1160:
1154:
30:
there is "no standard definition of spitefulness. Spite can be broadly defined to include any vindictive or mean-spirited actions. Alternatively, a narrower definition includes the requirement that spiteful acts involve some degree of
80:
researchers David K Marcus, Virgil
Zeigler-Hill, Sterett H Mercer, and Alyssa L Norris were the first to develop a personality scale designed to measure and assess the trait of spitefulness which was published in 2014 in
1641:
284:
411:
396:
259:
448:
125:
222:
105:, is an example of spite. His motivation remains constantly spiteful, undercutting his own existence and ability to live.
1485:
1389:
381:
83:
47:
even when there might be no (apparent) gain, and even when those actions might cause the person spiting harm, as well.
27:
1599:
294:
1401:
1473:
65:, J. A. Hadfield uses deliberately spiteful acts to illustrate the difference between disposition and sentiment.
58:
are delivered in such a way that it is clear that the person is delivering them just to annoy, hurt, or upset.
1359:
1689:
1334:
1666:
441:
239:
1742:
1589:
1619:
1699:
1594:
1396:
264:
1552:
1517:
558:
77:
207:
The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology
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1609:
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668:
434:
355:
316:
Marcus, David K; Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Mercer, Sterett H; Norris, Alyssa L (February 17, 2014).
269:
1537:
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1344:
1274:
1126:
865:
461:
101:
26:
as a sentiment, action, or a personality trait has several possible meanings. According to the
1624:
1269:
1074:
503:
130:
1636:
1579:
1569:
1557:
1468:
1463:
1448:
1433:
1349:
1299:
1294:
1239:
1099:
850:
8:
1584:
1547:
1532:
1502:
1443:
1428:
1384:
1369:
1264:
1254:
900:
175:
155:
55:
1542:
1522:
1507:
1497:
1438:
1418:
1379:
1374:
1339:
1324:
1284:
1244:
1116:
855:
845:
493:
1737:
1527:
1354:
1329:
1306:
1279:
1084:
941:
931:
798:
725:
658:
628:
337:
290:
218:
96:
73:
1684:
1490:
1458:
1131:
1089:
1005:
1000:
401:
386:
329:
210:
1732:
1646:
1614:
1512:
1319:
1311:
1249:
1136:
755:
202:
1671:
1604:
1423:
1104:
1064:
990:
638:
140:
115:
1726:
1679:
1364:
1048:
914:
766:
735:
663:
568:
160:
150:
76:; although in general spite has been largely ignored in academic literature.
317:
44:
1651:
1564:
1408:
860:
788:
675:
538:
360:
341:
244:
69:
382:"Why We Behave Spitefully: Spitefulness is expensive. So why do we do it?"
1218:
1191:
1030:
968:
840:
808:
730:
710:
603:
170:
165:
1656:
1015:
885:
695:
588:
583:
483:
478:
145:
214:
1206:
1181:
1168:
1111:
1057:
951:
926:
895:
803:
760:
740:
690:
685:
623:
618:
593:
533:
513:
498:
488:
333:
135:
40:
32:
1201:
1196:
1186:
1121:
958:
880:
870:
835:
822:
705:
648:
598:
578:
426:
356:"Psychological study of spite: 'Virtually ignored' by researchers"
1631:
1211:
1159:
1153:
1079:
1039:
1025:
1020:
1010:
921:
781:
680:
643:
613:
608:
573:
553:
543:
528:
470:
457:
120:
1661:
995:
983:
978:
973:
827:
774:
633:
548:
1642:
Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems
315:
1143:
1069:
963:
936:
815:
750:
745:
715:
653:
523:
518:
318:"The psychology of spite and the measurement of spitefulness"
36:
946:
907:
890:
793:
720:
700:
508:
51:
875:
563:
416:
209:. American Psychological Association. pp. 121–133.
35:." One possible definition of spite is to intentionally
412:"Why Are We Spiteful, Even Though It Bites Us Back?"
61:In his 1929 examination of emotional disturbances,
397:"Spite: What We Do for the Sweet Sake of Revenge"
16:Intentionally harming others without self-benefit
1724:
1037:
394:
286:Psychology and Morals: An Analysis of Character
63:Psychology and Morals: An Analysis of Character
912:
442:
1216:
1055:
1046:
813:
409:
237:
201:Marcus, David K.; Norris, Alyssa L. (2016).
200:
1715:indicate emotion names in foreign languages
779:
449:
435:
282:
276:
1725:
126:Cutting off the nose to spite the face
90:
430:
196:
194:
192:
283:Hadfield, J. A. (22 December 2015).
456:
13:
372:
189:
28:American Psychological Association
14:
1754:
395:Leon F. Seltzer (June 19, 2019).
240:"10 Scientific Facts About Spite"
68:Spite has also been studied as a
1158:
1152:
410:Maanvi Singh (April 23, 2014).
238:Neel V Patel (29 August 2018).
348:
309:
252:
231:
1:
182:
1667:Social emotional development
7:
913:
108:
10:
1759:
1710:
1229:
1167:
1150:
469:
265:Oxford English Dictionary
1600:in virtual communication
322:Psychological Assessment
95:The Underground Man, in
84:Psychological Assessment
78:University of Washington
1217:
1056:
1047:
1038:
814:
780:
102:Notes from Underground
131:The Dog in the Manger
1637:Group affective tone
1690:constructed emotion
1360:functional accounts
176:Tall poppy syndrome
156:Spite (game theory)
91:Spite in literature
1743:Concepts in ethics
1590:in decision-making
831:(sense of purpose)
390:. October 9, 2021.
272:on April 19, 2014.
1720:
1719:
1307:Appeal to emotion
1085:Social connection
364:. April 23, 2014.
224:978-1-4338-2187-5
215:10.1037/14854-007
97:Fyodor Dostoevsky
74:human personality
1750:
1695:discrete emotion
1595:in the workplace
1491:Empathy quotient
1222:
1162:
1156:
1061:
1052:
1043:
918:
819:
785:
451:
444:
437:
428:
427:
421:
406:
402:Psychology Today
391:
387:Psychology Today
366:
365:
352:
346:
345:
334:10.1037/a0036039
313:
307:
306:
304:
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280:
274:
273:
268:. Archived from
256:
250:
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235:
229:
228:
198:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1647:Jealousy in art
1390:in conversation
1312:Amygdala hijack
1225:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1137:sense of wonder
465:
455:
380:
375:
373:Further reading
370:
369:
354:
353:
349:
314:
310:
301:
299:
297:
281:
277:
258:
257:
253:
236:
232:
225:
199:
190:
185:
180:
111:
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:somatic marker
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1672:Stoic passions
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1620:social sharing
1617:
1612:
1610:self-conscious
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1553:thought method
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:lateralization
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1345:classification
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Sentimentality
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
961:
956:
955:
954:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
910:
905:
904:
903:
901:at first sight
898:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
825:
820:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
777:
772:
771:
770:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
672:
671:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
639:Disappointment
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
475:
473:
467:
466:
454:
453:
446:
439:
431:
425:
424:
423:
422:
407:
392:
374:
371:
368:
367:
347:
328:(2): 563–574.
308:
295:
275:
251:
230:
223:
187:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
141:Internet troll
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
116:Crab mentality
112:
110:
107:
92:
89:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1698:
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1691:
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1681:
1678:
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1675:
1673:
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1665:
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1655:
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1645:
1643:
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1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:dysregulation
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:interpersonal
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1255:in psychology
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:consciousness
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:Schadenfreude
1045:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
962:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:Mono no aware
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
830:
826:
824:
821:
818:
817:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
784:
783:
778:
776:
773:
769:
768:
767:Joie de vivre
764:
763:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:Gratification
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:Embarrassment
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
569:Belongingness
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
433:
432:
429:
419:
418:
413:
408:
404:
403:
398:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
378:
377:
376:
363:
362:
357:
351:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
298:
296:9781317235804
292:
289:. Routledge.
288:
287:
279:
271:
267:
266:
261:
255:
247:
246:
241:
234:
226:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
195:
193:
188:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
161:Schadenfreude
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
106:
104:
103:
98:
88:
86:
85:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
59:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
25:
21:
1712:
1652:Meta-emotion
1565:Emotionality
1538:responsivity
1486:and bullying
1481:intelligence
1291:Affectivity
1275:neuroscience
1245:in education
1094:
828:
789:Homesickness
765:
691:Enthrallment
676:Emotion work
539:Anticipation
415:
400:
385:
361:ScienceDaily
359:
350:
325:
321:
311:
300:. Retrieved
285:
278:
270:the original
263:
254:
245:Mental Floss
243:
233:
206:
100:
94:
82:
67:
62:
60:
48:
24:spitefulness
23:
19:
18:
1580:and culture
1385:recognition
1370:homeostatic
1270:forecasting
1219:Weltschmerz
1192:Misanthropy
969:grandiosity
851:Inspiration
841:Infatuation
809:Humiliation
731:Frustration
604:Contentment
171:Spite house
166:Spite fence
99:'s novella
1727:Categories
1657:Pathognomy
1558:well-being
1474:and gender
1469:expression
1464:exhaustion
1449:detachment
1434:competence
1415:Emotional
1397:regulation
1380:perception
1375:in animals
1325:and memory
1261:Affective
1169:Worldviews
1031:melancholy
1016:Resentment
886:Loneliness
861:Irritation
846:Insecurity
836:Indulgence
711:Excitement
696:Enthusiasm
629:Depression
589:Confidence
584:Compassion
559:Attraction
484:Admiration
479:Acceptance
302:2016-05-02
183:References
146:Resentment
1685:appraisal
1625:sociology
1576:Emotions
1548:symbiosis
1533:reasoning
1503:isolation
1444:contagion
1429:blackmail
1355:expressed
1350:evolution
1340:and sleep
1330:and music
1265:computing
1212:Reclusion
1207:Pessimism
1182:Defeatism
1112:Suffering
1058:Sehnsucht
1001:Rejection
952:self-pity
927:Nostalgia
896:limerence
866:Isolation
804:Hostility
761:Happiness
741:Gratitude
686:Emptiness
669:vicarious
619:Curiosity
594:Confusion
534:Annoyance
514:Amusement
504:Agitation
499:Affection
494:Aesthetic
489:Adoration
136:Hostility
33:self-harm
1738:Emotions
1543:security
1523:literacy
1508:lability
1498:intimacy
1439:conflict
1419:aperture
1316:Emotion
1300:negative
1295:positive
1285:spectrum
1250:measures
1202:Optimism
1197:Nihilism
1187:Fatalism
1177:Cynicism
1122:Sympathy
1117:Surprise
959:Pleasure
881:Kindness
871:Jealousy
856:Interest
823:Hysteria
706:Euphoria
649:Distrust
599:Contempt
579:Calmness
471:Emotions
458:Emotions
342:24548150
109:See also
49:Spiteful
1713:Italics
1676:Theory
1632:Feeling
1585:history
1570:bounded
1528:prosody
1335:and sex
1320:and art
1280:science
1236:Affect
1230:Related
1105:chronic
1080:Shyness
1040:Saudade
1026:Sadness
1021:Revenge
1011:Remorse
942:Passion
932:Outrage
922:Neglect
782:Hiraeth
681:Empathy
659:Ecstasy
644:Disgust
614:Cruelty
609:Courage
574:Boredom
554:Arousal
544:Anxiety
529:Anguish
260:"Spite"
203:"Spite"
121:Cruelty
56:actions
1733:Hatred
1680:affect
1662:Pathos
1615:social
1459:eating
1132:Wonder
1100:Stress
1090:Sorrow
1006:Relief
996:Regret
984:vanity
979:insult
974:hubris
829:Ikigai
799:Horror
775:Hatred
634:Desire
624:Defeat
549:Apathy
340:
293:
221:
151:Sadism
1605:moral
1513:labor
1365:group
1144:Worry
1127:Trust
1095:Spite
1075:Shock
1070:Shame
964:Pride
937:Panic
816:Hygge
756:Guilt
751:Grief
746:Greed
716:Faith
654:Doubt
524:Angst
519:Anger
509:Agony
70:trait
52:words
45:upset
43:, or
37:annoy
20:Spite
1424:bias
1409:work
991:Rage
947:Pity
908:Lust
891:Love
794:Hope
726:Flow
721:Fear
701:Envy
462:list
338:PMID
291:ISBN
219:ISBN
41:hurt
876:Joy
564:Awe
417:NPR
330:doi
211:doi
72:of
54:or
22:or
1729::
414:.
399:.
384:.
358:.
336:.
326:26
324:.
320:.
262:.
242:.
217:.
205:.
191:^
87:.
39:,
464:)
460:(
450:e
443:t
436:v
420:.
405:.
344:.
332::
305:.
248:.
227:.
213::
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