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intoxicated, the truth of which has been debated. The
Kentuckians spent eight more days at Vincennes before marching north along the Wabash. Faced with dwindling supplies and rumors of a formidable Native force gathering to meet them, Kentucky militiamen deserted by the hundreds. Clark was compelled to return to Vincennes without having accomplished anything. At Vincennes, Clark tried negotiating a peace with the Natives, but this was also unsuccessful.
36:
424:
614:, and Natives shot one American outside Vincennes and burned another, leaving his remains hanging in a tree. On June 1, Filson departed Vincennes by water with a petition asking Congress to establish a military garrison at Vincennes. His canoe was attacked and two of his men were killed. He escaped and returned to Vincennes, where he wrote another letter updating Clark on the more recent attacks.
664:, a Miami chief. Le Gras expressed astonishment that the Americans had killed friendly Natives, reporting that the Americans had "cut them up" and "hacked them into pieces." Le Gras blamed the crisis on American "outlaws," particularly Daniel Sullivan. He sent a message to Clark in Kentucky, asking him to send troops to defend Vincennes before the Natives returned with overwhelming numbers.
712:
Clark remained in
Vincennes with a garrison 150 men to help defend Vincennes, but this force soon turned into a lawless mob. At one point, three Spanish traders arrived at Vincennes with trade goods, and Clark seized their cargo for the militia based on their lack of passports. The U.S. later sent an
617:
On June 21, Natives attacked
Americans working in a cornfield outside Vincennes, wounding two, one of them seriously. Americans led by Daniel Sullivan came to Vincennes, where they seized a sick Native who was being cared for by a Frenchman. The Americans killed and scalped the Native and dragged his
405:
visited
Vincennes and found about 70 American families among the 300 houses, but recorded that the French resented the Americans and their whiskey, that the Americans resented the French and their idleness, and that the Natives resented intrusion on their lands. In response to the violence between
400:
Americans poured into the region around
Vincennes, hoping to be granted lands by the U.S. government. The influx of settlers created tensions with the Natives, who usually had friendly relations with the French inhabitants. French officials in Vincennes tried to avoid involvement in the violence
708:
Clark departed
Clarksville on September 17 with about 1,200 men, "the most formidable force yet collected in the West under American arms." The march to Vincennes took eight days. Even before reaching Vincennes, militiamen expressed dissatisfaction. There were rumors that Clark was frequently
692:
By
September 13, only 1,200 militiamen had gathered at Clarksville. The officers decided the force was too small to proceed directly to the Wabash. A number of officers, including Logan, were sent back to Kentucky to gather "delinquents and deserters" and muster additional militiamen. Clark,
347:, the French civilian commandant at Vincennes, worked to maintain peace between Natives and Americans. He blamed the crisis on indiscriminate American attacks on friendly Natives, and unsuccessfully tried to expel Americans from Vincennes.
680:
to organize their own defensive measures. On August 2, the
Kentucky officers voted in favor of a punitive expedition against Natives along the Wabash River. General George Rogers Clark was appointed commander-in-chief, with General
618:
body through the town. Because this action took place within
Vincennes, the French could no longer remain uninvolved. Le Gras ordered all Americans without a passport to leave the town, but they refused to comply.
737:. Colonel Harmar arrived in July 1787 and declined to involve himself in land disputes against American settlers. He visited Kaskaskia and Cahokia and met with Wea and Piankashaw delegations, then left
599:, they attacked some Natives who had recently visited Vincennes. In the skirmish, the Americans had three killed and several wounded; one Native was wounded. Afterwards, the Natives withdrew to the
1337:
653:. The Americans attacked without first determining if the Natives were friendly or hostile, killing six and wounding seven. The Kentuckians, with one killed and four wounded, retreated to
642:
406:
Natives and
Americans, on March 16, 1786, Filson wrote to George Rogers Clark in Kentucky on behalf of the Vincennes residents, asking for aid against the "imperious savages."
713:
apology to the King of Spain. Vincennes petitioned Congress for help, with one resident heard praying, "Lord, please send the Kentuckians home and bring back the Indians!"
344:
693:
meanwhile, would take the 1,200 men to Vincennes and await the reinforcements. On September 14, Clark changed plans, and instead directed Logan to lead his men against the
204:
676:
asked the Confederation Congress if they would send troops to defend the frontier. When Congress failed to act, Henry authorized the militia officers of the
629:
met with them and again managed to keep the peace. The Natives dispersed after firing a few shots at Sullivan's house, but promised to return in the autumn.
459:
625:
warriors descended the Wabash in forty-seven war canoes, determined "to exterminate all the Americans who might be in these lands." Le Gras and
197:
1500:
1505:
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was en route, ostensibly coming to Vincennes's aid. Before reaching Vincennes, they attacked a Miami and Piankeshaw hunting camp on the
190:
1490:
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to gather reinforcements. Daniel Sullivan and his men, meanwhile, built a defensive stockade, Sullivan's Station, near Vincennes.
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1471:
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1326:
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between Americans and Natives. French inhabitants of Vincennes numbered 900. In early 1786, Kentucky land speculator
273:
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600:
592:
556:
150:
1301:. Selected Papers From The 1991 And 1992 George Rogers Clark Trans-Appalachian Frontier History Conferences.
390:
1520:
734:
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332:; the Americans had three men killed in the skirmish. As hostilities continued, Americans appealed to
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formally ceded the area to the United States, and in 1784, Virginia surrendered its claim to the
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Le Gras negotiated a truce with the Natives, but it did not last. In the weeks that followed,
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appointed French merchant Jean Marie Philippe Le Gras (c. 1734–1788) to govern Vincennes.
8:
1510:
375:
337:
253:
243:
172:
41:
1464:
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815
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64:
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While these negotiations were still underway, an expedition of 130 Kentuckians led by
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587:, killing one man and wounding two others. On April 15, American militiamen, led by
328:
from Vincennes, responding to an attack on a river boat, attacked Natives along the
702:
333:
314:
698:
382:
238:
233:
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President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795
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as his second-in-command. The officers called for 2,000 militiamen to gather at
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673:
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366:, became a part of the British Empire in 1763 after Britain's victory in the
98:
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to restore order. The Kentucky militia fled Vincennes at the approach of
638:
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35:
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321:, creating tensions with the Native inhabitants of the region.
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on behalf of Virginia, which in 1778 dubbed the vast region "
1391:"The Northwest Expedition of George Rogers Clark, 1786–1787"
1079:
1077:
1013:
1011:
305:
in 1786 between American settlers and Native Americans near
1338:"John Filson's Narrative of His Defeat on the Wabash, 1786"
595:, left Vincennes to retrieve the wounded Americans. At the
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in command of two companies, which built and occupied
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On July 15, 1786, a party of about 450 Piankeshaw and
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1319:
William Wells and the Struggle for the Old Northwest
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969:
914:
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1280:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
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1366:"Danger on the Wabash: Vincennes Letters of 1786"
1482:
340:in Kentucky to protect Vincennes from Natives.
883:
513:
89:
745:at Vincennes, thus stabilizing the situation.
697:. Logan eventually gathered about 800 men and
1254:Barnhart, John D.; Riker, Dorothy L. (1971).
198:
1298:Daniel Sullivan, Frontiersman and Adventurer
1258:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.
766:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHelderman1938 (
667:
632:
583:war party attacked an American boat on the
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1335:
1119:
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1044:
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939:
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34:
1466:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
761:
317:had been pouring into the area after the
1444:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1421:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1395:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1321:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1253:
1218:
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862:
847:
780:
660:Among the dead was the father-in-law of
212:
1234:
1206:
1194:
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1239:. Paducah: Turner Publishing Company.
1237:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
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475:38.64371803802736°N 87.6166562250676°W
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978:
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186:
1364:Helderman, Leonard C., ed. (1938b).
1336:Helderman, Leonard Clinton (1938a).
1256:Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period
480:38.64371803802736; -87.6166562250676
393:. Before leaving, Virginia official
1501:Battles of the Northwest Indian War
1294:
896:
13:
1506:Native American history of Indiana
14:
1532:
301:(1786–1795), there were numerous
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539:
515:
166:
155:
144:
133:
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1491:1786 in the Northwest Territory
1419:The Life of George Rogers Clark
610:killed several Americans near
1:
1345:Filson Club History Quarterly
1228:
350:
716:
324:On April 15, 1786, American
7:
1370:Indiana Magazine of History
391:U.S. Confederation Congress
345:Jean Marie Philippe Le Gras
303:skirmishes around Vincennes
21:Skirmishes around Vincennes
10:
1537:
1389:Helderman, L. C. (1938c).
372:American Revolutionary War
319:American Revolutionary War
668:Clark's Wabash expedition
562:
529:
502:
435:
421:
416:
309:, a frontier town on the
224:
126:
83:
47:
33:
25:
20:
1235:Allison, Harold (1986).
748:
633:Hardin–Patton expedition
297:During the onset of the
1317:Heath, William (2015).
739:Jean François Hamtramck
731:First American Regiment
699:raided Shawnee villages
417:Embarras River skirmish
410:Embarras River skirmish
530:Commanders and leaders
127:Commanders and leaders
1436:Sword, Wiley (1985).
1303:National Park Service
1295:Day, Richard (1994).
651:Shawneetown, Illinois
579:On April 14, 1786, a
563:Casualties and losses
368:French and Indian War
1274:Cayton, Andrew R. L.
678:District of Kentucky
655:Louisville, Kentucky
299:Northwest Indian War
216:Northwest Indian War
40:An 1825 portrait of
28:Northwest Indian War
1521:Battles in Illinois
705:in early October.
591:, Moses Henry, and
471: /
376:George Rogers Clark
374:, American soldier
338:George Rogers Clark
254:Blackberry Campaign
173:George Rogers Clark
42:George Rogers Clark
1516:Vincennes, Indiana
1496:Battles in Indiana
1415:James, James Alton
1134:, pp. 352–54.
1098:, pp. 354–55.
807:, pp. 423–25.
689:on September 10.
672:Virginia Governor
494:Piankeshaw victory
264:St. Clair's defeat
65:Vincennes, Indiana
1287:978-0-253-33048-2
911:, pp. 71–72.
721:Secretary of War
627:François Busseron
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315:American pioneers
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379:seized Vincennes
358:, an outpost of
334:Virginia Militia
249:Dunlap's Station
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75:American victory
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1120:Helderman 1938c
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649:, near present
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601:Vermilion River
593:Daniel Sullivan
573:Several wounded
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557:Daniel Sullivan
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383:Illinois County
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239:Harmar campaign
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1460:White, Richard
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1223:
1221:, p. 266.
1211:
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 263.
1172:
1170:, p. 259.
1160:
1148:
1146:, p. 355.
1136:
1124:
1122:, p. 327.
1112:
1110:, p. 356.
1100:
1088:
1086:, p. 326.
1073:
1061:
1049:
1047:, p. 195.
1037:
1035:, p. 344.
1022:
1020:, p. 324.
1007:
995:
993:, p. 463.
983:
968:
956:
944:
942:, p. 188.
932:
913:
901:
882:
867:
865:, p. 256.
852:
850:, p. 255.
840:
838:, p. 351.
828:
826:, p. 425.
809:
797:
795:, p. 423.
785:
783:, p. 215.
773:
764:, p. 321.
762:Helderman 1938
753:
752:
750:
747:
718:
715:
683:Benjamin Logan
669:
666:
634:
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597:Embarras River
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454:Embarras River
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330:Embarras River
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269:Fort St. Clair
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1219:Barnhart 1971
1215:
1209:, p. 61.
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1184:
1183:Barnhart 1971
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1168:Barnhart 1971
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1005:, p. 95.
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727:Josiah Harmar
725:sent Colonel
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1378:. Retrieved
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1353:. Retrieved
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1308:13 September
1306:. Retrieved
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1207:Allison 1986
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585:Wabash River
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503:Belligerents
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385:." The 1783
364:Wabash River
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311:Wabash River
302:
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234:Logan's raid
228:
84:Belligerents
26:Part of the
1401:(3): 317–34
1376:(4): 455–67
1156:Cayton 1996
1003:Cayton 1996
952:Cayton 1996
687:Clarksville
639:John Hardin
478: /
428:Map of the
403:John Filson
343:Meanwhile,
162:John Hardin
1511:Piankeshaw
1485:Categories
1229:References
1144:James 1928
1132:James 1928
1108:James 1928
1096:James 1928
1057:Heath 2015
1033:James 1928
979:Sword 1985
928:Heath 2015
909:Heath 2015
878:Heath 2015
836:James 1928
824:White 1991
805:White 1991
793:White 1991
723:Henry Knox
701:along the
589:John Small
581:Piankeshaw
546:John Small
509:Piankeshaw
466:87°37′00″W
463:38°38′37″N
360:New France
351:Background
326:militiamen
244:Big Bottom
140:John Small
108:Piankeshaw
743:Fort Knox
717:Aftermath
703:Mad River
571:3 killed
568:1 wounded
452:Near the
395:John Todd
370:. In the
356:Vincennes
307:Vincennes
229:Vincennes
1462:(1991).
1417:(1928).
1276:(1996).
897:Day 1994
729:and the
695:Shawnees
448:Location
336:officer
60:Location
662:Pacanne
612:Cahokia
535:Unknown
362:on the
177:Unknown
1470:
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1243:
608:Miamis
520:
491:Result
96:
72:Result
1341:(PDF)
749:Notes
113:Miami
1468:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1407:2021
1382:2021
1357:2021
1323:ISBN
1310:2015
1282:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1241:ISBN
768:help
641:and
440:Date
55:1786
52:Date
1351:(4)
623:Wea
118:Wea
1487::
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206:e
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192:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
