Stanisław Ulam - Knowledge

1286:, but he was deeply involved in the development of thermonuclear weapons as a consultant. In 1954, he wrote an article on the history of the H-bomb, which presents his opinion that both men contributed very significantly to the breakthrough. This balanced view is shared by others who were involved, including Mark and Fermi, but Teller persistently attempted to downplay Ulam's role. "After the H-bomb was made," Bethe recalled, "reporters started to call Teller the father of the H-bomb. For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the midwife." 1042: 1250: 44: 6945: 1369: 501: 6957: 767: 6377: 1328:, a programmer in the MANIAC group, joined him to study a variation of the classic problem of a string of masses held together by springs that exert forces linearly proportional to their displacement from equilibrium. Fermi proposed to add to this force a nonlinear component, which could be chosen to be proportional to either the square or cube of the displacement, or to a more complicated "broken linear" function. This addition is the key element of the 601:, a thick notebook provided by Banach's wife. Ulam was a major contributor to the book. Of the 193 problems recorded between 1935 and 1941, he contributed 40 problems as a single author, another 11 with Banach and Mazur, and an additional 15 with others. In 1957, he received from Steinhaus a copy of the book, which had survived the war, and translated it into English. In 1981, Ulam's friend R. Daniel Mauldin published an expanded and annotated version. 1320:, who helped Metropolis to bring MANIAC on line in March 1952, he explored these ideas in a report "Heuristic Studies in Problems of Mathematical Physics on High Speed Computing Machines", which was submitted on 9 June 1953. It treated several problems that cannot be addressed within the framework of traditional analytic methods: billowing of fluids, rotational motion in gravitating systems, magnetic lines of force, and hydrodynamic instabilities. 1760: 7014: 1181: 6969: 1203:, while others had moral and economic grounds for not proceeding. Consequently, several senior people of the Manhattan Project opposed development, including Bethe and Oppenheimer. To clarify the situation, Ulam and von Neumann resolved to do new calculations to determine whether Teller's approach was feasible. To carry out these studies, von Neumann decided to use electronic computers: ENIAC at Aberdeen, a new computer, 6933: 6997: 6921: 1336:

to transfer gradually to other modes, and eventually, to be distributed equally among all modes. This is roughly what began to happen shortly after the system was initialized with all its energy in the lowest mode, but much later, essentially all the energy periodically reappeared in the lowest mode. This behavior is very different from the expected

1010:; Rota also cites Ulam's former collaborator Paul Stein as noting that Ulam was sloppier in his clothing afterwards, and John Oxtoby as noting that Ulam before the encephalitis could work for hours on end doing calculations, while when Rota worked with him, was reluctant to solve even a quadratic equation. This assertion was not accepted by 904:. He realized that the symmetry and speed with which implosion compressed the plutonium were critical issues, and enlisted Ulam to help design lens configurations that would provide nearly spherical implosion. Within an implosion, because of enormous pressures and high temperatures, solid materials behave much like fluids. This meant that 1861:, and biometrics generally (David Sankoff, however, challenged conclusions of Walter by writing that Ulam had only modest influence on early development of sequence alignment methods.). Colleagues noted that some of his greatest contributions were in clearly identifying problems to be solved and general techniques for solving them. 1453: 1231:

In January 1951, Ulam had another idea: to channel the mechanical shock of a nuclear explosion so as to compress the fusion fuel. On the recommendation of his wife, Ulam discussed this idea with Bradbury and Mark before he told Teller about it. Almost immediately, Teller saw its merit, but noted that

1420:

as research advisors to the laboratory director in 1957. These newly created positions were on the same administrative level as division leaders, and Ulam held his until he retired from Los Alamos. In this capacity, he was able to influence and guide programs in many divisions: theoretical, physics,

1335:

A classical spring system can be described in terms of vibrational modes, which are analogous to the harmonics that occur on a stretched violin string. If the system starts in a particular mode, vibrations in other modes do not develop. With the nonlinear component, Fermi expected energy in one mode

1060:

during his recovery from surgery, Ulam had thought about playing hundreds of games to estimate statistically the probability of a successful outcome. With ENIAC in mind, he realized that the availability of computers made such statistical methods very practical. John von Neumann immediately saw the

917:

Nevertheless, with the primitive facilities available at the time, Ulam and von Neumann did carry out numerical computations that led to a satisfactory design. This motivated their advocacy of a powerful computational capability at Los Alamos, which began during the war years, continued through the

734:

at Harvard, received a letter from George Volsky, who hid in Józef Ulam's house after deserting from the Polish army. This reminiscence gave a chilling account of Lwów's chaotic scenes in late 1939. In later life Ulam described himself as "an agnostic. Sometimes I muse deeply on the forces that are

1587:

ears ago... I was in the Society of Fellows at Harvard along with the mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Ulam, who was to become an originator of the Monte Carlo method and co-discoverer of the hydrogen-bomb,... used to tease me by saying, 'Name me one proposition in all of the social sciences which is

1500:

appointed Ulam as Professor of Biomathematics, and he held this position until his death. With his Los Alamos colleague Robert Schrandt he published a report, "Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes", which applied his earlier ideas on

1241:

rod or cylinder at the center of the fusion fuel. The detonation of this "spark plug" would help to initiate and enhance the fusion reaction. The design based on these ideas, called staged radiation implosion, has become the standard way to build thermonuclear weapons. It is often described as the

1281:

In September 1951, after a series of differences with Bradbury and other scientists, Teller resigned from Los Alamos, and returned to the University of Chicago. At about the same time, Ulam went on leave as a visiting professor at Harvard for a semester. Although Teller and Ulam submitted a joint

1476:

from 1961 to 1962 and 1965 to 1967. In 1967, the last of these positions became permanent, when Ulam was appointed Professor and Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at the University of Colorado. He kept a residence in Santa Fe, which made it convenient to spend summers at Los Alamos as a

912:

The hydrodynamical problem was simply stated, but very difficult to calculate – not only in detail, but even in order of magnitude. In this discussion, I stressed pure pragmatism and the necessity to get a heuristic survey of the problem by simple-minded brute force, rather than by massive

1227:

to analyze the chain reaction in deuterium, which was much more complicated than the ones in uranium and plutonium, and he concluded that no self-sustaining chain reaction would take place at the (low) densities that Teller was considering. In late 1950, these conclusions were confirmed by von

1061:

significance of this insight. In March 1947 he proposed a statistical approach to the problem of neutron diffusion in fissionable material. Because Ulam had often mentioned his uncle, Michał Ulam, "who just had to go to Monte Carlo" to gamble, Metropolis dubbed the statistical approach "The

1236:

from the fission bomb would compress the thermonuclear fuel more strongly than mechanical shock and suggested ways to enhance this effect. On 9 March 1951, Teller and Ulam submitted a joint report describing these innovations. A few weeks later, Teller suggested placing a

1596:... That it is logically true need not be argued before a mathematician; that it is not trivial is attested by the thousands of important and intelligent men who have never been able to grasp the doctrine for themselves or to believe it after it was explained to them. 1029:, rather than toward development of a practical fission bomb. After extensive discussion, the participants reached a consensus that his ideas were worthy of further exploration. A few weeks later, Ulam received an offer of a position at Los Alamos from Metropolis and 1323:

Soon, Pasta and Ulam became experienced with electronic computation on MANIAC, and by this time, Enrico Fermi had settled into a routine of spending academic years at the University of Chicago and summers at Los Alamos. During these summer visits, Pasta, Ulam, and

1613:

nuclear project. From the publication of his first paper as a student in 1929 until his death, Ulam was constantly writing on mathematics. The list of Ulam's publications includes more than 150 papers. Topics represented by a significant number of papers are:

1749:

Ulam played pivotal role in the development of thermonuclear weapons. According to Françoise Ulam: "Stan would reassure me that, barring accidents, the H-bomb rendered nuclear war impossible." In 1980, Ulam and his wife appeared in the television documentary

433:, which became the inspiration for the field of nonlinear science. He is probably best known for realizing that electronic computers made it practical to apply statistical methods to functions without known solutions, and as computers have developed, the 1223:. Ulam and Fermi collaborated on further analysis of these scenarios. The results showed that, in workable configurations, a thermonuclear reaction would not ignite, and if ignited, it would not be self-sustaining. Ulam had used his expertise in 1080:. The device performed a mechanical simulation of random diffusion of neutrons. As computers improved in speed and programmability, these methods became more useful. In particular, many Monte Carlo calculations carried out on modern 1393:

at a congressional committee hearing on "Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy", on January 22, 1958, Ulam replied that "the future as a whole of mankind is to some extent involved inexorably now with going outside the globe."

1302:. This device, which used liquid deuterium as its fusion fuel, was immense and utterly unusable as a weapon. Nevertheless, its success validated the Teller–Ulam design, and stimulated intensive development of practical weapons. 480:

family of bankers, industrialists, and other professionals. Ulam's immediate family was "well-to-do but hardly rich". His father, Józef Ulam, was born in Lwów and was a lawyer, and his mother, Anna (née Auerbach), was born in

1289:

With the basic fusion reactions confirmed, and with a feasible design in hand, there was nothing to prevent Los Alamos from testing a thermonuclear device. On 1 November 1952, the first thermonuclear explosion occurred when

1384:

of aircraft and rockets. This is an attractive possibility, because the nuclear energy per unit mass of fuel is a million times greater than that available from chemicals. From 1955 to 1972, their ideas were pursued during

922:

remembered Ulam as "a brilliant Polish topologist with a charming French wife. At once he told me that he was a pure mathematician who had sunk so low that his latest paper actually contained numbers with decimal points!"

1771:

has become a ubiquitous and standard approach to computation, and the method has been applied to a vast number of scientific problems. In addition to problems in physics and mathematics, the method has been applied to

1006:, asserted in a 1987 article that the attack changed Ulam's personality: afterwards, he turned from rigorous pure mathematics to more speculative conjectures concerning the application of mathematics to physics and 4605: 1002:, who remarked: "Stan, you are just like before." This was encouraging, because Ulam was concerned about the state of his mental faculties, for he had lost the ability to speak during the crisis. Another friend, 5186: 1157:, and Ulam. Soon, these three became members of a short-lived committee appointed by Bradbury to study the problem, with Teller as chairman. At this time, research on the use of a fission weapon to create a 6252: 1822:

The fiftieth anniversary of the original FPUT paper was the subject of the March 2005 issue of the journal Chaos, and the topic of the 25th Annual International Conference of CNLS. The

1536:

from 1980 to 1984, this pattern of spending summers in Colorado and Los Alamos and winters in Florida continued until Ulam died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Fe on 13 May 1984.

7109: 7074: 7174: 7084: 7064: 1830:, which was active from 1992 to 1996, and which was one of the first online mathematical journals. Florida's Department of Mathematics has sponsored, since 1998, the annual 1207:, at Princeton, and its twin, which was under construction at Los Alamos. Ulam enlisted Everett to follow a completely different approach, one guided by physical intuition. 3085: 1056:

at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Shortly after returning to Los Alamos, Ulam participated in a review of results from these calculations. Earlier, while playing

6314: 5587: 1316:

When Ulam returned to Los Alamos, his attention turned away from weapon design and toward the use of computers to investigate problems in physics and mathematics. With

516:

In 1919, Ulam entered Lwów Gymnasium Nr. VII, from which he graduated in 1927. He then studied mathematics at the Lwów Polytechnic Institute. Under the supervision of

5198: 1052:

Late in the war, under the sponsorship of von Neumann, Frankel and Metropolis began to carry out calculations on the first general-purpose electronic computer, the

793:, its scientific director. Knowing nothing of the area, he borrowed a New Mexico guide book. On the checkout card, he found the names of his Wisconsin colleagues, 974:

group, of which Ulam was a part, was transferred to a new division headed by Fermi. Fermi and Ulam formed a relationship that became very fruitful after the war.

1282:

report on their design and jointly applied for a patent on it, they soon became involved in a dispute over who deserved credit. After the war, Bethe returned to

7164: 1169:

in close proximity to a fission bomb, with the hope that the heat and intense flux of neutrons released when the bomb exploded, would ignite a self-sustaining

857:

material suitable for use in bombs. To respond, Oppenheimer implemented, in August, a sweeping reorganization of the laboratory to focus on development of an

1200: 1025:, and others. Throughout his participation in the Manhattan Project, Teller's efforts had been directed toward the development of a "super" weapon based on 7089: 6411: 958:'s attention was focused on the use of reactors to produce plutonium. In September 1944, he arrived at Los Alamos, shortly after breathing life into the 2712: 686:

and occupied eastern Poland. Within two years, Józef Ulam and the rest of his family, including Stanislaw's sister Stefania Ulam, were victims of the

7169: 4780: 735:

for me invisible. When I am almost close to the idea of God, I feel immediately estranged by the horrors of this world, which he seems to tolerate".

485:. His uncle, Michał Ulam, was an architect, building contractor, and lumber industrialist. From 1916 until 1918, Józef's family lived temporarily in 7094: 1588:

both true and non-trivial.' This was the test that I always failed. But now, some thirty years later ... an appropriate answer occurs to me: The

1872:. Similarly, in 1990, the University of California Press issued a compilation of mathematical reports by Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators: 7099: 4940: 842: 994:, which put his life in danger, but which was alleviated by emergency brain surgery. During his recuperation, many friends visited, including 6267: 4112: 1212: 395: 1552:. She continued to live in Santa Fe until she died in 2011, at the age of 93. Both Françoise and her husband were buried with her family in 3142: 1784: 1329: 1311: 430: 148: 1583:" was only a footnote. In later editions, it became the central theme. As Samuelson remembers, all this was challenged by Stanislaw Ulam: 7119: 7054: 5832: 5694: 1787:

is credited not only as "the birth of experimental mathematics", but also as inspiration for the vast field of Nonlinear Science. In his

1177:

are of interest because the energy per unit mass of fuel released by their fusion is much larger than that from fission of heavy nuclei.

4527: 3030: 777:

In early 1943, Ulam asked von Neumann to find him a war job. In October, he received an invitation to join an unidentified project near

4747: 1902:

Ulam is the grandfather of Rebecca Weiner, the New York Police Department’s deputy commissioner of intelligence and counterterrorism.

7159: 6159: 2121: 2116: 1497: 908:

calculations were needed to predict and minimize asymmetries that would spoil a nuclear detonation. Of these calculations, Ulam said:

5646: 621:, for a few months. In December of that year, Ulam sailed to the US. At Princeton, he went to lectures and seminars, where he heard 6404: 3866:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 554–556. 3604:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 380–385. 5426: 3775: 699: 256:; 13 April 1909 – 13 May 1984) was a Polish mathematician, nuclear physicist and computer scientist. He participated in the 1161:

had been ongoing since 1942, but the design was still essentially the one originally proposed by Teller. His concept was to put

7104: 2406: 7124: 4321: 2195: 1424:

In addition to these activities, Ulam continued to publish technical reports and research papers. One of these introduced the

5538: 5284: 4689: 4017: 3871: 3846: 3742: 3723: 3609: 3584: 3548: 3328: 3128: 2899: 2485: 2175: 2066: 2039: 2007: 1955: 1928: 1567:

and his disciples dominated economic theory until the end of WWII. With the Cold War, the theory changed, emphasizing that a

1478: 1188: 261: 2629: 1819:

program, which provides an annual award that enables a noted scientist to spend a year carrying out research at Los Alamos.

1689: 4977: 1540:

noted that "he died suddenly of heart failure, without fear or pain, while he could still prove and conjecture." In 1987,

1505:, and M. L. Stein, titled "Metrics in Biology", introduced new ideas about numerical taxonomy and evolutionary distances. 590: 7154: 7134: 6985: 6397: 5562: 3540: 1469: 739: 344: 195: 1823: 1409:

of 1963 banned nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere and in space. Work on this project was spearheaded by physicist

1402: 418: 2682: 943:

and Ulam addressed this problem in a report entitled "Theory of Multiplicative Processes". This report, which invokes

7129: 7114: 5712: 4296: 3915: 3687: 3650: 3361: 3217: 3176: 2987: 2825: 2784: 2598: 2536: 2301: 2266: 1473: 983: 679: 387: 203: 17: 5588:"POLICE COMMISSIONER CABAN APPOINTS REBECCA WEINER AS NYPD DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERTERRORISM" 5528: 7149: 5614: 5095: 2095: 1892: 858: 454: 371: 1492:

In Colorado, where he rejoined his friends Gamow, Richtmyer, and Hawkins, Ulam's research interests turned toward

1372:

An artist's conception of the NASA reference design for the Project Orion spacecraft powered by nuclear propulsion

5687: 1777: 1529: 1512:, where he was a graduate research professor. In 1976, he was awarded the Commander's Cross with the Star of the 1406: 971: 944: 379: 7049: 6775: 5328: 3782: 1773: 1545: 1486: 1353: 1349: 1128: 869: 786: 771: 199: 5620: 707: 7139: 7079: 6559: 5018: 4531: 2720: 1199:

Because the results of calculations based on Teller's concept were discouraging, many scientists believed it

5072: 865:

head of the implosion department. He was a professor at Harvard and an expert on precise use of explosives.

578: 7003: 6319: 4773: 2561: 1720: 1482: 614: 320: 187: 398:" he found that Teller's "Super" design was unworkable. In January 1951, Ulam and Teller came up with the 300: 126: 6287: 4212:

Lindley, David (February 8, 2013). "Focus: Landmarks—Computer Simulations Led to Discovery of Solitons".

1684: 1647: 940: 4581: 3476: 2743: 7059: 6911: 6380: 5680: 5662: 4631:"Some Elementary Attempts at Numerical Modeling of Problems Concerning Rates of Evolutionary Processes" 1517: 1513: 683: 675: 638: 626: 559: 233: 4725: 1033:, the new head of its theoretical division, at a higher salary, and the Ulams returned to Los Alamos. 959: 7144: 7069: 6961: 6937: 6262: 6257: 3973: 1714: 1635: 1017:

By late April 1946, Ulam had recovered enough to attend a secret conference at Los Alamos to discuss

897: 801:, and Joseph McKibben, all of whom had mysteriously disappeared. This was Ulam's introduction to the 4951: 2333: 1389:, which explored the use of nuclear reactors to power rockets. In response to a question by Senator 758:, Ulam met his friend and colleague C. J. Everett, with whom he collaborated on a number of papers. 339:. On 20 August 1939, he sailed for the United States for the last time with his 17-year-old brother 6420: 6344: 5877: 5736: 5454: 4469: 4063: 2059:

Analogies Between Analogies: The Mathematical Reports of S.M. Ulam and his Los Alamos Collaborators

1885: 1877: 1804: 893: 646: 494: 490: 450: 332: 277: 152: 115: 826: 6339: 6236: 5791: 3256: 3115: 1881: 1674: 1299: 1088: 1065:". Metropolis and Ulam published the first unclassified paper on the Monte Carlo method in 1949. 987: 830: 703: 574: 551: 534: 312: 223: 4288: 3907: 3642: 3353: 3209: 3168: 2891: 2885: 2817: 2776: 2769: 1348:

showed that, after appropriate mathematical transformations, the system can be described by the

6759: 6663: 6118: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5751: 5449: 4172: 2528: 1679: 1533: 1398: 1274: 1243: 884:, releasing a large amount of energy. Cylindrical implosive configurations had been studied by 881: 814: 466: 414: 399: 140: 130: 4009: 4003: 3838: 3715: 3675: 3576: 2358: 2258: 1541: 1208: 1011: 747: 6359: 6184: 5927: 5872: 5279:, Stockholm: European Congress of Mathematicians; ECM4 Satellite Conference, pp. 41–43, 5019:"Dose Enhancement of electron beams subject to external magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo Study" 2982: 2165: 1850: 1849:

and his contributions in theoretical biology are considered watersheds in the development of

1752: 1623: 1610: 1593: 1553: 1509: 1337: 1216: 1018: 834: 751: 743: 659: 618: 512:, Ukraine now houses the Szkocka Restaurant & Bar (named for the original Scottish Café). 391: 359: 324: 207: 4535: 4005:

In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist

2887:

Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945

1868:

publication, which summarized his accomplishments, and which appeared, in 1989, as the book

1464:

During his years at Los Alamos, Ulam was a visiting professor at Harvard from 1951 to 1952,

641:. Following up on Birkhoff's suggestion, Ulam spent summers in Poland and academic years at 525: 7044: 7039: 6847: 6831: 6671: 6567: 6527: 6169: 6164: 6023: 5897: 5441: 5030: 4913: 4411: 4221: 4088: 2996: 1965: 1425: 1341: 1270: 1174: 778: 695: 517: 308: 265: 219: 103: 5627: 5355: 5120: 3539:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: 8: 6855: 6623: 6028: 5983: 5943: 5766: 2106: 1858: 1631: 1619: 1142: 1073: 1030: 995: 862: 670:, Józef Ulam, along with his brother Szymon, put his two sons, Stanislaw and 17-year-old 281: 5445: 5034: 4415: 4225: 4092: 3000: 2450: 1763:

An animation demonstrating the lucky number sieve. The numbers in red are lucky numbers.

738:

In 1940, after being recommended by Birkhoff, Ulam became an assistant professor at the

327:, for a few months. From 1936 to 1939, he spent summers in Poland and academic years at 6949: 6863: 6751: 6695: 6511: 6093: 5917: 5887: 5827: 5475: 5467: 5269: 5220: 4805: 4660: 4630: 4495: 4435: 4348: 4281: 4248: 4138: 4104: 4078: 4034: 3948: 3900: 3635: 3532: 3499: 3447: 3346: 3202: 3161: 3111: 3056: 2881: 2810: 2655: 2521: 2251: 2028: 1996: 1975: 1917: 1854: 1842: 1768: 1708: 1429: 1381: 1283: 1081: 1062: 850: 790: 755: 642: 462: 434: 406: 328: 273: 269: 191: 144: 4826:

The Collected Scientific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson, vol. iii, p. 683, MIT Press 1966

4557: 3786: 2220: 818: 566: 6944: 6799: 6735: 6703: 6639: 6503: 6463: 6308: 6297: 6204: 6063: 6058: 6008: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5703: 5638: 5534: 5407: 5402: 5385: 5280: 5046: 4870: 4427: 4302: 4292: 4108: 4013: 3921: 3911: 3877: 3867: 3842: 3831: 3719: 3708: 3683: 3656: 3646: 3615: 3605: 3580: 3569: 3544: 3507: 3367: 3357: 3324: 3223: 3213: 3182: 3172: 3134: 3124: 2905: 2895: 2831: 2821: 2790: 2780: 2604: 2594: 2542: 2532: 2307: 2297: 2272: 2262: 2171: 2111: 2072: 2062: 2045: 2035: 2013: 2003: 1982: 1951: 1934: 1924: 1846: 1792: 1215:" who carried out laborious and extensive computations of thermonuclear scenarios on 948: 802: 355: 257: 7020: 4883: 4836: 4455:

Proceedings of the 4th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability

4439: 4171:

Porter, Mason A.; Zabusky, Norman J.; Hu, Bambi; Campbell, David K. (May–Jun 2009).

3940: 3418: 3389: 3284: 2952: 2923: 2417: 663:

in 1941. In 1938, Stanislaw's mother Anna Hanna Ulam (née Auerbach) died of cancer.

6925: 6823: 6583: 6575: 6329: 6128: 6113: 6078: 6053: 5907: 5862: 5471: 5459: 5397: 5038: 4419: 4229: 4187: 4096: 3495: 3491: 3265: 3008: 3004: 2877: 1950:. Mathematicians of Our Time. Vol. 9. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.-London. 1788: 1508:

When he retired from Colorado in 1975, Ulam began to spend winter semesters at the

1441: 1413:, who commented on the decision to end Orion in his article, "Death of a Project". 1377: 1124: 951:

and multiplicative processes. In 1948, its scope was extended by Ulam and Everett.

885: 610: 316: 214: 177: 4700: 4659:

Beyer, William A.; Temple F. Smith; M. L. Stein; Stanislaw M. Ulam (August 1972).

4349:"On a Method of Propulsion of Projectiles by Means of External Nuclear Explosions" 3746: 2852: 2497: 594: 505: 6791: 6679: 6631: 6535: 6334: 6174: 6138: 6068: 6003: 5993: 5968: 5867: 5847: 5822: 5306: 4423: 4376: 2588: 2291: 2090: 1961: 1564: 1502: 1390: 1360:

solutions. This means that FPUT behavior can be understood in terms of solitons.

1146: 1138: 1131: 1108: 1069: 1057: 1003: 939:

have implications with regard to implosion speed and symmetry. In November 1944,

845:. This problem threatened to waste an enormous investment in new reactors at the 798: 630: 458: 296: 253: 173: 75: 6607: 6083: 4658: 1041: 982:

In September 1945, Ulam left Los Alamos to become an associate professor at the

6871: 6743: 6711: 6519: 6487: 6455: 6277: 6272: 6043: 5988: 5978: 5973: 5892: 5817: 5746: 5501: 4992: 3826: 3776:"On Heterocatalytic Detonations I. - Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors" 3703: 3564: 1815:, founded the Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS). In 1985, CNLS initiated the 1725: 1639: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1417: 1345: 1295: 1262: 1192: 1170: 1158: 1026: 963: 936: 905: 901: 691: 654: 650: 634: 582: 521: 367: 363: 336: 5656: 1876:. During his career, Ulam was awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of 7033: 6973: 6815: 6783: 6687: 6647: 6599: 6591: 6551: 6479: 6471: 6389: 6292: 6154: 6123: 6103: 6048: 6038: 5948: 5837: 5812: 5756: 5642: 3771: 3138: 1946:

Ulam, Stanisław (1974). Beyer, W. A.; Mycielski and, J.; Rota, G.-C. (eds.).

1655: 1651: 1606: 1589: 1410: 1386: 1266: 1224: 1154: 1120: 1111:, who sought to duplicate the US effort, this weapon was nearly identical to 1084: 889: 873: 715: 711: 622: 598: 586: 477: 410: 375: 288: 5142: 3244: 2909: 2568:. School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences University of St Andrews 2311: 2140: 2076: 2049: 1938: 1537: 1368: 999: 6879: 6839: 6807: 6767: 6719: 6655: 6431: 6349: 6231: 6088: 6033: 6013: 5998: 5902: 5726: 5411: 5050: 4453:

Ulam, S. M. (1961), "On Some Statistical Properties of Dynamical Systems",

4431: 4322:"US Congress, Joint Committee on Atomic Energy: hearing on 22 January 1958" 4306: 3925: 3881: 3660: 3619: 3511: 3371: 3269: 3248: 3227: 3186: 2835: 2794: 2690: 2608: 2546: 2276: 2017: 1796: 1735: 1694: 1659: 1643: 1549: 1460:, prime numbers, represented by dots, tend to collect along diagonal lines. 1437: 1433: 1325: 1150: 1100: 1022: 991: 955: 846: 731: 723: 500: 470: 446: 426: 383: 71: 6543: 5386:"The early introduction of dynamic programming into computational biology" 3123:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 304–307. 1986: 1249: 872:

is to use chemical explosives to crush a chunk of fissile material into a

6895: 6887: 6727: 6179: 6133: 6098: 6073: 6018: 5922: 5912: 5796: 5164: 4233: 2978: 1811:, laboratory director at Los Alamos, with the strong support of Ulam and 1808: 1730: 1699: 1457: 1116: 919: 794: 555: 169: 5424: 4864: 4191: 1405:

was a study of this idea. It began in 1958 and ended in 1965, after the

6615: 6447: 6282: 6226: 5963: 5953: 5882: 5667:

The First International Research Conference on the History of Computing

5463: 3503: 2745:

The melting-pot revisited: twenty well-known USers of Polish background

1845:

in the context of molecular biology made a significant contribution to

1615: 1576: 1525: 1501:

branching processes to evolution. Another, report, with William Beyer,

1317: 1269:. The Sausage was the first true H-Bomb ever tested, meaning the first 1220: 926: 838: 782: 422: 351: 5221:"50 Years of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem: Legacy, Impact, and Beyond" 5042: 4100: 1021:. Those in attendance included Ulam, von Neumann, Metropolis, Teller, 947:, is also an early entry in the extensive literature on statistics of 6495: 6324: 6190: 5958: 5761: 5246: 1795:

noted this relationship and described how FPUT gave rise to ideas in

1166: 967: 837:", which was being developed in parallel with a uranium weapon, the " 822: 727: 687: 671: 340: 5672: 5332: 1436:, titled "Quadratic Transformations", was an early investigation of 543: 6439: 6364: 6197: 5731: 3941:"Reprinting of 1954 article: Comments on the History of the H-Bomb" 1912: 1812: 1800: 1627: 1291: 1258: 1204: 1184: 766: 570: 417:, to harness small nuclear explosions for propulsion, which became 4083: 785:, who had been appointed as leader of the theoretical division of 6354: 6221: 5563:"N.Y.P.D.'s New Intelligence Chief Takes Reins of Secretive Unit" 5425:

Beyer, William A.; Peter H. Sellers; Michael S. Waterman (1985).

1493: 1357: 1238: 1162: 1112: 1077: 1046: 1007: 932: 877: 854: 528:

in 1933. At the age of 20, in 1929, he published his first paper

292: 84: 43: 5356:"Sequence Analysis: Contributions of Ulam to Molecular Genetics" 386:. After the war he left to become an associate professor at the 5740: 4320:

Schreiber, R. E.; Ulam, Stanislaw M.; Bradbury, Norris (1958).

2448: 1521: 1233: 805:, which was the US's wartime effort to create the atomic bomb. 667: 486: 5187:"Focus-Issue: The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem-The-First-50-Years" 4914:"Course description:Monte Carlo Methods for Social Scientists" 4173:"Fermi, Pasta, Ulam and the Birth of Experimental Mathematics" 2876: 2293:

Understanding the Cold War: a historian's personal reflections

817:

in February 1944, the project experienced a crisis. In April,

754:, whom he met in Cambridge. They had one daughter, Claire. In 6979: 4918:

Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research

1759: 1104: 1053: 547: 539: 482: 2458:

Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

2030:

Science, Computers, and People: From the Tree of Mathematics

1115:, for its design was based on information provided by spies 633:. During a tea party at von Neumann's house, he encountered 593:. Mathematicians of this "school" met for long hours at the 465:. In 1918, it became part of the newly restored Poland, the 437:

has become a common and standard approach to many problems.

284:, he proved some theorems and proposed several conjectures. 6302: 5771: 5621:

1965 Audio Interview with Stanislaus Ulam by Richard Rhodes

5615:

1979 Audio Interview with Stanislaus Ulam by Martin Sherwin

5527:

Ulam, S. M. (1990). A. R. Bednarek; Françoise Ulam (eds.).

4978:"Historical Change in Language Using Monte CarloTechniques" 2103:), biopic about Stanislaw Ulam, based on his autobiography. 1421:

chemistry, metallurgy, weapons, health, Rover, and others.

1180: 808: 719: 509: 335:, where he worked to establish important results regarding 80: 5427:"Stanislaw M. Ulam's Contributions to Theoretical Biology" 5331:. University of Florida. March 10–11, 2009. Archived from 3855: 613:, whom Ulam had met in Warsaw, invited him to come to the 597:, where the problems they discussed were collected in the 319:, whom Ulam had met in Warsaw, invited him to come to the 7110:

Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

5658:

Von Neumann: The Interaction of Mathematics and Computing

4941:"Monte Carlo Simulation in Environmental Risk Assessment" 4884:"Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo Method" 4628: 3811:

Teller, E. (4 April 1951), "A New Thermonuclear device",

3419:"Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo method" 2296:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 19. 1465: 1452: 1440:

and is considered the first published use of the phrase "

304: 4697:

Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (s. 23, nr 6 z)

4629:

Schrandt, Robert G.; Stanislaw M. Ulam (December 1970).

4246: 3680:

The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power

3474: 3445: 3086:"Multiplicative Systems in Several Variables I, II, III" 489:. After they returned, Lwów became the epicenter of the 402:, which became the basis for all thermonuclear weapons. 7075:

Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States

4170: 4035:"Heuristic studies in problems of mathematical physics" 7175:

Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta

4493: 2141:"Mathematics Genealogy Project: Stanisław Marcin Ulam" 1401:, to harness small nuclear explosions for propulsion. 1332:, which is often designated by the abbreviation FPUT. 674:, on a ship headed for the US. Eleven days later, the 637:, who suggested that he apply for a position with the 538:. From 1931 until 1935, he traveled to and studied in 6909: 4319: 2449:

Ciesielski, Kryzystof; Thermistocles Rassias (2009).

1397:

Ulam and C. J. Everett also proposed, in contrast to

453:, on 13 April 1909. At this time, Galicia was in the 7085:

Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty

7065:

Scientists from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

4985:

Mechanical Translation and Computational Linguistics

4402:

Dyson, Freeman (9 July 1965). "Death of a Project".

4136: 1891:

In 2021, German film director Thorsten Klein made a

1134:

announced a crash program to develop a fusion bomb.

927:

Statistics of branching and multiplicative processes

5270:"Some Aspects of Running a Free Electronic Journal" 5121:"CNLS: apprecion of Martin Kruskal and Alwyn Scott" 2872: 2870: 1305: 1187:, the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design (a 1068:Fermi, learning of Ulam's breakthrough, devised an 577:, Kuratowski, and others, Ulam was a member of the 4280: 4008:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3899: 3830: 3707: 3634: 3593: 3568: 3345: 3201: 3160: 2809: 2768: 2520: 2250: 2027: 1995: 1974: 1916: 1864:In 1987, Los Alamos issued a special issue of its 1091:applications, whose results can be very accurate. 990:. In January 1946, he suffered an acute attack of 5227:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. May 16–20, 2005 4346: 3446:Richtmyer, D.; J. Pasta; S. Ulam (9 April 1947). 2890:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2221:"Stanislaw Ulam | Biography, Facts, & Spiral" 1456:When the positive integers are arrayed along the 678:. Within two months, the Germans completed their 7031: 4247:Longmier, C.; F. Reines; S. Ulam (August 1955). 3745:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 2867: 2483: 2416:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from 1575:'s "Economics: An Introductory Analysis", 1948, 710:, and the last problem had been recorded in the 390:, but returned to Los Alamos in 1946 to work on 350:In October 1943, he received an invitation from 4274: 4272: 3893: 3891: 3484:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3110: 1919:Mathematics and Logic: Retrospect and Prospects 1137:To advocate an aggressive development program, 6419: 4690:"Komunikat o nadaniu Orderu Odrodzenia Polski" 4494:Stein, P. R.; Stanislaw M. Ulam (March 1959). 4470:"Image Entropy for Discrete Dynamical Systems" 4457:, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press 4287:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3906:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3819: 3696: 3676:"5: Computer Simulations and the Trading Zone" 3641:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3352:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3208:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3167:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 3054: 2816:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2775:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2527:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2257:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 2189: 2187: 2163: 1780:, linguistics, radiation therapy, and sports. 1145:came to Los Alamos, where they conferred with 931:Even the inherent statistical fluctuations of 347:in 1940, and a United States citizen in 1941. 27:Polish mathematician and physicist (1909–1984) 7165:Members of the American Philosophical Society 6405: 5688: 5309:. University of Florida, Dept. of Mathematics 5143:"History of the Center for Nonlinear Studies" 4950:. University of New Hampshire. Archived from 3862:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3861: 3673: 3600:Hewlett, Richard G.; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3599: 3531: 3475:Metropolis, Nicholas; Stanislaw Ulam (1949). 3383: 3381: 998:from Los Alamos and the famous mathematician 413:, and proposed, as an alternative to Rover's 118:, Poland, United States (naturalized in 1941) 5533:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5073:"A Monte Carlo Simulation of the Big10 race" 5016: 4269: 4032: 3888: 3337: 3193: 3152: 2801: 2760: 2061:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1948:Sets, Numbers, and Universes: selected works 1826:and the University of Florida supported the 1477:consultant. He was an elected member of the 1399:Rover's continuous heating of rocket exhaust 750:. She had been a French exchange student at 604: 366:calculations to predict the behavior of the 4875: 4328:. US Government Printing Office. p. 47 4064:"Fermi, Pasta, Ulam, and a mysterious lady" 3837:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3766: 3764: 3714:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3321:Postscript to Adventures of a Mathematician 3083: 2947: 2945: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2196:"Stanislaw Ulam, Theorist on Hydrogen Bomb" 2184: 2164:Chartrand, Gary; Zhang, Ping (2013-05-20). 1571:was superior and the only sensible way. In 888:, but von Neumann, who had experience with 469:, and the city took its Polish name again, 6412: 6398: 5695: 5681: 5064: 4347:Everett, C. J.; S. M. Ulam (August 1955). 3770: 3737: 3735: 3682:. Stanford University Press. p. 135. 3678:. In Peter Galison, David J. Stump (ed.). 3575:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 3468: 3448:"Statistical Methods in Neutron Diffusion" 3390:"The Beginnings of the Monte Carlo Method" 3387: 3378: 3323:. Berkeley, CA: University of California. 2983:"Somebody Turned the Sun on with a Switch" 2847: 2845: 2741: 2512: 2334:"Ulam Family of Lwow; Auerbachs of Vienna" 1496:. In 1968, recognizing this emphasis, the 1340:. It remained mysterious until 1965, when 1219:, supplemented and confirmed by Everett's 343:. He became an assistant professor at the 42: 5453: 5401: 5277:New Developments in Electronic Publishing 5113: 4969: 4932: 4740: 4137:Fermi, E.; J. Pasta; S. Ulam (May 1955). 4082: 3833:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3710:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3571:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 3055:Hawkins, D.; S. Ulam (14 November 1944). 2916: 2122:Timeline of Polish science and technology 2117:List of things named after Stanislaw Ulam 2057:Ulam, Stanisław; Ulam, Françoise (1990). 1559: 1498:University of Colorado School of Medicine 1277:principles of staged radiation implosion. 7170:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers 5418: 5377: 5179: 5157: 5135: 5093: 5010: 4905: 4881: 4340: 4326:Outer Space Propulsion by Nuclear Energy 4240: 4001: 3995: 3804: 3761: 3626: 3416: 3410: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3239: 3237: 2942: 2479: 2477: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2237: 2193: 1758: 1451: 1367: 1248: 1179: 1040: 809:Hydrodynamical calculations of implosion 765: 724:Rudolf Weigl's typhus research institute 718:survived the Nazi occupation by feeding 706:and his two sons had been killed in the 649:from 1936 to 1939, where he worked with 499: 7090:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty 5520: 5383: 5299: 5261: 5213: 5017:Earl, M. A.; L. M. Ma (12 March 2002). 4938: 4652: 4622: 4562:American Academy of Arts & Sciences 4487: 4467: 4461: 4313: 4211: 4061: 3732: 3667: 3439: 3104: 3084:Ulam, S.; Everett, C. J (7 June 1948). 3077: 3028: 3022: 2880:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; 2842: 2735: 2586: 2580: 2400: 1817:Stanislaw M. Ulam Distinguished Scholar 1605:Ulam participated in the creation of a 362:in New Mexico. There, he worked on the 14: 7095:University of Colorado Boulder faculty 7032: 5560: 5493: 5239: 5123:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2007 5070: 4948:Risk:Health, Safety, & Environment 4718: 4522: 4520: 4475:. University of California, Santa Cruz 4166: 4164: 4162: 4130: 4026: 3825: 3810: 3702: 3563: 3557: 3525: 2977: 2971: 2680: 2674: 2622: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2157: 1352:, which is the prototype of nonlinear 977: 7100:University of Colorado Denver faculty 6393: 5702: 5676: 5347: 5321: 5094:Campbell, Donald H. (17 March 2010). 5087: 4975: 4911: 4829: 4661:"Metrics in Biology, an Introduction" 4401: 4395: 4369: 4249:"Some Schemes for Nuclear Propulsion" 4205: 4033:Pasta, John; S. Ulam (9 March 1953). 3971: 3965: 3938: 3932: 3305: 3249:"Ulam, the man and the mathematician" 3243: 3234: 3048: 3029:Lehmann, Christopher (4 March 2002). 2705: 2474: 2435: 2325: 2002:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1981:. New York: Interscience Publishers. 1977:A Collection of Mathematical Problems 1479:American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1447: 1363: 1201:could not lead to a successful weapon 1094: 1036: 898:vocal advocate of spherical implosion 394:. With the aid of a cadre of female " 6986: 5526: 5353: 4452: 4278: 3897: 3632: 3343: 3318: 3276: 3199: 3158: 3057:"Theory of Multiplicative Processes" 2807: 2766: 2648: 2559: 2553: 2518: 2488:[A Sage Greater Than Life]. 2404: 2331: 2289: 2283: 2248: 1668: 1600: 1428:, an extension of Fermi's theory of 1149:, the laboratory director, and with 761: 493:, during which the city experienced 5628:"Publications of Stanislaw M. Ulam" 5267: 4837:"Publications of Stanislaw M. Ulam" 4699:. December 31, 1976. Archived from 4517: 4496:"Quadratic Transformations. Part I" 4446: 4159: 3974:"Review of Edward Teller's Memoirs" 3743:"Staff biography of J. Carson Mark" 3541:Pennsylvania State University Press 3537:Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952 2853:"Staff biography of Stanislaw Ulam" 2681:Volsky, George (23 December 1963). 2377: 2351: 2170:. Courier Corporation. p. 78. 1470:University of California, San Diego 1195:of 10.4 megatons on 1 November 1952 1127:. In response, on 31 January 1950, 1107:. Created under the supervision of 1103:tested its first fission bomb, the 682:of western Poland, and the Soviets 24: 7120:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico 7055:Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe) 6160:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5499: 5307:"List of Ulam Colloquium Speakers" 5268:Dix, Julio G. (June 25–27, 2004), 5225:CLNS 25th International Conference 4766: 2719:. 14 November 2002. Archived from 2451:"On Stan Ulam and His Mathematics" 1824:University of Southern Mississippi 1665:Notable results of this work are: 461:, which was known to Poles as the 299:; Ulam studied mathematics at the 25: 7186: 5608: 4939:Poulter, Susan R. (Winter 1998). 4139:"Studies of Nonlinear Problems I" 2988:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2713:"Lwow lives on at Leopolis Press" 2560:Ulam, Stanislaw (November 2002). 1474:University of Colorado at Boulder 984:University of Southern California 409:of rockets, which was pursued by 388:University of Southern California 307:in 1933 under the supervision of 274:Monte Carlo method of computation 7160:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery 7012: 6995: 6967: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6376: 6375: 5652:from the original on 2022-10-09. 5580: 5561:Cramer, Maria (13 August 2023). 5554: 5508:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5365:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5167:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5145:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 5096:"The Birth of Nonlinear Science" 4991:(3 and 4): 67–81. Archived from 4893:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4846:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4728:. American Philosophical Society 4670:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4640:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 4505:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 3972:Uchii, Soshichi (22 July 2003). 3953:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 3815:, Los Alamos National Laboratory 3282: 3148:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3092:. University of California Press 2959:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2930:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2855:. Los Alamos National Laboratory 2562:"Preface to the "Scottish Book"" 2194:Sullivan, Walter (15 May 1984). 1785:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1330:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1312:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1306:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 1261:nuclear test (yield 10.4 Mt) on 954:Early in the Manhattan project, 945:probability-generating functions 455:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 431:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 268:, discovered the concept of the 252: 149:Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem 5623:Voices of the Manhattan Project 5617:Voices of the Manhattan Project 5506:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 5434:Letters in Mathematical Physics 5197:(1). March 2005. Archived from 4858: 4844:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 4820: 4798: 4786:from the original on 2022-10-09 4682: 4598: 4574: 4550: 4118:from the original on 2022-10-09 4055: 3292:Los Alamos Science, No 15, 1987 2953:"From Calculators to Computers" 1905: 1530:University of California, Davis 1432:. Another, with Paul Stein and 1430:the acceleration of cosmic rays 1407:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 813:A few weeks after Ulam reached 746:in 1941. That year, he married 740:University of Wisconsin–Madison 653:to establish results regarding 405:Ulam considered the problem of 345:University of Wisconsin–Madison 5403:10.1093/bioinformatics/16.1.41 5247:"Home Page for Ulam Quarterly" 5071:Ludwig, John (November 2011). 4976:Klein, Sheldon (23 May 1966). 4912:Casey, Thomas M. (June 2011). 4468:Abraham, Ralph (9 July 2011). 3783:Los Alamos National Laboratory 3496:10.1080/01621459.1949.10483310 3009:10.1080/00963402.1974.11458102 2213: 2167:A First Course in Graph Theory 2133: 1546:American Philosophical Society 1544:deposited his papers with the 1487:American Philosophical Society 1354:partial differential equations 970:. Soon after Fermi's arrival, 787:Los Alamos National Laboratory 772:Los Alamos National Laboratory 200:Los Alamos National Laboratory 13: 1: 7105:University of Florida faculty 4532:American Institute of Physics 4283:Adventures of a Mathematician 3902:Adventures of a Mathematician 3637:Adventures of a Mathematician 3388:Metropolis, Nicholas (1987). 3348:Adventures of a Mathematician 3204:Adventures of a Mathematician 3163:Adventures of a Mathematician 3114:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). 2812:Adventures of a Mathematician 2771:Adventures of a Mathematician 2630:"Obituary for John C, Oxtoby" 2523:Adventures of a Mathematician 2409:Adventures of a Mathematician 2332:Ulam, Molly (June 25, 2000). 2253:Adventures of a Mathematician 2145:Mathematics Genealogy Project 2127: 2107:List of Polish mathematicians 2101:Adventures of a Mathematician 2096:Abenteuer eines Mathematikers 1998:Adventures of a Mathematician 1897:Adventures of a Mathematician 1778:environmental risk assessment 1211:was one of a cadre of women " 589:, who were professors at the 524:degree in 1932, and became a 378:'s group, where he worked on 6320:Oppenheimer security hearing 5637:(Special Issue): 313. 1987. 5329:"Ulam Centennial Conference" 4424:10.1126/science.149.3680.141 3939:Bethe, Hans A. (Fall 1982). 2742:Budrewicz/, Olgierd (1977). 1690:Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability 1483:National Academy of Sciences 1416:Bradbury appointed Ulam and 918:cold war, and still exists. 730:, who had become an eminent 615:Institute for Advanced Study 321:Institute for Advanced Study 188:Institute for Advanced Study 7: 5530:Analogies Between Analogies 5101:. Americal Physical Society 4383:. OrionDrive.com. 2008–2009 3785:. LAMS-1225. Archived from 3774:; Ulam, S. (9 March 1951). 3031:"Obituary of David Hawkins" 2689:. Adam Ulam. Archived from 2593:. Birkhauser. p. 268. 2587:Mauldin, R. Daniel (1981). 2486:"Mędrzec większy niż życie" 2359:"Genealogy of Michael Ulam" 2084: 1874:Analogies Between Analogies 1376:Starting in 1955, Ulam and 1265:. The test was part of the 833:plutonium weapon like the " 781:. The letter was signed by 770:Ulam's ID badge photo from 708:massacre of Lwów professors 530:Concerning Function of Sets 10: 7191: 7155:Jewish American physicists 7135:Monte Carlo methodologists 7125:Lwów School of Mathematics 6421:John von Neumann Lecturers 5502:"Stanislaw Ulam 1909–1984" 4808:. World Trade Organisation 4726:"Stanislaw M. Ulam Papers" 4377:"History of Project Orion" 3813:Technical Report LAMS-1230 3535:; Duncan, Francis (1969). 3285:"Stan Ulam: The Lost Cafe" 2660:Harvard University Gazette 1915:; Ulam, Stanisław (1968). 1843:Euclidean distance metrics 1836:Ulam Centennial Conference 1532:from 1982 to 1983, and at 1518:Polish government-in-exile 1514:Order of Polonia Restituta 1350:Korteweg–de Vries equation 1309: 880:multiplication leads to a 639:Harvard Society of Fellows 579:Lwów School of Mathematics 560:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 301:Lwów Polytechnic Institute 127:Lwów Polytechnic Institute 6427: 6373: 6263:Bismuth phosphate process 6258:Atomic Energy Act of 1946 6245: 6214: 6147: 5936: 5805: 5719: 5710: 5275:, in Becker, Hans (ed.), 4748:"Françoise Ulam Obituary" 4062:Dauxois, Thierry (2008). 3426:Los Alamos Science, No 15 3397:Los Alamos Science, No 15 2683:"Letter about Jozef Ulam" 2484:Andrzej M. Kobos (1999). 2290:Ulam, Adam Bruno (2002). 2112:List of Polish physicists 1834:, and in March 2009, the 1721:Ulam's packing conjecture 894:armor-piercing ammunition 849:and to make slow uranium 605:Move to the United States 476:The Ulams were a wealthy 440: 239: 229: 213: 183: 165: 158: 136: 122: 111: 92: 53: 41: 34: 7130:Mathematics popularizers 7115:Manhattan Project people 4920:. University of Michigan 4882:Eckhardt, Roger (1987). 4002:Schweber, S. S. (2000). 3864:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 3602:Atomic Shield, 1947–1952 3477:"The Monte Carlo method" 3417:Eckhardt, Roger (1987). 3319:Ulam, Françoise (1991). 3117:The New World, 1939–1946 2748:. Interpress. p. 36 2656:"Obituary for Adam Ulam" 2405:Ulam, Francoise (1987). 2026:Ulam, Stanisław (1986). 1994:Ulam, Stanisław (1983). 1973:Ulam, Stanisław (1960). 935:multiplication within a 853:the only way to prepare 647:Cambridge, Massachusetts 591:Jan Kazimierz University 333:Cambridge, Massachusetts 278:nuclear pulse propulsion 153:Nuclear pulse propulsion 7150:Lviv Polytechnic alumni 6340:S-1 Executive Committee 6288:Einstein–Szilard letter 5384:Sankoff, David (2000). 5354:Goad, Walter B (1987). 5249:. University of Florida 5165:"Ulam Scholars at CNLS" 4806:"Comparative Advantage" 4558:"Stanislaw Marcin Ulam" 3257:Journal of Graph Theory 2469:v 6, nr 1, pp 1-9, 2009 2225:Encyclopedia Britannica 1870:From Cardinals to Chaos 1832:Ulam Colloquium Lecture 1685:Kuratowski–Ulam theorem 1468:from 1956 to 1957, the 1338:equipartition of energy 1300:Pacific Proving Grounds 1099:On 29 August 1949, the 1089:embarrassingly parallel 535:Fundamenta Mathematicae 459:Austro-Hungarian Empire 370:that were needed by an 196:University of Wisconsin 6760:George C. Papanicolaou 6664:R. Tyrrell Rockafellar 5782:Salt Wells Pilot Plant 3674:Peter Galison (1996). 3270:10.1002/jgt.3190090402 2882:Westfall, Catherine L. 2094: 2034:. Boston: Birkhauser. 1764: 1598: 1560:Challenge to economics 1534:Rockefeller University 1461: 1373: 1278: 1273:device built upon the 1217:mechanical calculators 1196: 1049: 1045:Stan Ulam holding the 915: 882:nuclear chain reaction 841:" that was dropped on 774: 700:underground university 676:Germans invaded Poland 666:On 20 August 1939, in 513: 467:Second Polish Republic 415:nuclear thermal rocket 303:, where he earned his 204:University of Colorado 131:Second Polish Republic 7050:Politicians from Lviv 6360:X-10 Graphite Reactor 6315:Nobel Prize laureates 6185:509th Composite Group 5500:Cooper, Necia Grant. 4866:The Day After Trinity 4752:Santa Fe, New Mexican 4356:LANL report LAMS-1955 4256:LANL report LAMS-2186 2407:"Vita: Excerpts from 1923:. New York: Praeger. 1762: 1753:The Day After Trinity 1636:transformation theory 1611:Los Alamos Laboratory 1594:comparative advantage 1585: 1554:Montparnasse Cemetery 1510:University of Florida 1455: 1371: 1252: 1191:fusion bomb), with a 1183: 1173:. Reactions of these 1044: 1019:thermonuclear weapons 972:Teller's "Super" bomb 960:first Hanford reactor 910: 868:The basic concept of 859:implosion-type weapon 769: 752:Mount Holyoke College 744:United States citizen 698:was lecturing at the 660:Annals of Mathematics 619:Princeton, New Jersey 503: 392:thermonuclear weapons 380:Teller's "Super" bomb 374:. He was assigned to 372:implosion-type weapon 360:Los Alamos Laboratory 325:Princeton, New Jersey 266:thermonuclear weapons 246:Stanisław Marcin Ulam 208:University of Florida 58:Stanisław Marcin Ulam 7140:Cellular automatists 7080:Polish set theorists 6848:Bernard J. Matkowsky 6832:Jennifer Tour Chayes 6268:British contribution 6170:Operation Peppermint 6165:Operation Crossroads 6024:Maria Goeppert Mayer 5481:on 27 September 2011 4610:search.amphilsoc.org 4606:"APS Member History" 4234:10.1103/Physics.6.15 3543:. pp. 406–409. 3455:LANL report LAMS-551 2957:History @ Los Alamos 2928:History @ Los Alamos 2496:(16). Archived from 1620:measurable cardinals 1481:, the United States 1175:isotopes of hydrogen 829:would not work in a 779:Santa Fe, New Mexico 742:. Here, he became a 696:Kazimierz Kuratowski 657:. These appeared in 581:. Its founders were 518:Kazimierz Kuratowski 491:Polish–Ukrainian War 309:Kazimierz Kuratowski 287:Born into a wealthy 220:Kazimierz Kuratowski 104:Santa Fe, New Mexico 6856:Charles F. Van Loan 6624:Jacques-Louis Lions 6029:George Kistiakowsky 5984:Charles Critchfield 5446:1985LMaPh..10..231B 5035:2002MedPh..29..484E 4668:LANL report LA-4973 4638:LANL report LA-4246 4503:LANL report LA-2305 4416:1965Sci...149..141D 4279:Ulam, S. M (1983). 4226:2013PhyOJ...6...15L 4192:10.1511/2009.78.214 4146:LANL report LA-1940 4093:2008PhT....61a..55D 4042:LANL report LA-1557 3898:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3633:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3533:Hewlett, Richard G. 3344:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3200:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3159:Ulam, S. M (1983). 3112:Hewlett, Richard G. 3001:1974BuAtS..30d..12F 2808:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2767:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2687:Anxiously from Lwow 2566:Turnbull WWW Server 2519:Ulam, S. M (1983). 2249:Ulam, S. M (1983). 1899:about Ulam's life. 1859:pattern recognition 1841:Ulam's work on non- 1675:Borsuk–Ulam theorem 1632:functional analysis 1472:, in 1963, and the 1228:Neumann's results. 1076:, later dubbed the 1074:Monte Carlo trolley 1031:Robert D. Richtmyer 1012:Françoise Aron Ulam 996:Nicholas Metropolis 978:Post war Los Alamos 863:George Kistiakowsky 542:(Vilnius), Vienna, 429:, Ulam studied the 282:applied mathematics 6962:History of science 6938:Nuclear technology 6864:Margaret H. Wright 6752:Jerrold E. Marsden 6696:Olga Ladyzhenskaya 6568:Kurt O. Friedrichs 6512:James H. Wilkinson 6094:Henry DeWolf Smyth 5873:Robert Oppenheimer 5828:Priscilla Duffield 5665:– 1976 lecture on 5635:Los Alamos Science 5464:10.1007/bf00398163 5363:Los Alamos Science 4998:on 16 October 2011 4891:Los Alamos Science 4381:The Story of Orion 4180:American Scientist 3949:Los Alamos Science 3283:Rota, Gian-Carlo. 3064:LANL report LA-171 3035:The New York Times 2634:The New York Times 2423:on 14 January 2009 1855:population biology 1776:, social science, 1769:Monte Carlo method 1765: 1711:(in Number Theory) 1680:Mazur–Ulam theorem 1648:projective algebra 1462: 1448:Return to academia 1382:nuclear propulsion 1374: 1364:Nuclear propulsion 1284:Cornell University 1279: 1244:Teller–Ulam design 1197: 1095:Teller–Ulam design 1082:massively parallel 1063:Monte Carlo method 1050: 1037:Monte Carlo method 851:isotope separation 791:Robert Oppenheimer 775: 704:Włodzimierz Stożek 643:Harvard University 575:Włodzimierz Stożek 552:Cambridge, England 520:, he received his 514: 463:Austrian partition 435:Monte Carlo method 407:nuclear propulsion 400:Teller–Ulam design 329:Harvard University 313:Włodzimierz Stożek 270:cellular automaton 262:Teller–Ulam design 224:Włodzimierz Stożek 192:Harvard University 145:Monte Carlo method 141:Teller–Ulam design 48:Ulam at Los Alamos 7060:Jewish physicists 6907: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6884: 6876: 6868: 6860: 6852: 6844: 6836: 6828: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6800:Ingrid Daubechies 6796: 6788: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6756: 6748: 6740: 6736:Heinz-Otto Kreiss 6732: 6724: 6716: 6708: 6704:Charles S. Peskin 6700: 6692: 6684: 6676: 6672:Martin D. Kruskal 6668: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6640:Germund Dahlquist 6636: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6580: 6572: 6564: 6556: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6524: 6516: 6508: 6504:George F. Carrier 6500: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6468: 6464:Solomon Lefschetz 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436: 6387: 6386: 6309:Los Alamos Primer 6298:Interim Committee 6253:African Americans 6205:The Great Artiste 6064:Isidor Isaac Rabi 6059:Norman Ramsey Jr. 5858:Franklin Matthias 5797:Heavy water sites 5704:Manhattan Project 5540:978-0-520-05290-1 5286:978-3-88127-107-3 5043:10.1118/1.1461374 4706:on April 24, 2018 4586:www.nasonline.org 4410:(3680): 141–144. 4101:10.1063/1.2835154 4019:978-0-691-04989-2 3873:978-0-520-07187-2 3848:978-0-684-80400-2 3725:978-0-684-80400-2 3611:978-0-520-07187-2 3586:978-0-684-80400-2 3550:978-0-520-07187-2 3330:978-0-520-07154-4 3130:978-0-520-07186-5 2901:978-0-521-44132-2 2878:Hoddeson, Lillian 2590:The Scottish Book 2177:978-0-486-29730-9 2068:978-0-520-05290-1 2041:978-3-7643-3276-1 2009:978-0-684-14391-0 1957:978-0-262-02108-1 1930:978-0-486-67085-0 1851:cellular automata 1847:sequence analysis 1805:dynamical systems 1793:David K. Campbell 1746: 1745: 1717:(in Graph theory) 1601:Impact and legacy 1294:was detonated on 962:, which had been 803:Manhattan Project 762:Manhattan Project 526:Doctor of Science 495:a Ukrainian siege 445:Ulam was born in 356:Manhattan Project 260:, originated the 258:Manhattan Project 243: 242: 230:Doctoral students 160:Scientific career 18:Stanislaw M. Ulam 16:(Redirected from 7182: 7145:Jewish agnostics 7070:Polish agnostics 7025: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6947: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6915: 6898: 6890: 6882: 6874: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6826: 6824:Leslie Greengard 6818: 6810: 6802: 6794: 6786: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6754: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6722: 6714: 6706: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6674: 6666: 6658: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6610: 6602: 6600:Joseph B. Keller 6594: 6586: 6584:Garrett Birkhoff 6578: 6576:Keith Stewartson 6570: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6482: 6474: 6466: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6390: 6379: 6378: 6330:Quebec Agreement 6114:John von Neumann 6054:George B. Pegram 5863:Dorothy McKibbin 5697: 5690: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5632: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5474:. Archived from 5457: 5440:(2–3): 231–242. 5431: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5360: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5335:on 24 April 2012 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4888: 4879: 4873: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4841: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4774:"Stanisław Ulam" 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4705: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4534:. Archived from 4528:"Stanislaw Ulam" 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4500: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4286: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4177: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4086: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4024: 4023: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3945: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3905: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3836: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3791: 3780: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3574: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3490:(247): 335–341. 3481: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3351: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3253: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3207: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3122: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2924:"Supercomputing" 2920: 2914: 2913: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2815: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2636:. 5 January 1991 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2526: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2481: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2402: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2256: 2246: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2137: 2099:(English title: 2080: 2053: 2033: 2022:(autobiography). 2021: 2001: 1990: 1980: 1969: 1942: 1922: 1789:Lilienfeld Prize 1669: 1442:chaotic behavior 1426:Fermi–Ulam model 1378:Frederick Reines 1298:, within the US 1125:David Greenglass 902:explosive lenses 886:Seth Neddermeyer 821:discovered that 611:John von Neumann 368:explosive lenses 317:John von Neumann 276:, and suggested 255: 251: 215:Doctoral advisor 178:Computer science 99: 67: 65: 46: 32: 31: 21: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6987:sister projects 6984:at Knowledge's 6978: 6968: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6908: 6903: 6792:Bernd Sturmfels 6632:Richard M. Karp 6536:James Lighthill 6423: 6418: 6388: 6383: 6369: 6335:RaLa Experiment 6241: 6210: 6175:Project Alberta 6143: 6139:Chien-Shiung Wu 6069:James Rainwater 6004:Richard Feynman 5994:John R. Dunning 5969:Norris Bradbury 5932: 5918:Stafford Warren 5888:William Purnell 5868:Kenneth Nichols 5848:Ernest Lawrence 5823:James B. Conant 5801: 5715: 5706: 5701: 5657: 5649: 5630: 5626: 5611: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5559: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5498: 5494: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5429: 5423: 5419: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5272: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5023:Medical Physics 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4754:. 30 April 2011 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4447: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4314: 4299: 4277: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4194: 4175: 4169: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3918: 3896: 3889: 3874: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3827:Rhodes, Richard 3824: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3792:on 1 March 2012 3789: 3778: 3769: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3749:on 16 July 2012 3741: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3704:Rhodes, Richard 3701: 3697: 3690: 3672: 3668: 3653: 3631: 3627: 3612: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3565:Rhodes, Richard 3562: 3558: 3551: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3428: 3421: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3364: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3317: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3251: 3242: 3235: 3220: 3198: 3194: 3179: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3131: 3120: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2902: 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2828: 2806: 2802: 2787: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2601: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2558: 2554: 2539: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2500:on 6 March 2009 2482: 2475: 2462: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2403: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2304: 2288: 2284: 2269: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2087: 2069: 2056: 2042: 2025: 2010: 1993: 1972: 1958: 1945: 1931: 1911: 1908: 1893:film adaptation 1747: 1715:Ulam conjecture 1709:Ulam conjecture 1609:as part of the 1603: 1565:Alfred Marshall 1562: 1503:Temple F. Smith 1450: 1391:John O. Pastore 1366: 1314: 1308: 1171:fusion reaction 1159:fusion reaction 1147:Norris Bradbury 1139:Ernest Lawrence 1132:Harry S. Truman 1109:Lavrentiy Beria 1097: 1070:analog computer 1039: 1004:Gian-Carlo Rota 980: 929: 913:numerical work. 811: 764: 694:was in hiding, 631:Albert Einstein 627:James Alexander 607: 567:Stanisław Mazur 554:, where he met 532:in the journal 508:'s building in 443: 382:for Teller and 297:Austria-Hungary 272:, invented the 249: 222: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 176: 174:Nuclear physics 172: 151: 147: 143: 129: 116:Austria-Hungary 107: 101: 97: 88: 78: 76:Austria-Hungary 69: 63: 61: 60: 59: 49: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7188: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7027: 7026: 7024:from Wikiquote 7009: 6982:Stanisław Ulam 6980: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6893: 6885: 6877: 6872:Nick Trefethen 6869: 6861: 6853: 6845: 6837: 6829: 6821: 6813: 6805: 6797: 6789: 6781: 6776:David Gottlieb 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6744:Alan C. Newell 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6712:Persi Diaconis 6709: 6701: 6693: 6685: 6677: 6669: 6661: 6653: 6645: 6637: 6629: 6621: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6533: 6525: 6520:Paul Samuelson 6517: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6488:Chia-Chiao Lin 6485: 6477: 6469: 6461: 6456:Stanislaw Ulam 6453: 6445: 6437: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6278:Chicago Pile-1 6275: 6273:Calutron Girls 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6246:Related topics 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6109:Stanisław Ulam 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Edwin McMillan 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5989:Harry Daghlian 5986: 5981: 5979:John Cockcroft 5976: 5974:James Chadwick 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5898:Charles Thomas 5895: 5893:Frank Spedding 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:James Marshall 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5833:Thomas Farrell 5830: 5825: 5820: 5818:Arthur Compton 5815: 5809: 5807: 5806:Administrators 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5654: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5609:External links 5607: 5605: 5604: 5594:. 19 July 2023 5579: 5567:New York Times 5553: 5539: 5519: 5492: 5455:10.1.1.78.4790 5417: 5390:Bioinformatics 5376: 5346: 5320: 5298: 5285: 5260: 5238: 5212: 5178: 5156: 5134: 5112: 5086: 5063: 5029:(4): 484–492. 5009: 4968: 4931: 4904: 4874: 4857: 4828: 4819: 4797: 4765: 4739: 4717: 4681: 4651: 4621: 4597: 4573: 4549: 4538:on 2 July 2015 4516: 4486: 4460: 4445: 4394: 4368: 4339: 4312: 4297: 4268: 4239: 4204: 4186:(3): 214–221. 4158: 4129: 4054: 4025: 4018: 3994: 3978:PHS Newsletter 3964: 3931: 3916: 3887: 3872: 3854: 3847: 3818: 3803: 3760: 3731: 3724: 3695: 3688: 3666: 3651: 3625: 3610: 3592: 3585: 3556: 3549: 3524: 3467: 3438: 3409: 3377: 3362: 3336: 3329: 3304: 3275: 3264:(4): 445–449. 3233: 3218: 3192: 3177: 3151: 3129: 3103: 3076: 3047: 3021: 2981:(April 1974). 2970: 2941: 2915: 2900: 2866: 2841: 2826: 2800: 2785: 2759: 2734: 2723:on 1 July 2015 2704: 2693:on 17 May 2013 2673: 2662:. 6 April 2000 2647: 2621: 2599: 2579: 2552: 2537: 2511: 2473: 2434: 2376: 2350: 2324: 2302: 2282: 2267: 2236: 2212: 2200:New York Times 2183: 2176: 2156: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2067: 2054: 2040: 2023: 2008: 1991: 1970: 1956: 1943: 1929: 1907: 1904: 1828:Ulam Quarterly 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1712: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1640:ergodic theory 1602: 1599: 1581:invisible hand 1573:Paul Samuelson 1569:market economy 1561: 1558: 1542:Françoise Ulam 1449: 1446: 1418:John H. Manley 1365: 1362: 1310:Main article: 1307: 1304: 1296:Enewetak Atoll 1263:Enewetak Atoll 1209:Françoise Ulam 1096: 1093: 1085:supercomputers 1038: 1035: 1027:nuclear fusion 979: 976: 937:chain reaction 928: 925: 906:hydrodynamical 890:shaped charges 861:and appointed 810: 807: 763: 760: 748:Françoise Aron 732:kremlinologist 692:Hugo Steinhaus 655:ergodic theory 651:John C. Oxtoby 635:G. D. Birkhoff 606: 603: 583:Hugo Steinhaus 522:Master of Arts 442: 439: 421:. With Fermi, 358:at the secret 337:ergodic theory 280:. In pure and 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 217: 211: 210: 185: 181: 180: 167: 163: 162: 156: 155: 138: 137:Known for 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 113: 109: 108: 102: 100:(aged 75) 94: 90: 89: 70: 57: 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 36:Stanisław Ulam 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7187: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7023: 7022: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6975: 6965: 6963: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6870: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6854: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6822: 6817: 6816:Stanley Osher 6814: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6785: 6784:Franco Brezzi 6782: 6777: 6774: 6769: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6729: 6726: 6721: 6718: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6689: 6688:William Kahan 6686: 6681: 6678: 6673: 6670: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6654: 6649: 6648:Stephen Smale 6646: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6616:John W. Tukey 6614: 6609: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6593: 6592:David Slepian 6590: 6585: 6582: 6577: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6561: 6560:Peter Henrici 6558: 6553: 6552:Kenneth Arrow 6550: 6545: 6542: 6537: 6534: 6529: 6526: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6510: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6494: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6480:Eugene Wigner 6478: 6473: 6472:Freeman Dyson 6470: 6465: 6462: 6457: 6454: 6449: 6446: 6441: 6438: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6382: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Franck Report 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:Alsos Mission 6153: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Robert Wilson 6127: 6125: 6124:Eugene Wigner 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Edward Teller 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6079:Glenn Seaborg 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Mark Oliphant 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6039:Willard Libby 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5949:Robert Bacher 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5928:Roscoe Wilson 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843:John Lansdale 5841: 5839: 5838:Leslie Groves 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Vannevar Bush 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5542: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5496: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5364: 5357: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5302: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5201:on 2012-05-03 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5166: 5160: 5144: 5138: 5122: 5116: 5097: 5090: 5074: 5067: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4957:on 2016-03-06 4953: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4845: 4838: 4832: 4823: 4807: 4801: 4782: 4779:(in French). 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4727: 4721: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4298:9780684143910 4294: 4290: 4285: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4071:Physics Today 4065: 4058: 4043: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 3998: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3917:9780684143910 3913: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3765: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3689:9780804725620 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3652:9780684143910 3648: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3363:9780684143910 3359: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3340: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219:9780684143910 3215: 3211: 3206: 3205: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3178:9780684143910 3174: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2827:9780684143910 2823: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2786:9780684143910 2782: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2600:9783764330453 2596: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2538:9780684143910 2534: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2492:(in Polish). 2491: 2487: 2480: 2478: 2470: 2459: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2365:. 24 May 2011 2364: 2360: 2354: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2303:9780765808851 2299: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2268:9780684143910 2264: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:combinatorics 1653: 1652:number theory 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622:and abstract 1621: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1607:hydrogen bomb 1597: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524:. Except for 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1411:Freeman Dyson 1408: 1404: 1403:Project Orion 1400: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1387:Project Rover 1383: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1271:thermonuclear 1268: 1267:Operation Ivy 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1225:combinatorics 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Edward Teller 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Theodore Hall 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1072:known as the 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 975: 973: 969: 968:xenon isotope 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941:David Hawkins 938: 934: 924: 921: 914: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874:critical mass 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 773: 768: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 736: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 716:Stefan Banach 713: 712:Scottish Book 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 661: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:Oswald Veblen 620: 616: 612: 602: 600: 599:Scottish Book 596: 595:Scottish Café 592: 588: 587:Stefan Banach 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 523: 519: 511: 507: 506:Scottish Café 502: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 478:Polish Jewish 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 419:Project Orion 416: 412: 411:Project Rover 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Edward Teller 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Polish Jewish 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 247: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 161: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 105: 95: 91: 86: 82: 77: 73: 68:13 April 1909 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 7019: 7007:from Commons 7002: 6981: 6880:Chi-Wang Shu 6840:Donald Knuth 6808:John M. Ball 6768:Nancy Kopell 6720:David Donoho 6680:Carl de Boor 6656:Andrew Majda 6608:Jürgen Moser 6528:Jule Charney 6432:Lars Ahlfors 6365:Y-12 Project 6350:Smyth Report 6345:S-50 Project 6307: 6303:K-25 Project 6232:Pumpkin bomb 6203: 6196: 6189: 6119:John Wheeler 6108: 6089:Louis Slotin 6084:Emilio Segrè 6034:George Koval 6014:James Franck 5999:Enrico Fermi 5944:Luis Alvarez 5903:Paul Tibbets 5878:Deak Parsons 5666: 5634: 5596:. Retrieved 5591: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5566: 5556: 5544:. Retrieved 5529: 5522: 5510:. Retrieved 5505: 5495: 5483:. Retrieved 5476:the original 5437: 5433: 5420: 5396:(1): 41–47. 5393: 5389: 5379: 5367:. Retrieved 5362: 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5333:the original 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5301: 5290:, retrieved 5276: 5263: 5251:. Retrieved 5241: 5229:. Retrieved 5224: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5199:the original 5194: 5190: 5181: 5169:. Retrieved 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5115: 5103:. Retrieved 5089: 5077:. Retrieved 5075:. ludwig.com 5066: 5054:. Retrieved 5026: 5022: 5012: 5000:. Retrieved 4993:the original 4988: 4984: 4971: 4961:13 September 4959:. Retrieved 4952:the original 4947: 4934: 4922:. Retrieved 4917: 4907: 4895:. Retrieved 4890: 4877: 4865: 4860: 4848:. Retrieved 4843: 4831: 4822: 4810:. Retrieved 4800: 4788:. Retrieved 4768: 4756:. Retrieved 4751: 4742: 4730:. Retrieved 4720: 4708:. Retrieved 4701:the original 4696: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4667: 4654: 4642:. Retrieved 4637: 4624: 4613:. Retrieved 4609: 4600: 4589:. Retrieved 4585: 4582:"S. M. Ulam" 4576: 4565:. Retrieved 4561: 4552: 4540:. Retrieved 4536:the original 4507:. Retrieved 4502: 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4463: 4454: 4448: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4385:. Retrieved 4380: 4371: 4359:. Retrieved 4355: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4325: 4315: 4282: 4259:. Retrieved 4255: 4242: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4195:. Retrieved 4183: 4179: 4149:. Retrieved 4145: 4132: 4120:. Retrieved 4077:(1): 55–57. 4074: 4070: 4057: 4045:. Retrieved 4041: 4028: 4004: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3981: 3977: 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3947: 3934: 3901: 3863: 3857: 3832: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3794:. Retrieved 3787:the original 3751:. Retrieved 3747:the original 3709: 3698: 3679: 3669: 3636: 3628: 3601: 3595: 3570: 3559: 3536: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3487: 3483: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3454: 3441: 3429:. Retrieved 3425: 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3396: 3347: 3339: 3320: 3295:. Retrieved 3291: 3278: 3261: 3255: 3203: 3195: 3162: 3154: 3116: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3090:LANL reports 3089: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3063: 3050: 3038:. Retrieved 3034: 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 2992: 2986: 2979:Frisch, Otto 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2956: 2932:. Retrieved 2927: 2918: 2886: 2857:. Retrieved 2811: 2803: 2777:125–130, 174 2770: 2762: 2752:11 September 2750:. Retrieved 2744: 2737: 2725:. Retrieved 2721:the original 2716: 2707: 2695:. Retrieved 2691:the original 2686: 2676: 2664:. Retrieved 2659: 2650: 2638:. Retrieved 2633: 2624: 2612:. Retrieved 2589: 2582: 2572:11 September 2570:. Retrieved 2565: 2555: 2522: 2514: 2502:. Retrieved 2498:the original 2493: 2489: 2468: 2461:. Retrieved 2457: 2425:. Retrieved 2418:the original 2408: 2367:. Retrieved 2362: 2353: 2341:. Retrieved 2337: 2327: 2315:. Retrieved 2292: 2285: 2252: 2228:. Retrieved 2224: 2215: 2203:. Retrieved 2199: 2166: 2159: 2148:. Retrieved 2144: 2135: 2100: 2058: 2029: 1997: 1976: 1947: 1918: 1906:Bibliography 1901: 1896: 1895:of the book 1890: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1816: 1782: 1766: 1751: 1748: 1740: 1736:Ulam numbers 1695:Lucky number 1664: 1660:graph theory 1644:group theory 1604: 1586: 1563: 1550:Philadelphia 1507: 1491: 1463: 1438:chaos theory 1434:Mary Tsingou 1423: 1415: 1396: 1375: 1334: 1326:Mary Tsingou 1322: 1315: 1288: 1280: 1254: 1230: 1198: 1151:George Gamow 1143:Luis Alvarez 1136: 1101:Soviet Union 1098: 1067: 1051: 1023:Stan Frankel 1016: 992:encephalitis 981: 956:Enrico Fermi 953: 930: 916: 911: 867: 847:Hanford site 819:Emilio Segrè 812: 799:David Frisch 776: 737: 665: 658: 608: 564: 533: 529: 515: 475: 444: 427:Mary Tsingou 404: 384:Enrico Fermi 364:hydrodynamic 354:to join the 349: 286: 245: 244: 184:Institutions 159: 98:(1984-05-13) 29: 7045:1984 deaths 7040:1909 births 6950:Mathematics 6896:Yousef Saad 6888:Leah Keshet 6728:Eric Lander 6180:Silverplate 6134:Leona Woods 6099:Leo Szilard 6074:Bruno Rossi 6019:Klaus Fuchs 5923:Ed Westcott 5913:Harold Urey 5592:www.nyc.gov 5546:24 December 5369:28 December 5339:24 December 5313:24 December 5253:24 December 4758:12 December 4674:26 November 4644:26 November 4509:26 November 4361:24 November 4332:25 November 4261:24 November 4197:20 November 4151:21 November 4047:21 November 3517:21 November 3245:Erdős, Paul 2317:28 December 1809:Donald Kerr 1807:. In 1980, 1731:Ulam matrix 1726:Ulam's game 1700:Ulam spiral 1618:(including 1548:Library in 1526:sabbaticals 1458:Ulam spiral 1380:considered 1275:Teller-Ulam 1117:Klaus Fuchs 988:Los Angeles 920:Otto Frisch 795:Joan Hinton 726:. In 1963, 702:in Warsaw, 565:Along with 556:G. H. Hardy 315:. In 1935, 170:Mathematics 112:Citizenship 96:13 May 1984 7034:Categories 7021:Quotations 6448:Jean Leray 6283:Demon core 6227:Little Boy 6148:Operations 5964:Niels Bohr 5954:Hans Bethe 5937:Scientists 5883:Boris Pash 5762:Los Alamos 5598:2023-08-13 5512:6 December 5485:5 December 5231:9 December 5205:9 December 5171:8 December 5149:8 December 5127:8 December 5105:8 December 5079:9 December 5056:9 December 5002:9 December 4924:9 December 4850:6 December 4790:29 October 4615:2022-09-21 4591:2022-09-21 4567:2022-09-21 4220:(15): 15. 3957:3 November 3772:Teller, E. 3753:22 October 3460:23 October 3431:22 October 3402:22 October 3297:22 October 3096:13 October 3069:13 October 3040:14 October 2963:24 October 2934:24 October 2859:22 October 2727:10 October 2666:10 October 2640:10 October 2614:4 December 2463:10 October 2369:12 October 2343:10 October 2230:2021-04-11 2150:2022-05-17 2128:References 1886:Pittsburgh 1878:New Mexico 1616:set theory 1592:theory of 1577:Adam Smith 1556:in Paris. 1538:Paul Erdős 1485:, and the 1356:that have 1318:John Pasta 1257:device of 1221:slide rule 1000:Paul Erdős 900:driven by 839:Little Boy 815:Los Alamos 783:Hans Bethe 680:occupation 423:John Pasta 352:Hans Bethe 291:family in 234:Paul Kelly 64:1909-04-13 6926:Biography 6544:René Thom 6496:Peter Lax 6325:Plutonium 6191:Enola Gay 6009:Val Fitch 5959:Aage Bohr 5908:Bud Uanna 5777:Oak Ridge 5643:0273-7116 5572:13 August 5450:CiteSeerX 5292:5 January 4387:7 October 4109:118607235 4084:0801.1590 3987:13 August 3139:637004643 2995:(4): 17. 2427:7 October 1913:Kac, Mark 1882:Wisconsin 1791:lecture, 1590:Ricardian 1213:computers 1167:deuterium 1129:President 1058:solitaire 949:branching 870:implosion 843:Hiroshima 823:plutonium 728:Adam Ulam 688:Holocaust 609:In 1935, 396:computers 341:Adam Ulam 123:Education 6440:Mark Kac 6381:Category 6237:Thin Man 6198:Bockscar 5792:Wendover 5772:New York 5767:Montreal 5757:Inyokern 5732:Berkeley 5713:Timeline 5647:Archived 5412:10812476 5051:11991119 4812:10 March 4781:Archived 4710:July 25, 4440:39761976 4432:17734490 4113:Archived 3829:(1995). 3706:(1995). 3567:(1995). 3512:18139350 3247:(1985). 3143:Archived 2910:26764320 2884:(1993). 2717:The Hook 2338:Genforum 2312:48122759 2085:See also 2077:20318499 2050:11260216 1939:24847821 1853:theory, 1813:Mark Kac 1801:solitons 1628:topology 1624:measures 1292:Ivy Mike 1185:Ivy Mike 964:poisoned 896:, was a 892:used in 876:, where 835:Thin Man 831:gun-type 827:reactors 825:made in 571:Mark Kac 6912:Portals 6355:Uranium 6222:Fat Man 6215:Weapons 5787:Trinity 5752:Hanford 5737:Chicago 5663:YouTube 5472:2791811 5442:Bibcode 5031:Bibcode 4412:Bibcode 4404:Science 4307:1528346 4289:249–250 4222:Bibcode 4214:Physics 4089:Bibcode 3926:1528346 3908:220–224 3882:3717478 3796:4 April 3661:1528346 3620:3717478 3504:2280232 3372:1528346 3354:184–187 3228:1528346 3210:162–157 3187:1528346 3169:152–153 3014:May 29, 2997:Bibcode 2892:130–137 2836:1528346 2818:143–147 2795:1528346 2609:7553633 2547:1528346 2277:1528346 2018:1528346 1966:0441664 1866:Science 1774:finance 1528:at the 1516:by the 1494:biology 1358:soliton 1346:Zabusky 1342:Kruskal 1255:Sausage 1239:fissile 1165:and/or 1163:tritium 1113:Fat Man 1078:FERMIAC 1047:FERMIAC 1008:biology 933:neutron 878:neutron 855:fissile 756:Madison 684:invaded 457:of the 451:Galicia 447:Lemberg 293:Lemberg 250:Polish: 85:Ukraine 72:Lemberg 6974:Poland 6899:(2023) 6891:(2022) 6883:(2021) 6875:(2020) 6867:(2019) 6859:(2018) 6851:(2017) 6843:(2016) 6835:(2015) 6827:(2014) 6819:(2013) 6811:(2012) 6803:(2011) 6795:(2010) 6787:(2009) 6779:(2008) 6771:(2007) 6763:(2006) 6755:(2005) 6747:(2004) 6739:(2003) 6731:(2002) 6723:(2001) 6715:(2000) 6707:(1999) 6699:(1998) 6691:(1997) 6683:(1996) 6675:(1994) 6667:(1992) 6659:(1990) 6651:(1989) 6643:(1988) 6635:(1987) 6627:(1986) 6619:(1985) 6611:(1984) 6603:(1983) 6595:(1982) 6587:(1981) 6579:(1980) 6571:(1979) 6563:(1978) 6555:(1977) 6547:(1976) 6539:(1975) 6531:(1974) 6523:(1971) 6515:(1970) 6507:(1969) 6499:(1968) 6491:(1967) 6483:(1966) 6475:(1965) 6467:(1964) 6459:(1963) 6451:(1962) 6443:(1961) 6435:(1960) 5747:Dayton 5741:Site A 5641: 5537: 5470: 5452: 5410: 5283: 5049: 4897:11 Mar 4732:14 May 4542:14 May 4479:30 May 4438: 4430: 4305: 4295: 4107: 4016: 3951:, No 6 3924: 3914: 3880: 3870: 3845: 3841:–464. 3722: 3718:–424. 3686: 3659: 3649: 3618: 3608: 3583: 3547: 3510: 3502: 3370: 3360: 3327: 3226: 3216: 3185: 3175: 3137: 3127: 2908: 2898: 2834: 2824: 2793: 2783: 2697:24 May 2607: 2597: 2545: 2535: 2504:10 May 2310: 2300: 2275: 2265: 2205:30 May 2174: 2091:German 2075: 2065: 2048: 2038: 2016: 2006: 1987:526673 1985: 1964: 1954: 1937: 1927: 1884:, and 1803:, and 1741: 1658:, and 1522:London 1234:X-rays 1205:MANIAC 1189:staged 1123:, and 668:Gdynia 629:, and 550:, and 544:Zürich 487:Vienna 441:Poland 425:, and 166:Fields 106:, U.S. 7004:Media 5720:Sites 5650:(PDF) 5631:(PDF) 5479:(PDF) 5468:S2CID 5430:(PDF) 5359:(PDF) 5273:(PDF) 5191:Chaos 5099:(PDF) 4996:(PDF) 4981:(PDF) 4955:(PDF) 4944:(PDF) 4887:(PDF) 4840:(PDF) 4784:(PDF) 4777:(PDF) 4704:(PDF) 4693:(PDF) 4664:(PDF) 4634:(PDF) 4499:(PDF) 4473:(PDF) 4436:S2CID 4352:(PDF) 4252:(PDF) 4176:(PDF) 4142:(PDF) 4122:7 May 4116:(PDF) 4105:S2CID 4079:arXiv 4067:(PDF) 4038:(PDF) 3944:(PDF) 3790:(PDF) 3779:(PDF) 3500:JSTOR 3480:(PDF) 3451:(PDF) 3422:(PDF) 3393:(PDF) 3288:(PDF) 3252:(PDF) 3146:(PDF) 3121:(PDF) 3060:(PDF) 2529:56–60 2490:Zwoje 2454:(PDF) 2421:(PDF) 2414:(PDF) 1797:chaos 1232:soft 1193:yield 1105:RDS-1 1054:ENIAC 966:by a 548:Paris 540:Wilno 483:Stryj 79:(now 5727:Ames 5639:ISSN 5574:2023 5548:2011 5535:ISBN 5514:2011 5487:2011 5408:PMID 5371:2011 5341:2011 5315:2011 5294:2013 5281:ISBN 5255:2011 5233:2011 5207:2011 5173:2011 5151:2011 5129:2011 5107:2011 5081:2011 5058:2011 5047:PMID 5004:2011 4963:2012 4926:2011 4899:2016 4871:IMDb 4852:2011 4814:2021 4792:2015 4760:2011 4734:2013 4712:2023 4676:2011 4646:2011 4544:2013 4511:2011 4481:2013 4428:PMID 4389:2011 4363:2011 4334:2011 4303:OCLC 4293:ISBN 4263:2011 4199:2011 4153:2011 4124:2017 4049:2011 4014:ISBN 3989:2012 3959:2011 3922:OCLC 3912:ISBN 3878:OCLC 3868:ISBN 3843:ISBN 3798:2022 3755:2011 3720:ISBN 3684:ISBN 3657:OCLC 3647:ISBN 3616:OCLC 3606:ISBN 3581:ISBN 3545:ISBN 3519:2011 3508:PMID 3462:2011 3433:2011 3404:2011 3368:OCLC 3358:ISBN 3325:ISBN 3299:2011 3224:OCLC 3214:ISBN 3183:OCLC 3173:ISBN 3135:OCLC 3125:ISBN 3098:2011 3071:2011 3042:2011 3016:2013 2965:2011 2936:2011 2906:OCLC 2896:ISBN 2861:2011 2832:OCLC 2822:ISBN 2791:OCLC 2781:ISBN 2754:2012 2729:2011 2699:2013 2668:2011 2642:2011 2616:2011 2605:OCLC 2595:ISBN 2574:2012 2543:OCLC 2533:ISBN 2506:2013 2465:2011 2429:2011 2371:2011 2363:GENi 2345:2011 2319:2011 2308:OCLC 2298:ISBN 2273:OCLC 2263:ISBN 2259:9–15 2207:2013 2172:ISBN 2073:OCLC 2063:ISBN 2046:OCLC 2036:ISBN 2014:OCLC 2004:ISBN 1983:OCLC 1952:ISBN 1935:OCLC 1925:ISBN 1783:The 1767:The 1579:'s " 1344:and 1259:Mike 1253:The 1141:and 1087:are 720:lice 672:Adam 585:and 558:and 510:Lviv 504:The 471:Lwów 311:and 93:Died 81:Lviv 54:Born 5661:on 5460:doi 5398:doi 5039:doi 4869:at 4420:doi 4408:149 4230:doi 4188:doi 4097:doi 4010:166 3839:455 3716:422 3643:215 3577:248 3492:doi 3266:doi 3005:doi 1626:), 1520:in 1466:MIT 1444:". 1246:". 986:in 789:by 722:at 645:in 617:in 331:in 323:in 305:PhD 264:of 7036:: 5645:. 5633:. 5590:. 5565:. 5504:. 5466:. 5458:. 5448:. 5438:10 5436:. 5432:. 5406:. 5394:16 5392:. 5388:. 5361:. 5223:. 5195:15 5193:. 5189:. 5045:. 5037:. 5027:29 5025:. 5021:. 4987:. 4983:. 4946:. 4916:. 4889:. 4842:. 4750:. 4695:. 4666:. 4636:. 4608:. 4584:. 4560:. 4530:. 4519:^ 4501:. 4434:. 4426:. 4418:. 4406:. 4379:. 4354:. 4324:. 4301:. 4291:. 4271:^ 4254:. 4228:. 4216:. 4184:97 4182:. 4178:. 4161:^ 4144:. 4111:. 4103:. 4095:. 4087:. 4073:. 4069:. 4040:. 4012:. 3982:52 3980:. 3976:. 3946:. 3920:. 3910:. 3890:^ 3876:. 3781:. 3763:^ 3734:^ 3655:. 3645:. 3614:. 3579:. 3506:. 3498:. 3488:44 3486:. 3482:. 3453:. 3424:. 3395:. 3380:^ 3366:. 3356:. 3307:^ 3290:. 3260:. 3254:. 3236:^ 3222:. 3212:. 3181:. 3171:. 3141:. 3133:. 3088:. 3062:. 3033:. 3003:. 2993:30 2991:. 2985:. 2955:. 2944:^ 2926:. 2904:. 2894:. 2869:^ 2844:^ 2830:. 2820:. 2789:. 2779:. 2715:. 2685:. 2658:. 2632:. 2603:. 2564:. 2541:. 2531:. 2476:^ 2467:. 2456:. 2437:^ 2379:^ 2361:. 2336:. 2306:. 2271:. 2261:. 2239:^ 2223:. 2198:. 2186:^ 2143:. 2093:: 2071:. 2044:. 2012:. 1962:MR 1960:. 1933:. 1888:. 1880:, 1857:, 1838:. 1799:, 1756:. 1662:. 1654:, 1650:, 1646:, 1642:, 1638:, 1634:, 1630:, 1489:. 1153:, 1119:, 1014:. 797:, 714:. 690:, 625:, 573:, 569:, 562:. 546:, 497:. 473:. 449:, 295:, 83:, 74:, 6990:: 6914:: 6413:e 6406:t 6399:v 5743:) 5739:( 5696:e 5689:t 5682:v 5669:. 5601:. 5576:. 5550:. 5516:. 5489:. 5462:: 5444:: 5414:. 5400:: 5373:. 5343:. 5317:. 5257:. 5235:. 5209:. 5175:. 5153:. 5131:. 5109:. 5083:. 5060:. 5041:: 5033:: 5006:. 4989:9 4965:. 4928:. 4901:. 4854:. 4816:. 4794:. 4762:. 4736:. 4714:. 4678:. 4648:. 4618:. 4594:. 4570:. 4546:. 4513:. 4483:. 4442:. 4422:: 4414:: 4391:. 4365:. 4336:. 4309:. 4265:. 4236:. 4232:: 4224:: 4218:6 4201:. 4190:: 4155:. 4126:. 4099:: 4091:: 4081:: 4075:6 4051:. 4022:. 3991:. 3961:. 3928:. 3884:. 3851:. 3800:. 3757:. 3728:. 3692:. 3663:. 3622:. 3589:. 3553:. 3521:. 3494:: 3464:. 3435:. 3406:. 3374:. 3333:. 3301:. 3272:. 3268:: 3262:9 3230:. 3189:. 3100:. 3073:. 3044:. 3018:. 3007:: 2999:: 2967:. 2938:. 2912:. 2863:. 2838:. 2797:. 2756:. 2731:. 2701:. 2670:. 2644:. 2618:. 2576:. 2549:. 2508:. 2494:3 2431:. 2411:" 2373:. 2347:. 2321:. 2279:. 2233:. 2209:. 2180:. 2153:. 2079:. 2052:. 2020:. 1989:. 1968:. 1941:. 1242:" 248:( 87:) 66:) 62:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index