Saint Nicholas - Knowledge

925:. However, a storm forced them to take refuge in Myra. Unbeknownst to the generals, who were in the harbor, their soldiers further inland were fighting with local merchants and engaging in looting and destruction. Nicholas confronted the generals for allowing their soldiers to misbehave and the generals brought an end to the looting. Immediately after the soldiers had returned to their ships, Nicholas heard word of the three innocent men about to be executed and the three generals aided him in stopping the execution. Eustathius attempted to flee on his horse but Nicholas stopped his horse and chastised him for his corruption. Eustathius, under the threat of being reported directly to the Emperor, repented of his corrupt ways. Afterward, the generals succeeded in ending the rebellion and were promoted by Constantine to even higher status. The generals' enemies, however, slandered them to the consul Ablabius, telling him that they had not really put down the revolt, but instead encouraged their own soldiers to join it. The generals' enemies also bribed Ablabius and he had the three generals imprisoned. Nicholas then made his dream appearances and the three generals were set free. 868: 829:, in which Apollonius gives money to an impoverished father but posits that Michael the Archimandrite's account is markedly different. Philostratus does not mention the fate of the daughters and, in his story, Apollonius's generosity is purely motivated out of sympathy for the father; in Michael the Archimandrite's account, however, Saint Nicholas is instead expressly stated to be motivated by a desire to save the daughters from being sold into prostitution. He argues that this desire to help women is most characteristic of fourth-century Christianity, due to the prominent role women played in the early Christian movement, rather than Greco-Roman paganism or the Christianity of Michael the Archimandrite's time in the ninth century, by which point the position of women had drastically declined. 934: 68: 1846:. Sometimes he is depicted wearing the Eastern Orthodox mitre, sometimes he is bareheaded. Iconographically, Nicholas is depicted as an elderly man with a short, full, white, fluffy beard and balding head. In commemoration of the miracle attributed to him by tradition at the Council of Nicaea, he is sometimes depicted with Christ over his left shoulder holding out a Gospel Book to him and the Theotokos over his right shoulder holding the omophorion. Because of his patronage of mariners, occasionally Saint Nicholas will be shown standing in a boat or rescuing drowning sailors; Medieval Chants and Polyphony, image on the cover of the Book of Hours of Duke of Berry, 1410. 1082: 1030: 1850: 1568: 1686: 7239: 1305: 1230: 976:, who was also present at the council. Adam C. English notes that lists of the attendees at Nicaea vary considerably, with shorter lists only including roughly 200 names, but longer lists including around 300. Saint Nicholas's name only appears on the longer lists, not the shorter ones. Nicholas's name appears on a total of three early lists, one of which, Theodore the Lector, is generally considered to be the most accurate. According to Jona Lendering, there are two main possibilities: 1325:. According to a single chronicle written by an anonymous monk at this monastery, in 1100, a fleet of Venetian ships accompanied by Bishop Henri sailed past Myra on their way to Palestine for the First Crusade. Bishop Henri insisted for the fleet to turn back and set anchor in Myra. The Venetians took the remaining bones of Saint Nicholas, as well as those of several other bishops of Myra, from the church there, which was only guarded by four Orthodox monks, and brought them to 772: 7641: 7091: 7651: 1816: 1927: 1163: 647:", which was unusual for saints' lives of the period when it was written. He therefore argues that it is possible Michael the Archimandrite may have been relying on a source written before conversion narratives became popular, which would be a positive indication of that source's reliability. He notes that many of the stories recounted by Michael the Archimandrite closely resemble stories told about the first-century AD 1329:, where they deposited them in the San Nicolò al Lido. This tradition was lent credence in two scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice, which confirmed that the relics in the two cities are anatomically compatible and may belong to the same person. It is said that someone dies every time the bones of Saint Nicholas in Venice are disturbed. The last time the bones were examined was in July 1992. 1111: 1344: 1068:

because the wheat had to be weighed accurately and delivered to the emperor. Only when Nicholas promised them that they would not suffer any loss for their consideration did the sailors agree. When they arrived later in the capital, they made a surprising find: the weight of the load had not changed, although the wheat removed in Myra was enough for two full years and could even be used for sowing.

1881:. The episode with the three dowries is commemorated by showing him holding in his hand either three purses, three coins or three balls of gold. Depending on whether he is depicted as patron saint of children or sailors, his images will be completed by a background showing ships, children or three figures climbing out of a wooden barrel (the three slaughtered children he resurrected). 1261:) by the clergy of the basilica. The myrrh is collected from a sarcophagus which is located in the basilica vault and could be obtained in the shop nearby. The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb, but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb, or from the marble itself; since the town of Bari is a harbour, and the tomb is below 1253:. Although the Crusaders generally favored warrior saints, which Saint Nicholas was not, the presence of his relics in Bari made him materially accessible. Nicholas's associations with aiding travelers and seafarers also made him a popular choice for veneration. Nicholas's veneration by Crusaders helped promote his following throughout western Europe. 1098:, only twenty miles away from his birthplace of Patara. Nicholas's name is painted on part of the ruined building. In antiquity, the island was known as "Saint Nicholas Island" and today it is known in Turkish as Gemiler Adasi, meaning "Island of Boats", in reference to Saint Nicholas's traditional role as the patron saint of seafarers. 1475:, to examine the bones under the commission's supervision. Martino took thousands of measurements, detailed scientific drawings, photographs, and x-rays. These examinations revealed the saint to have died at over seventy years of age and to have been of average height and slender-to-average build. He also suffered from severe chronic 1060:, and widely beloved by ordinary folk. It is depicted in stained glass windows, wood panel paintings, tapestries, and frescoes. Eventually, the scene became so widely reproduced that, rather than showing the whole scene, artists began to merely depict Saint Nicholas with three naked children and a wooden barrel at his feet. 1486:, researchers Caroline Wilkinson and Fraco Introna reconstructed the saint's face based on Martino's examination. The review of the data revealed that the historical Saint Nicholas was 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) in height and had a broken nose, which had partially healed, revealing that the injury had been suffered 583:, written around 250 years after Nicholas of Myra's death, briefly mentions Nicholas of Sion visiting Nicholas's tomb to pay homage to him. According to Jeremy Seal, the fact that Nicholas had a tomb that could be visited serves as the almost solitary definitive proof that he was a real historical figure. 1521:

According to Professor Higham, most of the relics the team has examined turn out to be too recent to have actually belonged to the saint to whom they are attributed, but he states, "This bone fragment, in contrast, suggests that we could possibly be looking at remains from St Nicholas himself." Kazan

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Because of Nicholas's skeleton's long confinement in Myra, after it was brought to Bari, the demand for pieces of it rose. Small bones quickly began to disperse across western Europe. The sailors who had transported the bones gave one tooth and two fragments chipped from Nicholas's sarcophagus to the

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and Russian Orthodox Patriarch Kirill, a portion of the relics of St. Nicholas in Bari were sent on loan to Moscow. The relic was on display for veneration at Christ the Savior Cathedral before being taken to Saint Petersburg in mid-June prior to returning to Bari. More than a million people lined up

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According to another story, during a great famine that Myra experienced in 311–312, a ship was in the port at anchor, loaded with wheat for the emperor in Constantinople. Nicholas invited the sailors to unload a part of the wheat to help in the time of need. The sailors at first disliked the request,

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After visiting the Holy Land, Nicholas returned to Myra. The bishop of Myra, who had succeeded Nicholas's uncle, had recently died and the priests in the city had decided that the first priest to enter the church that morning would be made bishop. Nicholas went to the church to pray and was therefore

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Nicholas was born in the Greek city of Patara around 270 AD. The son of a businessman named Theophanes and his wife, Nonna, the child's earliest years were spent in Myra… As a port on the Mediterranean Sea, in the middle of the sea lanes that linked Egypt, Greece and Rome, Myra was a destination for

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In a strange twist, the three gold balls referring to the dowry affair are sometimes metaphorically interpreted as being oranges or other fruits. As in the Low Countries in medieval times oranges most frequently came from Spain, this led to the belief that the Saint lives in Spain and comes to visit

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in Rome. This church, whose name means "Saint Nicholas in Chains", was built on the site of a former municipal prison. Stories quickly developed about Nicholas himself having been held in that prison. Mothers would come to the church to pray to Saint Nicholas for their jailed sons to be released and

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After the relics were brought to Bari, they continued to produce "myrrh", much to the joy of their new owners. Vials of myrrh from his relics have been taken all over the world for centuries, and can still be obtained from his church in Bari. Even up to the present day, a flask of manna is extracted

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in 2000, and was given a prominent place in the square fronting the medieval Church of St Nicholas. In 2005, mayor Süleyman Topçu had the statue replaced by a red-suited plastic Santa Claus statue, because he wanted an image more recognisable to foreign visitors. Protests from the Russian government

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The church was built in the fourth century, around the time of Nicholas's death, and is typical of saints' shrines from that time period. Nicholas was the only major saint associated with that part of Turkey. The church where historians believe he was originally entombed is at the western end of the

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According to English, eventually, people who had forgotten or never learned the story began misinterpreting representations of it. That Saint Nicholas was shown with children led people to conclude he was the patron saint of children; meanwhile, the fact that he was shown with a barrel led people to

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The historicity of this incident is disputed. Adam C. English argues for a historical kernel to the legend, noting the story's early attestation as well as the fact that no similar stories were told about any other Christian saints. Jona Lendering, who also argues for the story's authenticity, notes

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and 9 May continued to be celebrated every year by western Christians as the day of Nicholas's "translation". Eastern Orthodox Christians and the Turks have both long regarded the unauthorized removal of the relics from Myra as a blatant theft, but the people of Bari have instead maintained that it

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According to Michael the Archimandrite's account, after the second daughter was married, the father stayed awake for at least two "nights" and caught Saint Nicholas in the same act of charity toward the third daughter. The father fell on his knees, thanking him, and Nicholas ordered him not to tell

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and, at the time of testing, was in the possession of Father Dennis O'Neill, a priest from St Martha of Bethany Church in Illinois. The results of the radiocarbon dating confirmed that the pelvis dates to the fourth century AD, around the same time that Saint Nicholas would have died, and is not a

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Turkish authorities asserted that Nicholas himself desired to be buried at his episcopal town, and that his remains were illegally removed from his homeland. In 2017, an archaeological survey at St. Nicholas Church, Demre was reported to have found a temple below the modern church, with excavation

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It has long been traditionally assumed that Saint Nicholas was originally buried in his home town of Myra, where his relics are later known to have been kept, but some recent archaeological evidence indicates that Saint Nicholas may have originally been entombed in a rock-cut church located at the

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and the economics associated with pilgrimages caused the remains of most saints to be divided up and spread over numerous churches in several countries, Saint Nicholas is unusual in that most of his bones have been preserved in one spot: his grave crypt in Bari. Even with the allegedly continuing

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Adam C. English describes the removal of the relics from Myra as "essentially a holy robbery" and notes the thieves were not only afraid of being caught or chased after by the locals, but also the power of Saint Nicholas himself. Returning to Bari, they brought the remains with them and cared for

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One story tells how during a terrible famine, a malicious butcher lured three little children into his house, where he killed them, placing their remains in a barrel to cure, planning to sell them off as ham. Nicholas, visiting the region to care for the hungry, saw through the butcher's lies and

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In Myra, the traditional St. Nicholas Feast Day is still celebrated on 6 December which many believe to be the anniversary of St Nicholas's death. This day is honored throughout Western Christendom, in lands comprising both Catholic and Protestant communities (in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the

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The date of his birth and the year of his death are disputed, but 6 December has long been established as the traditional date of his death. Jeremy Seal remarks, "As vampires shun daylight, so saints are distinguished from ordinary mortals by the anniversaries they keep. The date of their death

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In the mid-7th century, Gemile was vulnerable to attack by Arab fleets, so Nicholas's remains appear to have been moved from the island to the city of Myra, where Nicholas had served as bishop for most of his life. Myra is located roughly 40 km (25 mi) east of Gemile and its location

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himself and having Nicholas punch him rather than merely slapping him with his open hand. In these versions of the story, Nicholas is also imprisoned, but Christ and the Virgin Mary appear to him in his cell. He tells them he is imprisoned "for loving you" and they free him from his chains and

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for his three daughters. This meant that they would remain unmarried and probably, in absence of any other possible employment, be forced to become prostitutes. Hearing of the girls' plight, Nicholas decided to help them, but, being too modest to help the family in public (or to save them the

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to buy some hard-to-come-by goods, gifts for their loved ones and invariably some little presents for their children. While the real gifts would only be presented at Christmas, the little presents for the children were given right away, courtesy of Saint Nicholas. This and his miracle of him

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inaugurated a new church, the Basilica di San Nicola, to Saint Nicholas in Bari. The Pope himself personally placed Nicholas's relics into the tomb beneath the altar of the new church. The removal of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra and their arrival in Bari is reliably recorded by multiple

1708:" celebrations. As part of this celebration, youths performed the functions of priests and bishops, and exercised rule over their elders. Today, Saint Nicholas is still celebrated as a great gift-giver in several Western European and Central European countries. In medieval times, Christian 903:

One of the earliest attested stories of Saint Nicholas is one in which he saves three innocent men from execution. According to Michael the Archimandrite, three innocent men were condemned to death by the governor Eustathius. As they were about to be executed, Nicholas appeared, pushed the

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resurrecting the three butchered children made Saint Nicholas a patron saint of children and later students as well. The custom of giving gifts on Saint Nicholas Day is popular in various parts of Christendom, with a popular tradition including children placing their shoes in the

1048:. Jona Lendering opines that the story is "without any historical value". Adam C. English notes that the story of the resurrection of the pickled children is a late medieval addition to the legendary biography of Saint Nicholas and that it is not found in any of his earliest 809:

anyone about the gifts. The scene of Nicholas's secret gift-giving is one of the most popular scenes in Christian devotional art, appearing in icons and frescoes from across Europe. Although depictions vary depending on time and place, Nicholas is often shown wearing a

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A later legend, first attested in the fourteenth century, over 1,000 years after Nicholas's death, holds that, during the Council of Nicaea, Nicholas lost his temper and slapped "a certain Arian" across the face. On account of this, Constantine revoked Nicholas's

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in Belgium and France began to deposit baskets of food and clothes anonymously at the doorsteps of the needy, which gave rise to the practice of gift giving on Saint Nicholas Day. According to another source, on 6 December every sailor or ex-sailor of the

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accepted a bribe to put three famous generals to death, in spite of their actual innocence. Saint Nicholas appeared to Constantine and Ablabius in dreams, informing Constantine of the truth and frightening Ablabius into releasing the generals, for fear of

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The historical figure that served as model for the Dutch Sinterklaas was born around 270 AD in the port of Patara in the Greek province of Lycia in Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). His Greek name Nikolaos means something along the lines of "victor of the

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The fourth-century Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Greek Anatolia (in present-day Turkey) spread to Europe through the port city of Bari in southern Italy... Devotion to the saint in the Low countries became blended with Nordic folktales, transforming this early

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in the church. As a result of this, Nicholas became the patron saint of prisoners and those falsely accused of crimes. An index finger claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in a chapel along the Ostian Way in Rome. Another finger was held in

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Later versions of the story are more elaborate, interweaving the two stories together. According to one version, Emperor Constantine sent three of his most trusted generals, named Ursos, Nepotianos, and Herpylion, to put down a rebellion in

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Very little is known about Saint Nicholas's historical life. Any writings Nicholas himself may have produced have been lost and he is not mentioned by any contemporary chroniclers. This is not surprising, since Nicholas lived during

1869:, probably to emphasize his foreign origin. The emphasis on his foreignness may have been intended to enhance Bari's reputation by displaying that it had attracted the patronage of a saint from a far-off country. In Roman Catholic 1316:

The sailors from Bari took only the main bones of Nicholas's skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave. The city of Venice had interest in obtaining the remaining fragments of his skeleton. In 1044, they dedicated the

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filled with gold coins through the window opening into the house. The father immediately arranged a marriage for his first daughter, and after her wedding, Nicholas threw a second bag of gold through the same window late at night.

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for each of them. Other early stories tell of him calming a storm at sea, saving three innocent soldiers from wrongful execution, and chopping down a tree possessed by a demon. In his youth, he is said to have made a pilgrimage to

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of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, children, brewers, pawnbrokers, toymakers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe. His reputation evolved among the pious, as was common for

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Little is known about the historical Saint Nicholas. The earliest accounts of his life were written centuries after his death and probably contain legendary elaborations. He is said to have been born in the Anatolian seaport of

1375:. The clerk took a finger bone back with him to Port, where a chapel was built to Saint Nicholas. Port became an important center of devotion in the following of Nicholas and, in the fifteenth century, a church known as the 3817: 4379:

Saint's feast date is 19 December). On 5 December, the eve of St Nicholas Day, some American boys and girls put their shoes outside their bedroom door and leave a small gift in hopes that Saint Nicholas soon will be there.

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was a rescue mission to save the bones from the Turkish invaders. A legend, shown on the ceiling of the Basilica di San Nicola, holds that Nicholas once visited Bari and predicted that his bones would one day rest there.

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Accounts of Saint Nicholas's life agree on the essence of his story, but modern historians disagree regarding how much of this story is actually rooted in historical fact. Traditionally, Nicholas was born in the city of

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executioner's sword to the ground, released them from their chains, and angrily chastised a juror who had accepted a bribe. According to Jona Lendering, this story directly parallels an earlier story in Philostratus's

1359:. Pantulf took these relics to his hometown of Noron in Normandy, where they were placed in the local Church of St. Peter in June 1092. In 1096, the duke of Apulia gave several bones of Saint Nicholas to the count of 538:. The earliest mentions of Saint Nicholas indicate that, by the sixth century, his following was already well-established. Less than two hundred years after Saint Nicholas's probable death, the Eastern Roman Emperor 1470:

was undergoing much-needed restoration, the bones were removed from it for the first time since their interment in 1089. A special Pontiffical Commission permitted Luigi Martino, a professor of human anatomy at the

1717:(which at that time was virtually all of the male population) would descend to the harbour towns to participate in a church celebration for their patron saint. On the way back they would stop at one of the various 481:

in 325, but he is never mentioned in any writings by people who were at the council. Late, unsubstantiated legends claim that he was temporarily defrocked and imprisoned during the council for slapping the heretic

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traders, fishermen, and merchant sailors. Spawned by the spirit of both the city's Greek heritage and the ruling Roman government, cultural endeavours such as art, drama, and music were mainstays of everyday life.

1560:. In modern Greece, he is still easily among the most recognizable saints and 6 December finds many cities celebrating their patron saint. He is also the patron saint of all of Greece and particularly of the 1138:

powers. As it was widely known that all Nicholas's relics were at Myra in their sealed sarcophagus, it was rare during this period for forgers of relics to claim to possess those belonging to Saint Nicholas.

1004:. Steven D. Greydanus concludes that, because of the story's late attestation, it "has no historical value." Jona Lendering, however, defends the veracity and historicity of the incident, arguing that, 968:. Nicholas's attendance at the Council of Nicaea is attested early by Theodore the Lector's list of attendees, which records him as the 151st attendee. However, he is conspicuously never mentioned by 1013:

restore his vestments. The scene of Nicholas slapping Arius is celebrated in Eastern Orthodox icons and episodes of Saint Nicholas at Nicaea are shown in a series of paintings from the 1660s in the

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The clergy at Bari strategically gave away samples of Nicholas's bones to promote the following and enhance its prestige. Many of these bones were initially kept in Constantinople, but, after the

836:. The ship he was on was nearly destroyed by a terrible storm but he rebuked the waves, causing the storm to subside. Thus, Nicholas became venerated as the patron saint of sailors and travelers. 5103: 4627: 3549: 2679:

The original Santa Claus, Saint Nicholas, was a Greek born in Asia Minor (now modern Turkey) in the fourth century. He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life to Christianity.

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Could ancient bones suggest Santa was real?: New Oxford University research has revealed that bones long venerated as relics of the saint, do in fact date from the right historical period.

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After his parents died from an epidemic, Nicholas is said to have distributed their wealth to the poor. In his most famous exploit, which is first attested in Michael the Archimandrite's

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to which he refers was probably written during this time period, shortly after Nicholas's death. The earliest complete account of Nicholas's life that has survived to the present is a

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is believed to heavily rely on older written sources and oral traditions. The identity and reliability of these sources, however, remains uncertain. Catholic historian D. L. Cann and

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attend the Council of Nicaea, but, at an early date, someone decided to remove his name from the list, apparently deciding that it was better if no one remembered he had been there.

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An Irish tradition states that the relics of Saint Nicholas are also reputed to have been stolen from Myra by local Norman crusading knights in the twelfth century and buried near

1367:. According to legend, in 1101, Saint Nicholas appeared in a vision to a French clerk visiting the shrine at Bari and told him to take one of his bones with him to his hometown of 5290: 1204:

Taking advantage of the confusion and the loss by the Greek Christian community of Myra of its Byzantine imperial protection, in the spring of 1087, Italian sailors from Bari in

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On 28 December 2009, the Turkish government announced that it would be formally requesting the return of Saint Nicholas's skeletal remains to Turkey from the Italian government.

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removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the church without authorization and brought them to their hometown, where they are now enshrined in the

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believes the pelvis fragment may come from the same individual as the skeleton divided between the churches in Bari and Venice, since the bone they tested comes from the left

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and reflects poorly on Nicholas's reputation, it is inexplicable why later hagiographers would have invented it. Later versions of the legend embellish it, making the heretic

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attend the Council of Nicaea, but someone at an early date was baffled that his name was not listed and so added him to the list. Many scholars tend to favor this explanation.

2978: 486:. Another famous late legend tells how he resurrected three children, who had been murdered and pickled in brine by a butcher planning to sell them as pork during a famine. 197: 4751: 2050:

Joe L. Wheeler and Jona Lendering both note that the legends of Saint Nicholas are filled with sets of three, which may be symbolic for Nicholas's vehement defense of the

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observes the Departure of St. Nicholas on 10 Kiahk, or 10 Taḫśaś in Ethiopia, which corresponds to the Julian Calendar's 6 December and Gregorian Calendar's 19 December.

3795: 614: 445:, in Asia Minor to wealthy Christian parents. In one of the earliest attested and most famous incidents from his life, he is said to have rescued three girls from being 4069: 4997:"Bone fragment thought to belong to saint who inspired Father Christmas discovered in Italy: Academics have tested findings and say they belong to correct epoch" 1241:

Prior to the translation of Nicholas's relics to Bari, his following had been known in western Europe, but it had not been extremely popular. In autumn of 1096,

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Nicholas's name also occurs as "Nicholas of Myra of Lycia" on the tenth line of a list of attendees at the Council of Nicaea included by Theodore Lector in the

6342: 4811: 4781: 4179: 908:, in which Apollonius prevents the execution of a man falsely condemned of banditry. Michael the Archimandrite also tells another story in which the consul 7770: 2953: 4921:"Saint Nicolas / Op. 42. Cantata for tenor solo, chorus (SATB), semi-chorus (SA), four boy singers and string orchestra, piano duet, percussion and organ" 1748:, located at the intersection of St. Nicholas Avenue and 127th Street, in an area originally settled by Dutch farmers, is named for St. Nicholas of Myra. 6337: 4284: 2623:

Saint Nicholas (Bishop of Myra) replaced Sabino as the patron saint of the city… A Greek from what is now Turkey, he lived in the early fourth century.

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Nicholas had a reputation for secret gift-giving, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him, a practice celebrated on his

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22 September – Synaxis of All Saints of Tula (commemoration of the protection of Tula from the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray in 1552).

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cites Saint Nicholas of Myra's miracle of the three generals as evidence that souls may work independent from the body. Eustratius credits a

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against this were successful, and the bronze statue was returned (albeit without its original high pedestal) to a corner nearer the church.

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was built from 1874 on the site of St Nicholas's church, founded in 1252. A children's Mass is still held on 6 December in the cathedral.

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over the site of the church where he had served as bishop, and his remains were moved to a sarcophagus in that church. In 1087, while the

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For although he is the patron saint of Russia, and the model for a northern invention such as Santa Claus, Nicholas of Myra was a Greek.

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is believed to have taken place. Over the crypt where Nicholas is believed to have lived now stands the "Church of Saint Nicholas" in

665:. Christian storytellers were known to adapt older pagan legends and attribute them to Christian saints. As Apollonius's hometown of 605:

as his source. Nearly all the sources Eustratius references date from the late fourth century to early fifth century, indicating the

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It is said that, in Myra, the relics of Saint Nicholas each year exuded a clear watery liquid which smelled like rose water, called

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De Ceglia, Francesco Paolo: "The science of Santa Claus : discussions on the Manna of Nicholas of Myra in the modern age". In

1494:. The facial reconstruction was produced by Caroline Wilkinson at the University of Manchester and was shown on a BBC2 TV program 30:

This article is about the fourth-century Christian saint. For the gift-bearing figure in modern folklore and popular culture, see

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Joe Wheeler & Jim Rosenthal, "St. Nicholas A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 8), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.

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was not far from Myra, Lendering contends that many popular stories about Apollonius may have become attached to Saint Nicholas.

5200: 4546: 1760: 4340: 4150: 3791: 1530:. In the absence of DNA testing, however, it is not yet possible to know for certain whether the pelvis is from the same man. 1490:. The broken nose appeared to conform with hagiographical reports that Saint Nicholas had been beaten and tortured during the 7700: 6668: 6475: 5212: 5190: 5170: 5093: 5030: 4967: 4603: 4464: 4400: 3398: 3338: 2814: 2749:

Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey; his parents were Epiphanius and Joanna.

2310: 2227: 2202: 2088: 1764: 1556:, Nicholas was seen as "The Lord of the Sea", often described by modern Greek scholars as a kind of Christianized version of 4076: 3963: 2114: 933: 6549: 5051:

Let's Stop Celebrating St. Nicholas Punching Arius: One, he didn't do it. Two, it wouldn't be such a great thing if he had.

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by dropping a sack of gold coins through the window of their house each night for three nights so their father could pay a

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of Myra became subjects of the Turks. At the same time the Catholic Church in the West had declared (in 1054 AD) that the

791:, Nicholas heard of a devout man who had once been wealthy but had lost all of his money due to the "plotting and envy of 7735: 6278: 5993: 5338: 1201:. Because of the many wars in the region, some Christians were concerned that access to the tomb might become difficult. 3189:

Wheeler & Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", (Chapter 1), Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005

80:, dressed in clerical garb, and holding a book of the scriptures in his left hand while making the hand gesture for the 7193: 6347: 6136: 5707: 5533: 4427: 3208: 1940: 1035: 7765: 7755: 6609: 6524: 5247: 4371: 3685: 3241: 3001: 2742: 2714: 2672: 2644: 2616: 2269: 7760: 6749: 6544: 6439: 4803: 4250: 3933: 1679: 1572: 1499: 1390:, these fragments were scattered across western Europe. A hand claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas was kept in the 1052:. Although this story seems bizarre and horrifying to modern audiences, it was tremendously popular throughout the 5149: 5104:"Santa's tomb is found off Turkey: Academics claim to have found where St Nicholas was buried. David Keys reports" 4773: 1208:

seized part of the remains of the saint from his burial church in Myra, over the objections of the Greek Orthodox

67: 7122: 4175: 1548:, ships and sailing. As a result, and over time, he has become the patron saint of several cities which maintain 35: 5310: 1379:

was built there dedicated to him. The town itself is now known as "Saint Nicolas de Port" in honor of Nicholas.

1276:

In 1966, a vault in the crypt underneath the Basilica di San Nicola was dedicated as an Orthodox chapel with an

6453: 5836: 5615: 5075: 3818:"Filipov, David. "Why more than a million Russians have lined up to see a piece of the rib of Saint Nicholas", 1915:

soloist appears as Saint Nicolas, with a mixed choir, boys singers, strings, piano duet, organ and percussion.

628: 73: 4862:

Wheeler, Rosenthal, "St Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas", p. 96, Nelson Reference & Electronic, 2005.

7720: 6374: 6161: 6156: 5670: 5461: 2140: 1752: 1383: 193: 4280: 1671:(annual ceremony and veneration of family's patron saint) is Saint Nicholas' day celebrated on 19 December. 6529: 6233: 5779: 4679: 1945: 595: 347: 77: 3233: 1513:

a fragment of a pelvis claimed to belong to Saint Nicholas. The fragment originally came from a church in

7725: 6332: 1419:, where a stone slab marks the site locally believed to be his grave. According to the Irish antiquarian 1412: 813:

while the daughters are typically shown in bed, dressed in their nightclothes. Many renderings contain a

657: 17: 517:. The remaining bone fragments from the sarcophagus were later removed by Venetian sailors and taken to 7715: 7228: 7115: 5441: 1697: 1265:, there have been several natural explanations proposed for the manna fluid, including the transfer of 1115: 1005: 543: 490: 1594:. Soon after the transfer of Saint Nicholas's relics from Myra to Bari, an East Slavic version of his 1586:

Church, Saint Nicholas's memory is celebrated on almost every Thursday of the year (together with the

7730: 7215: 6685: 6674: 6594: 6446: 6367: 6186: 5943: 5831: 5545: 5506: 4687:(in Greek and English). Digital Chant Stand of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. p. 7. 3646: 1951: 467: 5305: 7750: 7705: 6701: 6487: 6409: 6327: 6320: 6223: 6106: 5826: 5528: 5360: 5066:

Irish Medieval Figure Sculpture, 1200–1600: A Study of Irish Tombs with Notes on Costume and Armour

3117: 3092: 2899: 2874: 2836: 2505: 1491: 1483: 969: 446: 4417: 7675: 6649: 6634: 6569: 6519: 6514: 6423: 6404: 6288: 6008: 5557: 5331: 5059: 3226: 1903: 1835: 1831: 1657: 1609:

have been composed in his honour, and are frequently chanted by the faithful as they ask for his

1420: 1154:

work to be done that will allow researchers to determine whether it still holds Nicholas's body.

953: 946: 478: 4488: 4113: 1776:

9 May – Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, in 1087.

1081: 7621: 7161: 6579: 6203: 6146: 5691: 5395: 1614: 1347: 1338: 1185:

in 1071, the Byzantine Empire temporarily lost control over most of Asia Minor to the invading

1166: 1014: 885: 514: 416: 169: 150: 4306: 2608: 763:, also in Lycia. Recognizing his nephew's calling, Nicholas's uncle ordained him as a priest. 7605: 7183: 6481: 6253: 6151: 5898: 5501: 5434: 4516: 1391: 1368: 938: 897: 800:

humiliation of accepting charity), he went to the house under the cover of night and threw a

471: 185:

5/6 December in the Gregorian calendar; 19 December in the Julian calendar (main feast day –

5138:"Santa is Dead—And the Bones of Old St Nicholas Are Buried in a Bunch of Different Churches" 4419:

St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs

3225: 2600: 1318: 1309: 1142:

A solemn bronze statue of the saint by Russian sculptor Gregory Pototsky was donated by the

1029: 7745: 7740: 6664: 6619: 6268: 6243: 6208: 6198: 6193: 6171: 5958: 5928: 5883: 5858: 5125: 1873:, Saint Nicholas is depicted as a bishop, wearing the insignia of this dignity: a bishop's 1800:

Movable holiday on the Sunday between 16 and 22 August – Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados.

1598:

and an account of the transfer of his relics were written by a contemporary to this event.

1285: 1143: 700: 644: 506: 3201:

There Really Is a Santa Claus – History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions

1885:

every winter bringing them oranges, other 'wintry' fruits and tales of magical creatures.

1284:

the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches had issued against each other during the

661:, an eight-volume biography of him written in the early third century by the Greek writer 8: 7685: 7680: 7347: 7265: 7260: 6639: 6614: 6554: 6460: 6426: 6394: 6283: 6263: 6258: 6248: 6238: 6228: 6218: 6176: 6166: 5650: 5466: 5231:

The Island of St. Nicholas. Excavation and Research of Gemiler Island Area, Lycia, Turkey

4713: 4649: 3826: 1858: 1610: 1606: 1591: 1182: 1057: 780: 652: 239: 7198: 5268: 4650:"Ἡ πάροδος τοῦ ἱεροῦ λειψάνου τοῦ Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ ἐκ τῆς νήσου Ζακύνθου" 1849: 7626: 7590: 7207: 7094: 6599: 6213: 6096: 6035: 6030: 6013: 5973: 5481: 5388: 5324: 5064: 2685: 1653: 1645: 1634: 1539: 1510: 1472: 840: 688: 599: 518: 442: 186: 177: 117: 4924: 1567: 7650: 7584: 7467: 6744: 6604: 6509: 6415: 6360: 6057: 5923: 5903: 5625: 5552: 5523: 5511: 5374: 5243: 5208: 5186: 5166: 5089: 5071: 5026: 4963: 4599: 4460: 4423: 4396: 4367: 3681: 3394: 3237: 3204: 2997: 2810: 2738: 2721:

Nicholas was born around 270 AD in Patara on the coast of what is now western Turkey.

2710: 2668: 2640: 2612: 2601: 2475:

Cioffari, Gerardo (1987). "San Nicola nelle fonti letterarie dal V all'VIII secolo".

2306: 2265: 2223: 2198: 1745: 1668: 1506: 1296:

in Moscow for a momentary glimpse of the gilded ark holding one of the saint's ribs.

1045: 909: 889: 848: 692: 648: 351: 81: 5816: 4251:"ON THE SPECIAL DEDICATIONS OF THE SEVEN DAYS OF THE WEEK: WHEN AND TO WHOM TO PRAY" 1685: 1518:

medieval forgery. The bone was one of the oldest the Oxford team had ever examined.

7433: 6927: 6785: 6754: 6714: 6659: 6644: 6429: 6116: 5988: 5978: 5913: 5729: 5630: 4336: 4142: 2477:

San Nicola: Splendori d'arte d'Oriente e d'Occidente S. Nicola nella critica storia

1894: 1583: 1396: 1312:

in Venice, which claims to hold roughly 500 bone fragments from Nicholas's skeleton

1270: 1198: 1190: 1053: 639:, a Dutch historian of classical antiquity, notes that Michael the Archimandrite's 635:

the only account of Saint Nicholas that is likely to contain any historical truth.

625: 576: 498: 459: 391: 42: 6086: 5201:"Archaeological Facial Depiction for People from the Past with Facial Differences" 4075:. An Chomhairle Oidhreachta/The Heritage Council. 2007. p. 81. Archived from 3330: 2092: 1770: 1033:

Illustration of Saint Nicholas resurrecting the three butchered children from the

7644: 7504: 7387: 7270: 7173: 7042: 6922: 6880: 6860: 6845: 6724: 6564: 6559: 6539: 6315: 6305: 6091: 6023: 5983: 5918: 5868: 5801: 5486: 5285: 4593: 4504: 3971: 3126: 3101: 2908: 2883: 2843: 2802: 2515: 2118: 1756: 1652:

the celebration currently takes place thirteen days later than it happens in the

1649: 1626: 1587: 1576: 1466:

has allowed for one scientific survey of the bones. In the late 1950s, while the

1416: 1356: 1322: 1222: 559: 375: 208: 138: 5963: 5655: 4977: 4620:"Translation of the relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari" 4223: 4043: 3519: 2303:

The Saint Who Would Be Santa Claus: The True Life and Trials of Nicholas of Myra

1590:) with special hymns to him which are found in the liturgical book known as the 546:, which thereby preserves an early mention of his name. The Byzantine historian 7471: 7331: 7154: 6973: 6835: 6780: 6654: 6584: 6534: 6381: 6101: 6069: 5953: 5893: 5759: 5734: 5640: 5610: 5540: 5121: 2236: 2004: 1988: 1618: 1424: 1387: 1194: 1095: 1086: 961: 636: 555: 463: 438: 383: 113: 6063: 4393:

Canadian Christmas Traditions: Festive Recipes and Stories From Coast to Coast

7669: 7654: 7321: 7275: 7037: 6958: 6896: 6003: 5998: 5878: 5873: 5796: 5518: 5476: 5429: 5381: 5280: 1932: 1741: 1737: 1714: 1701: 1690: 1561: 1372: 1250: 1229: 1217: 684: 539: 522: 494: 419:, and his legendary habit of secret gift-giving gave rise to the folklore of 311: 1911:

which covers the saint's legendary life in a dramatic sequence of events. A

7595: 7032: 6980: 6815: 6574: 6074: 5948: 5605: 5496: 5456: 5402: 2051: 1908: 1820: 1783:(sojourn) in 1087 of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker through the island of 1527: 1523: 1514: 1440: 1364: 1304: 1292: 1186: 965: 856: 703:

Christians. According to some accounts, his parents were named Epiphanius (

662: 502: 411: 403: 399: 229: 7062: 6739: 2662: 771: 7544: 7508: 7377: 7291: 7072: 7047: 6968: 6948: 6943: 6917: 6870: 6850: 6800: 6734: 6181: 5968: 5908: 5888: 5848: 5843: 5764: 5714: 4517:""St. Nicholas Park", New York City Department of Parks & Recreation" 3792:""Major relics of St Nicholas visit Russia", Vatican Radio, May 21, 2017" 2735:

Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images

2707:

Saints and their symbols: recognizing saints in art and in popular images

2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 1870: 1843: 1733: 1729: 1595: 1401: 1277: 1209: 801: 551: 455: 430: 421: 221: 31: 4258: 3941: 3228:

The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787) Their History and Theology

2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 7529: 7418: 6775: 6624: 6111: 6052: 6018: 5811: 5791: 5744: 5739: 5635: 5600: 5590: 5367: 4542: 2656: 1963: 1839: 1705: 893: 877: 696: 281: 217: 154: 6810: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3014: 1343: 1257:

from the tomb of Saint Nicholas every year on 6 December (the Saint's

7580: 7554: 7362: 7052: 6840: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6795: 6121: 5754: 5749: 5724: 5680: 5620: 5471: 5347: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2520: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 1874: 1866: 1784: 1622: 1545: 1476: 1447: 1262: 1258: 1089:, where some scholars believe Saint Nicholas was originally entombed. 852: 844: 833: 547: 337: 7107: 6875: 6047: 5273: 1162: 759:). In some accounts, Nicholas's uncle was the bishop of the city of 324: 7534: 7438: 7428: 7066: 7057: 7011: 6855: 6729: 6629: 6126: 6080: 5821: 5675: 5580: 5569: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3051: 1815: 1602: 1557: 1553: 1360: 1266: 973: 957: 387: 342: 329: 256: 213: 5660: 5595: 5263: 5086:

Saint Nikolaos of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend

4493:

Saint Nicholas of Myra, Bari, and Manhattan: Biography of a Legend

2575: 2420: 2378: 2144: 1865:

In depictions of Saint Nicholas from Bari, he is usually shown as

1826:

Saint Nicholas is a popular subject portrayed on Eastern Orthodox

1744:, although by the early nineteenth century had fallen by the way. 896:(ruled 284–305), but was released under the orders of the Emperor 7559: 7524: 7495: 7392: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7311: 7220: 7001: 6996: 6901: 6865: 6790: 6759: 5806: 5645: 5585: 5451: 1898: 1878: 1549: 1526:, and the only pelvis bone in the collection at Bari is the left 1451: 1435: 1405: 1242: 1135: 1001: 922: 814: 276: 3846: 1110: 7423: 7352: 7238: 7139: 7006: 6963: 6953: 6589: 6467: 5933: 5719: 5665: 5446: 5299: 3550:"Santa Claus's bones must be brought back to Turkey from Italy" 1771:

Eastern Orthodox Feast Days for Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia

1675: 1664: 1326: 1246: 1205: 1174: 818: 395: 379: 297: 289: 163: 4834:"Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia" 4499:, Princeton. Princeton Theological Seminary. vol. 36, issue 3 4070:"Heritage Conservation Plan: Newtown Jerpoint County Kilkenny" 2603:

The regions of Italy: a reference guide to history and culture

2368: 2366: 7491: 7458: 7408: 7357: 7326: 6805: 5491: 2994:

Sinterklaas overseas: the adventures of a globetrotting saint

2197:(Noticeably stouter ed.). Faber and Faber. p. 318. 1912: 1827: 1780: 1723: 1502:

produced an updated reconstruction of Saint Nicholas's face.

1467: 1458: 1444: 1131: 1127: 1009: 997: 942: 796: 792: 666: 620:

Despite its extremely late date, Michael the Archimandrite's

617:(814–842), nearly 500 years after Nicholas's probable death. 483: 450: 370:(traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as 54: 5316: 5043:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–136 4962:, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, 4714:"Μετακομιδὴ Τιμίων Λειψάνων Ἁγίου Νικολάου τοῦ Θαυματουργοῦ" 1423:, the tomb probably actually belongs to a local priest from 7564: 7549: 7539: 7413: 7027: 6691: 5409: 5165:, New York City, New York and London, England: Bloomsbury, 3936:[There are also bones of St. Nicholas in Venice?]. 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2363: 1854: 1788: 1709: 1630: 1234: 1170: 1018: 914: 810: 760: 510: 319: 134: 41:"Nicholas of Myra" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5039:

Ferguson, George (1976) , "St. Nicholas of Myra or Bari",

3370: 3217: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 1216:

them. The remains arrived on 9 May 1087. Two years later,

501:

of the region were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim

7316: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3360: 3358: 3356: 1123:

further inland made it safer from seafaring Arab forces.

731:), but, according to others, they were named Theophanes ( 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 3726: 3724: 3580:"Tomb of St Nicholas may have been discovered in Turkey" 3432: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3132: 3026: 2929: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2488: 2486: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2319: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 1838:

ones. He is depicted as an Orthodox bishop, wearing the

1732:

evolved from Dutch traditions regarding Saint Nicholas (

579:, who apparently took the name "Nicholas" to honor him. 4950:

Blacker, Jean; Burgess, Glyn S.; Ogden, Amy V. (2013),

4870: 4868: 3986: 3970:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from 3940:(in Italian). Europe – Near East Center. Archived from 3914: 3890: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3470: 2754: 2663:

Ingram, W. Scott; Ingram, Asher, Scott; Robert (2004).

2446: 2444: 2442: 1544:

Among Greeks and Italians he is a favorite of sailors,

873:

Saint Nicholas of Myra saves three innocents from death

5009:"Adam English digging back into the real St. Nicholas" 4019: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3711: 3709: 3353: 3250: 1797:

29 July – Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker.

1197:, the official church of the Byzantine Empire, was in 956:, where he is said to have been a staunch opponent of 775:

The dowry for the three virgins (Gentile da Fabriano,

356:

students in various cities and countries around Europe

4195: 3721: 3676:

Wheeler, Joe L.; Rosenthal, Jim (2005). "Chapter 1".

3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3304: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3156: 2850: 2483: 2401: 2353: 2351: 2331: 2305:. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press. pp. 57–63. 2244: 1118:, where Saint Nicholas's bones were kept until 1087. 5242:. Nashville, TN: Nelson Reference & Electronic. 5162:

Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus

5147: 4865: 3867: 2919: 2917: 2807:

The True Saint Nicholas: Why He Matters to Christmas

2598: 2439: 1922: 1085:

Ruins of the fourth-century church on the island of

4949: 3998: 3902: 3873: 3772: 3706: 3694: 3625: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3198: 3020: 2586: 2433: 2395: 2164: 2162: 2035: 1996: 884:proclaimed the new bishop. He is said to have been 752: 738: 724: 710: 562:, which may have originally been built as early as 5088:, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 5063: 5007:English, Adam C.; Crumm, David (2 December 2012), 3650:. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3598: 3262: 2456: 2348: 2174: 1819:Large icon of St Nicholas painted in 1294 for the 1689:Saint Nicholas depicted in a 14th-century English 1321:monastery basilica to him on the north end of the 1064:conclude that he was the patron saint of brewers. 3223: 2914: 1509:, Professor Tom Higham and Doctor Georges Kazan, 1249:soldiers mustered in Bari in preparation for the 843:, Nicholas is said to have lived in a crypt near 489:Fewer than 200 years after Nicholas's death, the 402:. Because of the many miracles attributed to his 216:as a bishop. In Eastern Christianity, wearing an 7667: 4923:. Britten-Pears Foundation. 1948. Archived from 4885: 4883: 4681:The Service of Matins for Saturday, May 20, 2023 4094: 3675: 3407: 2637:Emperor to emperor: Italy before the Renaissance 2159: 1726:for Saint Nicholas to deliver presents therein. 1134:, which was believed by the faithful to possess 509:, a group of merchants from the Italian city of 5274:The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas 5205:Approaching Facial Difference: Past and Present 5025:, Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2894: 2892: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2193:Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (December 2008). 2192: 1044:resurrected the pickled children by making the 825:that a similar story is told in Philostratus's 2634: 1648:, 6 December. For those who still observe the 1533: 952:In 325, Nicholas is said to have attended the 7123: 5332: 5238:Wheeler, Joe L. & Rosenthal, Jim (2006). 4880: 4744:"Nativity of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker" 3934:"Ci sono ossa di san Nicola anche a Venezia?" 2239:Bishop into that Christmas icon, Santa Claus. 1094:highest point on the small Turkish island of 5203:, in Skinner, Patricia; Cock, Emily (eds.), 5006: 4960:and the Lives of St Margaret and St Nicholas 4598:. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. 4395:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 237. 3112: 3110: 3087: 3085: 2940: 2889: 2867: 2823: 2732: 2704: 2690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2257: 1736:). When the Dutch established the colony of 855:, a Christian town of which Nicholas is the 699:in the Roman Empire, to a wealthy family of 572:Historiae Ecclesiasticae Tripartitae Epitome 542:(ruled 401–450) ordered the building of the 7771:Participants in the First Council of Nicaea 5070:, Dublin, Ireland: Irish University Press, 4457:Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture 4384: 4299: 4114:"Anatomical Examination of the Bari Relics" 2991: 2029: 1633:, even if they are not named after him. In 746: 732: 718: 704: 477:An early list makes him an attendee at the 466:. He was later cast into prison during the 7130: 7116: 5339: 5325: 4355: 4281:"Feasts and Saints, Commemorated on May 9" 4044:"Relics of St. Nicholas – Where are They?" 2217: 1363:, which he then enshrined in the Abbey of 832:Nicholas is also said to have visited the 631:both consider Michael the Archimandrite's 470:, but was released after the accession of 66: 5198: 5120: 5047: 4978:"'Santa's bone' proved to be correct age" 4170: 4168: 3644:Ott, Michael (1907). "Nicholas of Myra". 3298: 3107: 3082: 3076: 3045: 2569: 2020:rather than their birth is commemorated." 1024: 766: 5289:) is being considered for deletion. See 5240:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas 5207:, London, England: Bloomsbury Academic, 5148:University of Oxford (5 December 2017), 5048:Greydanus, Steven D. (6 December 2016), 5038: 4975: 4454: 4415: 4329: 4210: 4137: 4135: 3678:St. Nicholas: A Closer Look at Christmas 2789: 2474: 1848: 1814: 1806:6 December – Commemoration of his death. 1684: 1566: 1434: 1342: 1303: 1228: 1161: 1109: 1080: 1028: 964:, and one of the bishops who signed the 932: 866: 770: 677: 613:, written in the early ninth century by 5185:, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson, 5178: 5135: 5018: 4952:"The Life of St Nicholas: Introduction" 4030: 3700: 3389:Le Saux, Françoise Hazel Marie (2005). 3388: 3376: 3364: 3317: 3256: 3177: 3165: 3150: 3138: 2861: 2801: 2492: 2450: 2414: 2372: 2325: 2300: 2091:. Saint Nicholas Center. Archived from 1971:List of churches named after the saint. 1794:20 May – Arrival of the relics in Bari. 1629:. Many Orthodox churches will have his 941:fresco showing Saint Nicholas slapping 528: 14: 7668: 4994: 4901:from the original on 16 September 2016 4547:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 4543:"Celebrating St. Nicholas Day at Home" 4422:. New York: Putnam's. pp. 37–52. 4390: 4248: 4165: 3966:[Are all the bones in Bari?]. 3660: 3619: 3500:from the original on 16 September 2016 2979:"Church of Saint Nicholas – Beit Jala" 2607:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 2278:from the original on 11 September 2015 1700:, on Saint Nicholas Day parishes held 1430: 554:(ruled 527–565) renovated churches in 505:, and soon after the beginning of the 493:was built in Myra under the orders of 462:. Shortly after his return, he became 7711:Burials at the Basilica di San Nicola 7696:4th-century bishops in Roman Anatolia 7691:3rd-century bishops in Roman Anatolia 7622:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greece 7137: 7111: 6669:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus 5320: 5136:Medrano, Kastalia (5 December 2017), 5083: 4844:from the original on 21 November 2020 4491:Hageman, Howard G., 1979. "Review of 4436:from the original on 12 December 2009 4391:DeeAnn, Mandryk (15 September 2013). 4361: 4343:from the original on 31 December 2013 4317:from the original on 13 December 2013 4230:from the original on 12 December 2013 4182:from the original on 12 November 2014 4132: 4120:from the original on 11 December 2013 4050:from the original on 13 December 2013 3834:from the original on 11 December 2017 3451: 2117:. St. Nicholas Center. Archived from 2107: 1457:Whereas the devotional importance of 1291:In May 2017, following talks between 5158: 5101: 5058: 5022:Christmas: Theological Anticipations 4956:Wace: The Hagiographical Works: The 4874: 4784:from the original on 9 December 2022 4523:from the original on 6 December 2017 4153:from the original on 4 December 2016 4100: 4013: 3992: 3920: 3908: 3896: 3884: 3798:from the original on 6 December 2017 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3715: 3631: 3530:from the original on 22 January 2010 3476: 3426: 3341:from the original on 5 December 2009 3331:"St. Nicholas Center: Saint Nicolas" 3271: 2923: 2462: 2357: 2342: 2180: 2168: 1969:St. Nicholas Church (disambiguation) 1959:Saint Nicholas, patron saint archive 928: 4774:"Synaxis of All Saints of Lefkados" 3643: 3586:from the original on 8 October 2017 3582:. ir.ishtimes.com. 4 October 2017. 3520:"Turks want Santa's bones returned" 2667:. Infobase Publishing. p. 24. 795:." The man could not afford proper 672: 24: 5222: 5041:Signs and Symbols in Christian Art 4976:Coughlan, Sean (6 December 2017), 4778:Orthodox Christianity Then and Now 4724:from the original on 19 March 2012 4660:from the original on 23 April 2023 4339:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. 4313:. Coptic Orthodox Church Network. 3556:. 28 December 2009. Archived from 2143:. Orthodox America. Archived from 1941:Saint Nicholas (European folklore) 1857:of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, 1332: 581:The Life of Saint Nicholas of Sion 25: 7782: 5293:to help reach a consensus. › 5257: 4995:Cullen, Ellie (6 December 2017), 4814:from the original on 24 July 2023 4754:from the original on 24 July 2023 4694:from the original on 24 July 2023 4630:from the original on 24 July 2023 4287:from the original on 10 July 2012 3021:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2737:. Liturgical Press. p. 111. 2709:. Liturgical Press. p. 111. 2587:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2434:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2396:Blacker, Burgess & Ogden 2013 2077:. Catholic Book Publishing. 1948. 1036:Grandes Heures d'Anne de Bretagne 862: 536:a turbulent time in Roman history 7649: 7640: 7639: 7237: 7090: 7089: 6545:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004 6440:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 5233:. Osaka: Osaka University Press. 5102:Keys, David (17 December 1993), 4982:BBC News: Family & Education 4913: 4856: 4826: 4796: 4766: 4736: 4706: 4672: 4642: 4612: 4586: 4561: 4535: 4509: 4482: 4473: 4448: 4409: 4362:Carus, Louise (1 October 2002). 4273: 4242: 4216: 4106: 3203:. Amerisearch, Inc. p. 26. 2809:. Howard Books. pp. 14–17. 1925: 1680:Cathedral of Our Lady Immaculate 1500:Liverpool John Moores University 1395:repentant criminals would place 1177:of Saint Nicholas are kept today 558:dedicated to Saint Nicholas and 544:Church of Saint Nicholas in Myra 76:, showing Saint Nicholas with a 36:Saint Nicholas (disambiguation) 4804:"Synaxis of the Saints of Tula" 4455:Sandford, John (3 April 2013). 4307:"St. Nicholas the Wonderworker" 4192:(navigate to 4th of 4 pictures) 4143:"The Real Face of St. Nicholas" 4062: 4036: 3964:"Ma le ossa sono tutte a Bari?" 3956: 3926: 3810: 3784: 3669: 3654: 3637: 3572: 3542: 3512: 3482: 3457: 3382: 3323: 3192: 3183: 2985: 2971: 2946: 2795: 2726: 2698: 2628: 2592: 2498: 2468: 2294: 2222:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 33. 2211: 2044: 2023: 1282:recent lifting of the anathemas 1039:(created between 1503 and 1508) 550:also mentions that the Emperor 6525:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland 6454:Christmas Day in the Workhouse 5837:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer 5616:Legend of the Christmas Spider 4283:. Orthodox Church in America. 2186: 2133: 2081: 2067: 2013: 1982: 1810: 1505:In 2017, two researchers from 1114:Desecrated sarcophagus in the 13: 1: 6476:Christmas television specials 6375:The New Oxford Book of Carols 5462:Annunciation to the shepherds 5346: 5278: 5013:ReadTheSpirit online magazine 4337:"Commemorations for Kiahk 10" 2996:. KIT Publishers. p. 7. 2599:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). 2218:Cunningham, Lawrence (2005). 2195:The book of general ignorance 2061: 776: 591: 588:De statu animarum post mortem 563: 7701:4th-century Christian saints 6530:Christmas and holiday season 5311:Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints 5199:Wilkinson, Caroline (2018), 5142:Newsweek: Tech & Science 5054:, National Catholic Register 4595:Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 4416:McKnight, George H. (1917). 4311:Synaxarium (Lives of Saints) 3232:. Liturgical Press. p. 3199:Federer, William J. (2002). 2506:Michael the Archimandrite's 1946:Companions of Saint Nicholas 596:Eustratius of Constantinople 348:Royal School of Church Music 128:Traditionally 6 December 343 7: 5269:Biography of Saint Nicholas 3467:– 27 (2012) 2, pp. 241–269. 3116:Michael the Archimandrite, 3091:Michael the Archimandrite, 2898:Michael the Archimandrite, 2873:Michael the Archimandrite, 2834:Michael the Archimandrite, 2572:, p. Nicholas of Myra. 2261:Stories Behind Men of Faith 2036: 1997: 1918: 1751:Nicholas is honored in the 1534:Veneration and celebrations 1498:. In 2014, the Face Lab at 960:and a devoted supporter of 906:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 827:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 753: 739: 725: 711: 658:Life of Apollonius of Tyana 499:Greek Christian inhabitants 27:4th-century Christian saint 10: 7787: 7736:Saints from Roman Anatolia 7235: 5442:Adoration of the Shepherds 5229:Asano, Kazoo, ed. (2010). 5084:Jones, Charles W. (1978), 4942: 4838:Orthodox Church in America 4808:Orthodox Church in America 4748:Orthodox Church in America 4624:Orthodox Church in America 4366:. Quest Books. p. 2. 3224:Davis, Leo Donald (1990). 2639:. Constable. p. 126. 2264:. Zondervan. p. 121. 1537: 1462:miracle of the manna, the 1336: 1173:, Italy where most of the 1116:St. Nicholas Church, Demre 937:Detail of a late medieval 382:from the maritime city of 111:Traditionally 15 March 270 40: 29: 7635: 7614: 7573: 7517: 7480: 7447: 7401: 7340: 7304: 7284: 7253: 7246: 7189:National personifications 7146: 7085: 7020: 6989: 6936: 6910: 6889: 6768: 6713: 6700: 6686:WWE Tribute to the Troops 6498: 6447:A Visit from St. Nicholas 6393: 6368:The Oxford Book of Carols 6304: 6135: 5944:Feast of the Seven Fishes 5857: 5778: 5689: 5566: 5507:Massacre of the Innocents 5420: 5356: 5264:The Saint Nicholas Center 5019:English, Adam C. (2016), 4116:. Saint Nicholas Center. 4046:. Saint Nicholas Center. 3868:University of Oxford 2017 3647:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3079:, p. Medieval Saint. 2301:English, Adam C. (2012). 2220:A brief history of saints 2030: 1992: 1952:A Visit from St. Nicholas 1613:. He is mentioned in the 1479:in his spine and pelvis. 1299: 1076: 1071: 747: 733: 719: 705: 615:Michael the Archimandrite 468:persecution of Diocletian 410:. Saint Nicholas is the 408:Nicholas the Wonderworker 398:) during the time of the 228: 207: 176: 160: 145: 124: 107: 89: 65: 52: 7766:Ancient Anatolian Greeks 7756:Diocletianic Persecution 6488:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 5291:templates for discussion 5179:Wheeler, Joe L. (2010), 4176:"The Real Face of Santa" 2954:"Stories from Beit Jala" 2941:English & Crumm 2012 2038:Nikólaos ho Thaumaturgós 1975: 1888: 1787:, while on their way to 1779:10 May – Passage of the 1573:Saint Nicholas Cathedral 1552:. In centuries of Greek 1492:Diocletianic Persecution 1484:University of Manchester 1350:near Thomastown, Ireland 1280:in commemoration of the 1102:great processional way. 970:Athanasius of Alexandria 447:forced into prostitution 7761:Christmas gift-bringers 7615:Former national symbols 6650:Small Business Saturday 6520:Black Friday (shopping) 6515:Black Friday (partying) 6009:Nine Lessons and Carols 5939:Events and celebrations 4895:St. John Cantius Parish 4503:7 December 2008 at the 4226:. St. Nicholas Center. 3494:St. John Cantius Parish 2635:Burman, Edward (1991). 2031:Νικόλαος ὁ Θαυματουργός 1658:Revised Julian calendar 1377:Basilique Saint-Nicolas 1221:chroniclers, including 1157: 1105: 954:First Council of Nicaea 947:First Council of Nicaea 886:imprisoned and tortured 817:tree or a cross-shaped 479:First Council of Nicaea 151:Christian denominations 7574:Patron Saints/Religion 7285:Other official symbols 6294:Post-War United States 5154:, University of Oxford 4958:Conception Nostre Dame 3661:Butler, Albin (1860). 3119:Life of Saint Nicholas 3094:Life of Saint Nicholas 2901:Life of Saint Nicholas 2876:Life of Saint Nicholas 2837:Life of Saint Nicholas 2508:Life of Saint Nicholas 2115:"Who is St. Nicholas?" 2008: 1862: 1823: 1693: 1615:Liturgy of Preparation 1579: 1496:The Real Face of Santa 1454: 1384:Sack of Constantinople 1351: 1348:Tomb of Saint Nicholas 1339:Tomb of Saint Nicholas 1313: 1238: 1233:Statue of Nicholas in 1178: 1167:Basilica di San Nicola 1119: 1090: 1040: 1025:Other reputed miracles 1015:Basilica di San Nicola 1006:as it was embarrassing 949: 880: 789:Life of Saint Nicholas 784: 767:Generosity and travels 622:Life of Saint Nicholas 611:Life of Saint Nicholas 607:Life of Saint Nicholas 603:Life of Saint Nicholas 515:Basilica di San Nicola 417:early Christian saints 406:, he is also known as 368:Saint Nicholas of Myra 170:Basilica di San Nicola 34:. For other uses, see 7606:Greek Orthodox Church 7184:Elefthería í Thánatos 6343:Hit singles in the US 6338:Hit singles in the UK 5899:Carols by Candlelight 5827:Santa Claus' daughter 5435:Adoration of the Magi 5159:Seal, Jeremy (2005), 4573:The Church of England 4364:The Real St. Nicholas 4249:Goroshkova, Natalia. 2733:Lanzi, Gioia (2004). 2705:Lanzi, Gioia (2004). 2258:Collins, Ace (2009). 1852: 1818: 1688: 1570: 1538:Further information: 1438: 1392:San Nicola in Carcere 1346: 1307: 1232: 1165: 1113: 1084: 1032: 936: 898:Constantine the Great 870: 774: 678:Family and background 594:583), the theologian 198:translation of relics 92:Defender of the Faith 7721:Christmas characters 6635:Santa's Candy Castle 5959:Google Santa Tracker 4261:on 28 September 2023 3526:. 28 December 2009. 3335:stnicholascenter.org 2992:Faber, Paul (2006). 2375:, pp. vii–viii. 645:conversion narrative 643:does not contain a " 529:Biographical sources 72:Full-length icon by 7348:Acropolis of Athens 7261:Double-headed eagle 6640:Santa Claus Village 6555:Christmas Mountains 6461:Journey of the Magi 5467:Baptism of the Lord 3995:, pp. 135–137. 3923:, pp. 127–136. 3899:, pp. 125–127. 3827:The Washington Post 3820:The Washington Post 3769:, pp. 114–116. 3757:, pp. 114–115. 3745:, pp. 100–102. 3663:Lives of the Saints 3560:on 11 December 2013 3479:, pp. 135–136. 3454:, pp. 176–193. 3391:A companion to Wace 3379:, pp. 132–133. 3125:3 July 2018 at the 3100:3 July 2018 at the 3023:, pp. 249–250. 2958:St. Nicholas Center 2907:3 July 2018 at the 2882:3 July 2018 at the 2842:3 July 2018 at the 2803:Bennett, William J. 2514:3 July 2018 at the 2147:on 7 September 2011 1859:Gregoriou Monastery 1464:archdiocese of Bari 1431:Scientific analysis 1386:in 1204 during the 1183:Battle of Manzikert 1058:early modern period 781:Pinacoteca Vaticana 653:Apollonius of Tyana 491:St. Nicholas Church 264:the falsely accused 7726:Christian folklore 7627:Greek crown jewels 7254:Historical symbols 6750:Twelve-dish supper 6600:Jews and Christmas 6550:Christmas Lectures 6279:American Civil War 6014:NORAD Tracks Santa 5390:Saint Nicholas Day 5126:"Nicholas of Myra" 4147:St Nicholas Center 4082:on 12 October 2016 3974:on 8 December 2012 3944:on 9 December 2012 2121:on 10 October 2010 2095:on 8 December 2010 1863: 1824: 1753:calendar of saints 1694: 1667:, the most common 1654:Gregorian calendar 1635:Oriental Orthodoxy 1621:(Eastern Orthodox 1580: 1540:Saint Nicholas Day 1473:University of Bari 1455: 1352: 1319:San Nicolò al Lido 1314: 1310:San Nicolò al Lido 1239: 1179: 1144:Russian government 1120: 1091: 1041: 950: 892:under the Emperor 881: 785: 689:Lycia et Pamphylia 187:Saint Nicholas Day 118:Lycia et Pamphylia 7716:Burials in Turkey 7663: 7662: 7585:Our Lady of Tinos 7468:Dionysios Solomos 7300: 7299: 7221:28 October (1940) 7212:National holidays 7105: 7104: 7081: 7080: 6745:Thirteen desserts 6665:Virginia O'Hanlon 6510:Advent Conspiracy 6424:Films (Christmas, 6416:A Christmas Carol 6361:Carols for Choirs 5904:Cavalcade of Magi 5884:Boar's Head Feast 5553:Star of Bethlehem 5524:Nativity of Jesus 5512:flight into Egypt 5397:St. Stephen's Day 5214:978-1-3500-2830-2 5192:978-1-59555-115-3 5172:978-1-58234-419-5 5095:978-0-226-40700-5 5032:978-1-4982-3933-2 4969:978-90-04-24768-0 4605:978-1-64065-235-4 4549:. 3 December 2020 4489:Theology Overview 4466:978-1-136-81610-9 4402:978-1-4594-0560-8 3733:, pp. 93–94. 3680:. Thomas Nelson. 3400:978-1-84384-043-5 3180:, pp. 40–41. 3153:, pp. 39–40. 3141:, pp. 38–39. 2816:978-1-4165-6746-2 2345:, pp. 14–15. 2328:, pp. vii–x. 2312:978-1-60258-636-9 2229:978-1-4051-1402-8 2204:978-0-571-24692-2 1761:Church of England 1757:Lutheran Churches 1746:St. Nicholas Park 1625:) and during the 1571:Eastern Orthodox 1511:radiocarbon dated 1507:Oxford University 1046:sign of the cross 929:Council of Nicaea 890:Great Persecution 849:Nativity of Jesus 693:Mediterranean Sea 691:), a port on the 365: 364: 352:Duchy of Lorraine 267:repentant thieves 192:22 May [ 146:Venerated in 82:sign of the cross 16:(Redirected from 7778: 7731:Myroblyte saints 7653: 7643: 7642: 7251: 7250: 7241: 7147:National symbols 7132: 7125: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7097: 7093: 7092: 6928:Redcurrant sauce 6717: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6680:Winter festivals 6430:Christmas horror 6397: 6308: 6139: 5994:Meals and feasts 5914:Christmas jumper 5861: 5832:Santa's reindeer 5784: 5730:Father Christmas 5694: 5651:Santa's workshop 5572: 5534:in later culture 5412: 5405: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5350: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5253: 5234: 5217: 5195: 5175: 5155: 5144: 5132: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5098: 5080: 5069: 5055: 5044: 5035: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4972: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4257:. Archived from 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4017: 4011: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3871: 3865: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3822:, June 29, 2017" 3814: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3719: 3713: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490:"Saint Nicholas" 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3430: 3424: 3405: 3404: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3302: 3296: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3231: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3114: 3105: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3049: 3043: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2911:(Chapters 16–18) 2896: 2887: 2886:(Chapters 12–18) 2871: 2865: 2859: 2848: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2752: 2751: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2689: 2681: 2665:Greek Immigrants 2660: 2654: 2653: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2606: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2573: 2567: 2518: 2504:Introduction to 2502: 2496: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2399: 2393: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2283: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2055: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2009:Sanctus Nicolaus 2002: 1994: 1986: 1935: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1895:Benjamin Britten 1877:, a mitre and a 1765:Episcopal Church 1759:, as well as in 1698:medieval England 1584:Eastern Orthodox 1482:In 2004, at the 1397:votive offerings 1271:capillary action 1191:Greek Christians 1054:Late Middle Ages 778: 758: 750: 749: 744: 736: 735: 730: 722: 721: 716: 708: 707: 673:Life and legends 629:Charles W. Jones 593: 586:In his treatise 577:Nicholas of Sion 565: 507:East–West schism 460:Syria Palaestina 392:Antalya Province 372:Nicholas of Bari 286:unmarried people 166: 131: 70: 60:Nicholas of Myra 50: 49: 43:Nicholas of Lyra 21: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7775: 7751:Miracle workers 7706:Anglican saints 7666: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7631: 7610: 7569: 7513: 7505:Digenes Akritas 7476: 7443: 7397: 7336: 7296: 7280: 7242: 7233: 7216:25 March (1821) 7204:Grateful Hellas 7174:Hymn to Liberty 7142: 7136: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7077: 7043:Pickled herring 7016: 6985: 6932: 6923:Cranberry sauce 6906: 6885: 6861:Red velvet cake 6846:Poppy seed roll 6764: 6715: 6704: 6702: 6696: 6675:White Christmas 6565:Christmas truce 6560:Christmas seals 6540:Christmas creep 6502: 6500: 6494: 6395: 6389: 6306: 6300: 6137: 6131: 5984:Lord of Misrule 5919:Christmas Peace 5869:Advent calendar 5859: 5853: 5802:Knecht Ruprecht 5782: 5780: 5774: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5487:Herod the Great 5422: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5294: 5260: 5250: 5237: 5228: 5225: 5223:Further reading 5220: 5215: 5193: 5173: 5122:Lendering, Jona 5112: 5110: 5108:The Independent 5096: 5078: 5033: 4986: 4984: 4970: 4945: 4940: 4930: 4928: 4927:on 4 March 2016 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4631: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4505:Wayback Machine 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4449: 4439: 4437: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4196: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4141: 4140: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4020: 4012: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3874: 3866: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3674: 3670: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3554:Todayszaman.com 3548: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3531: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3433: 3425: 3408: 3401: 3393:. D.S. Brewer. 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3305: 3297: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3127:Wayback Machine 3115: 3108: 3102:Wayback Machine 3090: 3083: 3075: 3052: 3044: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3004: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2909:Wayback Machine 2897: 2890: 2884:Wayback Machine 2872: 2868: 2860: 2851: 2844:Wayback Machine 2833: 2824: 2817: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2755: 2745: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2703: 2699: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2576: 2568: 2521: 2516:Wayback Machine 2503: 2499: 2491: 2484: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2440: 2432: 2421: 2413: 2402: 2394: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2332: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2299: 2295: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2256: 2245: 2230: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2191: 2187: 2183:, pp. 2–3. 2179: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2075:Book of Martyrs 2073: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2014: 1999:Hágios Nikólaos 1987: 1983: 1978: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1891: 1830:, particularly 1813: 1773: 1767:on 6 December. 1650:Julian calendar 1627:All-Night Vigil 1577:Kuopio, Finland 1542: 1536: 1433: 1417:County Kilkenny 1357:William Pantulf 1341: 1335: 1333:Other locations 1323:Lido di Venezia 1302: 1269:to the tomb by 1223:Orderic Vitalis 1212:in the church. 1160: 1108: 1079: 1074: 1027: 931: 865: 769: 717:) and Johanna ( 680: 675: 531: 390:(in modern-day 376:early Christian 203: 161: 155:venerate saints 139:Diocese of Asia 133: 129: 112: 85: 74:Jaroslav Čermák 61: 58: 57: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7784: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7676:Saint Nicholas 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7647: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7601:Saint Nicholas 7598: 7593: 7588: 7577: 7575: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7498: 7484: 7482: 7481:National epics 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7472:Kostis Palamas 7461: 7451: 7449: 7448:National poets 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7308: 7306: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7229:Blue and white 7226: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7210: 7201: 7190: 7187: 7180: 7177: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7112: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6974:Smoking Bishop 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6662: 6657: 6655:Super Saturday 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6585:Giving Tuesday 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6535:Christmas club 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6473: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6433: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6412: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382:Piae Cantiones 6378: 6371: 6364: 6354: 6348:Music charts ( 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6143: 6141: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5817:Père Fouettard 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5788: 5786: 5783:Saint Nicholas 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5735:Grandpa Indian 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5703:Saint Nicholas 5699: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5641:Old Man Winter 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626:Miner's figure 5623: 5618: 5613: 5611:Kallikantzaros 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5541:Nativity scene 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5379: 5376:Children's Day 5372: 5365: 5362:Blue Christmas 5357: 5354: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5306:Saint Nicholas 5302: 5296:Saint Nicholas 5276: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5258:External links 5256: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5235: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5196: 5191: 5182:Saint Nicholas 5176: 5171: 5156: 5145: 5133: 5118: 5099: 5094: 5081: 5076: 5056: 5045: 5036: 5031: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4973: 4968: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4912: 4891:"St. Nicholas" 4879: 4877:, p. 111. 4864: 4855: 4825: 4795: 4765: 4735: 4705: 4671: 4641: 4611: 4604: 4585: 4569:"The Calendar" 4560: 4534: 4508: 4497:Theology Today 4481: 4472: 4465: 4447: 4429:978-1115125055 4428: 4408: 4401: 4383: 4372: 4354: 4328: 4298: 4272: 4255:OrthoChristian 4241: 4215: 4194: 4164: 4131: 4105: 4093: 4061: 4035: 4033:, p. 133. 4018: 4016:, p. 137. 3997: 3985: 3955: 3925: 3913: 3911:, p. 127. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 136. 3872: 3845: 3809: 3783: 3781:, p. 117. 3771: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3720: 3718:, p. 131. 3705: 3693: 3686: 3668: 3665:. Vol. 2. 3653: 3636: 3634:, p. 101. 3624: 3597: 3571: 3541: 3511: 3481: 3469: 3456: 3431: 3406: 3399: 3381: 3369: 3367:, p. 132. 3352: 3322: 3303: 3299:Greydanus 2016 3276: 3261: 3259:, p. xii. 3249: 3242: 3216: 3210:978-0965355742 3209: 3191: 3182: 3170: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3106: 3081: 3077:Lendering 2006 3050: 3048:, p. 163. 3046:Wilkinson 2018 3025: 3013: 3002: 2984: 2970: 2945: 2928: 2913: 2888: 2866: 2849: 2847:Chapters 10–11 2822: 2815: 2794: 2792:, p. 136. 2753: 2743: 2725: 2715: 2697: 2673: 2655: 2645: 2627: 2617: 2591: 2589:, p. 249. 2574: 2570:Lendering 2006 2519: 2497: 2482: 2467: 2455: 2438: 2436:, p. 251. 2419: 2400: 2398:, p. 250. 2377: 2362: 2347: 2330: 2318: 2311: 2293: 2270: 2243: 2237:Greek Orthodox 2228: 2210: 2203: 2185: 2173: 2158: 2141:"St. Nicholas" 2132: 2106: 2080: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2043: 2022: 2012: 1993:Ἅγιος Νικόλαος 1980: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1920: 1917: 1890: 1887: 1842:and holding a 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1719:Nicholas fairs 1619:Divine Liturgy 1535: 1532: 1432: 1429: 1425:Jerpoint Abbey 1388:Fourth Crusade 1355:Norman knight 1334: 1331: 1308:The church of 1301: 1298: 1159: 1156: 1107: 1104: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1026: 1023: 993: 992: 985: 962:Trinitarianism 939:Greek Orthodox 930: 927: 864: 863:Bishop of Myra 861: 768: 765: 679: 676: 674: 671: 649:Neopythagorean 637:Jona Lendering 556:Constantinople 530: 527: 464:Bishop of Myra 363: 362: 361: 360: 357: 354: 345: 340: 335: 332: 327: 322: 317: 314: 309: 306: 303: 300: 295: 292: 287: 284: 279: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 237: 232: 226: 225: 220:and holding a 211: 205: 204: 202: 201: 190: 182: 180: 174: 173: 167: 158: 157: 147: 143: 142: 141:, Roman Empire 132:(aged 73) 126: 122: 121: 120:, Roman Empire 109: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101:Bishop of Myra 99: 96: 93: 87: 86: 84:with his right 71: 63: 62: 59: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7783: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7322:Mount Olympus 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7247:Other symbols 7245: 7240: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7098: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021:Meat and fish 7019: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6959:Hot chocolate 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Ugly sweaters 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570:Controversies 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6405:In literature 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6274:United States 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Moravian star 6002: 6000: 5999:Midnight Mass 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5889:Candle arches 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5879:Advent wreath 5877: 5875: 5874:Advent candle 5872: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5781:Companions of 5777: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693:Gift-bringers 5688: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5558:Twelfth Night 5556: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5519:Nativity Fast 5517: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Christmastide 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:Angel Gabriel 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5430:Biblical Magi 5428: 5427: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5401: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5383:Christmas Eve 5380: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5366: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5251: 5249:9781418504076 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4799: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4690: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4538: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4459:. Routledge. 4458: 4451: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4373:9780835608138 4369: 4365: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4211:Coughlan 2017 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3994: 3989: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3922: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3697: 3689: 3687:9781418504076 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3320:, p. 35. 3319: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3274:, p. 93. 3273: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3253: 3245: 3243:0-8146-5616-1 3239: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 40. 3167: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 3003:9789068324372 2999: 2995: 2988: 2980: 2974: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2870: 2864:, p. 38. 2863: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2791: 2790:Ferguson 1976 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2744:0-8146-2970-9 2740: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2716:0-8146-2970-9 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2676: 2674:9780816056897 2670: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2646:0-09-469490-7 2642: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2620: 2618:0-313-30733-4 2614: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2517: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2495:, p. xi. 2494: 2489: 2487: 2478: 2471: 2465:, p. 15. 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2417:, p. ix. 2416: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2360:, p. 14. 2359: 2354: 2352: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2277: 2273: 2271:9780310564560 2267: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2240: 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