1230:
1253:(1572) was not only "a Protestant of sorts, and thus, apparently, writing with inside knowledge", but also "an extreme apologist for the massacre ... in his view ... a well-merited punishment for years of civil disobedience secret sedition..." A strand of Catholic writing, especially by Italian authors, broke from the official French line to applaud the massacre as precisely a brilliant stratagem, deliberately planned from various points beforehand. The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.
1399:, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. He contacted the Parisian authorities and another ambitious young man, running out of authority and power, Duke Henri de Guise (whose uncle, the clear-sighted Charles, cardinal of Lorraine, was then detained in Rome).
1500:, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. ... Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation. ... Belonging to different religious traditions must not constitute today a source of opposition and tension. On the contrary, our common love for Christ impels us to seek tirelessly the path of full unity."
445:
562:
1120:
1763:
708:
1023:
22:
1272:'s "books held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized courtiers" (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers". In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the massacre, and not very much after, until Gentillet's own book, but this concept was seized upon by many contemporaries, and played a crucial part in setting the long-lasting popular concept of Machiavellianism. It also gave added impetus to the strong anti-Italian feelings already present in Huguenot polemic.
813:, Comte de Retz. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Other historians are reluctant to speculate on the composition or size of the group of leaders targeted at this point, beyond the few obvious heads. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity.
967:
1611:
1464:
inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the
Catholic culture that had given birth to it". "Many Protestant houses were burned, invoking the traditional purification by fire of all heretics. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated â that is, killed â they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be."
999:
where some hundreds were killed, the
Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 7â8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of
1403:
the King. One can also understand why, the day after the start of the massacre, Catherine de' Medici, through royal declaration of
Charles IX, condemned the crimes, and threatened the Guise family with royal justice. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which, while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Initially the
3499:. This justification, written "in the entourage of the Gondi, in 1628, exonerate their ancestor" of the accusation of having instigated the massacre. Albert de Gondi is portrayed there as opposed to the bloody designs of Charles IX, whose tirade is allegedly reported in 1573 by Duke Henri d'Anjou, then reigning in Warsaw as the elected king of Poland. The apocryphal sentence of Charles IX thus participates in a "rewriting of facts" for the apologetic needs of the Gondi family. In Arlette Jouanna, p. 15 ; 333-334, n. 26.
1482:) wrote that the Massacre was deeply disturbing because "it was Christians massacring other Christians who were not foreign enemies but their neighbours with which they and their forebears had lived in a Christian community, and under the same ruler, for a thousand years". He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality".
860:, that had withered for months, began to green again near an image of the Virgin. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders, and that night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader, but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. According to the contemporary French historian
644:" and others. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". Thus, the massacre "marked the beginning of a new form of French Protestantism: one that was openly at war with the crown. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the
834:
802:
king and his court visited
Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. While the Queen Mother was eating dinner, Protestants burst in to demand justice, some talking in menacing terms. Fears of Huguenot reprisals grew. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself.
1493:. He describes how the religious divide, which gave the Huguenots different patterns of dress, eating and pastimes, as well as the obvious differences of religion and (very often) class, had become a social schism or cleavage. The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement â radical otherness â to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants".
1352:
1082:
436:. The Huguenot political movement was crippled by the loss of many of its prominent aristocratic leaders, and many rank-and-file members subsequently converted. Those who remained became increasingly radicalised. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". Throughout Europe, it "printed on Protestant minds the indelible conviction that Catholicism was a bloody and treacherous religion".
3103:
1514:
1441:, agrees that Vigor, "the best known preacher in Paris", preached sermons that were full of references to the evils that would befall the capital should the Protestants seize control. This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre".
872:. The massacre in Paris lasted three days despite the king's attempts to stop it. Holt concludes that "while the general massacre might have been prevented, there is no evidence that it was intended by any of the elites at court", listing a number of cases where Catholic courtiers intervened to save individual Protestants who were not in the leadership. Recent research by Jérémie Foa, investigating the
785:
429:, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000.
1445:
1392:, the violently anti-Huguenot city of Paris was really responsible. He stresses that the city was on the verge of revolt. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Charles IX was thus forced to head off the potential riot, which was the work of the Guises, the city militia and the common people.
1041:, who himself barely escaped death. Accurate figures for casualties have never been compiled, and even in writings by modern historians there is a considerable range, though the more specialised the historian, the lower they tend to be. At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by
958:. In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. According to Mack P. Holt: "All twelve cities where provincial massacres occurred had one striking feature in common; they were all cities with Catholic majorities where there had once been
884:(respectively aged 19 and 20), were spared as they pledged to convert to Catholicism; both would eventually renounce their conversions when they managed to escape Paris. According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful.
1941:
and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail.
1206:
whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: " must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". Huguenot works understandably dwelt on the harrowing details of violence, expounded various
633:, a book of 1561, in which he had argued that when kings disobey God, they "automatically abdicate their worldly power" â a change from his views in earlier works that even ungodly kings should be obeyed. This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the
2738:
a century later, put the number at 100,000, but "This last number is probably exaggerated, if we reckon only those who perished by a violent death. But if we add those who died from wretchedness, hunger, sorrow, abandoned old men, women without shelter, children without bread,âall the miserable whose
1369:
The traditional interpretation makes
Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. This traditional interpretation has been
576:
The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born
Protestants in Paris, but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of
1940:
uses this event. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. Follett completely clears King
Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity
1817:
described the massacre in "From the
Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". He wrote in part, "St. Bartholomew's was unquestionably the finest thing of the kind ever devised and accomplished in the world. All the best people took
1436:
had "said if the King ordered the
Admiral (Coligny) killed, 'it would be wicked not to kill him'. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by
1416:
Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Ordinary lay
Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and
589:
on a stone base. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. In the massacres of August, the relatives of the
1474:
Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were
1463:
Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day massacre. He noted that the extra violence
1158:
Although these formal acts of rejoicing in Rome were not repudiated publicly, misgivings in the papal curia grew as the true story of the killings gradually became known. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a
801:
The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the
584:
Compounding this bad feeling was the fact that the harvests had been poor and taxes had risen. The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of
1459:
Historians cite the extreme tension and bitterness that led to the powder-keg atmosphere of Paris in August 1572. In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. Some blame the complete esteem with which the
1402:
The Parisian St. Bartholomew's Day massacre resulted from this conjunction of interests, and this offers a much better explanation as to why the men of the Duke of Anjou acted in the name of the Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, consistent with the thinking of the time, rather than in the name of
1205:
mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup,
990:
the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up
867:
The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. The common people began to hunt Protestants throughout the city, including women and children. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. The
1225:
There is also a dramatic and influential account by Henry, duke of Anjou that was not recognised as fake until the 19th century. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! Kill them! But kill them all! Don't leave a single one alive to
978:
In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the
727:
After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on 18 August 1572, Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. An attempt was made on Coligny's life a few days later on 22
998:
In the cities affected, the loss to the Huguenot communities after the massacres was numerically far larger than those actually killed; in the following weeks there were mass conversions to Catholicism, apparently in response to the threatening atmosphere for Huguenots in these cities. In Rouen,
1314:
of 1767, was among the first to begin impartial historical investigation, emphasising the lack of premeditation (before the attempt on Coligny) in the massacre and that Catholic mob violence had a history of uncontrollable escalation. By this period the Massacre was being widely used by
692:
against the Spanish. This intervention threatened to involve France in that war; many Catholics believed that Coligny had again persuaded the king to intervene on the side of the Dutch, as he had managed to do the previous October, before Catherine had got the decision reversed.
1185:
The massacre caused a "major international crisis". Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them.
1337:
changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.
1807:(1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. The man, true to his beliefs, gently refuses her. Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's
1213:
Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events, which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous
962:
Protestant minorities.... All of them had also experienced serious religious division... during the first three civil wars... Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience ... had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war..."
1284:(1589â90) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 3â4) His last play,
1370:
largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou;
774:
Catherine de' Medici: according to tradition, the Queen Mother had been worried that the king was increasingly becoming dominated by Coligny. Among other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the
593:
The court itself was extremely divided. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the
1182:, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". Moderate French Catholics also began to wonder whether religious uniformity was worth the price of such bloodshed and the ranks of the Politiques began to swell.
1407:
of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
1045:
in 1978. Other estimates are about 10,000 in total, with about 3,000 in Paris and 7,000 in the provinces. At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000, or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians
1053:
For Paris, the only hard figure is a payment by the city to workmen for collecting and burying 1,100 bodies washed up on the banks of the Seine downstream from the city in one week. Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this.
909:
Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on 24 August to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict, from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities:
821:
were given the task of killing a list of leading Protestants. It is difficult today to determine the exact chronology of events, or to know the precise moment the killing began. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for
1471:, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. Neither faith had a monopoly on cruelty and misguided fervour".
770:
to free the region from Spanish control. During the summer, Coligny had secretly dispatched a number of troops to help the Protestants in Mons, who were now besieged by the Duke of Alba. So Admiral de Coligny was a real threat to the
876:
suggests that the massacres were carried by a group of militants who had already made out lists of Protestants deserving extermination, and the mass of the population, whether approving or disapproving, were not directly involved.
1294:
of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain
1701:
was a huge success during the French Revolution, drawing strongly anti-monarchical and anti-religious lessons from the massacre. Chénier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of
1460:
sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "...were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy".
895:, Charles declared that he had ordered the massacre in order to thwart a Huguenot plot against the royal family." A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city.
598:(paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. Beside this, the rivalries between the leading families re-emerged. The Guises were not prepared to make way for their rivals, the
1424:
in circulation, literacy rates were still poor. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant.
1916:
and survives only in audio form. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.
1229:
3225:. Paris: Gallimard, p. 203. The ultimate source for the story of Gregory XIII and Maurevert is a contemporaneous diplomatic report preserved in the French National Library, and described in De la FerriĂšre,
1096:, those Catholics who placed national unity above sectarian interests, were horrified, but many Catholics inside and outside France initially regarded the massacres as deliverance from an imminent Huguenot
514:, were practical in their support of peace and Coligny, as they were conscious of the kingdom's financial difficulties and the Huguenots' strong defensive position: they controlled the fortified towns of
3485:
Butterfield, p. 183 (and note), and p. 199; Anjou's account was defended by a minority of historians into the early 20th century, or at least claimed as being in some sense an account informed by actual
816:
Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. The king's
2988:, who discusses the matter in some detail, found that "no evidence takes us as high as eight thousand", and found those contemporaries in the best position to know typically gave the lowest figures â
157:
498:
put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. This peace, however, was precarious since the more intransigent Catholics refused to accept it. The strongly Catholic
2058:
It is unlikely that it was an agreed signal for a massacre planned in advanceâa highly dubious plan, whether attributed to the Queen Mother (by Protestant sources) or to Parisian Catholics.
830:, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets.
1731:, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful
203:
2443:
1385:, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's.
1366:
Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family:
864:, one of Coligny's murderers was struck by how calmly he accepted his fate, and remarked that "he never saw anyone less afraid in so great a peril, nor die more steadfastly".
1859:), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events.
66:
618:
In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but
337:
221:
3112:
2995:
2680:("Emond" or "Edmond"). Garrison, pp. 144â45, who rejects the view that this "met le feu au poudres" (lit the powder) in Bordeaux. See also: Pearl, Jonathan L. (1998),
1290:(1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. The
759:, whose assassination ten years earlier they believed to have been ordered by Coligny. The shot aimed at Admiral de Coligny came from a house belonging to the Guises.
329:
1210:
that the royal court had long planned the massacres, and often showed extravagant anti-Italian feelings directed at Catherine, Gondi, and other Italians at court.
341:
161:
317:
728:
August as he made his way back to his house from the Louvre. He was shot from an upstairs window, and seriously wounded. The would-be assassin, most likely
506:, was readmitted into the king's council in September 1571. Staunch Catholics were shocked by the return of Protestants to the court, but the queen mother,
4433:
1886:
as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth.
1531:
242:
211:
207:
1268:
in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years. Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that
4148:
2633:
2188:
904:
59:
2692:
3079:
1037:
Estimates of the number that perished in the massacres have varied from 2,000 by a Roman Catholic apologist to 70,000 by the contemporary Huguenot
2835:
2591:
3140:
2871:
3009:
1648:, David Riggs claims the incident remained with the playwright, and massacres are incorporated into the final acts of three of his early plays,
1634:
knew the story well from the Huguenot literature translated into English, and probably from French refugees who had sought refuge in his native
1116:(Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants.
763:
1578:
1467:
However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to...
2311:
1155:
and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots."
3965:
Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violatedâ Motherhood, Female Militancy and Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's
1550:
96:
4299:
3497:
The Speech of Roy Henry third to a personage of honor and quality, being close to His Majesty, of the causes and motives of Saint Barthelemy
1143:
depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the
3666:
3590:
3482:
2739:
life was shortened by this great catastrophe, we shall see that the estimate of Péréfixe is still below the reality." G. D. Félice (1851).
640:
Nevertheless, it was only in the aftermath of the massacre that anti-monarchical ideas found widespread support from Huguenots, among the "
444:
52:
4005:
1233:
Charles IX in front of the Paris Parlement on 26 August 1572, justifying the Saint Bartholomew massacre as a response to a Huguenot plot.
4453:
4423:
4408:
743:â1583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates:
733:
4335:
3948:
1557:
1475:
wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers.
1011:
585:
the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden
561:
4383:
4214:
4087:
3359:
4403:
2754:
The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian
1437:
a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. Another historian Mack P. Holt, Professor at
2759:
595:
91:
1564:
1417:
of God. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".
766:: he governed the Netherlands on behalf of Philip II. Coligny planned to lead a campaign in the Netherlands to participate in the
4413:
1904:
1803:
1619:
29:, a Huguenot painter who fled France after the massacre. Although it is not known whether Dubois witnessed the event, he depicts
1038:
4378:
3082:, who goes into full details, listing estimates of other historians, which range up to 100,000. His own estimation was 20,000.
881:
4393:
4211:
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755:, are the most likely suspects. The leaders of the Catholic party, they wanted to avenge the death of the two dukes' father
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and governor of Paris, was unable to control the disturbances in the city. On 20 August, he left the capital and retired to
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1786:(1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French
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2014:
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to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto
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1980:
141:
1710:. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.
545:. The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. It was not accepted by traditionalist Catholics or by the
313:
4438:
3719:
2877:
1535:
1478:
The historian H.G. Koenigsberger (who until his retirement in 1984 was Professor of History at King's College,
464:
275:
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1378:, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court.
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21:
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2472:, with a plaque commemorating the event, though both building and street layout postdate the 16th century.
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Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under
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321:
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The history of modern Europe: from the fall of Constantinople in 1453 to the war in the Crimea in 1857
2235:
Holt (2005), pp. 78â79; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and
1664:
603:
112:
966:
4313:
4257:
James R. Smither, "The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and Images of Kingship in France: 1572â1574."
1687:, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the
1452:
629:
145:
127:
4288:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Diarmaid McCulloch, Mark Greengrass & Penny Roberts, chaired by
4204:
Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification
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on the many shifts in emphasis of the historiography of the massacre over the next four centuries.
1722:
991:
Protestants with little mob involvement. In Bordeaux the inflammatory sermon on 29 September of a
175:
4353:
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Massacres during the wars of religion: The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, a foundational event
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Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy
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Her Majesty's Spymaster: Elizabeth I, Sir Francis Walsingham, and the Birth of Modern Espionage
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To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine & Death in Reformation Europe
3314:
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine & Death in Reformation Europe
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was one of many Elizabethan writers who were enthusiastic proponents of these ideas. In the
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On 26 August, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the
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at left, his subsequent murder at right, and scenes of the general massacre in the streets.
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581:'s opposition and the court's absence from the wedding led to increased political tension.
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1766:"They seemed but dark shadows as they slid along the walls", illustration from an English
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Les Guerriers de Dieu. La violence au temps des troubles de religion vers 1525âvers 1610
3579:
Politics, Ideology, and the Law in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Honor of J.H.M. Salmon
1983:, a massacre during World War II that was named after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1821:
The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre and the events surrounding it were incorporated into
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appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. This serial is
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414:. Many of the wealthiest and most prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic
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1638:. He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled
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Les huguenots et le roi: le combat politique de Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, 1572â1600
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2374:"Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de ChĂątillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader"
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1936:
1300:
1222:, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family.
789:
459:
The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events:
259:
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137:
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4312:
4077:
Machiavelli â the First Century: Studies in Enthusiasm, Hostility, and Irrelevance
3243:
3132:
2793:
2671:
Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. 93â95 for a different emphasis
2444:"Le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy : l'obsession de la souillure hérétique"
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1843:(Frank Bennett) to sanction it. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre,
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2832:; cited by Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91, and also used by Knecht (2001), p. 366, and
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1883:
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523:
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3363:, London: David Bogue, p. 168. Ivan was against Anjou becoming King of Poland.
2811:
2039:. Translated by Bergin, Joseph. Manchester University Press (published 2016).
1202:
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supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". In Paris, the poet
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369:
38:
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3732:
Priests, Prelates & People: A History of European Catholicism Since 1750
995:, Edmond Auger, encouraged the massacre that was to occur a few days later.
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833:
33:'s body hanging out of a window at the rear to the right. To the left rear,
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family was out of favour at the French court; the Huguenot leader, Admiral
376:
3221:, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 119, n. 2, Jouanna, Arlette (2007),
2343:
44:
3263:
Roberts, Yvonne (1997). "Jean-Antoine de Baïf and the Saint-Barthélemy".
3173:
Howe, E. (1976). "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots'".
2865:
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It was in this context that the massacre came to be seen as a product of
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3648:
The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion
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2327:
986:, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in
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started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister
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4242:
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre: The mysteries of a crime of state
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3753:
Beneath The Cross: Catholics & Huguenots in Sixteenth Century Paris
3397:
2819:
2036:
The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre: The mysteries of a crime of state
1898:
1814:
1801:
managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting
1635:
1538: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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751:(who was in Rome at the time), and his nephews, the Dukes of Guise and
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The massacre began in the night of 23â24 August 1572, the eve of the
384:
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The Massacre of St. Bartholomew and the European conflict, 1559â1572
3374:
Butterfield, H. (1953). "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew".
2628:
Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91. The dates are in Garrison, p. 139, who adds
1513:
637:, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely.
622:
in general. In part this was led by an apparent change in stance by
4049:"The Doctor Who Transcripts â The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve"
3186:
2424:
Garrisson, pp. 82â83, and Lincoln, p. 96, and Knecht (2001), p. 361
1675:. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as
1485:
One historian puts forward an analysis of the massacre in terms of
1330:
1321:
1316:
1104:, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a
915:
911:
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the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral
403:
4235:
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: A Brief History with Documents
1968:
1066:
3987:
Revolutionary Acts: Theater, Democracy, and the French Revolution
3223:
La Saint BarthĂ©lemy: Les MystĂšres d'un Crime d'Ătat, 24 AoĂ»t 1572
2682:
The Crime of Crimes: Demonology and Politics in France, 1560â1620
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485:
The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572.
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Tous ceux qui tombent. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethélemy
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Preparation for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Painting by
696:
4122:
La Nuit de la Saint-BarthĂ©lemy. Un rĂȘve perdu de la Renaissance
3679:
La Nuit de la Saint-BarthĂ©lemy: Un rĂȘve perdu de la Renaissance
1234:
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The two leading Huguenots, Henry of Navarre and his cousin the
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bodies of the dead were collected in carts and thrown into the
823:
3495:
The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in
2796:(1978). "The Saint Bartholomew's Massacres in the Provinces".
2761:
A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times, Volume IV
676:(now in Belgium and France, respectively). Louis governed the
590:
Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob.
1778:
1070:
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415:
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Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in:
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Guerres et paix de religion en Europe aux XVIe-XVIIe siecles
1198:
expressed horror at the carnage in a letter to the Emperor.
2703:
Holt (2005 ed.), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. 127â132
2629:
2236:
1908:
is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre.
1100:. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to
919:
784:
651:
4252:
Myths about the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres, 1572â1576
3581:, ed. John Hearsey McMillan Salmon, Boydell & Brewer,
3219:
St. Bartholomew's Night: The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew
394:. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen
2860:
Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and
1873:
1428:
Historian Barbara B. Diefendorf, Professor of History at
2730:(2008) EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Deluxe Edition, Chicago;
2069:
1755:, and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring
1444:
553:
strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well.
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The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below.
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2644:
Holt (2005 ed.), pp. 93â94, and Benedict (2004), p. 127
1818:
a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."
848:
is in black. The scene from Dubois (above) re-imagined.
4193:
Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century
3616:
2328:"From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572"
3938:
Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. 89â102, quotation from p. 101
3628:
1920:
The St Bartholomew's Day massacre is the setting for
1033:, 1573. Coligny is shot at left, and killed at right.
3229:
vol. 4 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1891), p. cxvi.
2873:
The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda
1928:(Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013.
537:
to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King
3949:"Vigil â Address of the Holy Father â John Paul II"
3052:
Reformation: Christianity and the World 1500 â 2000
1683:in 1792. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but
1147:(1571). "The massacre was interpreted as an act of
4219:Note: this article incorporates material from the
3604:
3248:. Vol. III: Wars of Religion. et al. Oxford:
3121:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2300:The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483â1610
489:
2499:Holt (2005 edn), pp. 88â91 (quotation from p. 91)
2255:Reformation: Christianity and the World 1500â2000
1411:
4345:
4184:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion
4099:, Cambridge University Press, 1955, Chapter VI,
2515:All Who Fall. Faces of the St. Bethlemy Massacre
3311:
3175:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1839:) plotting the massacre, coercing her son King
1706:and many others, perhaps including his brother
1135:Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist
979:Guise faction may have desired the massacres.
974:began soon after the St. Bartholomew massacre.
905:St Bartholomew's Day massacre in the provinces
805:That evening, Catherine held a meeting at the
4038:Letters from Earth. Ostara publications. 2013
3297:(in French). Editions Pygmalion. p. 82.
2208:
2144:
2098:
1069:from Lyon are said to have put the people of
826:(between midnight and dawn) at the church of
697:Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny
60:
3215:. Vol. 1. New York: Image. p. 241.
2564:
2562:
2397:
1967:, a massacre of Catholics by Protestants in
1691:of 1792, which coincided with its printing.
1260:, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot
1171:
809:Palace with her Italian advisers, including
613:
3861:, Ed. Andrew Pettegree, Routledge, (2000),
3712:Catherine de Médicis: Le pouvoir au féminin
3373:
3207:
2715:Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set
2468:Knecht (2001), p. 364. The site is now 144
1660:â see above for Marlowe and Machiavellism.
1420:Despite the large numbers of pamphlets and
1346:
432:The massacre marked a turning point in the
74:
3139:. Vol. One (Ninth ed.). London:
2404:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
2202:
2138:
1194:, barely escaped with his life. Even Tsar
1014:, which began before the end of the year.
577:a princess of France to a Protestant. The
568:, who was 22 years old in August 1572, by
67:
53:
4158:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3840:
3838:
3793:Cunningham, A. & Grell, O. P. (2000)
3535:Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter
3289:
3097:
3095:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2487:Histoire des choses arrivees de son temps
2282:
2280:
1862:Another novel depicting this massacre is
1598:Learn how and when to remove this message
1073:off drinking the water for three months.
1029:detail from a portrait print of Coligny,
1010:Soon afterward both sides prepared for a
668:and captured the Catholic strongholds of
3153:
2964:
2792:
2589:
2531:
2391:
2187:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 79â80
1950:depicts the St. Bartholomew's massacre.
1761:
1609:
1443:
1350:
1228:
1118:
1080:
1021:
965:
832:
783:
706:
652:Huguenot intervention in the Netherlands
560:
443:
20:
4181:
3774:The French Wars of Religion 1562 â 1629
3622:
3265:BibliothĂšque d'Humanisme et Renaissance
3262:
2869:
2833:
2712:
2029:
1741:(US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring
1663:The story was also taken up in 1772 by
1333:against organised religion in general.
1127:above left, as depicted in a fresco by
4434:CatholicâProtestant sectarian violence
4346:
4190:
4175:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
4156:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
4124:, Fayard, coll. " Chroniques ", 1994 (
3835:
3634:
3553:Anglo, Chapters 10 and 11; p. 328 etc.
3466:Amanti e regine. Il potere delle donne
3131:
3092:
3080:the 19th-century historian Henry White
2913:
2868:; Schneider, Edward; Pulver, Kathryn;
2837:Montaigne And the Ethics of Skepticism
2684:, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, p. 70,
2571:
2401:The French Wars of Religion, 1562â1629
2277:
1999:
1503:
1190:'s ambassador to France at that time,
838:One morning at the gates of the Louvre
4307:
3312:Cunningham, A.; Grell, O. P. (2000).
3109:Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges
3107:
3083:
3007:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2185:The French Wars of Religion 1562â1626
1469:the massacre of twenty-four Catholics
1151:; Coligny was considered a threat to
1057:Among the slain were the philosopher
719:shows the attempted assassination of
48:
4206:, Oxford University Press US, 1989,
4172:
4153:
4018:"A Huguenot on St Bartholomew's Day"
3610:
3238:
3172:
2970:The Faith: A History of Christianity
2742:History of the Protestants of France
2728:Saint Bartholomew's Day, Massacre of
2537:
2006:The French religious wars: 1562â1598
1905:The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve
1872:(1953). In the third episode of the
1804:A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day
1620:A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day
1536:adding citations to reliable sources
1507:
982:Apparently genuine letters from the
541:), son of the Huguenot leader Queen
4330:"St Bartholomew, Massacre of"
4240:Arlette Jouanna and Joseph Bergin.
3734:, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
3730:Atkin, N. & Tallett, F. (2003)
3452:The Memoirs of Marguerite de Valois
3088:. London: John Murray. p. 472.
2508:
2484:
684:in southern France for his brother
556:
16:1572 killing of Huguenots in France
13:
4454:Anti-Christian sentiment in France
4424:16th-century Reformed Christianity
4409:History of Protestantism in France
4227:
4104:and the Massacre of St Bartholomew
3989:, Johns Hopkins University Press,
2745:. New York: Edward Walker, p. 217.
2517:] (in French). La DĂ©couverte.
2316:
2106:. London: Macmillan. p. 113.
2009:. Oxford: Osprey. pp. 51â52.
1981:Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's Day
1341:
1306:The French 18th-century historian
368:) in 1572 was a targeted group of
14:
4475:
4384:Catholicism-related controversies
4279:
3115:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2919:Oxford Encyclopedia World History
2593:Rouen During the Wars of Religion
1934:'s 2017 historical fiction novel
1123:The massacre, with the murder of
1005:Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
4404:History of Catholicism in France
4041:
4032:
4010:
3979:
3681:, Fayard, coll. " Chroniques ",
3357:Morell, J. R. (transl.) (1854),
3301:[the shameful bloodbath]
3101:
2972:. London: Pimlico. p. 456.
2732:Hardouin de Péréfixe de Beaumont
2302:, p. 356, Blackwell Publishing,
1960:List of incidents of cannibalism
1719:Chronique du rĂšgne de Charles IX
1669:Jean Hennuyer, Bishop of Lizieux
1646:The World of Christopher Marlowe
1547:"St. Bartholomew's Day massacre"
1512:
1174:Academie de Musique et de Poésie
1065:. The corpses floating down the
972:Siege of La Rochelle (1572â1573)
703:Assassination of Admiral Coligny
358:Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre
254:Succession of Henry IV of France
4314:"Saint Bartholomew's Day"
4137:1572 : la Saint-Barthélemy
3959:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3910:Early Modern Europe 1500 â 1789
3902:
3893:
3872:
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3489:
3471:
3468:, Milano, Adelphi, 2008, p. 65.
3458:
3444:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3366:
3351:
3334:
3305:
3283:
3256:
3232:
3227:Lettres de Catherine de MĂ©dicis
3201:
3166:
3147:
3125:
3072:
3040:
3001:
2958:
2906:
2900:, citing David El Kenz (2008),
2854:
2786:
2766:
2748:
2721:
2706:
2697:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2622:
2583:
2502:
2493:
2478:
2462:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2366:
2289:
2268:
2242:
2229:
2193:
2076:Europe in the sixteenth century
1713:The story was fictionalised by
1523:needs additional citations for
660:had crossed from France to the
490:Unacceptable peace and marriage
366:Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy
4414:Political repression in France
3797:, Cambridge University Press,
3776:, Cambridge University Press,
3650:, Cambridge University Press,
3271:(3). Librairie Droz: 607â611.
3086:The Massacre of St Bartholomew
3011:Aspects of Contemporary France
2878:University of California Press
2215:. Librairie Droz. p. 84.
2177:
2168:
2129:
2120:
2092:
2063:
2023:
1993:
1679:by the actress and playwright
1412:Role of the religious factions
1139:to paint three frescos in the
465:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
306:Franco-Spanish War (1595â1598)
1:
4379:Terrorist incidents in France
4286:St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
4259:The Sixteenth Century Journal
4177:. Cambridge University Press.
4069:
3882:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
3710:Wanegffelen, Thierry (2005),
3697:Bourgeon, Jean-Louis (1992),
3217:, Erlanger, Philippe (1962),
2945:Atlas of the Christian Church
2104:Atlas of the Christian church
1914:missing from the BBC archives
1358:, Charles IX's mother, after
1162:On hearing of the slaughter,
1017:
737:
604:François, Duke of Montmorency
439:
4394:Persecution of the Huguenots
3908:Koenigsberger, H. G. (1987)
3377:Cambridge Historical Journal
3245:The Cambridge Modern History
2996:The Huguenots and the League
2834:Zalloua, Zahi Anbra (2004).
2772:Armstrong, Alastair (2003),
2474:New York Times on the plaque
1944:The second season finale of
1926:The Twelve Children of Paris
1251:Lettre de Pierre Charpentier
1076:
898:
779:
41:to inspect a heap of bodies.
7:
4079:, Oxford University Press,
4053:Chrissie's Transcripts Site
3855:The French Wars of Religion
3755:, Oxford University Press,
2489:. Boston: Ginn and Company.
2485:De Thou, Jacques- Auguste.
1953:
1745:. It was remade in 1994 as
1301:the end justified the means
1061:, and in Lyon the composer
840:, 19th-century painting by
37:is shown emerging from the
10:
4480:
3318:Cambridge University Press
3250:Cambridge University Press
2991:Lectures on Modern History
2943:& Evans, G.R. (1987),
2598:Cambridge University Press
2547:. John Murray. p. 268
2450:(in French). 3 August 2007
1894:science fiction television
1489:â the religious historian
902:
856:, on 24 August at noon, a
700:
467:, which put an end to the
423:Feast of Saint Bartholomew
4182:Jouanna, Arlette (1998).
3435:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3390:10.1017/S1474691300002201
3156:The European Reformations
3154:Lindberg, Carter (1996).
3078:Garrisson, 131; see also
2812:10.1017/S0018246X00000510
2590:Benedict, Philip (2004).
2253:& Wilson, D. (1996),
2135:Lincoln (1989), pp. 93â94
2078:(2nd ed.). Longman.
1831:(1916). The film follows
1644:. Also, in his biography
1266:Discours contre Machievel
828:Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois
635:sovereignty of the people
614:Shift in Huguenot thought
549:. Both the Pope and King
97:Conflict in the provinces
86:
3751:Diefendorf, B.B. (1991)
3213:The Catholic Reformation
2257:, Bantam Press, London,
2074:; Bowler, G. Q. (1999).
1987:
1671:, unperformed until the
1347:Role of the royal family
1201:The massacre "spawned a
1114:Ugonottorum strages 1572
1048:Felipe FernĂĄndez-Armesto
854:Holy Innocents' Cemetery
796:
628:Readings on the Prophet
4374:Massacres of Christians
4364:French Wars of Religion
4336:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4233:Barbara B. Diefendorf,
3699:L'assassinat de Coligny
3677:Crouzet, Denis (1994),
3439:Saint Bartholomew's Day
3429:See Butterfield, 1955,
3299:le honteux bain de sang
3113:Saint Bartholomew's Day
2923:Oxford University Press
2870:Browner, Jesse (2007).
2776:, Heinemann, pp. 70â71
2653:Benedict (2004), p. 127
2326:Usher, Phillip (2014).
2102:; Evans, G. R. (1987).
1665:Louis-SĂ©bastien Mercier
1439:George Mason University
1003:, culminating with the
862:Jacques Auguste de Thou
434:French Wars of Religion
418:to attend the wedding.
410:to the Protestant King
392:French Wars of Religion
229:War of the Three Henrys
78:French Wars of Religion
4444:Massacres of Huguenots
4429:16th century in France
4399:Protestant Reformation
4339:(11th ed.). 1911.
4191:Salmon, J.H.M (1979).
4173:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
4154:Holt, Mack P. (1995).
4075:Anglo, Sydney (2005),
3985:Maslan, Susan (2005),
3844:Holt (1995 ed.), p. 87
3646:Holt, Mack P. (2002),
3441:has several quotations
3372:Anglo, 229; See also:
3008:Perry, Sheila (1997).
2799:The Historical Journal
2580:Holt (2005 ed.), p. 91
2209:Hugues Daussy (2002).
2183:Holt, Mack P. (2005).
2154:. Sutton. p. 25.
2151:The Parlement of Paris
2070:Koenigsburger, H. G.;
1771:
1623:
1456:
1363:
1246:
1192:Sir Francis Walsingham
1188:Elizabeth I of England
1172:
1132:
1089:
1034:
975:
849:
793:
757:Francis, Duke of Guise
724:
688:, who was leading the
678:Principality of Orange
573:
496:Peace of Saint-Germain
456:
365:
42:
4439:16th century in Paris
4320:Catholic Encyclopedia
4112:, Champvallon, 1990 (
4108:Denis Crouzet :
3973:, 5.1 (Summer 2014),
3929:Koenigsberger, p. 115
3899:Knecht (2001), p. 364
3859:The Reformation World
3853:Mentzer, Raymond A.,
3832:Holt (1995 ed.), p. 9
3479:Catholic Encyclopedia
3118:Catholic Encyclopedia
3084:White, Henry (1868).
3050:; Wilson, D. (1996).
3048:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, F.
2947:, Macmillan, London,
2713:Hillerbrand, Hans J.
2662:Knecht (2001), p. 367
2509:Foa, Jérémie (2021).
2398:Mack P. Holt (1995).
2344:10.1353/esp.2014.0023
2274:Holt (1995 ed), p. 95
2250:FernĂĄndez-Armesto, F.
2174:Knecht (2001), p. 359
1889:A 1966 serial in the
1765:
1723:Alexandre Dumas, pĂšre
1641:The Massacre at Paris
1613:
1447:
1354:
1308:Louis-Pierre Anquetil
1292:Catholic Encyclopedia
1287:The Massacre at Paris
1232:
1122:
1108:. The pope ordered a
1084:
1039:Maximilien de BĂ©thune
1025:
969:
836:
787:
710:
564:
474:The marriage between
469:third War of Religion
447:
398:, the mother of King
379:directed against the
247:Day of the Barricades
24:
4459:Mass murder in Paris
4093:Butterfield, Herbert
3160:Blackwell Publishing
3058:. pp. 236â237.
1924:' historical novel,
1845:Marguerite de Valois
1833:Catherine de' Medici
1799:John Everett Millais
1615:John Everett Millais
1532:improve this article
1480:University of London
1449:Henry, Duke of Guise
1356:Catherine de' Medici
1264:, who published his
1243:Sala Regia (Vatican)
1168:Jean-Antoine de BaĂŻf
846:Catherine de' Medici
842:Ădouard Debat-Ponsan
749:Cardinal of Lorraine
600:House of Montmorency
566:Charles IX of France
520:La Charité-sur-Loire
508:Catherine de' Medici
476:Henry III of Navarre
452:, the leader of the
412:Henry III of Navarre
396:Catherine de' Medici
204:La Charité-sur-Loire
35:Catherine de' Medici
4464:Attacks on weddings
4389:Counter-Reformation
4369:Massacres in France
4296:, 27 November 2003)
4195:. Metheun & Co.
4135:Garrisson, Janine,
3912:, Longman, Harlow,
3880:Catherine de Medici
3823:Holt, (1995), p. 44
3814:Holt, (1995), p. 86
3784:hardback, pp. 88â89
3772:Holt, M. P. (1995)
3137:A History of Europe
2912:Garrisson, p, 131;
2736:Archbishop of Paris
2632:to the 12 in Holt.
2433:Holt (2005), p. 85.
2296:Knecht, Robert Jean
1689:September Massacres
1632:Christopher Marlowe
1504:Cultural references
1496:On 23 August 1997,
1487:social anthropology
1397:Thierry Wanegffelen
1390:Jean-Louis Bourgeon
1299:according to which
1276:Christopher Marlowe
1208:conspiracy theories
730:Charles de Louviers
596:Cardinal de Bourbon
158:Saint-Jean d'Angély
4419:Henry IV of France
4303:(at Massacres.org)
4139:, Complexe, 2000 (
3878:Frieda, L. (2003)
3411:Anglo, pp. 237â240
3291:Bordonove, Georges
3209:Daniel-Rops, Henri
2955:hardback, pp. 113;
2840:. Rookwood Press.
2539:Dyer, Thomas Henry
2378:www.britannica.com
2362:– via jstor.
2286:Holt (2005), p. 81
2199:Holt (2005), p. 86
1849:Constance Talmadge
1772:
1681:Elizabeth Inchbald
1624:
1457:
1372:Chancellor Birague
1364:
1312:Esprit de la Ligue
1262:Innocent Gentillet
1249:The author of the
1247:
1220:Margaret of Valois
1164:Philip II of Spain
1149:divine retribution
1133:
1125:Gaspard de Coligny
1090:
1035:
976:
850:
794:
725:
686:William the Silent
648:monarchy itself".
574:
551:Philip II of Spain
504:Gaspard de Coligny
482:on 18 August 1572.
480:Margaret of Valois
457:
450:Gaspard de Coligny
427:Gaspard de Coligny
314:Fontaine-Française
142:La Roche-l'Abeille
43:
4449:Massacres in 1572
4359:Conflicts in 1572
4271:N. M Sutherland.
4212:978-0-19-507909-8
4085:978-0-19-926776-7
4003:978-0-8018-8125-1
3920:paperback, p. 115
3805:paperback, p. 151
3763:paperback, p. 157
3664:978-0-521-89278-0
3563:Project Gutenberg
3526:Anglo, pp. 254â65
3420:Anglo, pp. 272â80
3342:Stephen Budiansky
3036:978-0-415-13179-7
2898:978-0-520-24709-3
2887:978-0-520-24709-3
2847:978-1-886365-59-9
2690:978-0-88920-296-2
2618:978-0-521-54797-0
2411:978-0-521-35873-6
2332:L'Esprit Créateur
2308:978-0-631-22729-8
2265:paperback, p. 237
2222:978-2-600-00667-5
2161:978-0-7509-1830-5
2113:978-0-333-44157-2
2001:Knecht, Robert J.
1975:Sack of Magdeburg
1947:The Serpent Queen
1882:(1971), starring
1837:Josephine Crowell
1775:Giacomo Meyerbeer
1768:History of France
1673:French Revolution
1608:
1607:
1600:
1582:
1498:Pope John Paul II
1430:Boston University
1239:Pope Gregory XIII
1196:Ivan the Terrible
1170:, founder of the
1145:Battle of Lepanto
1102:Pope Gregory XIII
819:Swiss mercenaries
471:on 8 August 1570.
353:
352:
168:Fourth; 1572â1573
120:Second; 1567â1568
4471:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4250:Robert Kingdon.
4221:French Knowledge
4196:
4187:
4178:
4169:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4020:. Humanities Web
4014:
4008:
3983:
3977:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3876:
3870:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3791:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3728:
3722:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3675:
3669:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3589:, 9781878822390
3575:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3469:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3370:
3364:
3355:
3349:
3344:in chapter 1 of
3338:
3332:
3331:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3133:Fisher, H. A. L.
3129:
3123:
3122:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3005:
2999:
2983:
2962:
2956:
2942:
2936:
2910:
2904:
2891:
2862:Chaliand, GĂ©rard
2858:
2852:
2851:
2831:
2794:Benedict, Philip
2790:
2784:
2774:France 1500â1715
2770:
2764:
2752:
2746:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2569:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2323:
2314:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2033:(16 May 2016) .
2031:Jouanna, Arlette
2027:
2021:
2020:
1997:
1937:A Column of Fire
1658:The Jew of Malta
1603:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1540:
1516:
1508:
1451:, leader of the
1258:Machiavellianism
1177:
1050:and D. Wilson.
1012:fourth civil war
747:The Guises: the
742:
739:
557:Tension in Paris
190:Fifth; 1574â1576
134:Third; 1568â1570
92:First; 1562â1563
81:
79:
69:
62:
55:
46:
45:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4344:
4343:
4327:
4282:
4261:(1991): 27â46.
4230:
4228:Further reading
4166:
4147:). (in French)
4097:Man on his Past
4072:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3984:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3877:
3873:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3792:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3750:
3746:
3742:hardback, p. 9;
3729:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3692:
3676:
3672:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3576:
3572:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:Anglo, p. 253ff
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3445:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3371:
3367:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3310:
3306:
3288:
3284:
3261:
3257:
3237:
3233:
3206:
3202:
3171:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3130:
3126:
3102:
3100:
3093:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3006:
3002:
2998:", pp. 162â163.
2980:
2963:
2959:
2938:
2933:
2925:. p. 585.
2911:
2907:
2888:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2791:
2787:
2771:
2767:
2756:François Guizot
2753:
2749:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2608:
2600:. p. 126.
2588:
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2324:
2317:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2100:Chadwick, Henry
2097:
2093:
2086:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2017:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1956:
1857:Joseph Henabery
1853:Admiral Coligny
1757:Isabelle Adjani
1748:La Reine Margot
1738:La reine Margot
1728:La Reine Margot
1721:(1829), and by
1715:Prosper Mérimée
1604:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1517:
1506:
1453:Catholic League
1414:
1360:François Clouet
1349:
1344:
1342:Interpretations
1079:
1063:Claude Goudimel
1043:Philip Benedict
1020:
907:
901:
889:Paris Parlement
882:Prince of Condé
811:Albert de Gondi
799:
782:
740:
717:Frans Hogenberg
705:
699:
658:Louis of Nassau
654:
616:
570:François Clouet
559:
543:Jeanne d'Albret
510:, and her son,
492:
442:
354:
349:
308:
303:
272:ChĂąteau-Laudran
258:
250:
233:
225:
220:
215:
202:
197:
192:
187:
170:
165:
136:
131:
122:
117:
95:
82:
77:
75:
73:
31:Admiral Coligny
27:François Dubois
17:
12:
11:
5:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
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4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:1572 in France
4342:
4341:
4325:
4309:Goyau, Georges
4305:
4297:
4281:
4280:External links
4278:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4255:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4200:Lincoln, Bruce
4197:
4188:
4179:
4170:
4164:
4151:
4133:
4106:
4090:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4040:
4031:
4009:
3978:
3958:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3901:
3892:
3871:
3846:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3786:
3765:
3744:
3723:
3703:
3701:, GenĂšve: Droz
3690:
3670:
3639:
3637:, p. 187.
3627:
3625:, p. 201.
3615:
3603:
3594:
3570:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3488:
3470:
3457:
3443:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3365:
3350:
3348:(Viking, 2005)
3333:
3326:
3320:. p. 59.
3304:
3282:
3255:
3242:, ed. (1904).
3231:
3200:
3187:10.2307/751147
3165:
3162:. p. 295.
3146:
3143:. p. 581.
3124:
3091:
3071:
3064:
3039:
3024:
3000:
2978:
2957:
2931:
2917:, ed. (1998).
2905:
2886:
2853:
2846:
2806:(2): 205â225.
2785:
2765:
2747:
2720:
2705:
2696:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2621:
2606:
2582:
2570:
2568:Lincoln, p. 98
2558:
2530:
2524:978-2348057885
2523:
2501:
2492:
2477:
2461:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2365:
2315:
2288:
2276:
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2241:
2228:
2221:
2201:
2192:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2091:
2085:978-0582418639
2084:
2062:
2046:978-1526112187
2045:
2022:
2016:978-1841763958
2015:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1884:Glenda Jackson
1795:Pre-Raphaelite
1695:Joseph Chénier
1606:
1605:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1413:
1410:
1376:duke of Nevers
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1226:reproach me!"
1137:Giorgio Vasari
1129:Giorgio Vasari
1078:
1075:
1019:
1016:
903:Main article:
900:
897:
893:lit de justice
798:
795:
781:
778:
777:
776:
772:
760:
701:Main article:
698:
695:
653:
650:
615:
612:
558:
555:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
472:
441:
438:
372:and a wave of
370:assassinations
351:
350:
310:2nd Luxembourg
288:1st Luxembourg
116:
115:
87:
84:
83:
72:
71:
64:
57:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4146:
4145:2-87027-721-0
4142:
4138:
4134:
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4130:2-213-59216-0
4127:
4123:
4119:
4118:2-87673-094-4
4115:
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3995:0-8018-8125-0
3992:
3988:
3982:
3976:
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3968:
3962:
3954:
3953:w2.vatican.va
3950:
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3935:
3926:
3919:
3918:0-582-49401-X
3915:
3911:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3888:0-7538-2039-0
3885:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3867:0-415-16357-9
3864:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3841:
3839:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3804:
3803:0-521-46701-2
3800:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3782:0-521-35359-9
3779:
3775:
3769:
3762:
3761:0-1950-7013-5
3758:
3754:
3748:
3741:
3740:0-19-521987-2
3737:
3733:
3727:
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3707:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3687:2-213-59216-0
3684:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:0-521-89278-3
3653:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3613:, p. 86.
3612:
3607:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3587:1-878822-39-X
3584:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3550:
3544:Anglo, p. 286
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3508:Anglo, p. 251
3505:
3498:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3474:
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3391:
3387:
3383:
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3369:
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3361:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3340:According to
3337:
3329:
3327:0-521-46701-2
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3252:. p. 20.
3251:
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3214:
3210:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
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3176:
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3157:
3150:
3142:
3141:Fontana Press
3138:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3065:0-593-02749-3
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3025:0-415-13179-0
3021:
3018:. p. 5.
3017:
3013:
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3004:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2979:0-7126-0720-X
2975:
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2967:
2961:
2954:
2953:0-333-44157-5
2950:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2932:0-19-860223-5
2928:
2924:
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2909:
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2899:
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2857:
2849:
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2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2782:0-435-32751-8
2779:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2744:
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2709:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2668:
2659:
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2625:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2607:0-521-54797-0
2603:
2599:
2595:
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2577:
2575:
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2534:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2470:Rue de Rivoli
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2263:0-593-02749-3
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2256:
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2232:
2224:
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2214:
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2205:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:J. H. Shennan
2141:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2072:Mosse, George
2066:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:Leonard Sachs
1907:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1865:Queen Jezebel
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:D.W. Griffith
1819:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1809:Les Huguenots
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1783:Les Huguenots
1780:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:Jeanne Moreau
1740:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1708:André Chénier
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:2 Tamburlaine
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1617:'s painting,
1616:
1612:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1588:November 2017
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549: â
1548:
1544:
1543:Find sources:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1521:This section
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1491:Bruce Lincoln
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1432:, wrote that
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1395:According to
1393:
1391:
1388:According to
1386:
1384:
1383:Denis Crouzet
1381:According to
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Enlightenment
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:raison d'Ă©tat
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
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1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
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1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1180:Maximilian II
1176:
1175:
1169:
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1160:
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1154:
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1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
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1103:
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1032:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
985:
984:Duke of Anjou
980:
973:
968:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
906:
896:
894:
891:. "Holding a
890:
885:
883:
878:
875:
874:prosopography
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:hawthorn bush
855:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
829:
825:
820:
814:
812:
808:
803:
791:
786:
773:
769:
765:
761:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
744:
735:
731:
722:
718:
714:
713:popular print
709:
704:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Netherlandish
659:
649:
647:
643:
642:Monarchomachs
638:
636:
632:
631:
625:
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611:
609:
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601:
597:
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582:
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567:
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521:
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477:
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466:
462:
461:
460:
455:
451:
446:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:) during the
389:
386:
382:
378:
375:
371:
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359:
348:
347:
343:
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327:
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297:
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285:
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277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
249:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
224:
223:
219:
218:Seventh; 1580
214:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
195:
191:
186:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
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129:
125:
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93:
89:
88:
85:
80:
70:
65:
63:
58:
56:
51:
50:
47:
40:
39:Louvre Palace
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
4334:
4318:
4300:
4293:
4290:Melvyn Bragg
4272:
4258:
4251:
4241:
4234:
4215:Google Books
4203:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4165:0521-35873-6
4155:
4149:Google books
4136:
4121:
4109:
4100:
4096:
4088:Google Books
4076:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:
4043:
4034:
4022:. Retrieved
4012:
3986:
3981:
3970:
3967:The Massacre
3966:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3909:
3904:
3895:
3890:, pp. 314â16
3879:
3874:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3828:
3819:
3810:
3794:
3789:
3773:
3768:
3752:
3747:
3731:
3726:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3678:
3673:
3647:
3642:
3630:
3623:Jouanna 1998
3618:
3606:
3597:
3578:
3573:
3566:Jew of Malta
3565:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3384:(1): 27â47.
3381:
3375:
3368:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3313:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3244:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3203:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3127:
3116:
3085:
3074:
3056:Bantam Press
3051:
3042:
3010:
3003:
2989:
2969:
2966:Moynahan, B.
2960:
2944:
2940:Chadwick, H.
2918:
2908:
2901:
2872:
2866:Blin, Arnaud
2856:
2836:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2750:
2741:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2693:Google Books
2681:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2624:
2592:
2585:
2549:. Retrieved
2543:
2533:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2400:
2393:
2381:. Retrieved
2377:
2368:
2338:(2): 33â44.
2335:
2331:
2312:Google Books
2299:
2291:
2270:
2254:
2244:
2231:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2189:google Books
2184:
2179:
2170:
2150:
2140:
2131:
2126:Holt, p. 78.
2122:
2103:
2094:
2075:
2065:
2057:
2050:. Retrieved
2035:
2025:
2005:
1995:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1922:Tim Willocks
1919:
1903:
1897:
1888:
1877:
1863:
1861:
1826:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1753:Queen Margot
1752:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1698:
1693:
1685:The Massacre
1684:
1677:The Massacre
1676:
1668:
1667:in his play
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1625:
1618:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1530:Please help
1525:verification
1522:
1495:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1404:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1368:
1365:
1325:) and other
1320:
1311:
1305:
1285:
1281:Jew of Malta
1279:
1274:
1265:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1184:
1161:
1157:
1134:
1113:
1091:
1086:Gregory XIII
1059:Petrus Ramus
1056:
1052:
1036:
1026:
1009:
997:
981:
977:
959:
908:
886:
879:
866:
851:
837:
815:
804:
800:
775:Netherlands.
768:Dutch Revolt
764:Duke of Alba
726:
690:Dutch Revolt
674:Valenciennes
664:province of
655:
639:
627:
617:
592:
583:
575:
532:
493:
458:
431:
420:
377:mob violence
357:
355:
305:
304:
252:
251:
227:
226:
217:
216:
199:
198:
189:
188:
167:
166:
162:Arney-le-Duc
133:
132:
119:
118:
90:
25:Painting by
18:
4294:In Our Time
4186:. Bouquins.
4058:25 February
3635:Salmon 1979
3483:see note 18
3437:article on
3240:Ward, A. W.
3181:: 258â261.
2734:, Catholic
2454:22 December
2448:Le Monde.fr
1932:Ken Follett
1879:Elizabeth R
1876:miniseries
1870:Jean Plaidy
1828:Intolerance
1788:grand opera
1733:French film
1628:Elizabethan
1434:Simon Vigor
1422:broadsheets
1405:coup d'Ă©tat
1329:writers in
1270:Machiavelli
1203:pullulating
1153:Christendom
1106:Golden Rose
1098:coup d'etat
1027:Bas de page
960:significant
790:KÄrlis HĆ«ns
741: 1505
624:John Calvin
516:La Rochelle
388:Protestants
300:Fort Crozon
256:(1589â1594)
231:(1585â1589)
200:Sixth; 1577
184:La Rochelle
124:Saint-Denis
4348:Categories
4102:Lord Acton
4070:References
3720:2228900184
3486:witnesses.
3054:. London:
2986:Lord Acton
2921:. Oxford:
2915:Parker, G.
1899:Doctor Who
1841:Charles IX
1815:Mark Twain
1751:(later as
1699:Charles IX
1636:Canterbury
1630:dramatist
1558:newspapers
1335:Lord Acton
1159:murderer.
1141:Sala Regia
1094:Politiques
1031:Jost Amman
1018:Death toll
944:La Charité
732:, Lord of
512:Charles IX
440:Background
400:Charles IX
322:Le Catelet
154:Moncontour
3971:Dandelion
3611:Holt 2005
3464:Craveri,
3111:(1912). "
3016:Routledge
2828:159715479
2360:162224757
1965:Michelade
1902:entitled
1770:, c. 1912
1735:in 1954,
1704:Louis XVI
1310:, in his
1077:Reactions
1001:Louis XIV
899:Provinces
807:Tuileries
780:Massacres
734:Maurevert
608:Chantilly
579:Parlement
528:Montauban
454:Huguenots
385:Calvinist
381:Huguenots
176:SommiĂšres
4311:(1913).
4132:) ;
4024:19 April
3969:, p. 3,
3869:, p. 332
3714:, Payot
3477:See the
3455:(online)
3295:Henri IV
3293:(1981).
3277:20678289
3211:(1964).
3135:(1969).
2968:(2003).
2551:28 March
2541:(1861).
2352:26378894
2298:(2001),
2148:(1998).
2052:1 August
2003:(2002).
1954:See also
1825:'s film
1797:painter
1697:'s play
1331:polemics
1322:Henriade
1319:(in his
1317:Voltaire
1088:'s medal
916:Bordeaux
912:Toulouse
646:Gallican
620:monarchy
539:Henry IV
535:Margaret
448:Admiral
408:Margaret
404:massacre
383:(French
374:Catholic
326:Doullens
280:Caudebec
180:Sancerre
146:Poitiers
128:Chartres
4267:2542014
4244:(2015)
3398:3021106
2820:2638258
2758:in his
2383:2 April
1977:in 1631
1971:in 1567
1896:series
1891:British
1717:in his
1572:scholar
1216:Memoirs
1110:Te Deum
952:Gaillac
932:Orléans
924:Bourges
852:In the
771:latter.
721:Coligny
682:Avignon
680:around
666:Hainaut
626:in his
338:La FĂšre
330:Cambrai
296:Morlaix
235:Coutras
222:La FĂšre
212:Brouage
208:Issoire
194:Dormans
113:Orléans
4275:(1973)
4265:
4254:(1988)
4246:online
4237:(2008)
4210:
4162:
4143:
4128:
4116:
4083:
4001:
3993:
3916:
3886:
3865:
3801:
3780:
3759:
3738:
3718:
3685:
3662:
3654:
3591:p. 162
3585:
3431:passim
3396:
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3275:
3195:751147
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2634:online
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1374:; the
1235:Vasari
993:Jesuit
988:Nantes
956:Troyes
948:Saumur
940:Angers
824:matins
792:(1868)
753:Aumale
630:Daniel
526:, and
524:Cognac
402:, the
362:French
346:Amiens
342:Ardres
334:Calais
260:Arques
243:Auneau
239:Vimory
150:Orthez
138:Jarnac
4263:JSTOR
4006:p. 40
3667:p. 20
3568:text.
3394:JSTOR
3273:JSTOR
3191:JSTOR
2824:S2CID
2816:JSTOR
2513:[
2356:S2CID
2348:JSTOR
1988:Notes
1969:NĂźmes
1868:, by
1779:opera
1579:JSTOR
1565:books
1071:Arles
1067:RhĂŽne
936:Meaux
928:Rouen
870:Seine
797:Paris
711:This
587:cross
500:Guise
416:Paris
292:Blaye
284:Craon
276:Rouen
268:Paris
109:Dreux
105:Vergt
101:Rouen
4208:ISBN
4160:ISBN
4141:ISBN
4126:ISBN
4114:ISBN
4081:ISBN
4060:2020
4026:2007
3999:ISBN
3991:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3863:ISBN
3799:ISBN
3778:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3736:ISBN
3716:ISBN
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3660:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3481:and
3322:ISBN
3060:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3020:ISBN
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2630:Albi
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2602:ISBN
2553:2011
2519:ISBN
2456:2022
2406:ISBN
2385:2022
2304:ISBN
2259:ISBN
2237:Laon
2217:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2054:2022
2041:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1793:The
1656:and
1652:and
1626:The
1551:news
1237:for
1092:The
970:The
954:and
920:Lyon
762:The
672:and
670:Mons
547:Pope
494:The
478:and
463:The
356:The
264:Ivry
172:Mons
4120:),
3975:PDF
3857:in
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3183:doi
2994:, "
2808:doi
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