589:
252:. They were still subject to raids by hostile tribes. The Ponca spent years attempting to hunt and raise crops and horses near their old village of HĂșbthaâż and the town of Niobrara. The government failed to provide the mills, personnel, schools, and protection that it had promised by the 1858 treaty. It did not keep up with the increasing Ponca tribal enrollment in distribution of annuities and goods. Relatives sought annuity payments, people lost resources to sickness and starvation, and raids from hostile tribes were frequent.
40:
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of 1854 had encouraged a flood of
European-American settlers, and the United States government pressured the Nebraska tribes to sell their land. At the same time, they were suffering raids from the North by the Brulé and Oglala. Because tribal land claims overlapped, the Omaha treaty of 1854 included
236:
where the Ponca summer corn fields had been. The BrulĂ© raids from the north cut off the winter hunting grounds and forced the Ponca to abandon HĂșbthaâż. In 1858, under this pressure, the Ponca ceded much of their lands to the United States. They reserved the land between Ponca Creek and the
Niobrara,
463:
As the trial drew to a close, the judge announced that Chief
Standing Bear would be allowed to make a speech in his own behalf. Raising his right hand, Standing Bear proceeded to speak. Among his words were, "That hand is not the color of yours, but if I prick it, the blood will flow, and I shall
291:
Standing Bear age 71 (born May 1828); Zazette Bear age 63, wife (born March 1836) (mother of 0 children, 0 living); Lali Bear age 31, second wife (born 1868) (mother of 7 children, 5 living); Fanny Bear age 15, daughter (born 1884); Lucy Bear age 14, daughter (born 1889); Fisher Bear age 11, son
343:
Reservation. Angry at what he called the Ponca chiefs' "insubordination", Kemble refused to take them home until they had viewed all the land. Instead, eight of the chiefs decided to return home on foot. Kemble visited the Quapaw
Reservation and selected it as the removal destination. In April,
391:, where they were detained. Although the official orders were to return them immediately to Indian Territory, Crook was sympathetic to the Ponca and appalled to learn of the conditions they had left. He delayed their return so the Ponca could rest, regain their health, and seek legal redress.
478:
It was a landmark case, recognizing that an Indian is a "person" under the law and entitled to its rights and protection. "The right of expatriation is a natural, inherent and inalienable right and extends to the Indian as well as to the more fortunate white race," the judge concluded.
284:
Prior to the 1877 removal, Standing Bear had married
Zazette, Primeau (Primoux), and had become a leader in the tribe. He and his wife Zazette had several children, including Prairie Flower and Bear Shield, both of whom died during 'Removal' (1877) or right after (1879).
1153:
985:
Standing Bear agreed, and in April 1879, he sued for a writ of habeas corpus in the US. District Court ... On May 12, Judge Elmer Dundy ruled that the United States had showed no basis for the arrest and holding of the Poncas. The tribe was
351:
The Ponca arrived in
Oklahoma too late to plant crops that year, and the government failed to provide them with the farming equipment it had promised as part of the deal. In 1878 they moved 150 miles (240 km) west to the
4657:
368:, and related causes. Standing Bear's eldest son, Bear Shield, was among the dead. Standing Bear had promised to bury him in the Niobrara River valley homeland, so he left to travel north with about 30 followers.
255:
In 1865 a new treaty allowed the Ponca to return to their traditional farming and burial grounds, in the much more fertile and secure area between the
Niobrara and Ponca Creek east of the 1858 lands and up to the
526:, accompanied Standing Bear on the speaking tour. The LaFlesche siblings took turns acting as his translator. Tibbles also was part of the party. During his lecture tour, Standing Bear won the support of poet
1154:"NCIA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR AT THE CHIEF STANDING BEAR SCULPTURE DEDICATION IN LINCOLN ON OCTOBER 15 WITH FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, STANDING BEAR SCULPTURE DONOR DON CAMPBELL, DR. PAIGE PAULSON, SCULPTOR BEN VICTOR"
482:
Years later, blind and in failing health, the attorney
Poppleton reflected on his final court plea for Standing Bear: "I cannot recall any two hours' work of my life with which I feel better satisfied."
1183:
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4330:
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427:
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In
Standing Bear's childhood, Brulé raids forced the Ponca to rely more on agriculture and less on the winter bison hunt. In his adolescence, the tribe split into two villages:
143:), daughter of Lone Chief (also known as Antoine Primeau), mother of Prairie Flower and Bear Shield, was also a signatory on the 1879 writ that initiated the famous court case.
174:
When
Standing Bear was born circa 1829, the Ponca traditionally raised maize, vegetables, and fruit trees in these sites during the summer. They ranged westward for the winter
4436:
1134:
997:
Fogarty, Jim. "Although My Skin Is of a Different Hue, Yet I Am a Man", Union Pacific Railroad INFO, Volume 9, Issue 5, 1991, page 23. No copyright is published by INFO
4211:
646:
In 2017, a bronze sculpture of Standing Bear was completed, commissioned by artist Ben Victor, and located in downtown Lincoln, Nebraska. The statue was donated by
1289:
502:
Between October 1879 and 1883, Standing Bear traveled in the eastern United States speaking about Indian rights in forums sponsored by Indian advocate and former
560:
He died in 1908 of oral cancer and was buried on a hill overlooking the site of his birth. Today the federal government recognizes two tribes of the people: the
4472:
375:
in Nebraska, they were welcomed as relatives. Word of their arrival in Nebraska soon reached the government. Under orders from the Secretary of the Interior,
4508:
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After returning from the East, Standing Bear resided at his old home on the Niobrara. He farmed near 170 other Ponca who had been allowed to resettle there.
4283:
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221:), on the northwest bank of the Niobrara. Standing Bear learned the ways of the men, how to hunt and fish, and prepared to take his place in the tribe.
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320:). White Eagle and other Ponca leaders later claimed that because of a mistranslation, he had understood that they were to move to the
229:
a cession of a 70-mile-mile-wide strip (110 km) of land between Aowa Creek and the Niobrara, which was also claimed by the Ponca.
348:, with those Ponca willing to leave. In May, the remainder of the tribe was forced to move, including Standing Bear and his family.
288:
In the 1900 Census, Standing Bear resided in Raymond Township, Knox County, Nebraska with his family listed (all born in Nebraska):
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758:"AN INDIAN'S ATTEMPT TO APPEAL FROM THE TOMAHAWK TO THE COURTS, WITH SOME SUGGESTIONS TOWARDS A SOLUTION OF THE INDIAN QUESTION"
604:
was named in his honor. It is the site of the Standing Bear Museum and Education Center, as well as a 22 feet (6.7 m) high
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139:, thus becoming the first Native American judicially granted civil rights under American law. His first wife Zazette Primeau (
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had the Ponca arrested for having left the reservation in Indian Territory. The army took Standing Bear and the others to
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In 1994, six north-central tribes in Oklahoma formed the Standing Bear Foundation; they began holding an annual
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Year: 1900; Census Place: Raymond, Knox, Nebraska; Page: 15; Enumeration District: 0115; FHL microfilm: 1240932
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In Lincoln, Nebraska, there is a city park located in the southwest area of town named "Standing Bear Grounds".
20:
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administration, which provided authority for Standing Bear and some of the tribe to return permanently to the
4418:
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939:"United States, ex rel. Standing Bear, v. George Crook, a Brigadier-General of the Army of the United States"
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began construction of a new facility to be named Standing Bear High School, intending for it to open in 2023.
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A bust of Standing Bear, created by Ted Long in 1980 to commemorate Standing Bear being a member of the
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feel pain," said Standing Bear. "The blood is of the same color as yours. God made me, and I am a Man."
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In February 1877, ten Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompanied Inspector Edward C. Kemble to
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The army immediately freed Standing Bear and his followers. The case gained the attention of the
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The land to which the Ponca moved proved unsuitable; poor farming conditions led to persistent
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452:, an accomplished and educated bilingual Omaha of mixed-race background. The case is called
292:(born 1888); Jennie Bear age 6, son (born Feb 1894); Henry Bear age 4, son (born Aug 1895).
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1244:"US Postal Service honors civil rights leader, Ponca tribe Chief Standing Bear, with stamp"
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456:. General Crook was named as the formal defendant because he was holding the Ponca under
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and the Legal Status of Native Americans in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century".
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that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the right of
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1212:"The civil rights leader 'almost nobody knows about' gets a statue in the U.S. Capitol"
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publicized the Poncas' story widely. The attorney John L. Webster offered his services
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hunt. The hunts brought them into frequent contact with their traditional enemies, the
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A. J. Carrier and signed a document allowing removal to Indian Territory (present-day
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1198:"'It honors all of our people': Ponca Tribe dedicates statue of Chief Standing Bear"
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epidemic had reduced their numbers from approximately 800 to 100 at the time of the
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United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
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398:, an outspoken advocate of Native American rights (who had once served under
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1184:"Bronze sculpture of Native civil rights icon Chief Standing Bear unveiled"
1115:
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332:
313:
183:
264:, however, the government illegally gave the new Ponca reservation to the
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By 1862, white settlers were quickly moving in and building the town of
82:
First Native American judicially granted civil rights under American law
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966:. Voices of the American Indian Experience. Greenwood. p. 351.
151:
By 1789, when Juan Baptiste Munier acquired trading rights with the
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113:
1281:
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White Goose, Standing Bear, and other Ponca leaders met with U.S.
179:
4331:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
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1706:
1666:
1621:
1616:
1586:
1546:
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1446:
1421:
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In 2005, a new elementary school in Omaha was named in his honor.
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1606:
1516:
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They aided Standing Bear, who in April 1879 sued for a writ of
426:
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Kemble headed south to the Quapaw Reservation near present-day
340:
249:
186:
Lakota. Sometimes the Ponca allied with their enemies to raid
3078:
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1611:
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1416:
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118:
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at the Nebraska-South Dakota border, was named in his honor.
1451:
1152:
Nebraska Commission on Indian Affairs/ (October 25, 2017).
331:
to view several tracts of land. After viewing lands on the
272:. The government soon began to seek to remove the Ponca to
4212:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1282:"Standing Bear Museum and Statue in Ponca City, Oklahoma"
1116:"Standing Bear Foundation and Pow-wow Look to the Future"
471:
ruled that "an Indian is a person" within the meaning of
360:. By spring, nearly a third of the tribe had died due to
1308:(documentary). Nebraska Educational Telecommunications.
1182:
Mark Schwaninger, John Schwaninger (November 8, 2017).
831:
The Standing Bear Controversy: Prelude to Indian Reform
4473:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4437:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
714:
Tennant, Brad (2011). "'Excluding Indians Not Taxed':
704:
U.S. Indian Census Rolls, 1885 Ponca Indians of Dakota
159:
near its mouth, and ranged as far east as present-day
1169:"Doane Names Donald M. Campbell To Board of Trustees"
1135:"Chief Standing Bear sculpture to be unveiled Sunday"
4284:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
4164:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
1031:
The Devil in the White City, Erik Larson, pp. 284-5.
864:
Mathes & Lowitt, "The Standing Bear Controversy,
4485:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
4140:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
514:, later married to Henry Tibbles, and her brother
933:
224:In 1859, when Standing Bear was a young man, the
4670:
4236:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
600:The 63 acres (25 ha) Standing Bear Park in
194:villages, but they also suffered raids by them.
4562:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
959:
430:Standing Bear, Zazette Primeaux Bear, and child
125:civil rights leader who successfully argued in
4116:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
829:Valerie Sherer Mathes; Richard Lowitt (2003).
769:
767:
448:. Acting as interpreter for Standing Bear was
3993:
1328:
805:
629:to bring the tribes and non-Native residents.
611:In 1977, Standing Bear was inducted into the
304:Timeline of racial tension in Omaha, Nebraska
74:Chief and Native American civil rights leader
4220:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
1166:
700:
698:
696:
682:based on a portrait by Thomas Blackshear II.
454:United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook
1294:Douglas County, Nebraska Historical Society
927:
764:
4156:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
4000:
3986:
1335:
1321:
1133:Star, Lincoln Journal (October 12, 2017).
941:. The Independent Workers Party of Chicago
38:
885:
693:
675:In 2023, Standing Bear was featured on a
295:
963:Voices of the American Indian Experience
587:
575:
425:
4509:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
773:
713:
4671:
1089:"Nebraska Hall of Fame: Standing Bear"
1043:The Norfolk Weekly News Journal (Neb.)
960:Seelye, J.E.; Littleton, S.A. (2013).
752:
279:
216:
202:
112:
4443:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
4260:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
4013:Native Americans in the United States
3981:
3098:
2914:Bibliography of the American frontier
1342:
1316:
879:
16:Native American leader (c. 1829â1908)
4724:Native American people from Nebraska
4124:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2970:Cuisine of the Western United States
1132:
1077:– via nebraskapublicmedia.org.
571:
4719:Native American history of Nebraska
4431:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4092:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
728:International Social Science Review
634:Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge
592:Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bridge
13:
2706:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
268:as part of its negotiation to end
237:approximately between present-day
14:
4740:
4601:National Indian Gaming Commission
4196:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
4060:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
2954:Timeline of the American Old West
1262:
760:. Boston : Lockwood, Brooks.
541:In 1893 Standing Bear worked for
4148:Menominee Tribe v. United States
3962:
3961:
1230:"LPS: Standing Bear High School"
1045:. September 11, 1908. p. 6.
923:. Timeless Truths Website. 1879.
895:. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
650:board member Donald M. Campbell.
163:, at the mouth of Aowa Creek. A
4355:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
2610:First transcontinental railroad
1236:
1222:
1204:
1190:
1175:
1167:REBECCA SVEC (March 15, 2011).
1160:
1145:
1126:
1108:
1081:
1067:
1049:
1034:
1025:
1000:
991:
909:
870:
806:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2005).
530:and other prominent Americans.
512:Susette (Bright Eyes) LaFlesche
497:
354:Salt Fork of the Arkansas River
324:, not to the Indian Territory.
4729:People from Nebraska Territory
4585:In the Courts of the Conqueror
4188:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1041:"Standing Bear Not Murdered".
858:
845:
822:
799:
790:
746:
707:
557:in full ceremonial headdress.
533:
394:Crook told the Ponca story to
155:, they had villages along the
21:Standing Bear (disambiguation)
1:
4714:20th-century Native Americans
4709:19th-century Native Americans
4467:Native American Languages Act
892:Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee
686:
402:). Tibbles, an editor of the
262:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
146:
99:/Macunajin; other spellings:
4606:Native American civil rights
4461:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
4300:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
2785:Battle of the Little Bighorn
876:Dando-Collins, Standing Bear
839:University of Illinois Press
784:University of Nebraska Press
661:in the Statuary Hall of the
551:World's Columbian Exposition
58:1908 (aged 78–79)
7:
4621:Recognition of sacred sites
4616:Native American Rights Fund
4521:Federally recognized tribes
4401:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
2810:First Battle of Adobe Walls
2754:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
2749:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
1306:"Standing Bear's Footsteps"
10:
4745:
4699:History of Omaha, Nebraska
4479:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
4036:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
2565:Great Western Cattle Trail
774:Wishart, David J. (1995).
528:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
301:
215:(Grey Blanket, pronounced
169:Lewis and Clark Expedition
18:
4534:
4494:
4395:Indian Reorganization Act
4339:
4322:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
4180:United States v. Antelope
4019:
3957:
3926:
3893:
3875:
3827:
3774:
3706:
3633:
3605:
3552:
3494:
3462:
3419:
3401:
3378:
3330:
3277:
3244:
3196:
3143:
3105:
3094:
2962:
2901:
2848:
2767:
2724:
2686:
2653:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
2618:
2525:
2475:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
2390:
2280:
2197:Frederick Russell Burnham
2187:
2037:
1931:
1800:
1637:
1630:
1357:
1350:
808:Standing Bear Is A Person
78:
70:
62:
54:
46:
37:
30:
4547:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4449:Indian Child Welfare Act
4252:South Dakota v. Bourland
1994:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
1290:"Photo of Standing Bear"
1270:"Trial of Standing Bear"
1061:www.standingbearpark.com
917:"Standing Bear's Speech"
419:, chief attorney of the
381:Bureau of Indian Affairs
379:, who also directed the
201:(Fish Smell, pronounced
4689:Native American leaders
4596:Long Walk of the Navajo
4526:State recognized tribes
4425:Indian Civil Rights Act
2795:Battle of Washita River
2780:Battle of Glorieta Pass
2658:Lost Ship of the Desert
2600:Southern Emigrant Trail
2560:Great Platte River Road
2227:George Armstrong Custer
2019:William "Bill" Tilghman
1532:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
655:statue of Standing Bear
566:Ponca Tribe of Oklahoma
562:Ponca Tribe of Nebraska
524:Smithsonian Institution
467:On May 12, 1879, Judge
356:, south of present-day
4611:Native American gaming
4514:Legal status of Hawaii
4389:Indian Citizenship Act
4268:Idaho v. United States
4172:Bryan v. Itasca County
4108:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
4068:Standing Bear v. Crook
3005:Rocky Mountain oysters
776:An Unspeakable Sadness
670:Lincoln Public Schools
659:William Jennings Bryan
593:
585:
518:, who later became an
431:
421:Union Pacific Railroad
371:When they reached the
297:Standing Bear v. Crook
95:official orthography:
4694:North Omaha, Nebraska
4419:Indian Relocation Act
4276:United States v. Lara
4052:Fellows v. Blacksmith
2840:Wounded Knee Massacre
2790:Battle of San Jacinto
2759:Variety Hall shootout
2734:Battle of Coffeyville
2716:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
2696:Black Hills Gold Rush
2373:Thomas William Sweeny
2237:Samuel P. Heintzelman
2014:John Horton Slaughter
1908:Richens Lacey Wootton
1442:Five Civilized Tribes
1232:. September 16, 2021.
663:United States Capitol
613:Nebraska Hall of Fame
591:
582:Nebraska Hall of Fame
579:
545:'s Wild West show in
429:
302:Further information:
207:), near the mouth of
114:[mĂŁtÊuênĂŁÊÄ©ê]
4044:Worcester v. Georgia
3895:Washington Territory
3635:New Mexico Territory
3000:Pacific Northwestern
2919:Cowboys and cowgirls
2701:California Gold Rush
2678:Seven Cities of Gold
2663:Montezuma's treasure
2470:One-room schoolhouse
2318:George E. Goodfellow
2212:Texas Jack Omohundro
2055:"Curly Bill" Brocius
1853:Liver-Eating Johnson
1828:TomĂĄs VĂ©lez CachupĂn
1382:Assiniboine (Nakota)
1057:"Standing Bear Park"
636:, which crosses the
608:statue of the chief.
602:Ponca City, Oklahoma
494:valley in Nebraska.
383:, Brigadier General
358:Ponca City, Oklahoma
19:For other uses, see
4591:Indian reservations
4552:Cherokee Commission
4028:Johnson v. McIntosh
2883:Pleasant Valley War
2825:Sand Creek massacre
2775:Battle of the Alamo
2648:Long Tom's treasure
2343:Octaviano Larrazolo
2257:Ranald S. Mackenzie
2207:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
1918:"Old Bill" Williams
1868:William John Murphy
677:U.S. Postal Service
442:U.S. District Court
417:Andrew J. Poppleton
280:Marriage and family
226:Kansas-Nebraska Act
218:[waêÄ©xuêde]
127:U.S. District Court
4651:Self-determination
4646:Tribal sovereignty
4572:Eagle-bone whistle
4365:Indian Removal Act
4353:Nonintercourse Act
4347:Blood quantum laws
4314:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3708:Oklahoma Territory
2893:SuttonâTaylor feud
2873:Lincoln County War
2868:Johnson County War
2768:Military conflicts
2711:Klondike Gold Rush
2512:Westward expansion
2333:Zephaniah Kingsley
2107:John Wesley Hardin
2004:George Scarborough
1984:"Wild Bill" Hickok
1873:John Wesley Powell
1200:. August 13, 2018.
1120:Peace Corps Online
921:The Indian Journal
620:Standing Bear Lake
594:
586:
553:where he rode the
432:
415:and was joined by
405:Omaha Daily Herald
204:[huËêblá¶ĂŁ]
4666:
4665:
4567:Eagle feather law
4501:State recognition
4292:Cobell v. Salazar
4204:Solem v. Bartlett
4076:Ex parte Crow Dog
3975:
3974:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3928:Wyoming Territory
3496:Montana Territory
3332:Florida Territory
3145:Arizona Territory
3032:Western lifestyle
2863:Earp-Clanton feud
2805:ChimayĂł Rebellion
2739:Battle of Lincoln
2545:Butterfield Trail
2495:Vigilante justice
2386:
2385:
2313:John Joel Glanton
2298:Jonathan R. Davis
2293:William H. Boring
1898:Trinidad Swilling
1487:Lenape (Delaware)
1412:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
1344:American frontier
1300:on March 7, 2008.
1122:. Ponca City, OK.
973:978-0-313-38116-4
841:. pp. 20â22.
818:. pp. 16â40.
780:Lincoln, Nebraska
572:Legacy and honors
450:Susette LaFlesche
373:Omaha Reservation
333:Osage Reservation
322:Omaha Reservation
86:
85:
4736:
4542:Aboriginal title
4359:Civilization Act
4295:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
4002:
3995:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3965:
3964:
3776:Oregon Territory
3713:Indian Territory
3279:Dakota Territory
3103:
3102:
3096:
3095:
2995:New Mexico chile
2878:Mason County War
2835:Texas Revolution
2800:Bear Flag Revolt
2550:California Trail
2460:Manifest destiny
2392:Frontier culture
2288:John Jacob Astor
2262:Charley Reynolds
2162:Younger Brothers
2142:Joaquin Murrieta
2029:Harry C. Wheeler
2024:James Timberlake
1913:Henry Wickenburg
1858:Meriwether Lewis
1777:Touch the Clouds
1639:Native Americans
1635:
1634:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1296:. Archived from
1285:
1277:
1274:Nebraska Studies
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1094:History Nebraska
1085:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1012:Heritage History
1004:
998:
995:
989:
988:
982:
980:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
931:
925:
924:
913:
907:
906:
883:
877:
874:
868:
862:
856:
849:
843:
842:
826:
820:
819:
803:
797:
794:
788:
787:
771:
762:
761:
750:
744:
743:
711:
705:
702:
657:replaced one of
549:and visited the
508:Wendell Phillips
346:Peoria, Oklahoma
329:Indian Territory
274:Indian Territory
220:
206:
116:
91:(c. 1829â1908) (
42:
28:
27:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4579:Hunting license
4530:
4499:
4490:
4407:Nationality Act
4335:
4308:Sharp v. Murphy
4228:Hodel v. Irving
4132:Williams v. Lee
4100:Talton v. Mayes
4015:
4006:
3976:
3971:
3945:
3922:
3889:
3871:
3823:
3770:
3710:
3702:
3629:
3601:
3548:
3490:
3458:
3415:
3397:
3380:Idaho Territory
3374:
3326:
3273:
3240:
3192:
3139:
3090:
2985:Native American
2958:
2909:Arizona Rangers
2897:
2852:
2844:
2763:
2744:Frisco shootout
2720:
2682:
2628:Dead man's hand
2614:
2527:
2521:
2517:Wild West shows
2425:Cattle rustling
2382:
2368:Sedona Schnebly
2353:Sylvester Mowry
2276:
2267:Philip Sheridan
2217:James C. Cooney
2189:
2183:
2075:Dalton Brothers
2033:
1944:Charlie Bassett
1927:
1848:John C. Frémont
1802:
1796:
1762:Snapping Turtle
1626:
1577:Southern Paiute
1542:Pend d'Oreilles
1527:Northern Paiute
1353:
1346:
1341:
1304:
1288:
1280:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1216:Washington Post
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1139:JournalStar.com
1131:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:"Standing Bear"
1073:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1008:"Standing Bear"
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
978:
976:
974:
958:
954:
944:
942:
932:
928:
915:
914:
910:
903:
884:
880:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:Dando-Collins,
850:
846:
827:
823:
804:
800:
795:
791:
772:
765:
751:
747:
712:
708:
703:
694:
689:
574:
536:
500:
446:Omaha, Nebraska
337:Kaw Reservation
310:paramount chief
306:
300:
282:
270:Red Cloud's War
243:Lynch, Nebraska
161:Ponca, Nebraska
149:
123:Native American
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4638:
4636:Trail of Tears
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4413:Public Law 280
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4349:(1705 onwards)
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4088:
4084:Elk v. Wilkins
4080:
4072:
4071:(D. Neb. 1879)
4064:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:Salt Lake City
3881:
3879:
3877:Utah Territory
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Prospect Bluff
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Gothic Western
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Santa Fe Trail
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Chisholm Trail
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2500:Western saloon
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:American bison
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Emperor Norton
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Andrew Jackson
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Jedediah Smith
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1631:Notable people
1628:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1622:Yuma (Quechan)
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Tohono OÊŒodham
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1359:Native Nations
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1339:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
137:
136:habeas corpus
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
110:
106:
105:Ma-chĂș-na-zhe
102:
101:Ma-chĂș-nu-zhe
98:
94:
90:
89:Standing Bear
81:
77:
73:
71:Occupation(s)
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:Standing Bear
29:
26:
22:
4704:Ponca people
4679:1820s births
4583:
4455:Diminishment
4320:
4312:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
3941:Fort Laramie
3936:Fort Bridger
3721:Broken Arrow
3472:Independence
3069:Cowboy boots
3064:Western wear
2944:Mountain men
2605:Tanner Trail
2590:Pony Express
2585:Oregon Trail
2580:Mormon Trail
2450:Homesteading
2415:Cattle drive
2378:Peter Lebeck
2363:Annie Oakley
2323:Doc Holliday
2252:Luther Kelly
2232:Alexis Godey
2222:George Crook
2157:Sundance Kid
2112:Johnny Ringo
2102:Bill Downing
1883:Levi Ruggles
1843:Donner Party
1818:John Bozeman
1813:Daniel Boone
1766:
1752:Sitting Bull
1727:Plenty Coups
1662:Chief Joseph
1657:Bloody Knife
1652:Black Kettle
1352:1776 to 1912
1298:the original
1293:
1273:
1248:. Retrieved
1238:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1177:
1162:
1147:
1138:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1092:
1083:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1015:. Retrieved
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
977:. Retrieved
962:
955:
945:September 8,
943:. Retrieved
937:, J (1879).
929:
920:
911:
891:
881:
872:
865:
860:
852:
847:
830:
824:
807:
801:
792:
775:
748:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
559:
555:Ferris Wheel
543:Buffalo Bill
540:
537:
504:abolitionist
501:
498:Lecture tour
485:
481:
477:
472:
466:
462:
458:color of law
453:
435:
433:
410:
403:
393:
385:George Crook
370:
350:
326:
314:Indian Agent
307:
296:
290:
287:
283:
254:
247:
231:
223:
212:
198:
196:
173:
150:
140:
134:
109:Mantcunanjin
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
87:
25:
4684:1908 deaths
4557:Dawes Rolls
4340:Legislation
3867:San Antonio
3804:Oregon City
3799:McMinnville
3726:Fort Gibson
3658:Fort Sumner
3648:Albuquerque
3615:Carson City
3519:Fort Benton
3477:Kansas City
3449:Leavenworth
3370:Tallahassee
3221:Los Angeles
3206:Bakersfield
3183:Window Rock
2990:New Mexican
2980:Californian
2929:Ghost towns
2820:Mexican War
2815:Indian Wars
2688:Gold rushes
2668:Paul Bunyan
2575:Meek Cutoff
2535:Barlow Road
2405:Barbed wire
2338:Seth Kinman
2152:Soapy Smith
2147:Belle Starr
2137:Tom McLaury
2127:Tom Ketchum
2122:Frank James
2117:Jesse James
2097:Bill Doolin
2070:Ike Clanton
2009:John Selman
1999:Bass Reeves
1974:Pat Garrett
1959:Virgil Earp
1954:Morgan Earp
1939:Elfego Baca
1878:Juan Rivera
1823:Jim Bridger
1702:Ganundalegi
1687:Crazy Snake
1682:Crazy Horse
1100:October 26,
1017:October 26,
653:In 2019, a
534:Later years
520:ethnologist
377:Carl Schurz
260:. With the
209:Ponca Creek
129:in 1879 in
111:pronounced
63:Nationality
4673:Categories
4631:Survivance
4377:Curtis Act
3852:Fort Worth
3789:The Dalles
3756:Tishomingo
3643:Alamogordo
3534:Livingston
3514:Deer Lodge
3434:Dodge City
3388:Fort Boise
3345:Negro Fort
3312:Rapid City
3307:Pine Ridge
3302:Fort Yates
3226:Sacramento
3198:California
3158:Fort Grant
3074:Cowboy hat
3042:New Mexico
3022:Weird West
2975:Chuckwagon
2888:Sheep Wars
2850:Range wars
2673:Pecos Bill
2643:Johnny Kaw
2638:John Henry
2633:Dime novel
2528:and trails
2505:Tack piano
2485:Stagecoach
2440:Ghost town
2202:Kit Carson
2190:and scouts
2050:Black Bart
1964:Wyatt Earp
1692:Dasoda-hae
1677:Crazy Bear
1647:Black Hawk
855:pp. 40â42;
716:Dred Scott
687:References
400:John Brown
389:Fort Omaha
362:starvation
308:The Ponca
147:Background
121:chief and
4383:Burke Act
4371:Dawes Act
3918:Vancouver
3794:La Grande
3761:Tuskahoma
3751:Tahlequah
3731:Fort Sill
3698:Tucumcari
3668:Las Vegas
3597:Whiteclay
3592:Valentine
3524:Fort Peck
3482:St. Louis
3439:Ellsworth
3393:Fort Hall
3365:St. Marks
3350:Pensacola
3264:Telluride
3231:San Diego
3216:Jamestown
3173:Tombstone
3115:Anchorage
2963:Influence
2934:Gunfights
2726:Gunfights
2570:Lolo Pass
2526:Transport
2465:Moonshine
2455:Land rush
2445:Gunfights
2435:Fast draw
2410:Boot Hill
2308:C. S. Fly
2272:Al Sieber
1979:Jack Helm
1863:Joe Mayer
1801:Explorers
1772:Ten Bears
1757:Smallwood
1742:Sacagawea
1737:Red Cloud
1717:Manuelito
1712:Kiliahote
1562:Seminoles
1522:Nez Perce
1387:Blackfoot
887:Dee Brown
835:Champaign
668:In 2021,
618:In 1977,
522:with the
213:WĂĄiâż-XĂșde
171:in 1807.
4020:Case law
3967:Category
3857:Gonzales
3809:Portland
3746:Pawhuska
3741:Okmulgee
3693:Santa Fe
3683:Mogollon
3653:Cimarron
3582:Ogallala
3554:Nebraska
3539:Missoula
3504:Billings
3464:Missouri
3403:Illinois
3292:Deadwood
3287:Bismarck
3269:Trinidad
3246:Colorado
3163:Prescott
3120:Iditarod
3047:Red Dirt
2620:Folklore
2430:Cow town
2348:Nat Love
2242:Tom Horn
2188:Soldiers
1949:Roy Bean
1805:pioneers
1792:Washakie
1787:Victorio
1697:Geronimo
1672:Degataga
1567:Shoshone
1512:Muscogee
1497:Maricopa
1472:Kumeyaay
1462:Kickapoo
1457:Hualapai
1427:Comanche
1402:Cheyenne
1392:Cahuilla
889:(1970).
812:New York
756:(1880).
740:41887472
564:and the
492:Niobrara
412:pro bono
335:and the
318:Oklahoma
234:Niobrara
165:smallpox
117:) was a
66:American
4535:Related
4496:Federal
3913:Seattle
3903:Everett
3862:Lubbock
3847:El Paso
3842:Abilene
3784:Astoria
3688:Roswell
3678:Mesilla
3673:Lincoln
3562:Chadron
3509:Bozeman
3454:Wichita
3429:Abilene
3322:Yankton
3168:Phoenix
3135:Skagway
3010:Tex-Mex
2949:Outlaws
2038:Outlaws
1747:Seattle
1707:Irataba
1667:Cochise
1617:Yavapai
1587:Tonkawa
1547:Pequots
1477:Kutenai
1447:Hidatsa
1422:Cocopah
1407:Chinook
1377:Arikara
1372:Arapaho
1250:May 14,
979:May 13,
627:pow-wow
622:opened.
547:Chicago
516:Francis
366:malaria
199:HĂșbthaâż
4487:(2008)
4481:(1990)
4475:(1990)
4469:(1990)
4463:(1988)
4457:(1984)
4451:(1978)
4445:(1978)
4439:(1975)
4433:(1971)
4427:(1968)
4421:(1956)
4415:(1953)
4409:(1940)
4403:(1936)
4397:(1934)
4391:(1924)
4385:(1906)
4379:(1898)
4373:(1887)
4367:(1830)
4361:(1819)
4325:(2022)
4317:(2020)
4303:(2013)
4287:(2005)
4279:(2004)
4271:(2001)
4263:(1997)
4255:(1993)
4247:(1990)
4239:(1989)
4231:(1987)
4223:(1986)
4215:(1985)
4207:(1984)
4199:(1982)
4191:(1978)
4183:(1977)
4175:(1976)
4167:(1974)
4159:(1973)
4151:(1968)
4143:(1960)
4135:(1959)
4127:(1955)
4119:(1941)
4111:(1903)
4103:(1896)
4095:(1896)
4087:(1884)
4079:(1883)
4063:(1858)
4055:(1857)
4047:(1832)
4039:(1831)
4031:(1823)
4009:Rights
3837:Austin
3766:Wewoka
3663:Gallup
3607:Nevada
3529:Helena
3421:Kansas
3340:Angola
3259:Denver
3254:Creede
3211:Fresno
3178:Tucson
3130:Seward
3107:Alaska
3099:Places
3052:Tejano
2939:Lawmen
2281:Others
2091:Emmett
1932:Lawmen
1722:Massai
1607:Yakama
1602:Washoe
1592:Umpqua
1557:Pueblo
1537:Pawnee
1517:Navajo
1507:Mohave
1492:Mandan
1482:Lakota
1437:Dakota
1397:Cayuse
1367:Apache
970:
899:
866:p. 48;
754:Zyliff
738:
606:bronze
341:Quapaw
250:famine
211:; and
188:Pawnee
184:Oglala
3829:Texas
3814:Salem
3587:Omaha
3297:Fargo
3079:Jeans
2924:Gangs
2902:Lists
2855:feuds
2480:Rodeo
1612:Yaqui
1572:Sioux
1502:Modoc
1467:Kiowa
1417:Caddo
736:JSTOR
488:Hayes
239:Butte
192:Omaha
180:Brulé
176:bison
153:Ponca
141:Primo
131:Omaha
119:Ponca
93:Ponca
3819:Vale
3711:and
3625:Reno
3444:Hays
3188:Yuma
3125:Nome
2853:and
2178:John
2166:Cole
2083:Bill
2079:Grat
1803:and
1782:Tuvi
1552:Pima
1452:Hopi
1432:Crow
1252:2023
1102:2022
1019:2022
981:2019
968:ISBN
947:2015
897:ISBN
241:and
190:and
182:and
55:Died
50:1829
47:Born
4498:and
4311:and
4011:of
2174:Jim
2170:Bob
2087:Bob
1597:Ute
986:...
724:Elk
444:in
440:in
107:or
4675::
2176:,
2172:,
2168:,
2089:,
2085:,
2081:,
1292:.
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1091:.
1059:.
1010:.
983:.
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810:.
782::
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