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767:, had difficulty maintaining order, especially among the militia and the new levies. Indians constantly shadowed the force, and skirmishes occasionally erupted. By 2 November, through further desertion and illness, St. Clair's force had been whittled down to around 1,120, including the camp followers. While St. Clair's Army continued to lose soldiers, the Western Confederacy quickly added numbers. Buckongahelas led his 480 men to join the 700 Little Turtle and Blue Jacket warriors, bringing the war party to more than one thousand warriors, including many Potawatomis from eastern Michigan.
602:
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542:), Harmar committed detachments that were ambushed by Native American forces defending their territory. On three separate occasions, Harmar failed to reinforce the detachments. Suffering more than 200 casualties, as well as a loss of a third of his packhorses, Harmar ordered a retreat back to Ft. Washington. Estimates of total Native casualties, killed and wounded, range from 120 to 150.
574:
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was 97 percent, including 632 of 920 killed (69%) and 264 wounded. Nearly all of the 200 camp followers were slaughtered, for a total of 832 Americans killed. Due to its relatively small size at the time, approximately one-quarter of the entire U.S. Army had been destroyed in one day. Only 24 of the 920 officers and men engaged came out of it unscathed. The survivors included
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that the route was littered with discarded firelocks, cartridge boxes, and uniforms, as the fleeing army discarded any items that slowed them down. In desperation, one cook known as "Red-headed Nance" even abandoned her baby. Another account tells a similar story, where a baby abandoned in the snow by a fleeing mother was found and adopted by pursuing Native
Americans.
1036:. The first empowered the president to call out the militias of the several states. The second required free, able-bodied white male citizens of the various states between the ages of 18 and 45 to enroll in the militia of the state in which they resided. Washington would use the authority to call out the militia in 1794 to suppress the
759:, Ohio). The recruits were poorly trained and undisciplined, the food supplies were substandard, and the horses were low in number and poor quality. The expedition thus failed to set out until October 1791. Building supply posts as it advanced, the Army's objective was Kekionga, the capital of the Miami tribe.
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The casualty rate was the highest percentage ever suffered by a United States Army unit and included St. Clair's second in command, Richard Butler. Of the 52 officers engaged, 39 were killed and 7 wounded; around 88% of all officers had become casualties. The
American casualty rate among the soldiers
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for the retreat. When Clark was wounded, however, the detachment fled. With no organized defense against the pursuing Native
Americans, the retreat quickly turned into a rout. "It was, in fact, a flight," St. Clair described a few days later in a letter to Secretary of War Knox. St. Clair later wrote
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After three hours of fighting, St. Clair called together the remaining officers and, faced with total annihilation, decided to attempt one last bayonet charge to get through the native line and escape. Supplies and wounded were left in the camp. As before, Little Turtle's army allowed the bayonets to
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The center, consisting of the Miami, Shawnee, and Lenape, first attacked the militia, who fled across the Wabash and up the hill to the main camp without their weapons. The regulars immediately broke their musket stacks, formed battle lines, and fired a volley into the natives, forcing them back. The
1023:
The final committee report sided largely with St. Clair by finding that Knox, Hodgdon, and other War
Department officials had done a poor job of raising, equipping, and supplying St. Clair's expedition. However, Congress voted against a motion to consider the committee's findings and issued no final
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Washington then ordered
General Arthur St. Clair, who served as governor of the Northwest Territory and as a major general in the Army, to mount a more vigorous effort by the summer of 1791. Congress agreed to raise a second regiment of regular soldiers for six months, but it later reduced soldiers'
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to determine whether to continue the war against the United States or negotiate peace from a strong position. Some believed the United States could not continue the war after losing so many soldiers. The council delayed the final decision until a new grand council could be held the following year.
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assumed command of the Second
Regiment in January 1792 and led a supply convoy to Fort Jefferson. The detachment attempted to bury the dead and collect the missing cannons, but the task was beyond it, with "upwards of six hundred bodies" at the battle site and at least 78 bodies along the road. The
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from the
Kentucky militia camp, making it challenging to assist one another. No defensive works were constructed, even though natives had been seen in the forest. Butler sent a small detachment of soldiers under Captain Jacob Slough to capture some warriors who had harassed the camp. The detachment
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began investigating the disaster. It was the first
Congressional Special Committee investigation as well as the first investigation of the executive branch. As part of the proceedings, the House committee in charge of the investigation sought certain documents from the War Department. Knox brought
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Women and children who accompanied the army sought refuge among the supply wagons. Some militia tried to join them but were forced back into battle by the women. Darke ordered his battalion to fix bayonets and charge the central native position. Little Turtle's forces gave way and retreated to the
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the regulars and closed in on the main camp, meeting on the far side. Within 30 minutes, the 1,400 warriors had completely encircled the U.S. camp. The U.S. muskets and artillery were poor quality and had little effect on the Native warriors behind their cover. Meanwhile, St. Clair's artillery was
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The Army under St. Clair included 600 regulars, 800 six-month conscripts, and 600 militia at its peak, a total of around 2,000 men. Desertion took its toll; when the force finally got underway, it had dwindled to around 1,486 total men and some 200–250 camp followers (wives, children, laundresses,
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Within weeks of learning of the disaster, Washington wrote, "We are involved in actual war!" Following up on his 1783 "Sentiments on a Peace
Establishment", he urged Congress to raise an army capable of conducting a successful offense against the American Indian confederacy, which it did in March
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The confederacy reveled in their triumph and war trophies, but most members of the force returned to their respective towns after the victory. The 1791 harvest had been insufficient in the region, and the warriors needed to hunt for winter food stores. A grand council was held on the banks of the
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Private
Stephen Littell became lost in the woods and accidentally returned to the abandoned camp. He reported that the Native Americans were all gone, in pursuit of the fleeing army. The remaining wounded begged him to kill them before the Native Americans returned. The American Indians continued
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Several survivors of St. Clair's Defeat wrote vivid accounts of their experiences during the battle. The governing Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County published a pamphlet, one of a historical series. The three accounts were published in 1847, 1851 and 1864, respectively.
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returned to the site in late 1793, they identified the site by the unburied human remains. The detachment had to move bones to make space for their beds. The Legion buried remains in a mass grave. Sixty years after the battle, in September 1851, the town organized Bone Burying Day to inter the
1111:. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville used the site of St. Clair's defeat to draw a line opening most of modern Ohio to U.S. settlement. The Greenville line roughly corresponds to the contemporary Ohio-Indiana state line, slightly more than one mile (1.6 km) west of the battleground site.
1016:. Washington established, in principle, the position that the executive branch should refuse to divulge any papers or materials that the public good required it to keep secret and that at any rate, it was not to provide any originals. That is the earliest appearance of the doctrine of
565:. Many of the confederation leaders were considering terms of peace to present to the United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war. Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect, uniting the tribes against St. Clair instead of distracting them.
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of 1794. One provision was that the British acceded to American demands to remove their forts from American territory in Michigan and Wisconsin. The British, however, maintained their forts in Ontario, from which they supplied munitions to the Natives living in the United States.
805:, near the headwaters of the Wabash River. A native force of around 1,000 warriors, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, established a large crescent surrounding the camp. They waited in the woods until dawn, when the men stacked their weapons and paraded to their morning meals.
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woods, only to encircle Darke's battalion and destroy it. The bayonet charge was tried numerous times with similar results, and the U.S. forces eventually collapsed in disorder. St. Clair had three horses shot out from under him as he tried unsuccessfully to rally his men.
988:, "General St. Clair shall have justice. I looked hastily through the dispatches, saw the whole disaster but not all the particulars." St. Clair left Wilkinson in charge of Fort Washington and arrived in Philadelphia in January 1792 to report on what had happened. Blaming
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pay. The demoralized First Regiment was reduced to 299 soldiers, while the new Second Regiment recruited only half of its authorized soldiers. St. Clair was forced to augment his Army with Kentucky militia and two regiments (five battalions) of six-month levies.
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that would be closed to further settlement and encompass what was then known as the Northwest Territory. The plans were developed in Canada, but in 1794 the government in London reversed course and decided it was necessary to gain American favor since a
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their pursuit, killing those who fell to the rear of the retreat. After they had gone about four miles, they returned to loot the camp. Hiding beneath a tree, Littell reported that they ate the abandoned food, divided the spoils, and killed the wounded.
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fired on a small party of Native Americans but soon realized they were outnumbered. They returned to the camp and reported that they believed an attack was imminent, but Butler did not send this report to St. Clair or increase the camp's defenses.
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One of the more significant effects of the Native American victory was the expansion in the United States of a standing, professional Army and militia reforms. The Congressional investigation into the battle also led to the establishment of
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The Native American forces did not have a formal command structure, and the overall planning and leadership has been a source of debate. Both Blue Jacket and Little Turtle later claimed to have been in overall command of the united forces.
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by Henry M. Brackenridge, 1834, in which Brackenridge recalled hearing the song from its author, a blind poet named Dennis Loughey, at a racetrack in Pittsburgh around 1800. It was collected as a folksong in Mary O. Eddy's 1939 book
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St. Clair's defeat. a-Butler's Battalion, c-Clarke's Battalion, d-Patterson's Battalion, e-Faulkner's Rifle Company, h-Gaither's Battalion, j-Beddinger's Battalion, crosses indicate the "enemy", z-"troops retreating" (north on
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at the battlefield site and spent the following months reinforcing the structure and searching for the abandoned artillery from St. Clair's defeat. On 30 June to 1 July 1794, the Legion successfully defended the fort from a
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St. Clair had 52 officers and 868 enlisted and militia present for duty on 3 November. That day, the combined force camped on an elevated meadow, with the First Infantry and volunteers encamped on the opposite side of the
440:. The forces of the American Indian confederacy attacked at dawn, taking St. Clair's men by surprise. Of the 1,000 officers and men that St. Clair led into battle, only 24 escaped unharmed. As a result, President
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carried St. Clair's official report to Philadelphia. Knox escorted Denny to President Washington on 20 December. Washington was outraged when he received news of the defeat. After cursing St. Clair, he told
919:
remains of bones discovered at that location. Historian William Hogeland calls the Native American victory "the high-water mark in resistance to white expansion. No comparable Indian victory would follow."
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The head of the retreat reached Fort Jefferson that evening, a distance of nearly 30 miles (48 km) in one day. With inadequate space and no food, it was decided that those who could must continue to
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The different nations were grouped by similar language groups in a crescent-shaped formation at the start of the battle. Little Turtle of the Miamis, Blue Jacket of the Shawnee, with Buckongahelas and
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874:, another 45 miles (72 km) away. The wounded were left at Fort Jefferson with little or no food. Those on horseback reached Fort Hamilton the next morning, followed by those who marched on foot.
492:. During the mid and late 1780s, a cycle of violence in Indian-American relations and the continued resistance of Native nations threatened to deter American settlement of the contested territory, so
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480:, however, were not parties to this treaty, and many of them, especially leaders such as Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, refused to recognize American claims to the area northwest of the
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involved, the president summoned a meeting of all of his department heads. It was one of the first meetings of all of the officials together and may be considered the beginning of the
1071:, which used Fort Recovery as a reference point for the boundary between American and Native settlements. The treaty is considered to be the conclusion to the Northwest Indian War.
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visited General Wayne in 1793, and Seneca Chief Big Tree joined Wayne's Legion. In early 1794, when it appeared there would be an end to hostilities, Big Tree committed suicide.
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claimed that when the battle began, the Shawnee took the lead. Little Turtle is often credited for the victory, but this may have been due to the influence of his son-in-law,
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Both Little Turtle and Blue Jacket claimed to have been in overall command of the native forces at the victory, causing resentment between the two men and their followers.
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to gain exoneration and planned to resign his commission after winning it. Washington, however, denied him the court-martial and forced St. Clair's immediate resignation.
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Washington was adamant for St. Clair to move north in the summer months, but various logistics and supply problems greatly slowed his preparations in Fort Washington (now
737:
488:, planned to raise funds via the methodical sale of land in the Northwest Territory. This plan necessarily called for the removal of both Native American villages and
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2455:"Proposed Work at Fort Recovery May Solve Some of its Mysteries see letter in Comments by James L Murphy dated 7 January 2010 citing the story "Lost Sir Massingberd""
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1195:
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A folk ballad, "St. Clair's Defeat" (or "Sinclair's Defeat"), was published in the 19th century and was popular in the 1800s. It may have been based on the earlier
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A story was published years after the defeat of St Clair about a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg and his diary that were supposedly found inside a tree in
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The British, surprised and delighted at the success of the Natives they had been supporting and arming for years, stepped up their plans to create a pro-British
812:
had just reprimanded the militia for failing to conduct reconnaissance patrols when the natives struck, surprising the Americans and overrunning their ground.
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1095:. Despite being one of the worst disasters in U.S. Army history, the loss by St. Clair is largely forgotten. The site of the battle is currently the town of
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News of the defeat reached the eastern states by late November. A French resident learned of the battle from Native Americans and shared the news at
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organized a relief party of Kentucky militia, but it disbanded at Fort Washington in late November with no action taken. Lieutenant Colonel
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1719:
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267:
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from Fort Washington on 11 November. They arrived at Fort Jefferson and found 116 survivors eating "horse flesh and green hides".
2432:
1648:
1247:"THE BATTLE OF THE WABASH AND THE BATTLE OF FORT RECOVERY: MAPPING THE BATTLEFIELD LANDSCAPE AND PRESENT DAY FORT RECOVERY, OHIO"
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484:. The young United States government, deeply in debt following the Revolutionary War and lacking the authority to tax under the
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405:. It was "the most decisive defeat in the history of the American military" and its largest defeat ever by Native Americans.
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2177:
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3096:– President Washington's dispatch to Congress reporting the defeat. See footnote 1 for St. Clair's report to Henry Knox.
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led a subsequent raid in August 1791, intended to create a distraction that would aid St. Clair's march north. In the
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On the evening of 3 November, St. Clair's force established a camp on a high hill near the present-day location of
993:
955:. London put the barrier state idea on hold and opened friendly negotiations with the Americans, leading to the
501:
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911:; Van Cleve was one of the few who were unharmed. Native casualties were about 61, with at least 21 killed.
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2679:
2637:
1092:
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325:
1164:
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3180:
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Casualty statistics from "That Dark and Bloody River", by Allan W. Eckert, Bantam Books, December 1995.
952:
908:
611:
465:
1123:. However, no one of that name was a casualty of the 1791 battle. The story originated in 1864 from a
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stationed on a nearby bluff and was wheeling into position when the gun crews were killed by native
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3081:"From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 12 December 1791"
2369:"The Death of Captain Big Tree: Suicide and the Perils of US–Iroquois Diplomacy in the Early 1790s"
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882:
709:
394:
360:
203:
145:
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The number of U.S. soldiers killed in St. Clair's defeat was more than three times the number the
2937:
Odom, William O. (1993). "Destined for Defeat: an Analysis of the St. Clair Expedition of 1791".
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and prostitutes). Going was slow, and discipline problems were severe; St. Clair, suffering from
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1225:"St. Clair's Campaign of 1791: A Defeat in the Wilderness That Helped Forge Today's U.S. Army"
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1966:
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2204:"Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege: History, Law, Practice and Recent Developments"
1032:), adding three-year enlistments, and increasing military pay. That May, it also passed two
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1033:
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report. St. Clair expressed disappointment that his reputation was not officially cleared.
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Dwight L. Smith, "A North American Neutral Indian Zone: Persistence of a British Idea."
2005:
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and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief
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57:
2820:
Eid, Leroy V. (1993). "American Indian Military Leadership: St. Clair's 1791 Defeat".
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from eastern Michigan. The opposing force of about 1,000 Americans was led by General
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War Along the Wabash: The Ohio Indian Confederacy's Destruction of the US Army, 1791
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1067:. The next year, the United States and the Northwestern Confederacy negotiated the
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468:, Great Britain recognized United States sovereignty of all the land east of the
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2994:
President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795
1651:. Fort Recovery Historical Society. Note #6, "American Indian Alliance Strategy"
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that matter to Washington's attention, and because of the significant issues of
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March to Massacre: A History of the First Seven Years of the United States Army
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The Victory with No Name: the Native American Defeat of the First American Army
980:
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Scarborough Fayre: Traditional Tunes from the British Isles and the New World
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1927:"The United States worst military defeat came at the hands of native tribes"
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Bayonets in the Wilderness. Anthony Wayne's Legion in the Old Northwest
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The Evolution of Military Strategy and Ohio Indian Removal in the 1790s
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2323:"May 08, 1792: Militia Act establishes conscription under federal law"
2260:. Fort Lee, Virginia: US Army Quartermaster Foundation. Archived from
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2229:"The Battle of the Wabash: The Forgotten Disaster of the Indian Wars"
858:
489:
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2662:(Media notes). Apollo's Fire. 2010. KOCH KIC-CD-7577. Archived from
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972:. From there, a traveler headed east sent word to Virginia Governor
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exact number of wounded is not known, but it has been reported that
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Staff of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County (1954).
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1083:
Monument to the fallen at St. Clair's Defeat in Fort Recovery, Ohio
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2812:
2542:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: James Kay Jun. and Brother. p.
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2123:
1414:
Fleming, Thomas (August 2009). "Fallen Timbers, Broken Alliance".
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St. Clair sent a supply convoy and a hundred soldiers under Major
681:(only part of the regiment under Captain Thomas Doyle was engaged)
51:
2755:
The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash
854:
wrote that the fastest ran, leaving the slow and wounded behind.
593:
421:
1063:. The following month, the Legion won a decisive victory in the
573:
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ended in disaster for the United States. On 19–22 October, near
2433:"Battle of the Wabash and Battle of Fort Recovery Walking Tour"
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1649:"Battle of the Wabash and Battle of Fort Recovery Walking Tour"
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429:
2297:"Washington's Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, 1 May 1783"
2081:"The Mihši-maalhsa Wars – Part III – The Battle of the Wabash"
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1532:
857:
A Pennsylvania detachment under Major John Clark provided the
3061:"To George Washington from William Darke, 9–10 November 1791"
1779:. Boards of the Public Library of Fort Wayne and Allen County
1088:
654:
642:
634:
432:. The war party numbered over 1,000 warriors, including many
3032:
Wabash 1791: St. Clair's Defeat; Osprey Campaign Series #240
2570:. United States: J.B. Lippincott and Company. pp. 62–63
914:
So many people died on site that when 300 soldiers from the
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of Little Turtle is reputedly based upon a lost portrait by
2478:"Sinclair's (St. Clair's) Defeat - The Battle of Pea Ridge"
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Map of St. Clair's encampment and retreat (north on bottom)
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2457:. Ohio Historical Society Archaeology Blog. 6 January 2010
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1451:. The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System
1182:, a likely source for the name of the fife and drum duet "
2952:
George Washington's America. A Biography Through His Maps
2174:"St. Clair's Defeat and the Birth of Executive Privilege"
1806:
1687:
1196:
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1020:, which later became a major separation of powers issue.
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In December 1793, the Legion of the United States built
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1163:. It was also recorded as "St. Claire's Defeat" by the
2632:(LP). Modern Folk Quartet. Warner Bros. 1964. WS 1546.
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left and right wings of the Native American formation
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1983:
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1047:, who mourned his death. A Seneca delegation led by
2977:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
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1895:
1883:
1871:
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1792 by establishing additional army regiments (the
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2nd Levy Regiment – Lieutenant Colonel George Gibson
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The United States command structure was as follows:
2996:. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.
2970:
2752:
2373:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1907:
1043:General Richard Butler had many friends among the
694:Artillery Battalion – Major William Ferguson
661:units that formed the right horn of the crescent.
684:2nd Infantry Regiment – Major Jonathan Hart
3167:
2083:. Oxford, Ohio: Myaamia Center, Miami University
1963:Fallen Timbers 1794: The US Army's first victory
1632:. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 47.
1422:(3). History Reference Center, EBSCOhost: 36–43.
618:, who later served with the United States as an
389:, was a battle fought on 4 November 1791 in the
2684:: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (
2642:: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (
2567:Recollections of Persons and Places in the West
2539:Recollections of persons and places in the West
1331:"The Biggest Forgotten American Indian Victory"
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1140:Recollections of Persons and Places in the West
150:
3129:, vol. XCII, New York, pp. 387–403,
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
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393:of the United States. The U.S. Army faced the
3076:– William Darke's report to George Washington
2213:(RL30319). Congressional Research Service: 1.
1223:Buffenbarger, Thomas E. (15 September 2011).
1147:It was recorded by Grimes on her 1957 album,
275:
2773:
2563:
2535:
2379:(2). University of Pennsylvania Press: 103.
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1550:
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846:pass through, but this time the men ran for
510:A force of 1,453 men (320 regulars from the
2258:"Samuel Hodgdon, 5th Quartermaster General"
1630:The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812
1207:
1178:St. Clair's defeat is, along with the 1811
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60:article on St. Clair's defeat, featured in
2701:"Rudamental Classics 'Hell on the Wabash'"
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976:, along with an alarm from Charles Scott.
894:burned for several days after the battle.
507:to use military force to crush the Miami.
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2606:"St. Clair's Defeat - Ohio State Ballads"
2237:National Museum of the United States Army
2201:
1300:William Clark and the Shaping of the West
1273:
1227:. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
1099:, and includes a cemetery, memorial, and
963:
448:initiated its first investigation of the
444:forced St. Clair to resign his post, and
3015:. Fairborn, Ohio: Van Trees Associates.
2949:
2886:
2853:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2792:
2759:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
2159:
2144:
2101:
2051:
2006:"Corps of Discovery. United States Army"
1850:. C.L. Derby & Company. p. 436.
1717:
1601:
1523:
1481:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1078:
791:
783:
600:
592:
572:
289:
3029:
2891:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2867:
2731:
2498:
2354:
2222:
2220:
2192:
2171:
1989:
1960:
1865:
1833:
1812:
1800:
1760:
1748:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1627:
1589:
1574:
1562:
1508:
1435:
1413:
1409:
1407:
723:1st Levy Regiment – Lieutenant Colonel
27:1791 battle of the Northwest Indian War
14:
3168:
3144:– via Cornell University Library
2968:
2750:
2736:. Paducah: Turner Publishing Company.
2734:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
2603:
2510:
2172:Jenkins, Tamahome (18 November 2009).
2000:
1998:
1493:
1355:
2991:
2913:
2797:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2795:The Indian World of George Washington
2366:
2282:
2066:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1845:
1718:Griesmer, Daniel R. (December 2015).
1469:
1317:
1161:Gibson & Camp at the Gate of Horn
263:
2973:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
2936:
2848:
2698:
2588:
2431:; Fort Recovery Historical Society.
2217:
2010:U.S. Army Center of Military History
1913:
1647:; Fort Recovery Historical Society.
1404:
953:major war had broken out with France
585:that was destroyed when the British
568:
500:petitioned President Washington and
3196:Battles of the Northwest Indian War
3100:2016 Terrain Analysis of the Battle
2819:
2778:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2475:
2427:Applied Anthropology Laboratories,
1995:
1643:Applied Anthropology Laboratories,
1356:Waxman, Matthew (4 November 2018).
941:
825:, and the survivors were forced to
24:
3191:Battles involving Native Americans
2954:. New York: Walker & Company.
2564:Brackenridge, Henry Marie (1868).
2435:. Fort Recovery Historical Society
1449:"Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812)"
1329:Calloway, Colin G. (9 June 2015).
1274:Cornelius, Jim (4 November 2012).
1114:
25:
3222:
3053:
2517:. Smithsonian Folkways. p. 6
2385:10.5215/pennmaghistbio.145.2.0095
2295:Washington, George (1 May 1783).
1091:would kill 85 years later at the
629:of the Lenape formed the center.
408:The Native Americans were led by
3149:
2226:
1602:Shepherd, Joshua (Spring 2008).
1358:"Remembering St. Clair's Defeat"
1276:"The Battle of a Thousand Slain"
1132:Crawford's Defeat by the Indians
549:In May 1791, Lieutenant Colonel
216:
197:
186:
152:
131:Northwestern Confederacy victory
50:
3211:Native American history of Ohio
3176:1791 in the Northwest Territory
2793:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2018).
2774:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2015).
2692:
2650:
2620:
2597:
2582:
2557:
2536:Brackenridge, Henry M. (1834).
2529:
2514:Liner Notes, Ohio State Ballads
2504:
2469:
2447:
2420:
2398:
2360:
2315:
2288:
2250:
2165:
2107:
2072:
2024:
1954:
1945:
1919:
1839:
1766:
1711:
1636:
1621:
1595:
1441:
992:Samuel Hodgdon, as well as the
1349:
1290:
1267:
1239:
677:1st Infantry Regiment – Major
649:were among the leaders of the
13:
1:
3201:Pre-statehood history of Ohio
3127:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
3011:Van Trees, Robert V. (1986).
2751:Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987).
2725:
2699:Damm, Robert J (March 2011).
2176:. Babeled.com. Archived from
1337:. The Smithsonian Institution
897:
633:was among the leaders of the
455:
62:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
2868:Guthman, William H. (1970).
2032:"Fort Recovery State Museum"
1335:What It Means to be American
1145:Ballads and Songs from Ohio.
1093:Battle of the Little Bighorn
922:
7:
3159:public domain audiobook at
2822:Journal of Military History
2591:Ballads and songs from Ohio
2079:Ironstrack, George (2014).
1189:
1030:Legion of the United States
916:Legion of the United States
750:
476:. The native tribes in the
10:
3227:
3113:Fort Recovery State Museum
2887:Hogeland, William (2017).
2593:. New York: J.J. Augustin.
2202:Rosenberg, Morton (2008).
840:
518:) under Brigadier General
466:American Revolutionary War
387:Battle of a Thousand Slain
3030:Winkler, John F. (2011).
2950:Schecter, Barnet (2010).
2914:Locke, Steven P. (2023).
2889:Autumn of the Black Snake
2872:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2367:Owens, Robert M. (2021).
1604:"Slaughter on the Wabash"
1074:
1040:in western Pennsylvania.
779:
486:Articles of Confederation
301:
241:
228:
166:
139:
68:
49:
41:
36:
2939:Northwest Ohio Quarterly
2732:Allison, Harold (1986).
2406:"Treaty of Greene Ville"
2115:Northwest Ohio Quarterly
1961:Winkler, John F (2013).
1628:Lossing, Benson (1868).
1297:Landon Y. Jones (2005).
1201:
1065:Battle of Fallen Timbers
1005:House of Representatives
996:, St. Clair asked for a
928:Native American response
522:marched northwards from
146:Northwestern Confederacy
3156:St. Clair's Defeat 1791
3135:2027/coo.31924079630418
2211:CRS Report for Congress
1848:Border Wars of the West
1278:. FrontierPartisans.com
679:Jean François Hamtramck
555:Battle of Kenapacomaqua
512:First American Regiment
252:656 killed or captured
18:St. Clair's Defeat
2849:Gaff, Alan D. (2004).
2608:. Smithsonian Folkways
2589:Eddy, Mary O. (1939).
2480:. The Kitchen Musician
1084:
1061:Native American attack
964:United States response
798:
789:
606:
598:
597:General Richard Butler
590:
383:Battle of Wabash River
167:Commanders and leaders
3123:"St. Clair's Defeat."
3108:Ball State University
3104:National Park Service
2992:Sword, Wiley (1985).
2969:Sugden, John (2000).
2604:Grimes, Anne (1957).
2511:Grimes, Anne (1957).
2429:Ball State University
1967:Bloomsbury Publishing
1738:– via ProQuest.
1730:. p. 2. 10024044
1645:Ball State University
1082:
1014:United States Cabinet
990:Quartermaster General
795:
787:
736:– Lieutenant Colonel
604:
596:
576:
557:, Wilkinson killed 9
242:Casualties and losses
112:40.41440°N 84.78022°W
2666:on 27 September 2011
2117:61#2–4 (1989): 46–63
1846:Frost, John (1854).
1180:Battle of Tippecanoe
1159:on their 1960 album
1069:Treaty of Greenville
1010:separation of powers
948:Indian barrier state
605:Lt Col William Drake
462:1783 Treaty of Paris
403:Northwest Indian War
379:Battle of the Wabash
377:, also known as the
293:Northwest Indian War
58:Theodore Roosevelt's
44:Northwest Indian War
37:Battle of the Wabash
3206:Mercer County, Ohio
3119:Roosevelt, Theodore
3013:Banks of the Wabash
2920:Casemate Publishers
2680:cite AV media notes
2638:cite AV media notes
2327:This Day In History
2303:. National Archives
2285:, pp. 203–205.
2180:on 23 December 2010
2132:, pp. 129–130.
1728:University of Akron
1169:Modern Folk Quartet
1109:executive privilege
1097:Fort Recovery, Ohio
1018:executive privilege
803:Fort Recovery, Ohio
641:units to the left.
540:Fort Wayne, Indiana
526:on 7 October 1790.
395:Western Confederacy
391:Northwest Territory
331:Blackberry Campaign
117:40.41440; -84.78022
108: /
1815:, pp. 77, 81.
1776:St. Clair’s Defeat
1696:, pp. 55, 60.
1184:Hell on the Wabash
1149:Ohio State Ballads
1134:. Music historian
1121:Miami County, Ohio
1085:
905:Benjamin Van Cleve
799:
790:
637:, Potawatomi, and
607:
599:
591:
494:John Cleves Symmes
464:, which ended the
430:Delawares (Lenape)
375:St. Clair's defeat
341:St. Clair's defeat
56:Illustration from
3181:Conflicts in 1791
3085:National Archives
3065:National Archives
3045:978-1-84908-676-9
3036:Osprey Publishing
2961:978-0-8027-1748-1
2929:978-1-63624-268-2
2476:Johnson, Sara L.
2130:Calloway, C. 2015
2012:. 31 January 2021
1976:978-1-7809-6377-8
1931:We Are The Mighty
1551:Calloway, C. 2015
1539:Calloway, C. 2015
1511:, pp. 23–24.
1496:, pp. 62–63.
1438:, pp. 18–21.
1038:Whiskey Rebellion
622:and interpreter.
587:burned Washington
569:Command structure
472:and south of the
470:Mississippi River
442:George Washington
401:, as part of the
369:
368:
258:
257:
135:
134:
16:(Redirected from
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2918:. Philadelphia:
2910:
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2845:
2816:
2789:
2785:978-01993-8799-1
2770:
2758:
2747:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2708:Percussive Notes
2705:
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1416:Military History
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942:British response
810:Winthrop Sargent
807:Adjutant General
746:
734:Kentucky militia
718:
708:– Major General
700:
690:
672:Arthur St. Clair
670:– Major General
502:Secretary of War
450:executive branch
438:Arthur St. Clair
399:Native Americans
326:Dunlap's Station
296:
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64:, February 1896.
54:
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3186:Battles in Ohio
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2301:Founders Online
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2233:armyhistory.org
2227:Feng, Patrick.
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2015:
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1988:
1984:
1977:
1959:
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1950:
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1936:
1934:
1933:. 17 April 2022
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1171:in 1964 and by
1117:
1115:Popular culture
1077:
966:
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925:
900:
892:execution fires
887:James Wilkinson
843:
782:
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742:
714:
696:
686:
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551:James Wilkinson
524:Fort Washington
498:Jonathan Dayton
458:
372:
371:
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316:Harmar campaign
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3054:External links
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2898:978-0374107345
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2804:978-0190652166
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2419:
2408:. Touring Ohio
2397:
2359:
2344:
2314:
2287:
2275:
2264:on 14 May 2011
2249:
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2191:
2164:
2162:, p. 151.
2149:
2147:, p. 238.
2134:
2119:
2106:
2104:, p. 396.
2094:
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2069:, p. 196.
2056:
2054:, p. 374.
2044:
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1994:
1982:
1975:
1969:. p. 46.
1953:
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1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 199.
1894:
1892:, p. 194.
1882:
1880:, p. 193.
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1608:HistoryNet.com
1594:
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1543:
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1528:
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1462:
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1391:
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1303:. p. 41.
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994:War Department
981:Ebenezer Denny
965:
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940:
929:
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921:
907:and his uncle
899:
896:
852:Ebenezer Denny
848:Fort Jefferson
842:
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749:
738:William Oldham
731:
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710:Richard Butler
703:
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583:Gilbert Stuart
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361:Fallen Timbers
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137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
125:
124:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
47:
46:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
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3199:
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3147:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
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3114:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3022:0-9616282-3-5
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3003:0-8061-1864-4
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2984:0-8032-4288-3
2980:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
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2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2879:0-07-025297-1
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2860:0-8061-3585-9
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2766:0-252-01318-2
2762:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2743:0-938021-07-9
2739:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2501:, p. 88.
2500:
2495:
2479:
2472:
2456:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2407:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2357:, p. 77.
2356:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2160:Hogeland 2017
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:Schecter 2010
2141:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2103:
2102:Calloway 2018
2098:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:Hogeland 2017
2048:
2033:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1992:, p. 46.
1991:
1986:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1916:, p. 11.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1868:, p. 83.
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1836:, p. 81.
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1803:, p. 85.
1802:
1797:
1795:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1763:, p. 84.
1762:
1757:
1751:, p. 61.
1750:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1708:, p. 64.
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1684:, p. 83.
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 55.
1671:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1592:, p. 82.
1591:
1586:
1584:
1577:, p. 81.
1576:
1571:
1565:, p. 37.
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:Calloway 2018
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1483:
1482:Calloway 2015
1478:
1471:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:Calloway 2018
1395:
1389:, p. 55.
1388:
1387:Calloway 2015
1383:
1377:, p. 38.
1376:
1375:Calloway 2015
1371:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1310:9781429945363
1306:
1302:
1301:
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1213:
1211:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1173:Apollo's Fire
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Hamilton Camp
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:Fort Recovery
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:Seneca people
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:court-martial
995:
991:
987:
982:
977:
975:
971:
961:
958:
954:
949:
939:
936:
920:
917:
912:
910:
909:Robert Benham
906:
895:
893:
888:
884:
883:Charles Scott
880:
879:David Ziegler
875:
873:
872:Fort Hamilton
867:
863:
860:
855:
853:
849:
838:
834:
830:
828:
824:
819:
813:
811:
808:
804:
794:
786:
777:
774:
768:
766:
760:
758:
748:
747:
745:
739:
735:
728:
726:
725:William Darke
722:
721:
720:
719:
717:
711:
707:
701:
699:
693:
691:
689:
683:
680:
676:
675:
674:
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669:
665:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
616:William Wells
613:
603:
595:
588:
584:
580:
575:
566:
564:
563:Little Turtle
560:
556:
552:
547:
543:
541:
538:(present-day
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:Josiah Harmar
517:
513:
508:
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Old Northwest
475:
471:
467:
463:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:Buckongahelas
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Little Turtle
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
362:
359:
357:
356:Fort Recovery
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:Kenapacomaqua
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
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317:
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309:
307:
304:
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300:
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285:
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278:
273:
271:
266:
265:
262:
251:
246:
245:
240:
236:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:William Darke
213:
211:
205:
194:
184:
182:
181:Buckongahelas
178:
174:
173:Little Turtle
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:United States
149:
147:
144:
143:
138:
130:
127:
126:
121:
92:
88:
87:Fort Recovery
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
3155:
3138:, retrieved
3126:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3031:
3012:
2993:
2972:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2915:
2888:
2869:
2850:
2828:(1): 71–88.
2825:
2821:
2794:
2775:
2754:
2733:
2712:. Retrieved
2707:
2694:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2658:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2566:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2538:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2499:Winkler 2011
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2376:
2372:
2362:
2355:Winkler 2011
2335:. Retrieved
2329:. New York:
2326:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2300:
2290:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2232:
2210:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:the original
2167:
2114:
2109:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2074:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2009:
1990:Winkler 2011
1985:
1962:
1956:
1947:
1935:. Retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1866:Winkler 2011
1847:
1841:
1834:Winkler 2011
1813:Winkler 2011
1808:
1801:Allison 1986
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1761:Allison 1986
1756:
1749:Winkler 2011
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1713:
1706:Winkler 2011
1701:
1694:Winkler 2011
1689:
1682:Allison 1986
1677:
1670:Winkler 2011
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
1590:Allison 1986
1575:Allison 1986
1570:
1563:Winkler 2011
1558:
1546:
1509:Winkler 2011
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1443:
1436:Winkler 2011
1419:
1415:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1299:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1177:
1165:folk revival
1160:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1118:
1105:
1086:
1053:
1042:
1034:Militia Acts
1026:
1022:
1002:
978:
967:
945:
935:Ottawa River
931:
913:
901:
876:
868:
864:
856:
844:
835:
831:
829:their guns.
814:
800:
773:Wabash River
769:
761:
754:
743:
733:
732:
715:
705:
704:
697:
687:
667:
666:
663:
627:Captain Pipe
624:
620:Indian agent
608:
548:
544:
528:The campaign
509:
459:
407:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
340:
311:Logan's raid
209:
140:Belligerents
85:Present-day
42:Part of the
29:
3148:Anonymous.
3140:15 November
2945:(2): 68–93.
2574:16 November
2461:24 February
2390:15 November
1783:25 December
1494:Carter 1987
1282:15 November
1254:www.bsu.edu
1231:21 November
1136:Anne Grimes
1049:Cornplanter
986:Tobias Lear
706:U.S. levies
647:Simon Girty
612:John Norton
474:Great Lakes
434:Potawatomis
418:Blue Jacket
254:279 wounded
177:Blue Jacket
115: /
3170:Categories
3034:. Oxford:
2907:2016052193
2813:2017028686
2726:References
2283:Sword 1985
2184:3 November
2087:2 December
2067:Sword 1985
2037:25 October
1937:13 January
1902:Sword 1985
1890:Sword 1985
1878:Sword 1985
1726:(Thesis).
1470:Sword 1985
1455:9 November
1259:4 February
1167:group the
1153:Bob Gibson
957:Jay Treaty
898:Casualties
757:Cincinnati
579:lithograph
536:Fort Miami
514:and 1,133
505:Henry Knox
482:Ohio River
456:Background
321:Big Bottom
249:40 wounded
247:21 killed
103:84°46′49″W
100:40°24′52″N
2412:15 August
1914:Gaff 2004
1175:in 2004.
974:Henry Lee
970:Vincennes
923:Aftermath
859:rearguard
668:U.S. Army
490:squatters
306:Vincennes
3161:LibriVox
3121:(1896),
1190:See also
1125:Scottish
823:marksmen
751:Campaign
659:Cherokee
631:Egushawa
589:in 1814.
532:Kekionga
446:Congress
422:Shawnees
229:Strength
81:Location
3090:13 June
3070:13 June
2842:2944223
2629:Changes
2439:22 June
2337:20 July
2242:22 June
1655:21 June
1613:10 July
1362:Lawfare
1341:21 June
1151:and by
1127:novel.
841:Retreat
818:flanked
744:†
716:†
698:†
688:†
651:Wyandot
516:militia
460:In the
428:of the
420:of the
412:of the
385:or the
210:†
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3019:
3000:
2981:
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2714:17 May
2612:30 May
2549:31 May
2521:31 May
2383:
2333:. 2009
2307:2 July
2016:2 July
1973:
1734:9 July
1307:
1138:cites
1101:museum
1075:Legacy
979:Major
797:right)
780:Battle
740:
712:
657:, and
639:Ojibwe
635:Ottawa
424:, and
414:Miamis
381:, the
237:~1,000
206:
157:
128:Result
3102:from
2838:JSTOR
2704:(PDF)
2670:9 May
2484:9 May
2381:JSTOR
2268:9 May
2207:(PDF)
1250:(PDF)
1202:Notes
1089:Sioux
827:spike
655:Mingo
643:Tarhe
577:This
234:1,100
3142:2021
3106:and
3092:2023
3072:2023
3040:ISBN
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2956:ISBN
2924:ISBN
2903:LCCN
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2780:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2716:2021
2710:: 29
2686:link
2672:2011
2644:link
2614:2015
2576:2021
2551:2015
2523:2015
2486:2011
2463:2018
2441:2021
2414:2019
2392:2021
2339:2017
2309:2021
2270:2011
2244:2021
2186:2010
2089:2021
2039:2021
2018:2021
1971:ISBN
1939:2023
1785:2023
1736:2021
1657:2021
1615:2021
1457:2015
1343:2021
1305:ISBN
1284:2015
1261:2024
1233:2015
1155:and
1003:The
765:gout
645:and
534:and
496:and
91:Ohio
73:Date
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