued to refine the system. In 2010, Valeo declared its second Start-Stop generation would appear in the same year. This new generation is called "i-StARS".The

766:, is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system, i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%. 1534: 1278: 273:(ECUs) can be added to ensure proper system running conditions, and to keep parameters between tolerance like a good battery charge, essential to guarantee future starts. 731:

were the first in India to launch stop-start based Micro Hybrid system in May 2000. This involved home-grown technology and first of its kind component development like

1047:) uses combustion to assist the starter motor by sensing the position of the piston in the cylinder. They claim quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds. 2246: 477:

BMW has developed the system such that the alternator is not activated most of the time. This means that electrical components in the vehicle are normally running on

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models by 2006, named "Stop and Start". The Citroën implementation combines a SensoDrive automated gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator or

2187: 1659: 1004:. Mitsubishi has been marketing AS&G Technology in its ClearTec branded models in the European market since 2008. AS&G system is also available on 1708: 1457: 2229: 957:

has been selling cars with start-stop system on their internal combustion engine vehicles since 2009, and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line. Both

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with Stop/Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10%. As of 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are fitted with

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the car is slowed initially by manual use of the automatic gear box and final stoppage is by use of the handbrake the engine will not shut down.

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Euro 5, more and more vehicles include a start-stop system, whatever the price level, as reducing idling also reduces vehicles' emissions of CO

1864: 141: 1683: 76:. This is most advantageous for vehicles which spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in 2032: 1962: 713: 1304: 128:

125 cc model was released in 2010 to be sold in Europe with this technology, though their North American model does not feature it.

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Volkswagen began using start-stop systems with the Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983, after having previewed the system on the 1981

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pressed prior to selecting a gear to move the car. The engine may also restart if there is a demand for power from, for example, the

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to that of older cars without the system, the car's manufacturer can include one or more of the following enhancements in the car's

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power. When the battery needs to be charged or when decelerating or braking, the alternator is activated to recharge the battery (

1986: 2273:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect" 2058: 1282: 2209: 2250: 1253: 1153: 2195: 1818: 2086: 413: 409: 243: 1913: 1000:

Mitsubishi Motors introduced this system in 1999 under their AS&G (Auto Stop & Go) branding, on their kei-car

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stops generating current. Often the battery will be labeled as supporting or specifically designed for start-stop.

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stops, preventing metal-to-metal contact that would otherwise produce accelerated wear on the bearing surfaces.

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introduced stop-start technology, available also outside of Japan, in some of their 2009 model year vehicles.

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Many Subaru vehicles have been equipped with auto stop/start function. It was first launched in 2011 for the

485:). Since this battery experiences very different load characteristics than a normal car battery, BMW used an 19:

This article is about the automotive technology. For the use of start-stop systems in telecommunication, see

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in 2009. The button to control the system was placed next to the gearshift like SAAB ignition keys of old.

1709:"Valeo and Ricardo launches customer preview program for mild hybrid vehicle with world-class fuel economy" 1598: 567: 1611: 319: 102: 93: 1768: 1119:"What is the difference between micro, mild, full and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – x-engineer.org" 228:. This is important because all the car's electrical system must be maintained by the battery after the 417: 373:, with various motorization including essence and diesel. Bosch developed a system for automatic cars. 137: 65: 1183: 2369: 803: 551: 1408: 2374: 1044: 1013: 217: 1138:

Johnson Controls expands global production of Start-Stop batteries to meet rising automaker demand

1118: 555: 1938: 1744:"DENSO Develops World's First Belt-Driven Integrated Starter Generator (ISG) for Hybrid Vehicles" 1687: 1039:

Some implementations do not use a starter motor, eliminating concerns of starter motor wear. The

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line for 2008 as part of its Efficient Dynamics brand. BMW has been interested in ways to reduce

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equipped with an automatic on/off switch in 1974, claiming a 10-percent gas saving in traffic.

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is reinforced and designed to withstand continuous use without wearing too fast or overheating.

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In 2013, it announced that start-stop technology would be brought into the second generation

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Start/stop technology came to Europe first, due to regulatory differences. 25 percent of the

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Perodua first introduced the start/stop system in 2016 which is called "Eco idle" in the

307: 270: 213: 140:(NEDC) is spent idling. In comparison, only an estimated 11 percent of the United States 2308: 1840: 1008:(EU), which went on sale in Europe in 2008. Since 2010, this system is also used in the 762:

to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy stored in a

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and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by

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pump goes out. This ensures the coolant supply to heat sensitive engine components like

818: 799: 527:(ISG). An ISG, also known as "integrated starter-alternator", combines the role of the 209: 2330: 1994: 1743: 1085: 1071: 736: 532: 471: 389: 354: 251: 170: 2087:

https://autocatalogarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Suzuki-Celerio-2018-FR.pdf

2066: 474:, that can withstand the increased number of engine-starts in a stop-start vehicle. 1141: 908: 690: 638: 623: 616: 451:

model. Bentley's system stops the engine when the car is stopped or moving slowly.

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buses are equipped with stop/start systems that will stop the engine at bus stops.

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Dunham, Bob (1974-01-08). "Automatic on/off switch gives 10-percent gas saving".

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system where the ISG can be used to assist the engine or even drive the vehicle.

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Stop-Start technology was fitted to a Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the

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in 1974 and was already claiming a 10% gas saving in traffic. In the 1980s, the

1901: 1556: 1254:"Honda Worldwide | World News | News Release | January 22, 2001" 1093: 1009: 904: 346: 109: 2158:"The Widespread Introduction of the TOYOTA Mild Hybrid Carsn(HEV) May Promote" 1865:"Ford to Make Auto Stop-Start Standard on All EcoBoost F-150 Pickups for 2017" 2358: 1939:"New York 2011: Kia debuts all-new 2012 Rio with start-stop, good for 40 MPG" 1458:"Engine Stop-Start Systems – A Brilliant Invention In The Automotive History" 1409:"Fiat Regata Sedan Boasted 'Stop-Start' Technology More Than Two Decades Ago" 977:

research car. Later the LUPO 3L, and after that in the Polo, Golf and Passat

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Some car makers such as Suzuki have one lithium-ion battery inside the car.

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introduced their Start/Stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe branding.

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models in the Japanese domestic market since 1999 and more recently on the

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and Malibu would have a (non-eAssist) start-stop system across all models.

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In 2011, Mazda announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage

740: 732: 501: 288: 198: 77: 73: 1233:"Explained: Mazda's i-ELOOP recovery system | T W White & Sons Blog" 2331:"Why Don't Manufacturers Let You Permanently Shut Off Auto Stop/Start?" 2033:"How Is The Nissan Serena S-Hybrid Different From Other Hybrid Models?" 2016:"Mazda's regenerative braking system switches batteries for capacitors" 978: 759: 735:

based neutral and clutch pedal sensors, and later a joint venture with

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introduced the Robert Bosch GmbH made system in the end of 2008 in the

463: 385: 370: 338: 202: 158: 89: 69: 1841:"Johnson Controls start-stop battery to boost Ford F-150 pickup's MPG" 1208:"Mazda Introduces i-ELOOP Capacitor-Based Regenerative Braking System" 512: 334: 879:

based 750 was fitted with stop-start as standard with the hybrid 1.8

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Suzuki's start-stop system is called EASS (Engine Auto Start Stop).

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has been using the start-stop function for over a decade via their

571: 2247:"NHTSA puts brakes on Honda's 'Idle Stop' transmission technology" 2188:"A look at the 1981 Volkswagen Auto 2000 concept [update]" 1079: 1518:. Autonews.fr. Technologie Valeo : présentation du deuxième 863:

introduced the technology in all of its European models in 2010.

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started to feature this system as standard, even on base models.

627: 342: 182: 162: 88:, but has also appeared in vehicles which lack a hybrid electric 38: 1305:"What You Need To Know About EFB's (Enhanced Flooded Batteries)" 1819:"Ford Offers Auto Start-Stop Across Model Range | Autopia" 958: 954: 943: 362: 266: 2346:"Is stop-start technology really beneficial for your vehicle?" 1747: 1715: 1040: 989: 962: 872: 752: 649: 540: 536: 397: 393: 377: 350: 330: 121: 611:

2mode technology, which combines start-stop technology with

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is including the technology across many of its cars and the

2210:"Volvo launches stop/start S60, V60 DRIVe models in Europe" 1378:(4). New York, N.Y. USA: Times Mirror Magazines, Inc.: 170. 608: 366: 358: 259: 247: 1769:"07.02.2009 New 500 Start&Stop gets started in the UK" 891:

A Start/Stop function was fitted to the second-generation

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models in 2011 before expanding to the rest of the range.

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Jongeneel, Jeroen (1983-12-24). "Test: Fiat Regata 85S".

459: 220:(EFB) technology, both supporting an increased number of 112:

and water pumps have typically been designed to run on a

2309:"Idling stop technology | Environmental Technology" 2129:"Tata Motors rolls out micro-hybrid version of Ace LCV" 2104:"Suzuki Swift : championne catégorie poids plumes" 1816: 1793:"Alfa MiTo to Get MultiAir Engines, Start-Stop System" 630:

technology, which combines start-stop technology with

2236:, Mitsubishi Motors press release, September 28, 1999 1347:"Automatic on/off switch gives 10-percent gas saving" 124:

scooters in Asian markets for the last decade. Their

1660:"Bentley Motors Website: Models: Bentayga: Bentayga" 1557:"Les moteurs qui s'arrêtent tout seuls au feu rouge" 1061: 1043:

i-stop used in the Mazda3/Axela line (in Europe and

1512:"Technologie Valeo : présentation du deuxième 1397:(26). Hilversum, Netherlands: Folio Groep B.V.: 48. 2270: 1341: 1339: 1171:Start/Stop: Making the Most of Just Hanging Around 496:, some have started calling this type of system a 246:is added in conjunction with an electrical runoff 2295:"Start-Stop Technology Can Increase Bearing Wear" 1785: 1574:"Engine Stop/Start Systems on Nonhybrid Vehicles" 590:models, and it built start-stop systems into the 2356: 931:Tata Motors introduced this system on their LCV 1336: 619:mode in certain conditions under 29 mph. 68:to reduce the amount of time the engine spends 1509: 1030:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 16:Feature of internal combustion engine-vehicles 2249:. Autocentral.com. 2001-02-15. Archived from 2097: 2095: 1535:"Start/Stop developed for automatic vehicles" 1256:. World.honda.com. 2001-01-22. Archived from 790:In 2010, Opel introduced Start/stop in their 142:United States Environmental Protection Agency 64:)) automatically shuts down and restarts the 1874: 1482:"Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" 546: 1832: 1166: 1164: 1162: 2092: 1936: 1116: 723: 637:In 2014 General Motors announced that the 634:and electric boost in certain conditions. 295:"Formel E" also used similar devices. The 2101: 1963:"Land Rover Freelander Stop-Start review" 1012:(EU). In 2015, AS&G was added to the 595:vehicle accessories with the engine off. 2292: 1503: 1159: 794:branded models. The system is used with 515:introduced a more refined system in its 72:, thereby reducing fuel consumption and 25: 1838: 1154:Do Stop-Start Systems Really Save Fuel? 946:showed a prototype of its six-cylinder 656:mild hybrid system in first generation 2357: 2343: 2328: 1817:Previous post Next post (2010-12-29). 1431: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1317: 1131: 151: 120:This technology has also been used on 1845:Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal-Sentinel 1684:"Citroen Technology – Stop and Start" 1580:. Hearst Magazine Media. 4 March 2011 1532: 1488:. US Dept. of Commerce. June 23, 2022 1434:"VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy" 1382: 535:into one unit; manufacturers include 2185: 2179: 1839:Content, Thomas (January 12, 2015). 622:In 2012 General Motors released its 603:In 2008 General Motors released its 291:"ES" with the City-matic system and 250:that keeps on running when the main 30:A start-stop system off button on a 2293:Consalvo, David (28 October 2019). 2220: 1914:"First drive: Jaguar XF 2.2 diesel" 1360: 1320:"What is a start/stop car battery?" 562:also introduced this system in its 423: 326:, a prime cause of global warming. 13: 1281:. RAC. 8 June 2010. Archived from 1279:"Honda unveils economical scooter" 131: 108:Since automobile accessories like 14: 2386: 2329:Butler, Zach (20 February 2019). 2271:Stephen R. Kratzke (2003-05-15). 1555:Jacqueline Favez (1 April 2010). 1144:Press release, September 16, 2015 598: 21:Asynchronous serial communication 2344:Wagner, Jeff (18 October 2022). 1937:Richardson, Aaron (2011-04-21). 1173:, Road&Track, April 17, 2012 1078: 1064: 785: 583:available in all Ford vehicles. 403: 2337: 2322: 2301: 2286: 2264: 2239: 2202: 2150: 2121: 2080: 2051: 2025: 2014:Kurt Ernst (29 November 2011). 2008: 1979: 1955: 1930: 1906: 1895: 1858: 1810: 1761: 1736: 1701: 1676: 1652: 1628: 1604: 1592: 1566: 1549: 1526: 1510:Laurent Lepsch (15 June 2010). 1474: 1450: 1432:Healey, James R. (1999-08-27). 1425: 1401: 1311: 1297: 2102:Maroselli, Yves (2017-04-21). 1636:"Enviro400 | Alexander Dennis" 1612:"Enviro200 | Alexander Dennis" 1599:"Le système Stop and Go (ISG)" 1456:Grey Olivia (9 October 2014). 1271: 1246: 1225: 1200: 1176: 1147: 1110: 712:In 2008 Land Rover fitted its 570:(FPT) 1.4 L Turbo petrol 315:at the time of their release. 1: 1533:Kelly, Donna (30 July 2010). 1318:Atkins, Travis (2021-12-17). 1104: 995: 968: 707: 157:accomplish similar levels of 84:. This feature is present in 58:micro hybrid electric vehicle 1884:. General Motors. 2012-01-19 1718:. 2002-06-26. Archived from 568:Fiat Powertrain Technologies 525:integrated starter-generator 388:ISG EcoDynamics system uses 193:. This aids the lack of the 92:. For non-electric vehicles 7: 1388: 1057: 1019: 558:. Starting September 2009, 10: 2391: 2186:Glon, Ronan (2014-08-20). 855: 827: 718:Intelligent Eco Stop/Start 683:Intelligent Eco Stop/Start 667: 507: 442: 407: 320:European emission standard 277: 179:main (crankshaft) bearings 138:New European Driving Cycle 66:internal combustion engine 18: 2059:"All New Saab 9-5 Saloon" 1686:. Citroen. Archived from 1156:, Edmunds.com, 11/30/2014 938: 914: 898: 769: 676: 547:Fiat Chrysler Automobiles 1640:www.alexander-dennis.com 1616:www.alexander-dennis.com 1028:In February 2001 the US 1014:Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross 984: 866: 746: 685:was first fitted to the 644: 218:enhanced flooded battery 185:that have properties of 181:are coated with special 86:hybrid electric vehicles 2365:Automotive technologies 1184:"Understanding i-ELOOP" 926: 886: 724:Mahindra & Mahindra 577: 299:also adopted it in the 764:double-layer capacitor 696: 454: 357:system is included in 333:system is included in 197:film and hydrodynamic 34: 2348:. CBS News Minnesota. 2275:. Federalregister.gov 1664:www.bentleymotors.com 881:Rover K-series engine 258:bearings and to keep 82:emissions regulations 29: 1002:Mitsubishi Pistachio 632:regenerative braking 613:regenerative braking 494:regenerative braking 489:(AGM) type instead. 487:absorptive glass mat 483:regenerative braking 414:adding missing items 308:Volkswagen Lupo "3L" 271:engine control units 2227:"GDI-ASG Pistachio" 2069:on 28 December 2018 1869:Car&Driver Blog 1260:on October 12, 2012 751:The i-Stop system, 607:hybrid model with 306:in 1994 and in the 214:absorbent glass mat 152:Enhanced components 2232:2009-03-28 at the 1871:, January 22, 2016 1545:on 24 August 2010. 1468:2017-11-07 at the 1324:Marshall Batteries 492:Due to the use of 35: 1797:autoevolution.com 1746:(Press release). 1714:(Press release). 1285:on 14 August 2012 1086:Technology portal 1072:Automobile portal 566:series utilising 500:, a step below a 472:Robert Bosch GmbH 260:cabin temperature 171:industrial design 46:stop-start system 42:start-stop system 2382: 2370:Starting systems 2350: 2349: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2243: 2237: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2194:. 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