181:
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136:
694:, with results as devastating as on 19 October. Near present-day Harmar street where one portion of troops had crossed the river and been ambushed, one eyewitness afterwards said he could "Walk across the Maumee River on the bodies of dead men." Survivors fled across the St. Joseph to join the U.S. detachments under Hardin. The Shawnee and Miami attacked Hardin from three sides. Expecting reinforcements from Harmar, Hardin defended his position for over three hours before finally falling back to join the rest of the army.
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and Major
Horatio Hall. Wyllys' force departed at 2:00 AM on 22 October. At dawn, it paused on the Maumee River and divided into four detachments led by Wyllys, Fontaine, Hall, and Hardin. Hardin and Hall moved to the west, south of the Native American towns, to establish positions on the western bank of the St. Joseph River. Wyllys, Fontaine, and Major James McMullan crossed the Maumee, planning to frighten the Indians so that they would cross the St. Joseph, where Hardin and Hall would be waiting for them.
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cavalry charge into the wooded area and was killed, perhaps because his own men failed to join the charge. Fontaine's leaderless force withdrew. Once Wyllys and McMullan regrouped, they were harassed by small parties who fired on the militia and then retreated. McMullan's militia took the bait, drifting to the north until the regulars under Wyllys were left isolated. After a brief exchange of fire, they were trapped and forced to fight in the open at
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miles from camp. Harmar had sent Ray to assist in the battle, along with the only 30 men willing to go. In this battle, sometimes known as Harmar's defeat by the
Americans, 180 American men were either killed or wounded. The army forces reported 129 men killed in action (14 officers, including Wyllys and Fontaine, and 115 enlisted men) and 94 wounded (including 50 of the regulars). Estimates of Indian casualties range from 120 to 150.
586:
41:
647:, who hid beneath a log. Major Fontaine encountered the fleeing militia, along with Captain Faulkner's missing company. They formed a new line, which Colonel Hardin joined. They spotted a few Miami warriors who halted their pursuit and held the line until they believed there were no more fleeing militia. They then returned to the main encampment, where they estimated that 40 militia were killed and 12 wounded.
617:. The party came within a few miles of Kekionga, where they encountered an Indian on horseback, who fled along a minor trail leading away from the village. Hardin ordered his force to pursue but sent Major Fontaine's cavalry back to bring up Captain William Faulkner's company, which had been left behind. The Indian was a decoy and led Hardin into a swampy lowland bordered by fallen trees and the
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a few villages over 11 days but was delayed when the militia refused to continue. Hamtramck returned to
Vincennes instead of joining Harmar, who, by 13 October, had marched to within a half day's ride of Kekionga. That day, Kentucky patrols had captured a Shawnee scout who—after some intense interrogation—said that the Miami and Shawnee had decided to evacuate their towns rather than fight.
660:
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had distributed all available arms and ammunition to Miami warriors. The Miami were well informed of the size and movements of Harmar's force and had learned of Harmar's inclination toward drunkenness. The
Americans seized the food left behind by the Miami. On the morning of 18 October, a mounted patrol under Lieutenant Colonel James Trotter rode towards the
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from
Pennsylvania and Kentucky would join the campaign, but notable militia leaders refused to participate, and enlisted pay was very low, especially during the harvest season when militia members were needed at home. Few experienced frontiersmen took part in the campaign; many instead paid recent immigrants to take their place. Lieutenant
806:
Major
Hamtramck's western wing had been forced to turn back, and he thought his mission had been a failure. However, he later learned that a force of 600 warriors had been assembled to challenge him. Since his primary mission was to divert attention away from Harmar's main force, his mission had arguably been accomplished.
796:
Historical analysis of the Harmar campaign has been difficult. Eyewitness accounts contradict one another on key points, and Native
American accounts are not well documented. A great deal of mistrust was present between the U.S. regulars and the militia. Knox had hoped that veteran frontier fighters
650:
Captain
Armstrong arrived in camp the next morning. He blamed Hardin and the militia for the defeat and claimed that only about 100 Indians had been involved. This was the approximate number of warriors available from Kekionga and Le Gris' village. General Harmar initially refused Hardin's request to
559:
A smaller force led by Major
Hamtramck marched north from Vincennes at the same time. Hamtramck commanded 330 soldiers of the First American Regiment and militia from Virginia. He was to distract the Wabash Indians from the main force and then join Harmar for the main attack. Hamtramck's force burned
854:
Washington, as early as 1784, had told Henry Knox that a strong U.S. post should be established at
Kekionga. St. Clair, in 1790, had told both Washington and Knox that "we will never have peace with the Western Nations until we have a garrison there." Knox, however, was concerned that a U.S. fort at
727:
in the late 19th century in the West. Little Turtle became established as an Indian hero, and the Indians in the Northwest Territory were emboldened to continue to resist the United States. Although the campaign was intended to pacify American Indian nations, Harmar's defeat led to increased attacks
706:
After such high casualties from these engagements, General Harmar determined that he could not attack again. The approaching winter further threatened his command, as militia deserted and horses starved. The retreating force reached Fort Washington on 3 November. Native American leaders considered a
805:
The U.S. force under Harmar had considerable trouble moving through the woodlands. There were no suitable roads, and the army lost a third of their packhorses through negligence or theft. The contracts provided compensation for the horse owners, such that the loss of an animal could be profitable.
801:
wrote that the militia "appear to be raw and unused to the gun or the woods," and many arrived unfit for duty or unarmed. The troops were assembled in September, and the campaign had to be completed before winter set in, or the pack horses which carried the troops' supplies would starve for lack of
571:
Harmar reached other Miami villages near Kekionga on 17 October. The Miami had warning of the attack and had evacuated their villages with as much food as they could carry. Some British-affiliated traders had been living among the Miami; they fled to Fort Detroit with their families and goods. They
476:
In early 1790, emissaries from the United States sent word that St. Clair wished to discuss peace with the Native Americans at Vincennes. These were generally not well received and reinforced St. Clair's decision to launch an attack. American Indian attacks continued throughout the summer, but just
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as a sign that they should not attack. Their homes and food stores stolen or destroyed, refugees would rely on surviving villages to survive that winter. Important Miami artifacts were also lost in the evacuation, destroying history and culture that has never been recovered. Following the attacks,
697:
Hall, meanwhile, crossed the St. Joseph to the north, and joined up with McMullan. They marched together to Kekionga and prepared for another engagement, but finding it quiet, they returned to join the main force under General Harmar. Both Hardin and Hall met with Kentucky Major James Ray, just 3
685:
Eager to retaliate for their earlier losses, and hoping to discourage the Native Americans from attacking the return march, Harmar organized a force under the command of Major Wyllys. The force consisted of 60 regulars, 40 mounted soldiers under Major Fontaine, and 400 militia under Colonel Hardin
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towns looking for the people who have fled their towns. The patrol found, chased, and killed two Native Americans. A member of the patrol became separated and accidentally discovered a large war party, but after reporting this to Trotter, the patrol failed to locate them before returning to camp.
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the Odawa. Wells, who was Little Turtle's son-in-law, later claimed that Little Turtle was in overall command; but Wayne and Wilkinson both believed that Blue Jacket was in overall command. Learning of the defeats, Congress raised a second regiment of regular soldiers for six months, but it later
689:
The militias under Hardin and Hall found American Indians while approaching their position. It is unclear who fired first, but the sound alarmed those who were in Kekionga. Wyllys ordered a full attack, but warriors hiding on the opposite bank attacked while his force was crossing. Fontaine led a
669:
On 21 October, Harmar announced that their objective was complete and ordered his forces to begin their withdrawal to Fort Washington. They marched about eight miles and made camp at the same site they had used on 16 October. That evening, scouts arrived in camp and reported that about 120 Native
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in 1791 cleared Harmar of any wrongdoing during the campaign. Despite the heavy losses, Harmar considered his main objective accomplished. Five villages had been destroyed by evacuating villagers or by his army, and tens of thousands of bushels of grain had been taken or destroyed. Nevertheless,
864:
Blue Jacket was quoted as saying "We as a people have made no war, but as a people we are determined to meet the approaches of the enemy. … We are bound as men and Indians to defend , which we are determined to do, satisfied we are acting in the cause of justice." See Sword, p.
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reduced the soldiers' pay. The First Regiment was reduced to 299 soldiers, while the new Second Regiment recruited only half of their authorized number. When Governor St. Clair led a similar expedition the next year, he had to call out the militia to meet the required manpower.
631:, who had baited it with trinkets and goods. The militia gathered around a burning fire and began to collect the items when they were ambushed. The first volley came from the militia's right, killing several militia members, including the son of Kentucky General
638:
Captain Armstrong formed a line of 30 regulars and 8 militia, but most of the force fled past his line. Another infantry company to the rear refused to join the battle. After the U.S. line fired one round from their muskets, the Native force led by white-chief
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in hopes of surprising the Indians at Kekionga before they could finish evacuating. When Hardin's detachment reached Kekionga, they found the village abandoned. They burned it together with any stores they found and camped south of the destroyed town.
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President Washington was furious at the news of the defeat and lamented "my mind... is prepared for the worst; that is, for expence without honor or profit." He and St. Clair feared that the campaign would embolden the confederacy. Senator
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Kekionga would provoke the Indians and denied St. Clair's request to build a fort there. Following Harmar's defeat, Knox changed his mind. He instructed St. Clair to occupy and fortify Kekionga the following year. Poinsatte, 21–23
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grazing vegetation. The Army had no time to train the militia before the start of the campaign. Harmar viewed the militia with contempt, and the militia reciprocated by accusing Harmar of drunkenness, cowardice, and incompetence.
643:—mostly Miami with some Shawnee and Potawatomi—charged with handheld weapons. Only 8 of the 30 regulars survived, including Captain Armstrong, who hid in the marsh by sinking into mud and water up to his neck, and Ensign
651:
return to the battle site. Instead, he insisted that the army complete their mission of destroying villages and prepare to return to Fort Washington. The 19 October battle is sometimes referred to as Hardin's defeat.
504:. St. Clair and Harmar also planned to build a fort there. But when St. Clair presented his plan to Washington at New York in August 1790, the president decided that a fort would be too vulnerable and too expensive.
756:, lamenting the loss of Major Wyllys and expressing fear for Major Hamtramck. "This war is not over, it is only the Commencement of the Hostilities, so will we never learn to be wise that by force of stupidity?"
621:
563:
The residents of Kekionga and the surrounding villages had little time to prepare for the invasion and thus decided to evacuate. Before dawn on 15 October, Harmar dispatched 600 men under Colonel
516:. St. Clair wrote to the British at Fort Detroit to assure them that the expedition was against only Indian tribes and expressed his confidence that the British would not interfere.
1694:
Je crain encore pour Hamtromac.3 Cette guerre n'est pas finis, ce ne sont que les Commencemens des Hostilities, n'apprendrons nous donc jamais d'etre sage qu'a force de balourdise?
473:
into the Shawnee and Miami lands as retaliation for the killings of American settlers and travelers on the contested frontier, and to deter the tribes from further attacks.
242:
771:
Because they were both present when Harmar's army arrived, this was the first full military operation shared between Miami leader Little Turtle and Shawnee leader
728:
on U.S. settlements all across the Northwest Territory, both out of revenge and to replace the crops destroyed by Harmar. These attacks including the January 1791
441:, governor of the Northwest Territory (an entity not recognized by its Native inhabitants), and asked him to determine whether the Indians living along the
409:, and at the few American settlements north of the Ohio, with some 1,500 settlers killed by the Indians. However, there was no general war. Before the
449:
were "inclined for war or peace" with the United States. St. Clair decided the tribes "wanted war," and called for militia forces to be assembled at
906:) It is occasionally referred to as the "Battle of Heller's Corner," although the village founder would not move to the region until after 1830. (
488:
The primary objective of the Harmar campaign was the destruction of the Native villages located near the large Miami town of Kekionga (present-day
627:
The militia was stretched out nearly a half mile when Hardin, at the head of the column, rode into the meadow. The meadow was near the village of
430:
at first resisted calls for military action against the resident Native American nations, fearing it would lead to even more conflicts. In 1789,
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601:, two miles east of Kekionga on the Maumee River. Harmar sent out a scouting party under Colonel Hardin, who led his patrol south of modern
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552:. The campaign was launched from Fort Washington on 7 October 1790, when General Harmar began the march north along the
618:
497:
266:
1534:"'Just and lawful war' as genocidal war in the (United States) Northwest Ordinance and Northwest Territory, 1787–1832"
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said the panic caused by the tactical Native victory would discourage new settlers from moving to the Ohio territory.
78:
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final, decisive blow to Harmar's retreating forces, but the Odawa reportedly departed for home, interpreting a
431:
424:
374:. These were all overwhelming victories for the Native Americans and are sometimes collectively referred to as
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Harmar's losses were the worst defeat of U.S. forces by Indians up to that time. It was surpassed by
889:
635:. The U.S. force moved away to their left, where they were met with more fire at point-blank range.
2193:
1259:
632:
344:
321:
127:
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485:, the commandant at Vincennes, sent them away, telling them they must first return all prisoners.
2194:
Defending A New Nation 1783–1811 by John R. Maass (Center of Military History United States Army)
2069:
American Military History Volume 1. The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation, 1775–1917
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776:
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From 1784 to 1789, there was considerable violence between encroaching American settlers and the
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reported that Little Turtle led the defense against Hardin, while Blue Jacket led the Shawnee,
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Annoyed, Hardin received permission to lead a similar reconnaissance patrol the following day.
513:
450:
2130:"General Josiah Harmar's Campaign Reconsidered: How the Americans Lost the Battle of Kekionga"
720:
691:
301:
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Hardin's Defeat on 19 October 1790 was later the site of a village called Heller's Corner. (
613:. The objective was to estimate the strength of the Indians and attack the village of Chief
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32:
8:
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Americans had returned to Kekionga. The number may have been higher, as Shawnee, Miami,
548:, for a total of 1,453 men. The force also had a battery of three horse-drawn 6-pounder
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753:
462:
340:
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1230:"Extract from a Letter dated November 25, 1790 – from a messenger from the expedition"
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438:
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1493:
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271:
2111:
President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790-1795
2075:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
1969:
The Victory with No Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army
798:
713:
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606:
505:
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the Native American confederacy moved their center away from Kekionga to the
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628:
466:
417:, they were forced to cede what became known as the Northwest Territory when
391:
362:. The campaign ended with a series of battles on 19–22 October 1790 near the
355:
174:
154:
141:
93:
80:
1349:
545:
533:
509:
501:
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367:
421:. American settlers were eager to enter these lands and started to do so.
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that were seen as hostile in Autumn 1790. The campaign was led by General
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537:
185:
158:
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Military Professionalism and the Early American Officer Corps, 1789–1796
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Arrogant Armies - Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
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454:
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605:. The force consisted of 180 militia, a troop of cavalry under Major
830:
784:
402:
371:
2032:
2005:
1643:
1595:
Fleming, Thomas (August 2009). "Fallen Timbers, Broken Alliance".
597:
On 19 October, Harmar moved his main force to the Shawnee town of
585:
40:
1950:
The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash
614:
398:
162:
1678:"To Alexander Hamilton from Baron von Steuben, 16 December 1790"
748:, perhaps as an excuse to raise a standing army. That December,
659:
1638:. Fort Leavenworth: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 6.
671:
549:
2042:"The Mihši-maalhsa Wars – Part II – The Battle of Kiihkayonki"
1078:"The Mihši-maalhsa Wars – Part II – The Battle of Kiihkayonki"
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representatives arrived at Vincennes to discuss peace. Major
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2155:
Wabash 1791: St. Clair's Defeat; Osprey Campaign Series #240
624:, where the horses could neither pursue nor easily retreat.
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1752:
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Architecture & Community Heritage · Fort Wayne, Indiana
458:
1769:
1767:
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1103:(Kindle ed.). Turner Publishing Company. p. 40.
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George Washington's America. A Biography Through His Maps
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accused the administration of starting a war without the
1708:"Saving Private Boon: Joseph Boone at "Harmar's Defeat""
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before the campaign was to launch, a party of Miami and
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1618:. Indianapolis: Sentinel Printing Company. p. 25.
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16:
1790 US military offensive in the Northwest Indian War
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2113:. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.
1839:
1815:
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1228:
975:
951:
532:(organized into two battalions commanded by Major
2207:
2059:Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706–1828
2044:. Oxford, Ohio: Myaamia Center, Miami University
1603:(3). History Reference Center, EBSCOhost: 36–43.
1226:
1080:. Oxford, Ohio: Myaamia Center, Miami University
947:. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 43.
907:
358:and is considered a significant campaign of the
2189:Historical Marker Database – Battle of Kekionga
1227:General Assembly, Virginia (20 December 1790).
1174:
415:preserve this area as a Native American reserve
132:
2061:. Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society.
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
236:
2184:Historical Marker Database – Hardin's Defeat
1933:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society.
1254:
1252:
1929:Barnhart, John D; Riker, Dorothy L (1971).
945:The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812
2039:
1175:Pfingsten, Bill, ed. (22 September 2011).
1075:
1058:
243:
229:
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1249:
2089:
2012:
1985:
1966:
1952:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
1928:
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1758:
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1300:
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998:
658:
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2017:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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1473:
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1947:
1914:. Turner Publishing Company, Paducah.
1912:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
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1429:
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1197:
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1120:
908:Churchward, Linda; Martin, CW (2012).
465:. Washington and Knox ordered General
2241:Military history of the United States
2108:
1990:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1988:The Indian World of George Washington
1845:
1821:
1444:
1390:
1378:
1336:
1283:
1214:
1147:
1135:
1098:
1052:
981:
969:
957:
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419:the United States gained independence
224:
1931:Indiana to 1816. The Colonial Period
1706:Johnson, Jeffery L. (October 2004).
1613:
1583:
874:This is not the same town as modern
2231:Indiana in the Northwest Indian War
2221:Battles of the Northwest Indian War
1675:
1532:Ostler, Jeffrey (3 February 2016).
1117:
13:
2094:. New York: Walker & Company.
1714:. The Boon Society. Archived from
1682:Founders Online, National Archives
592:
519:
14:
2252:
2172:
2066:Stewart, Richard W, ed. (2009).
1179:. The Historical Marker Database
910:"Towns of Allen County, Indiana"
609:, and 30 regulars under Captain
179:
168:
134:
113:Northwestern Confederacy victory
39:
2216:1790 in the Northwest Territory
1986:Calloway, Colin Gordon (2018).
1730:
1699:
1669:
1629:Wingate, Christopher W (2013).
1622:
1607:
1525:
1479:
1342:
1220:
1168:
1099:Perry, James M. (1996). "Two".
1092:
881:
868:
858:
1350:"IHB: Site of Hardin's Defeat"
936:
848:
622:13 miles northwest of Kekionga
425:United States Secretary of War
1:
2236:Pre-statehood history of Ohio
2157:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1948:Carter, Harvey Lewis (1987).
1550:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120460
836:
381:
1538:Journal of Genocide Research
1076:Ironstrack (31 March 2014).
929:
725:Battle of the Little Bighorn
701:
524:General Harmar gathered 320
7:
2134:Indiana Magazine of History
2128:Warner, Michael S. (1987).
2057:Poinsatte, Charles (1976).
2040:Ironstrack, George (2014).
1971:. Oxford University Press.
1967:Calloway, Colin G. (2015).
809:
791:
413:, the British had tried to
10:
2257:
2013:Hogeland, William (2017).
1903:
1614:Dunn, Jacob Piatt (1909).
580:
469:to lead these forces on a
411:American Revolutionary War
210:~120-150 killed or wounded
45:A map of Harmar's campaign
2153:Winkler, John F. (2011).
2090:Schecter, Barnet (2010).
2015:Autumn of the Black Snake
1740:. Ohio Historical Society
1177:"Site of Hardin's Defeat"
746:authorization of Congress
734:Siege of Dunlap's Station
262:
204:
191:
148:
121:
49:
38:
30:
25:
2199:14 December 2016 at the
1910:Allison, Harold (1986).
1492:10 November 2010 at the
1486:Map of "Harmar's Defeat"
943:Lossing, Benson (1868).
890:"The Battle of Kekionga"
841:
682:streamed into the town.
500:rivers join to form the
128:Northwestern Confederacy
70:(Now within present-day
530:First American Regiment
483:Jean François Hamtramck
666:
589:
512:, in violation of the
394:
339:was an attempt by the
149:Commanders and leaders
2109:Sword, Wiley (1985).
1013:, pp. 284–285, fn.21.
662:
588:
401:and Miami Indians in
389:
205:Casualties and losses
94:41.08861°N 85.12389°W
2179:Ohio History Central
1676:Steuben, Friedrich.
1150:, pp. 102, 106.
912:. 19 Heller's Corner
816:Fort Miami (Indiana)
360:Northwest Indian War
254:Northwest Indian War
33:Northwest Indian War
1896:, pp. 287–288.
1761:, pp. 113–115.
1718:on 28 December 2006
1616:True Indian Stories
1488:, Kentucky History
750:General Von Steuben
730:Big Bottom massacre
603:Churubusco, Indiana
490:Fort Wayne, Indiana
471:punitive expedition
352:Northwest Territory
292:Blackberry Campaign
99:41.08861; -85.12389
90: /
72:Fort Wayne, Indiana
67:Northwest Territory
2226:Battles in Indiana
896:. 19 February 2015
783:the Delaware, and
766:John Cleves Symmes
754:Alexander Hamilton
721:St. Clair's defeat
667:
655:Battle of Kekionga
590:
544:from Kentucky and
463:Vincennes, Indiana
395:
341:United States Army
302:St. Clair's defeat
2164:978-1-84908-676-9
2101:978-0-8027-1748-1
2082:978-0-16-072362-9
1738:"Harmar's Defeat"
1405:, pp. 49–50.
1327:, pp. 92–93.
1264:digital.palni.edu
972:, pp. 84–85.
876:Chillicothe, Ohio
826:Fort Wayne (city)
821:Fort Wayne (fort)
554:Great Miami River
435:George Washington
330:
329:
219:
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117:
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57:7–22 October 1790
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508:still occupied
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350:nations in the
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2014:
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1810:Winkler 2011
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1716:the original
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1686:. Retrieved
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1647:. Retrieved
1631:
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1578:Allison 1986
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
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1474:Allison 1986
1469:
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1357:. Retrieved
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1313:Allison 1986
1308:
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1234:
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1181:. Retrieved
1170:
1163:Winkler 2011
1143:
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1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1048:
1041:Stewart 2009
1006:
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898:. Retrieved
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546:Pennsylvania
540:) and 1,133
534:John Doughty
523:
510:Fort Detroit
502:Maumee River
487:
475:
423:
405:, along the
396:
375:
345:confederated
336:
334:
276:
272:Logan's raid
122:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1882:Warner 1987
1858:Warner 1987
1834:Warner 1987
1798:Warner 1987
1786:Warner 1987
1744:29 December
1722:29 December
1684:(in French)
1544:(1): 1–20.
1505:Warner 1987
1462:Warner 1987
1430:Warner 1987
1415:Warner 1987
1403:Warner 1987
1325:Carter 1987
1260:"CONTENTdm"
1237:. p. 3
1198:Carter 1987
1183:11 December
773:Blue Jacket
692:close range
641:Simon Girty
599:Chillicothe
565:John Hardin
538:John Wyllys
370:village of
215:106 wounded
213:262 killed
186:John Hardin
159:Blue Jacket
97: /
2210:Categories
2144:2 December
2048:2 December
2033:2016052193
2006:2017028686
1846:Sword 1985
1822:Sword 1985
1688:16 October
1649:21 October
1644:2013038283
1445:Sword 1985
1391:Sword 1985
1379:Sword 1985
1359:19 October
1354:www.in.gov
1337:Sword 1985
1284:Sword 1985
1241:30 January
1215:Sword 1985
1148:Sword 1985
1136:Sword 1985
1110:0471119768
1084:2 December
1053:Sword 1985
982:Sword 1985
970:Sword 1985
958:Sword 1985
916:5 December
900:5 December
837:References
536:and Major
498:St. Mary's
494:St. Joseph
479:Potawatomi
455:Cincinnati
428:Henry Knox
407:Ohio River
382:Background
364:Fort Miami
343:to subdue
282:Big Bottom
930:Citations
752:wrote to
702:Aftermath
619:Eel River
437:wrote to
432:President
267:Vincennes
85:85°7′26″W
82:41°5′19″N
2197:Archived
1558:74337505
1490:Archived
831:Kekionga
810:See also
792:Analysis
785:Egushawa
574:Kickapoo
526:regulars
403:Kentucky
372:Kekionga
192:Strength
62:Location
1904:Sources
1712:Compass
1563:2 April
1269:5 April
615:Le Gris
581:Battles
542:militia
528:of the
399:Shawnee
163:Le Gris
2161:
2117:
2098:
2079:
2031:
2021:
2004:
1994:
1975:
1956:
1937:
1918:
1642:
1556:
1107:
678:, and
672:Lenape
550:cannon
461:) and
443:Wabash
139:
110:Result
2073:(PDF)
1636:(PDF)
1554:S2CID
842:Notes
676:Odawa
453:(now
368:Miami
200:1,420
197:1,050
2159:ISBN
2146:2021
2115:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2050:2021
2029:LCCN
2019:ISBN
2002:LCCN
1992:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1954:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1746:2006
1724:2006
1690:2020
1651:2020
1640:LCCN
1565:2022
1361:2016
1271:2023
1243:2024
1185:2011
1105:ISBN
1086:2021
918:2021
902:2021
732:and
680:Sauk
496:and
459:Ohio
445:and
366:and
335:The
54:Date
2140:(1)
1546:doi
2212::
2138:83
2136:.
2132:.
2027:.
2000:.
1766:^
1710:.
1692:.
1680:.
1601:26
1599:.
1585:^
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1542:18
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1512:^
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1369:^
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1291:^
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1233:.
1205:^
1155:^
1119:^
1060:^
1033:^
1018:^
989:^
892:.
865:99
775:.
759:A
736:.
716:.
674:,
556:.
457:,
378:.
2167:.
2148:.
2123:.
2104:.
2085:.
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2035:.
2008:.
1981:.
1962:.
1943:.
1924:.
1748:.
1726:.
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1548::
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1273:.
1245:.
1187:.
1113:.
1088:.
922:)
920:.
904:.
878:.
244:e
237:t
230:v
74:)
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