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285:. The thermae were not simply baths, but important public works that provided facilities for many kinds of physical exercise and ablutions, with cold, warm, and hot baths, rooms for instruction and debate, and usually one Greek and one Latin library. They were provided for the public by a benefactor, usually the Emperor. Other empires of the time did not show such an affinity for public works, but this Roman practice spread their culture to places where there may have been more resistance to foreign mores. Unusually for the time, the thermae were not class-stratified, being available to all for no charge or a small fee. With the
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1811:), which was often not the case about 30 years ago. Bath water in Japan is much hotter than what is usual in Central Europe. The temperature is usually well above 40 °C (104 °F). In medical literature, 47 °C (117 °F) is considered bearable. The heat is considered a prerequisite for complete relaxation. The custom is to thoroughly clean oneself with soap and rinse before entering the tub, so as not to contaminate the bath water.
4838:
1219:. They are then usually washed by male or female staff (matching the gender of the visitor) with the use of soap and vigorous rubbing, before ending by washing themselves in warm water. Unlike in Roman or Greek baths, bathers usually wash themselves with running water instead of immersing themselves in standing water since this is a requirement of Islam, though immersion in a pool used to be customary in the hammams of some regions such as
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1622:
488:. As the steam accumulates in the upper part of the room a person in charge uses a bough to direct the steam to the bathers who are lying on the ground, with which he later gives them a massage, then the bathers scrub themselves with a small flat river stone and finally the person in charge introduces buckets with water with soap and grass used to rinse. This bath had also ritual importance, and was vinculated to the goddess
1024:. The half day off allowed time for the considerable labor of drawing, carrying, and heating water, filling the bath and then afterward emptying it. To economize, bath water was shared by all family members. Indoor plumbing became more common in the 20th century and commercial advertising campaigns pushing new bath products began to influence public ideas about cleanliness, promoting the idea of a daily shower or bath.
937:
347:
or cleared their throats in order to signal to new entrants which seats were already occupied. The darkness could be also used to cover sexual contact. Because there was no gender distinction, these baths came into disrepute. They were finally abolished in 1870 on hygienic and moral grounds. Author John
Gallagher says bathing "was segregated in the 1870s as a concession to outraged Western tourists".
1581:
221:” or bath which was considered extremely auspicious in ancient times. This cold-water bath, even before the sun has risen, is meant to revitalize the body and remove all kinds of negative influences. The early morning bath also acts as a great start to the day—ensuring that you stick to your routine and go to bed a little after sunset.
1384:) in Islam. All major religions place an emphasis on ceremonial purity, and bathing is one of the primary means of attaining outward purity. In Hindu households, any acts of defilement are countered by undergoing a bath and Hindus also immerse in Sarovar as part of religious rites. In the Sikh religion, there is a place at
1320:, Australia in 1859, Canada had one by 1869, and the first in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart's influence was also felt outside the Empire when in 1861, Dr Charles H Shepard opened the first Turkish baths in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, New York, most probably on 3 October 1863.
2971:... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ...
735:, who, struck by the remedial use of certain springs by the neighbouring peasantry, investigated the history of cold bathing and published a book on the subject in 1702. The book ran through six editions within a few years and the translation of this book into German was largely drawn upon by Dr J. S. Hahn of
346:
along the coast, the rocks were heated by burning wood, then sea water was poured over the rocks, producing steam. The entrances to these "bath houses" were very small, possibly to slow the escape of the heat and steam. There were no windows, so it was very dark inside and the user constantly coughed
195:
ruins show a cauldron to boil water, smaller cauldrons to draw out the water to be poured into a basin, skin scrapers to remove dirt and dead skin. 2300 year old lavish imperial bathrooms with exquisite tiles and a sewage system can be seen in Xi'an. Bathing grew in importance in the Han
Dynasty (202
1967:
scenes became popular. These scenes were based on the artists' imagination, because access by men to
Islamic women was not generally permitted. In the second half of the century, artists increasingly eschewed the pretexts of mythology and exoticism, and painted contemporary western women bathing.
796:
was responsible for introducing and promoting hydropathy in
Britain, first in London in 1842, then with lecture tours in Ireland and Scotland in 1843. His 10-week tour in Ireland included Limerick, Cork, Wexford, Dublin and Belfast, over June, July and August 1843, with two subsequent lectures in
885:
In
Birmingham, around ten private baths were available in the 1830s. Whilst the dimensions of the baths were small, they provided a range of services. A major proprietor of bath houses in Birmingham was a Mr. Monro who had had premises in Lady Well and Snow Hill. Private baths were advertised as
3120:
The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe
Nicolas
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4130:- 2003 0071504664 Page 43 "Fill the tub with the bathwater that is warm, not hot. Thoroughly mix the hot and cold water, then check the temperature with your elbow or wrist, or use a baby bath thermometer to keep the temperature of the bathwater between 90 ̊F (32 ̊C) and 100 ̊F (38 ̊C). .
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759:(1807). It was highly popular and first placed the subject on a scientific basis. Hahn's writings had meanwhile created much enthusiasm among his countrymen, societies having been everywhere formed to promote the medicinal and dietetic use of water; in 1804 Professor E.F.C. Oertel of
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Model Public Baths, Goulston-square, Whitechapel. The BATHS for men and boys are now OPEN from 5 in the morning till 10 at night. Charges – first-class (two towels), cold bath 5d., warm bath 6d.; second-class (one towel), cold bath 1d, warm bath 2d. Every bath is in a private
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also have saunas, spa treatments and therapy centers. The same rules apply in public baths as in private baths, with bathers required to wash and clean themselves before entering the water. In general, the
Japanese bathe naked in bathhouses; bathing suits are not permissible.
722:
Public opinion about bathing began to shift in the middle and late 18th century, when writers argued that frequent bathing might lead to better health. Two
English works on the medical uses of water were published in the 18th century that inaugurated the new fashion for
678:, which created some opposition to them. Rich people bathed at home, most likely in their bedroom, as "bath" rooms were not common. Bathing was done in large, wooden tubs with a linen cloth laid in it to protect the bather from splinters. Additionally, during the
456:
that "Bathing and the custom of washing oneself is so quotidian (common) amongst the
Indians, both of cold and hot lands, as is eating, and this is done in fountains and rivers and other water to which they have access, without anything other than pure water..."
2943:... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christians who wished to attend the baths ...
259:('washbowl', 'washing tub'). This luxurious item of the Mycenaean palace culture, therefore, was clearly borrowed from the Near East. Later Greeks established public baths and showers within gymnasiums for relaxation and personal hygiene. The word
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Psychrolousia. Or, the
History of Cold Bathing: Both Ancient and Modern. In Two Parts. The First, written by Sir John Floyer, of Litchfield. The Second, treating the genuine life of Hot and Cold Baths..(exceedingly long subtitles) by Dr. Edward
964:. The cleanliness of the individual became associated with his or her moral and social standing within the community and domestic life became increasingly regulated by concerns regarding the presentation of domestic sobriety and cleanliness.
1899:
Bathing scenes were already in the Middle Ages a popular subject of painters. Most of the subjects were women shown nude, but the interest was probably less to the bathing itself rather than to provide the context for representing the
686:, the quality and condition of the clothing (as opposed to the actual cleanliness of the body itself) were thought to reflect the soul of an individual. Clean clothing also reflected one's social status; clothes made the man or woman.
545:
clergy, as well as the pagan custom of women bathing naked in front of men, this did not stop the Church from urging its followers to go to public baths for bathing, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the
103:. This type of bathing is done more or less daily for hygiene purposes, although it has been claimed that hot-air bathing is a more effective body cleanser than water. A ritual religious bath is sometimes referred to as
1904:
figure. From the Middle Ages, illustrated books of the time contained such bathing scenes. Biblical and mythological themes which featured bathing were depicted by numerous painters. Especially popular themes included
1019:
At the beginning of the 20th century, a weekly Saturday night bath had become common custom for most of the population. A half day's work on Saturday for factory workers allowed them some leisure to prepare for the
2755:
1476:
is the most common form of bathing in Western, and many Eastern, countries. People most commonly bathe in their home or use a private bath in a public bathhouse. In some societies, bathing can take place in
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Including an Inquiry into the Circumstances that render Cold Drink, or the Cold Bath, Dangerous in Health, to which are added; Observations on the Nature of Fever; and on the effects of Opium, Alcohol, and
451:
as being "...Very neat and cleanly, bathing every day each afternoon...". Bathing was not restricted to the elite, but was practised by all people; the chronicler Tomás López Medel wrote after a journey to
1769:, instead of using a standard bath which offers little control of the infant's movements and requires the parent to lean awkwardly or kneel. Bathing infants too often has been linked to the development of
754:
on the use of hot and cold water in the treatment of fever and other illness, with a fourth edition published not long before his death in 1805. It was also translated into German by Michaelis (1801) and
2188:
983:. It was in the mid-19th century, though, that the large-scale consumption of soap by the middle classes, anxious to prove their social standing, drove forward the mass production and marketing of soap.
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2412:
786:(south Germany), Kneipp developed the systematic and controlled application of hydrotherapy for the support of medical treatment that was delivered only by doctors at that time. Kneipp's own book
4028:
is a large water tank, from which you scoop water with a ladle, jug or what looks like a plastic saucepan. Once wet, you soap yourself down and then rinse the soap off with more water from the
251:), occurs eleven times in Homer. As a legitimate Mycenaean word (a-sa-mi-to) for a kind of vessel that could be found in any Mycenaean palace, this Linear B term derives from an Aegean suffix
898:
members of society should have the opportunity to access baths, in an attempt to address the health problems of the public. On 22 April and 23 April 1845, two lectures were delivered in the
562:
facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Pope
1916:
In the High Middle Ages, public baths were a popular subject of painting, with rather clear depictions of sexual advances, which probably were not based on actual observations. During the
1551:
This method involves using a small container to scoop water out of a large container and pour water over the body, in such a way that this water does not go back into the large container.
3307:
Currie, James (1805). "Medical Reports, on the Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a remedy in Fever and Other Diseases, Whether applied to the Surface of the Body or used Internally".
3333:
Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843, 8th ed), pp.14 49, 54, 57, 68, 322, 335. Note: Pagination in online field does not match book pagination. Type "Oertel" into search field to find citations.
289:, the aqueduct system fell into disrepair and disuse. But even before that, during the Christianization of the Empire, changing ideas about public morals led the baths into disfavor.
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3601:
Yesterday the bill, as amended by the committee, for promoting the voluntary establishment in boroughs and parishes in England and Wales of public baths and wash-houses was printed.
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95:
People bathe at a range of temperatures, according to custom or purpose, from very cold to very hot. In the western world, bathing is usually done at comfortable temperatures in a
2516:
305:) the Japanese absorbed the religion of Buddhism from China, which had a strong impact on the culture of the entire country. Buddhist temples traditionally included a bathhouse (
2352:
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epidemic, Wilkinson took the initiative to offer the use of her house and yard to neighbours to wash their clothes, at a charge of a penny per week, and showed them how to use a
2809:
1274:, a book about his travels in 1848 through Spain and Morocco. He described the system of dry hot-air baths (little-changed since Roman times) which were used there and in the
1016:
threats, to modern large-scale reservoirs. By the end of the century, private baths with running hot water were increasingly common in affluent homes in America and Britain.
484:(teʃict͜ɬe) that heats a small portion of the room's wall made of volcanic rocks; after this wall has been heated, water is poured on it to produce steam, an action known as
297:
Before the 7th century, the Japanese were likely to have bathed in the many springs in the open, as there is no evidence of closed rooms. In the 6th to 8th centuries (in the
3002:... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...
227:
utilized small bathtubs, wash basins, and foot baths for personal cleanliness. The earliest findings of baths date from the mid-2nd millennium BC in the palace complex at
3358:
Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org). Note: The "Advertisement", pp.v-xi, appears from the 5th ed onwards, so references to time pertain to time as at 5th edition.
1524:
can be used, or the person can wash by splashing water over their body. A sponge bath is usually conducted in hospitals, which involves one person washing another with a
2747:
1746:
area of a public swimming pool, users of the shower commonly wear their swimsuit. The customs can vary depending on the age of a person, and whether the bathing is in a
1309:. During the following 150 years, over 700 Turkish baths opened in the British Isles, including those built by municipal authorities as part of swimming pool complexes.
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2595:
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196:
BC–AD 220) where officials were allowed to take a day's leave for bathing at home every five days, and bathing became the reason for a bank holiday for the first time.
1878:), which are sometimes at different temperatures. Extremely hot springs, where even experienced or frequent hot-spring bathers can only stay a few minutes, are called
782:(1821–1897), "an able and enthusiastic follower" of Priessnitz, "whose work he took up where Priessnitz left it", after he read a treatise on the cold water cure. In
1282:
read Urquhart's book and worked with him to construct such a bath. After a number of unsuccessful attempts, Barter opened the first bath of this type at St Ann's
1027:
In the twenty-first century challenges to the need for soap to effect such everyday cleanliness and whether soap is needed to avoid body odor, appeared in media.
1730:, so as to make cleaning every part of their body possible. This is the case in private baths, whether in one's home or a private bath in a public bathhouse. In
401:. The segregation of the sexes, however, was often ignored by operators of bathhouses, or areas for men and women were separated only by a symbolic line. Today,
1008:
Before the late 19th century, water to individual places of residence was rare. Many countries in Europe developed a water collection and distribution network.
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to supply water to all large towns and population centers and had indoor plumbing, with pipes that terminated in homes and at public wells and fountains. The
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309:) for the monks. Due to the principle of purity espoused by Buddhism these baths were eventually opened to the public. Only the wealthy had private baths.
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bathing. Artists continued to paint Biblical characters bathing, and also sometimes depicted contemporary women bathing in the river, an example being
380:) were common. At that time shared bathrooms for men and women were the rule. These bathhouses were very popular, especially for men. "Bathing girls" (
1392:'s husband was cured by immersion into the holy sacred pool, and many pilgrims bathe in the sacred pool believing it will cure their illness as well.
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by washing away dead skin cells, dirt, and soil and as a preventative measure to reduce the incidence and spread of disease. It also may reduce
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3809:
Blake, Stephen P. 'Hamams in Mughal India and Safavid Iran: climate and culture in two early modern Islamic empires'. In Ergin, Nina (ed.).
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1223:. While hammams everywhere generally operate in fairly similar ways, there are some regional differences both in usage and architecture.
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or a soap-like substance, such as shower gel. In southern India people more commonly use aromatic oil and other home-made body scrubs.
1305:
in July 1860, when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart's Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near
3668:
2806:
1845:). Since Japan is located in a volcanically active region, there are many hot springs, of which about 2,000 are swimming pools. Most
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in an era before private plumbing and served other social functions such as offering a gendered meeting place for men and for women.
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763:
republished them and quickened the popular movement by the unqualified commendation of water drinking as a remedy for all diseases.
2131:
1176:(7th–8th centuries) and their importance has persisted up to modern times. Their architecture evolved from the layout of Roman and
2862:"El baño temascal novohispano, de Moctezuma a Revillagigedo. Reflexiones sobre prácticas de higiene y expresiones de sociabilidad"
1781:' section on allergy and immunology. A safe temperature for the bathwater is generally held to be 32–38 °C (90–100 °F).
952:
By the mid-19th century, the English urbanised middle classes had formed an ideology of cleanliness that ranked alongside typical
4624:
3400:
My Water Cure, As Tested Through More than Thirty Years, and Described for the Healing of Diseases and the Preservation of Health
203:. They used elaborate practices for personal hygiene with three daily baths and washing. These are recorded in the works called
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Bathing in Ancient China can be traced back to Shang Dynasty 3000 years ago (1600–1046 BCE). Archaeological findings from the
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In the sixteenth century, the popularity of public bathhouses in Europe sharply declined, perhaps due to the new plague of
432:
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or therapeutic purposes or as a recreational activity. Bathing may be used to cool or to warm the body of an individual.
42:
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Cheaper hotels, where they exist, may not have running water or showers. Washing facilities are likely to be Indonesian
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2915:... From Fleming's perspective, the transition to Christianity required a good dose of personal and public hygiene ...
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The following year, the first public bath of its type to be built in mainland Britain since Roman times was opened in
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in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly called Lever Brothers and now called
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The industry of soapmaking began on a small scale in the 1780s, with the establishment of a soap manufactory at
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maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo Squatriti as "luxurious baths", and
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2833:
2719:"The King Demands Hot Water – The 'National Treasures' and Washing Implements of the King of the Shang Dynasty"
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The philosophy of the bath: with a history of hydro-therapeutics and of the hot-air bath from the earliest ages
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In Islamic cultures the significance of the hammam was both religious and civic: it provided for the needs of
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is the immersion of the body, wholly or partially, in a medium, usually a liquid or heated air. It may be for
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1543:, 1872–1885 (photographed); 1887 (images published); 2012 (animated), Nude woman washing face, animated from
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3463:. The Substance of Two Lectures, delivered by Captain Claridge, F.S.A., at the Queens Concert Rooms, Glasgow
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style, something with which travellers who have been off the beaten track in Indonesia will be familiar. A
1972:, for example, painted over 100 paintings with a bathing theme. The subject of Bathers remained popular in
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1851:
are in the open countryside, but they are also found in cities. In Tokyo, for example, there are about 25
611:
including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as "
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Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience The Social Organization of Normality (New Technologies/New Cultures)
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Memoir of Kitty Wilkinson of Liverpool, 1786-1860: with a short account of Thomas Wilkinson, her husband
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Hydropathy; or The Cold Water Cure, as practiced by Vincent Priessnitz, at Graefenberg, Silesia, Austria
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which made sexual promiscuity more risky, or stronger religious prohibitions on nudity surrounding the
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across the country to incur expenditure in constructing public swimming baths out of its own funds.
480:("house"), consists of a room, often in the form of a small dome, with an exterior firebox known as
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Throughout history, societies devised systems to enable water to be brought to population centers.
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to wash one's body with water and soap (by pouring water over or soaking one's body, etc.) p.871
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1481:, creeks, lakes or water holes, or any other place where there is an adequate pool of water. The
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1270:, who for political and personal reasons wished to popularize Turkish culture. In 1850 he wrote
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In a modern hammam visitors undress themselves, while retaining some sort of modesty garment or
393:) were employed to scrub the guests' backs and wash their hair, etc. In 1841, the employment of
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Cold cure: Hydrotherapy had exotic origins, but became a firm favourite of the Victorian elite
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In public baths, there is a distinction between public baths with natural hot springs (called
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on its own or in various ways such as for the large container and for the process of bathing.
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On the Healing Virtues of Cold Water, Inwardly and Outwardly applied, as proved by Experience
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When water is in short supply or a person is not fit to have a standing bath, a wet cloth or
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On the Healing Virtues of Cold Water, Inwardly and Outwardly Applied, as Proved by Experience
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The historic hammams of Damascus and Fez: lessons of sustainability and future developments
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Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.
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was published in 1886 with many subsequent editions, and translated into many languages.
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which date back to 500 BCE and are in practice today in some communities. In Hinduism, “
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translation from the 30th German edition. Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org).
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3314:. Vol. 1 (4th, Corrected and Enlarged ed.). London: T. Cadell and W. Davies
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Dependence on very hot hot-spring bathing in a refractory case of atopic dermatitis.
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Bathing creates a feeling of well-being and the physical appearance of cleanliness.
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and all skin diseases, amongst others. On 19 November 1844, it was decided that the
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697:. Some Europeans came to believe the false idea that bathing or steaming would open
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are similar to Western-style spas in their therapeutic use of natural hot springs.
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situation. In some societies, some communal bathing is also done without clothing.
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remains attest to the existence of bathhouses in the Islamic world as early as the
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were revived during the 19th century. The first modern public baths were opened in
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Bathing culture of Anatolian civilizations: architecture, history, and imagination
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Reece, Steve, "The Homeric Ἀσάμινθος: Stirring the Waters of the Mycenaean Bath,"
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used for bathing purposes varies considerably. Normally bathing involves use of
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2399:
2081:
2071:
2051:
1991:
1956:
1731:
1604:
1589:
1493:
1313:
1275:
1259:
1237:
1154:
1100:
902:
urging the provision of public baths in Birmingham and other towns and cities.
852:
844:
671:
616:
578:
559:
513:
354:(1603–1868) there were two different types of baths. In Edo, hot-water baths ('
274:
224:
158:
116:
111:. The use of water for therapeutic purposes can be called a water treatment or
88:
4056:
3796:
Sourdel-Thomine, J. and Louis, A. 'Ḥammām'. In Bearman, P. and others (eds.).
2462:
Baigneuse, Deux nus dans un jardin exotique (Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape)
1340:, however, some people note that may not be so necessary as commonly thought.
4856:
4842:
4805:
4790:
4727:
4652:
4542:
4439:
4429:
4369:
4364:
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2625:
2579:
2506:
2086:
1960:
1754:
1501:
1104:
953:
895:
656:
547:
538:
398:
1951:
In the 19th century, the use of the bathing scene reached its high point in
492:; it is also therapeutic when medicinal herbs are used in the water for the
4662:
4657:
4647:
4564:
4494:
4461:
4165:
Photo from "Sketches of Japanese Manners and Customs", by J. M. W. Silver.
2957:
Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion
2606:
2339:
2041:
1964:
1497:
1492:
Bathing occasions can also be occasions of social interactions, such as in
1439:
1361:
1354:
1283:
1251:
1216:
1142:
1126:
976:
957:
910:
766:
A popular revival followed the application of hydrotherapy around 1829, by
724:
675:
636:
632:
530:
440:
298:
270:
112:
69:
1012:
developed through major 19th-century treatment works built in response to
342:"furnace baths"). These were built into natural caves or stone vaults. In
4710:
4559:
4314:
2635:
2437:
2320:
2121:
2021:
1973:
1969:
1917:
1735:
1333:
1306:
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1185:
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1002:
921:
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698:
679:
667:
648:
428:
302:
77:
73:
3055:
1823:
Sento bathing scene. Japanese woman bathing in a wooden tub (woodcut by
1404:
4795:
4700:
4554:
4537:
4499:
4411:
4384:
4341:
4319:
3829:
Victorian Turkish Baths: Their origin, development, and gradual decline
3121:
Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272
2587:
1952:
1901:
1819:
1594:(dipper), the two essentials in Philippine bathrooms and bathing areas.
1554:
In Indonesia and Malaysia, this is a traditional method referred to as
1298:
1189:
1130:
1096:
994:
972:
941:
858:
The popularity of wash-houses was spurred by the newspaper interest in
624:
608:
600:
570:
555:
351:
3237:"What history's bathing rituals reveal about status, purity and power"
2988:
Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000
2872:
4451:
4401:
4379:
4001:
2194:
1941:
1777:
according to some researchers, including Michael Welch, chair of the
1766:
1573:
is the place in which this is done. Travel guides often use the word
1509:
1337:
1212:
1205:
1193:
848:
836:
809:
751:
732:
240:
236:
199:
The oldest accountable daily ritual of bathing can be traced to the
1621:
1357:, healing, rehabilitation from injury or addiction, and relaxation.
843:
Large public baths such as those found in the ancient world and the
823:
in the late 1800s provided scientific reasons for frequent bathing.
4471:
4406:
4389:
2723:
Museum of the Institute of History & Philology, Academia Sinica
1739:
1267:
1138:
1001:. These soap businesses were among the first to employ large-scale
998:
887:
690:
591:
523:
2931:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315.
2903:. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315.
1928:
were depicted bathing in allegorical paintings by artists such as
1837:, meaning 'hot'), and those without natural hot springs (known as
1368:
in Christianity and to achieve a state of ritual cleanliness in a
862:, an Irish immigrant "wife of a labourer" who became known as the
318:
4374:
4309:
4270:
2645:
2203:
1921:
1469:
1462:
1365:
1287:
1255:
1165:
1116:
1054:
1021:
1013:
936:
867:
760:
736:
718:
Hydropathic applications according to Claridge's Hydropathy book.
596:
582:
534:
282:
228:
165:
108:
96:
65:
4139:
K.Kubota, K.Tamura, H.Take, H.Kurabayashi, M.Mori, T.Shirakura:
3738:
M. Bloom, Jonathan and S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). 'Bath' In
3260:
1726:
When bathing for cleanliness, normally, people bathe completely
1121:
Muslim bathhouses or hammams were historically found across the
4229:
2175:
2116:
1929:
1774:
1770:
1727:
1473:
1370:
1347:
1317:
1302:
1063:
1041:
980:
975:
and the marketing of high-quality, transparent soap in 1789 by
968:
659:
also played a prominent role in the development of the British
628:
497:
100:
61:
2748:"Archaeologists discover 2,000-year-old luxury baths in China"
1742:
or underwear. For example, when a shower is provided in a non-
874:(bleach) to get them clean. She was supported by the District
615:" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people.
4297:
3762:. The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture.
3692:(2004) by Donald Kagan, Steven E Ozment, and Frank M Turner.
1867:
1840:
1505:
1478:
1389:
1376:
1201:
1134:
920:
The first London public baths was opened at Goulston Square,
813:
620:
604:
586:
424:
246:
192:
1580:
1486:
1220:
891:
489:
322:
was established in 1591. The early steam baths were called
231:, Crete, and the luxurious alabaster bathtubs excavated in
3813:. (Leuven: Peeters, 2011). pp.257–266. ISBN 9789042924390.
1765:
Babies can be washed in a kitchen sink or a small plastic
886:
having healing qualities and being able to cure people of
566:
urged his followers on value of bathing as a bodily need.
30:"Bathe" redirects here. For people with that surname, see
4198:
3714:‘I don’t smell!’ Meet the people who have stopped washing
2640:
931:
882:. In 1842, Wilkinson was appointed baths superintendent.
660:
652:
427:
chronicles describe the bathing habits of the peoples of
313:
2847:. Katalog der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin, Berlin 1997.
2425:, 1900. Crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia
1753:
When swimming, not wearing clothing is sometimes called
1215:, and proceed into progressively hotter rooms, inducing
1180:
bathhouses and featured a regular sequence of rooms: an
651:
monks played a role in the development and promotion of
3825:"St Ann's Hydropathic Establishment, Blarney, Co. Cork"
3638:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 7
3488:, vol. 1, Co-operative printing company, p. 3
989:
produced low-priced, good-quality soap from the 1850s.
647:
encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing;
3740:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
3403:. Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood & Sons
3268:. London: William Innys. Fourth Edition, with Appendix
2826:
Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art
1885:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1806:
1738:
of the community are followed, and some people wear a
1528:, while the person being washed remains lying in bed.
905:
After a period of campaigning by many committees, the
387:
374:
361:
255:
being appended to an Akkadian loan word with the root
3578:
3576:
3041:
3039:
3037:
993:
and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in
449:
Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España
312:
The first public bathhouse was mentioned in 1266. In
3816:
3665:"Health & Hygiene in Nineteenth Century England"
3531:
Endangered lives: public health in Victorian Britain
3156:
3154:
1980:
Notable artists who have represented bathing scenes:
1468:
Where bathing is for personal hygiene, bathing in a
1360:
The use of a bath in religious ritual or ceremonial
1316:. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton opened a Turkish bath in
1082:
778:. This revival was continued by a Bavarian priest,
3374:. Wellcome Trust: News and Features. Archived from
2779:"Finding Meaning in Ancient Indian Bathing Rituals"
503:
3707:
3705:
3651:Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation
3573:
3034:
2981:
2979:
2929:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective
2901:Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective
1241:Maud and friends visit a London Turkish bath, 1892
839:wash house, the first public wash house in England
115:. Recreational water activities are also known as
3925:something used to hold water for bathing , p. 121
3396:
3280:
3151:
2859:
1531:
4854:
2855:
2853:
2678:. 4th edition. (London: W. Kent) pp.208-209
1204:, while smoke and hot air was channeled through
3702:
2976:
2860:Noriega Hernández, Joana Cecilia (March 2004).
1608:(dipper) are two essentials in every bathroom.
603:functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The
3648:
3290:Cited in Richard Metcalfe (1898), pp.5–6. Per
2948:
1909:, in which she is observed by King David, and
619:was common in larger towns and cities such as
443:(the Mexica, or Aztec, king at the arrival of
381:
368:
355:
337:
327:
4214:
3306:
2850:
405:baths have separate rooms for men and women.
3429:. County Cork Library. p. see note 11.
3135:The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History
3103:
1805:Today, most homes in Japan have a bathroom (
1346:Bathing may also be practised for religious
746:The other work was a 1797 publication by Dr
367:) were common, while in Osaka, steam baths (
3588:
3492:
3349:(8th ed.). London: James Madden and Co
3324:Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
3277:Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
2959:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11.
2651:Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater
1976:circles at the outset of the 20th century.
1784:
1650:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1312:Similar baths opened in other parts of the
4221:
4207:
4086:, babycentre.co.uk. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
3770:
3768:
3606:
3585:: Private Bath Advertisements, 17 May 1851
3261:John Floyer & Edward Batnard (1715) .
2990:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
1301:, and the idea spread rapidly. It reached
1226:
851:in 1829. The first known warm fresh-water
157:Three young women bathing. Side B from an
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
2985:
2954:
2920:
2803:Mnemosyne: A Journal of Classical Studies
2689:"What Was Hygiene Like in Ancient China?"
1714:Learn how and when to remove this message
3734:
3732:
3730:
3631:
3552:
3522:
3481:
3342:
3106:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe
3045:
2845:Badehäuser, Schwitzbäder, Heisse Quellen
2488:Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
1818:
1793:
1579:
1535:
1449:
1434:
1236:
1111:and was inherited from the model of the
1045:
935:
830:
799:
713:
589:allocated to the Romans bathing through
507:
412:
82:
36:
3822:
3765:
3367:
3212:"What did Medieval People Really Wear?"
3160:
3013:
1380:in Arabic to attain ceremonial purity (
631:. The Catholic religious orders of the
533:has always placed a strong emphasis on
14:
4855:
4032:. You certainly do not climb into the
3800:Second Edition. (Leiden: Brill, 2012).
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3745:
3288:On the Power and Effect of Cold Water.
3132:
932:Soap promoted for personal cleanliness
709:
263:(γυμνάσιον) comes from the Greek word
72:activity, the term is also applied to
68:purposes. By analogy, especially as a
4202:
3866:
3778:. (Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques)
3727:
3671:from the original on 22 November 2020
3456:
3075:
3048:Observations on baths and wash-houses
2926:
2895:
2889:
2776:
2758:from the original on 25 November 2022
2699:from the original on 25 November 2022
913:on 26 August 1846. The act empowered
526:"), written in the early 13th century
397:was generally prohibited, as well as
4249:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
3533:, Taylor & Francis, p. 73,
3528:
3433:from the original on 2 February 2010
3108:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61.
2605:the bather is part of the municipal
1648:adding citations to reliable sources
1615:
1399:
1353:Therapeutic use of bathing includes
674:. Public baths were also havens for
599:baths, or even a myriad of monastic
3823:Shifrin, Malcolm (3 October 2008),
3781:
3776:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
3500:"'Slum Saint' honoured with statue"
3078:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions
2777:India, Thrive Global (2019-07-04).
2180:Actaeon Surprises Diana in Her Bath
1936:, both of whom painted the goddess
1913:in the sight of lecherous old men.
1107:. It is a prominent feature in the
1072:
43:Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine
24:
4095:
3965:. 11 December 2005. Archived from
3635:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas
3510:from the original on 23 March 2022
3485:Sanitas Sanitatum et Omnia Sanitas
3460:Hydropathy, or the Cold Water Cure
3422:
3137:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
1872:consists mostly of outdoor pools (
1010:London water supply infrastructure
944:advertisement, a reference to the
537:. Despite the denunciation of the
25:
4889:
3426:The Ennis Turkish Baths 1869–1878
1814:
1760:
1395:
1374:in Judaism. It is referred to as
739:as the basis for his book called
670:, bathing commonly took place in
292:
27:Washing of the body with a liquid
4836:
4827:
4826:
4186:Heyne, München 1992, S. 187 ff.
3835:from the original on 11 May 2011
2594:
2584:Quatre baigneuses (Four Bathers)
2572:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2494:
2470:
2449:
2442:Girls from Dalarna Having a Bath
2430:
2411:
2392:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2216:
2187:
2168:
2149:
2130:
1963:. Oriental themes and harem and
1924:periods, the gods and nymphs of
1789:
1620:
1403:
1258:) were introduced to Britain by
1030:
907:Public Baths and Wash-houses Act
512:A sweat bath: illumination from
504:Medieval and early-modern Europe
460:The Mesoamerican bath, known as
420:from the Loubat collection, 1904
174:
150:
136:
127:
4176:
4159:
4133:
4120:
4089:
4070:
4041:
3981:
3959:"Indonesia: Indonesian culture"
3951:
3885:
3860:
3846:
3803:
3683:
3657:
3642:
3625:
3561:
3546:
3475:
3450:
3416:
3390:
3361:
3336:
3327:
3300:
3254:
3243:from the original on 2023-08-15
3229:
3218:from the original on 2023-08-15
3204:
3193:from the original on 2023-08-15
3179:
3126:
3097:
3069:
3007:
2927:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006).
2729:from the original on 2022-11-25
826:
812:bathing while being watched by
3724:, The Guardian, August 5, 2019
3019:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2838:
2818:
2795:
2770:
2740:
2711:
2681:
2668:
1779:American Academy of Pediatrics
1565:is the verb for this process;
1532:Ladling water from a container
1515:
1328:One purpose of bathing is for
1164:but also provided for general
408:
91:taking a shower in space, 1973
13:
1:
4738:Nudity in American television
3553:Rathbone, Herbert R. (1927),
3343:Claridge, Capt. R.T. (1843).
3104:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005).
2662:
2281:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
2057:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1332:. It is a means of achieving
1200:which provided hot water and
928:laying the foundation stone.
704:
3893:Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
3742:. (Oxford University Press.)
3187:"Bathing in the Middle Ages"
2483:Les Baigneuses (The Bathers)
1894:
1569:is the large container, and
1561:In the Indonesian language,
241:
7:
4786:Imagery of nude celebrities
4510:Social nudity organizations
4184:Wasser. Elixier des Lebens.
3617:. 26 July 1847. p. 1.
3599:. 22 July 1846. p. 6.
3021:, Oxford University Press,
2613:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1807:
1611:
1254:which are derived from the
1109:culture of the Muslim world
1083:
388:
375:
362:
267:(γυμνός), meaning "naked".
10:
4894:
4721:Nudity in live performance
4228:
3938:place for bathing , p. 611
3653:. Stroud, England: Sutton.
3632:Metcalfe, Richard (1877),
3613:"Classified Advertising".
3568:Topography of Warwickshire
3482:Metcalfe, Richard (1877),
3397:Kneipp, Sebastian (1891).
3163:Water: A Spiritual History
2828:. London: PRC Pub. p. 87.
1997:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
1323:
1250:(based on the traditional
1230:
1039:
727:. One of these was by Sir
316:(modern Tokyo), the first
247:
143:A woman preparing to bathe
122:
29:
4824:
4778:
4691:
4638:
4583:
4528:
4520:Timeline of social nudity
4470:
4420:
4355:
4254:Nakedness and colonialism
4236:
3867:Shove, Elizabeth (2004).
3774:Marçais, Georges (1954).
3595:"Baths and Wash-Houses".
3529:Wohl, Anthony S. (1984),
3165:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
3046:Ashpitel, Arthur (1851),
2986:Squatriti, Paolo (2002).
2419:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida
2107:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida
2017:Lucas Cranach the Younger
1798:Home bathing (1900s), by
1364:include immersion during
1284:Hydropathic Establishment
1035:
382:
369:
356:
338:
328:
213:” (the onset of day) or “
4575:Clothing-optional events
4347:Clothing laws by country
4096:Geddes, Jennifer Kelly.
3854:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
3443:Originally published in
3133:Hembry, Phyllis (1990).
3080:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
2955:Thurlkill, Mary (2016).
2674:Dunlop, Durham. (1880).
1785:Japanese bathing culture
1262:, diplomat and sometime
1206:conduits under the floor
940:"The order of the bath"
855:was opened in May 1842.
558:. The Church also built
541:style of Roman pools by
468:, from the Nahuatl word
437:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
350:At the beginning of the
287:fall of the Roman Empire
217:” begins with the 4 am “
4640:Social nudity advocates
4422:Issues in social nudity
4288:Breastfeeding in public
3649:Eveleigh, Bogs (2002).
3447:vol. 32 (2008) pp 12–17
3368:Bradley, James (2003).
3294:, this was also titled
3292:Encyclopædia Britannica
3076:Black, Winston (2019).
2601:In the German spa town
1272:The Pillars of Hercules
1247:Victorian Turkish baths
1233:Victorian Turkish baths
1227:Victorian Turkish baths
1196:. Heat was produced by
273:developed a network of
4743:Nudity in music videos
4716:Nude photography (art)
4435:Sexual objectification
4237:Nakedness and clothing
3940:
3927:
3914:
3798:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3583:The Birmingham Journal
2897:Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick
2824:Gallagher, J. (2003).
2807:The Homeric Asaminthos
2656:List of cleaning tools
2247:Diana Leaving Her Bath
1828:
1802:
1595:
1548:
1465:
1447:
1242:
1092:
1058:
949:
840:
816:
794:Captain R. T. Claridge
770:, a peasant farmer in
719:
695:Protestant Reformation
684:Protestant Reformation
527:
496:. It is still used in
421:
239:. A word for bathtub,
181:Two women after a bath
92:
50:
4753:Nudity in advertising
4748:Nudity in print media
4548:Nude swimming classes
4182:Alev Lytle Croutier:
3930:
3917:
3904:
3557:, H. Young & Sons
3161:Bradley, Ian (2012).
2805:55.6 (2002) 703–708.
2542:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2523:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
2092:Pierre-Auguste Renoir
2062:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
1907:Bathsheba in the bath
1822:
1797:
1583:
1539:
1453:
1438:
1388:where the leprosy of
1240:
1051:Ali Gholi Agha hammam
1049:
991:William Hesketh Lever
960:, respectability and
939:
834:
803:
743:, published in 1738.
717:
552:Clement of Alexandria
519:De Balneis Puteolanis
511:
431:during and after the
416:
86:
40:
4816:Softcore pornography
4693:Depictions of nudity
4457:Wardrobe malfunction
4357:Nudity and sexuality
4149:25.1994, 5,333–336.
4147:Journal of medicine.
3690:The Western Heritage
3570:, William West, 1830
2502:Zinaida Serebriakova
2378:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
2102:Zinaida Serebriakova
2037:Roger de La Fresnaye
1987:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
1827:, late 18th century)
1644:improve this section
1598:In the Philippines,
1547:, Vol. IV, Plate 413
1264:Member of Parliament
1103:associated with the
866:. In 1832, during a
418:Codex Magliabechiano
4763:Glamour photography
4711:Nude modeling (art)
4668:Henry S. Huntington
4126:Elizabeth Pantley
4077:"Bathing your baby"
4053:Tactile Interactive
3895:, fourth edition:
3506:. 4 February 2010.
3286:Hahn, J.S. (1738).
2783:Thrive Global India
2754:. 6 November 2017.
2586:, 1922, Collection
2112:Domenico Tintoretto
1151:Southeastern Europe
1147:Indian subcontinent
924:, in 1847 with the
774:, then part of the
725:therapeutic bathing
710:Therapeutic bathing
641:ritual purification
4811:Nude psychotherapy
4768:Erotic photography
4683:Richard Ungewitter
4678:Elton Raymond Shaw
4515:Anarchist naturism
4505:Naturist magazines
4485:Christian naturism
4337:Nudity and protest
4276:Nudity in religion
4082:2012-11-27 at the
3871:. New York: Berg.
3719:2023-07-24 at the
3378:on 11 October 2010
3015:Kazhdan, Alexander
2812:2019-12-31 at the
2621:Accessible bathtub
2195:Rembrandt van Rijn
1829:
1803:
1596:
1549:
1541:Eadweard Muybridge
1466:
1448:
1415:. You can help by
1243:
1059:
1022:Sunday day of rest
956:concepts, such as
950:
864:Saint of the Slums
841:
819:The acceptance of
817:
768:Vincenz Priessnitz
720:
645:Benedict of Nursia
643:, and inspired by
528:
422:
279:Roman public baths
93:
51:
4850:
4849:
4447:Indecent exposure
4395:Feminist stripper
4171:978-1-4346-9833-9
4098:"Too Many Baths?"
3878:978-1-85973-630-2
3540:978-0-416-37950-1
3028:978-0-19-504652-6
2752:Business Standard
2546:The bathing women
2363:The Large Bathers
2224:Wolfgang Heimbach
1724:
1723:
1716:
1698:
1545:Animal locomotion
1433:
1432:
1252:Muslim bathhouses
1081:
946:Order of the Bath
915:local authorities
876:Provident Society
853:public wash house
731:, a physician of
672:public bathhouses
575:Byzantine centers
564:Gregory the Great
332:"rock pools") or
215:Brahma Muhoortham
16:(Redirected from
4885:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4801:Nudity in combat
4758:Nude photography
4490:Freikörperkultur
4261:Childhood nudity
4223:
4216:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4180:
4174:
4163:
4157:
4137:
4131:
4128:Gentle Baby Care
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4104:. Archived from
4093:
4087:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4055:. Archived from
4045:
4039:
4038:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4004:. Archived from
3993:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3955:
3949:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3864:
3858:
3857:, 3 October 1863
3850:
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3807:
3801:
3794:
3779:
3772:
3763:
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3592:
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3526:
3520:
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3496:
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3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3394:
3388:
3387:
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3357:
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3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
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3183:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2983:
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2973:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2871:. Archived from
2866:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2822:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2774:
2768:
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2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2672:
2598:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2527:The Soldier Bath
2519:
2498:
2474:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2302:Jean-Léon Gérôme
2298:
2286:The Turkish Bath
2277:
2258:
2243:François Boucher
2239:
2220:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2097:Sebastiano Ricci
2047:Jean-Léon Gérôme
2032:Anthony van Dyck
2002:François Boucher
1934:François Boucher
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1810:
1734:situations, the
1719:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1656:
1624:
1616:
1483:quality of water
1428:
1425:
1407:
1400:
1330:personal hygiene
1162:ritual ablutions
1086:
1076:
1074:
880:William Rathbone
872:chloride of lime
806:Jean-Léon Gérôme
780:Sebastian Kneipp
472:, a compound of
391:
385:
384:
378:
372:
371:
365:
359:
358:
341:
340:
331:
330:
250:
249:
244:
178:
154:
140:
58:personal hygiene
47:Bath in the Park
21:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4820:
4774:
4687:
4634:
4579:
4530:Nude recreation
4524:
4480:Naturist resort
4466:
4416:
4351:
4266:Sex segregation
4232:
4227:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4164:
4160:
4138:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4090:
4084:Wayback Machine
4075:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4014:
4012:
4008:
3991:
3987:
3986:
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3890:
3886:
3879:
3865:
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3851:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3758:Sibley, Magda.
3757:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3721:Wayback Machine
3710:
3703:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
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3513:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3445:The Other Clare
3436:
3434:
3423:Beirne, Peter.
3421:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3366:
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2984:
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2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2823:
2819:
2814:Wayback Machine
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2695:. 4 June 2022.
2693:History Defined
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2631:Destination spa
2616:
2609:
2599:
2590:
2577:
2568:
2561:Boris Kustodiev
2558:
2549:
2539:
2530:
2520:
2511:
2499:
2490:
2475:
2466:
2454:
2445:
2435:
2426:
2423:Sad Inheritance
2416:
2407:
2397:
2388:
2375:
2366:
2356:
2347:
2337:
2328:
2318:
2309:
2299:
2290:
2278:
2269:
2262:Torii Kiyomitsu
2259:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2221:
2212:
2192:
2183:
2173:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2126:
2067:Boris Kustodiev
2012:Gustave Courbet
1926:Greek mythology
1897:
1884:('hell'). Many
1825:Torii Kiyomitsu
1817:
1800:Kusakabe Kimbei
1792:
1787:
1763:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1625:
1614:
1588:(pail) and the
1534:
1518:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1413:needs expansion
1398:
1326:
1235:
1229:
1182:undressing room
1095:) is a type of
1044:
1038:
1033:
987:William Gossage
962:social progress
934:
860:Kitty Wilkinson
829:
776:Austrian Empire
712:
707:
543:early Christian
522:("The Baths of
506:
454:Central America
411:
295:
201:ancient Indians
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
179:
170:
169:
168:
155:
146:
145:
144:
141:
130:
125:
35:
32:Bathe (surname)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4848:
4847:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Nudity in film
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Heinrich Pudor
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
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4605:
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4567:
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4523:
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4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4293:Public bathing
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4175:
4158:
4132:
4119:
4088:
4069:
4040:
3980:
3969:on 5 July 2011
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3884:
3877:
3859:
3845:
3815:
3802:
3780:
3764:
3744:
3726:
3711:Fleming, Amy,
3701:
3682:
3656:
3641:
3624:
3605:
3587:
3572:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3521:
3491:
3474:
3457:Anon. (1843).
3449:
3415:
3389:
3360:
3335:
3326:
3299:
3279:
3253:
3228:
3203:
3178:
3171:
3150:
3143:
3125:
3114:
3096:
3086:
3068:
3033:
3027:
3017:, ed. (1991),
3006:
2996:
2975:
2966:978-0739174531
2965:
2947:
2937:
2919:
2909:
2888:
2869:www.izt.uam.mx
2849:
2837:
2817:
2794:
2769:
2739:
2710:
2680:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2603:Bad Liebenzell
2600:
2593:
2591:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2478:Albert Gleizes
2476:
2469:
2467:
2457:Jean Metzinger
2455:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2400:Max Liebermann
2398:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2331:
2329:
2325:After the Bath
2319:
2312:
2310:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2228:People Bathing
2222:
2215:
2213:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:The Golden Age
2155:
2148:
2146:
2138:Albrecht Dürer
2136:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Jean Metzinger
2079:
2074:
2072:Max Liebermann
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Albert Gleizes
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2027:Albrecht Dürer
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1992:Pierre Bonnard
1989:
1983:
1896:
1893:
1816:
1813:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1762:
1761:Bathing babies
1759:
1755:skinny dipping
1748:sex segregated
1744:sex segregated
1732:public bathing
1722:
1721:
1628:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1514:
1444:Summer Morning
1431:
1430:
1410:
1408:
1397:
1396:Types of baths
1394:
1325:
1322:
1314:British Empire
1280:Richard Barter
1276:Ottoman Empire
1260:David Urquhart
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1174:Umayyad period
1101:public bathing
1099:or a place of
1040:Main article:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
933:
930:
926:Prince consort
845:Ottoman Empire
828:
825:
711:
708:
706:
703:
639:had rules for
617:Public bathing
579:Constantinople
573:were built in
560:public bathing
548:Church Fathers
514:Peter of Eboli
505:
502:
476:("steam") and
410:
407:
294:
293:Medieval Japan
291:
225:Ancient Greece
180:
173:
172:
171:
156:
149:
148:
147:
142:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:and paddling.
89:Jack R. Lousma
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4890:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4806:Nudity clause
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Nude calendar
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Body painting
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Lee Baxandall
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4630:South America
4628:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:San Francisco
4611:
4610:
4609:
4608:North America
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:Nude swimming
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4440:Pornification
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:Sexualization
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4370:Exhibitionism
4368:
4366:
4365:Intimate part
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:United States
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4303:Finnish sauna
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4193:
4192:3-453-05924-7
4189:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4129:
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4108:on 4 May 2014
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4102:Parenting.com
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4059:on 2022-06-27
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4011:on 2011-06-07
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3997:Lonely Planet
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2997:9780521522069
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2938:9780889209121
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2910:9780889209121
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2878:on 2013-04-06
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2642:
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2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:Balneotherapy
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Pablo Picasso
2575:
2570:
2566:
2565:Russian Venus
2562:
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2382:The Baths at
2379:
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2266:Bathing Woman
2263:
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2210:
2209:
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2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Lucas Cranach
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:Women bathing
2139:
2133:
2128:
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2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
2108:
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2103:
2100:
2098:
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2090:
2088:
2087:Pablo Picasso
2085:
2083:
2080:
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2077:Édouard Manet
2075:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1965:turkish baths
1962:
1961:impressionism
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1946:Woman Bathing
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
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1796:
1790:Private baths
1782:
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1672:
1668:
1665: –
1664:
1660:
1659:Find sources:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1629:This section
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1593:
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1587:
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1471:
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1437:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1411:This section
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:Golden Temple
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
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1363:
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1199:
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1191:
1187:
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1175:
1171:
1170:Archeological
1167:
1163:
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1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:Islamic world
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1031:Hot-air baths
1028:
1025:
1023:
1017:
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1006:
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1000:
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992:
988:
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929:
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908:
903:
901:
897:
896:working class
893:
889:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
838:
833:
824:
822:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
795:
791:
789:
788:My Water Cure
785:
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700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:Protestantism
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:charity baths
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:, or private
594:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
539:mixed bathing
536:
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399:mixed bathing
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222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:
206:grihya sutras
202:
197:
194:
189:
177:
167:
164:
160:
159:Ancient Greek
153:
139:
128:Ancient world
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
4841:
4831:
4663:Ilsley Boone
4658:Paul Bindrim
4648:Kurt Barthel
4570:Nude beaches
4565:Nude wedding
4495:Gay naturism
4462:Strip search
4183:
4178:
4161:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4127:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4106:the original
4101:
4091:
4072:
4061:. Retrieved
4057:the original
4052:
4043:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4013:. Retrieved
4006:the original
3995:
3989:"East Timor"
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3967:the original
3962:
3953:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3887:
3868:
3862:
3852:
3848:
3837:, retrieved
3828:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3775:
3759:
3739:
3712:
3689:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3659:
3650:
3644:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3530:
3524:
3512:. Retrieved
3503:
3494:
3484:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3459:
3452:
3444:
3435:. Retrieved
3425:
3418:
3405:. Retrieved
3399:
3392:
3380:. Retrieved
3376:the original
3370:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3345:
3338:
3329:
3316:. Retrieved
3309:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3263:
3256:
3245:. Retrieved
3231:
3220:. Retrieved
3206:
3195:. Retrieved
3181:
3162:
3134:
3128:
3119:
3105:
3099:
3091:
3077:
3071:
3047:
3018:
3009:
3001:
2987:
2970:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2900:
2891:
2880:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2868:
2844:
2840:
2825:
2820:
2802:
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2722:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2692:
2683:
2675:
2670:
2607:Coat of arms
2583:
2564:
2545:
2526:
2505:
2481:
2460:
2441:
2422:
2404:Bathing Boys
2403:
2381:
2362:
2359:Paul Cézanne
2343:
2340:Paul Gauguin
2324:
2305:
2284:
2265:
2246:
2227:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2141:
2042:Paul Gauguin
2007:Paul Cézanne
1979:
1978:
1950:
1945:
1915:
1898:
1863:
1858:
1830:
1815:Public baths
1804:
1764:
1752:
1736:social norms
1725:
1710:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1642:Please help
1630:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1519:
1491:
1467:
1443:
1440:Carl Larsson
1424:October 2023
1421:
1417:adding to it
1412:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1355:hydrotherapy
1352:
1345:
1342:
1327:
1311:
1296:
1271:
1245:
1244:
1217:perspiration
1210:
1159:
1155:Ottoman rule
1143:Central Asia
1127:North Africa
1115:
1062:
1060:
1026:
1018:
1007:
985:
977:Andrew Pears
966:
958:Christianity
951:
919:
911:royal assent
904:
884:
863:
857:
842:
835:Interior of
827:Public baths
818:
804:Painting by
792:
787:
765:
748:James Currie
745:
740:
721:
701:to disease.
688:
676:prostitution
665:
637:Benedictines
633:Augustinians
590:
568:
531:Christianity
529:
517:
493:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
448:
423:
402:
394:
386:
373:
360:
349:
343:
333:
323:
317:
311:
306:
303:Nara periods
296:
281:were called
271:Ancient Rome
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
223:
218:
214:
211:Prataha Kaal
210:
204:
198:
190:
187:
113:hydrotherapy
94:
70:recreational
60:, religious
53:
52:
46:
4585:By location
4560:Naked party
4315:Toplessness
4049:"Indonesia"
3963:All Experts
3933:kamar mandi
3839:12 December
3382:17 November
2762:25 November
2703:25 November
2636:Navy shower
2438:Anders Zorn
2321:Edgar Degas
2211:, 1634/1635
2122:Anders Zorn
2022:Edgar Degas
1974:avant-garde
1970:Edgar Degas
1918:Renaissance
1704:August 2024
1602:(pail) and
1571:kamar mandi
1516:Sponge bath
1334:cleanliness
1307:Marble Arch
1294:, Ireland.
1292:County Cork
1123:Middle East
1005:campaigns.
1003:advertising
922:Whitechapel
821:germ theory
729:John Floyer
680:Renaissance
668:Middle Ages
649:Benedictine
609:bath houses
601:bath houses
429:Mesoamerica
409:Mesoamerica
78:sea bathing
74:sun bathing
66:therapeutic
4857:Categories
4796:Naked News
4701:Nude (art)
4555:Naked yoga
4538:Nude beach
4500:Gymnosophy
4412:Candaulism
4385:Striptease
4342:Dress code
4320:Topfreedom
4063:2012-06-22
4015:2011-03-08
3437:30 October
3407:3 December
3353:2009-10-29
3318:2 December
3272:2009-10-22
3247:2023-08-15
3222:2023-08-15
3197:2023-08-15
2882:2012-12-18
2834:1856486974
2788:2024-09-10
2733:2022-11-25
2663:References
2588:Paul Allen
2344:By the Sea
2327:, ca. 1890
2308:, ca. 1880
1953:classicism
1773:or severe
1674:newspapers
1338:body odors
1299:Manchester
1278:. In 1856
1256:Roman bath
1131:al-Andalus
1097:steam bath
995:Warrington
973:James Keir
942:Pears soap
814:King David
784:Wörishofen
772:Gräfenberg
705:Modern era
625:Regensburg
585:, and the
571:bathhouses
556:Tertullian
470:temazcalli
439:describes
352:Edo period
242:asaminthos
163:red-figure
87:Astronaut
41:Detail of
18:Spongebath
4452:Obscenity
4402:Voyeurism
4380:Streaking
4155:0025-7850
4002:Indonesia
3920:bak mandi
3891:From the
3615:The Times
3597:The Times
3311:Inanition
3064:315673477
2465:, 1905–06
2384:Caracalla
1942:Rembrandt
1895:Art motif
1875:rotenburo
1767:baby bath
1663:"Bathing"
1631:does not
1567:bak mandi
1510:whirlpool
1213:loincloth
1190:warm room
1186:cold room
1149:, and in
1133:(Islamic
1078:romanized
954:Victorian
909:received
900:town hall
849:Liverpool
837:Liverpool
810:Bathsheba
797:Glasgow.
757:Hegewisch
752:Liverpool
733:Lichfield
447:) in his
441:Moctezuma
376:mushiburo
275:aqueducts
261:gymnasium
248:ἀσάμινθος
237:Santorini
105:immersion
4868:Babycare
4833:Category
4779:See also
4472:Naturism
4407:Anasyrma
4390:Stripper
4080:Archived
3833:archived
3717:Archived
3669:Archived
3508:Archived
3504:BBC News
3431:Archived
3241:Archived
3216:Archived
3191:Archived
3056:60239734
2899:(2006).
2810:Archived
2756:Archived
2727:Archived
2697:Archived
2614:See also
2486:, 1912,
2365:(detail)
2306:The Bath
2208:Callisto
1740:swimsuit
1612:Clothing
1454:Actress
1268:Stafford
1198:furnaces
1194:hot room
1192:, and a
1139:Portugal
999:Unilever
888:diabetes
691:syphilis
592:diaconia
577:such as
524:Pozzuoli
482:texictle
462:temazcal
433:conquest
334:kamaburo
233:Akrotiri
117:swimming
4863:Bathing
4706:History
4625:Oceania
4618:Seattle
4375:Mooning
4310:Massage
4271:Modesty
4244:History
3973:8 March
3467:12 June
3265:Batnard
2646:Thermae
2204:Actaeon
2163:, 1530
1957:realism
1922:Baroque
1911:Susanna
1857:baths.
1688:scholar
1652:removed
1637:sources
1512:baths.
1498:Turkish
1470:bathtub
1463:bathtub
1459:Schürer
1366:baptism
1324:Purpose
1288:Blarney
1166:hygiene
1117:thermae
1089:Turkish
1080::
1055:Isfahan
1014:cholera
868:cholera
761:Anspach
737:Silesia
666:In the
597:Lateran
583:Antioch
535:hygiene
466:Spanish
425:Spanish
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