1295:
1243:
1331:
1279:
1319:
234:
1343:
1384:
1307:
1372:
1360:
1255:
1267:
40:
292:
672:
542:
398:
801:
226:
280:(the first vertebra). Thus the cervical nerves are numbered by the vertebra below, except spinal nerve C8, which exists below vertebra C7 and above vertebra T1. The thoracic, lumbar, and sacral nerves are then numbered by the vertebra above. In the case of a
713:
The nerves divide into branches and the branches from different nerves join with one another, some of them also joining with lumbar or coccygeal nerve branches. These anastomoses of nerves form the
702:
There are five paired sacral nerves, half of them arising through the sacrum on the left side and the other half on the right side. Each nerve emerges in two divisions: one division through the
1242:
343:
branch from the spinal nerve and re-enter the intervertebral foramen to serve the ligaments, dura, blood vessels, intervertebral discs, facet joints, and periosteum of the vertebrae. The
327:
contains nerves that serve the posterior portions of the trunk carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and somatic sensory information to and from the skin and muscles of the back (
417:. C1–C7 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while C8 emerges below the C7 vertebra. Everywhere else in the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name.
752:
and the movements of the lower extremities of the human body. From the S2, S3 and S4 arise the pudendal nerve and parasympathetic fibers whose electrical potential supply the
354:, a network of interconnecting nerves. Nerves emerging from a plexus contain fibers from various spinal nerves, which are now carried together to some target location. The
804:
Areas of distribution of the cutaneous branches of the posterior divisions of the spinal nerves. The areas of the medial branches are in black, those of the lateral in red
768:. These pathways have both afferent and efferent fibers and, this way, they are responsible for conduction of sensory information from these pelvic organs to the
1294:
1471:
339:) carrying visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information to and from the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs. The
113:
1214:
are the areas of sensory innervation on the skin for each spinal nerve. Lesions of one or more nerve roots result in typical patterns of neurologic defects (
470:
The thoracic nerves are the twelve spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. Each thoracic nerve T1–T12 originates from below each corresponding
1278:
1330:
1318:
780:
The bilateral coccygeal nerves, Co, are the 31st pair of spinal nerves. It arises from the conus medullaris, and its ventral ramus helps form the
1231:
is generally caused by the compression of lumbar nerves L4, or L5 or sacral nerves S1, S2, or S3, or by compression of the sciatic nerve itself
626:
The first and second, and sometimes the third and fourth lumbar nerves are each connected with the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk by a
89:
599:
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves (rami anteriores) increase in size from above downward. They are joined, near their origins, by
619:. Their arrangement is somewhat irregular: one ganglion may give rami to two lumbar nerves, or one lumbar nerve may receive rami from two
561:
The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the lumbar nerves run close to the articular processes of the vertebrae and end in the
533:, occasionally they give off filaments to the skin near the middle line. This sensitive branch is called the posterior cutaneous ramus.
347:
contain autonomic nerves that serve visceral functions carrying visceral motor and sensory information to and from the visceral organs.
272:) between adjacent vertebrae. This is true for all spinal nerves except for the first spinal nerve pair (C1), which emerges between the
1383:
1604:
2100:
1809:
784:. It does not divide into a medial and lateral branch. Its fibers are distributed to the skin superficial and posterior to the
644:
The first three and the greater part of the fourth are connected together in this situation by anastomotic loops, and form the
2031:
1902:
268:
motor root and carries motor information from the brain. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening (
2211:
2169:
1248:
A portion of the spinal cord, showing its right lateral surface. The dura is opened and arranged to show the nerve roots.
1254:
526:, and reach the skin by the sides of the spinous processes. This sensitive branch is called the medial cutaneous ramus.
2234:
1266:
553:
are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.
340:
1510:
316:
310:
120:
1896:
304:
298:
1578:
Ropper AH, Samuels MA. 'Adams and Victor's
Principles of Neurology'. Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009.
1342:
510:
The medial branches (ramus medialis) of the posterior branches of the upper six thoracic nerves run between the
1877:
1767:
1371:
1359:
1167:
108:
17:
1547:. Moore, Keith L. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010 (6th ed)
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of the spinal cord. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7), there are eight cervical nerves
253:
1762:
772:(CNS) and motor impulses from the CNS to the pelvis that control the movements of these pelvic organs.
1712:
707:
482:
where they are involved in the functions of organs and glands in the head, neck, thorax and abdomen.
214:
494:
come from thoracic nerves T1–T11, and run between the ribs. At T2 and T3, further branches form the
335:
contains nerves that serve the remaining anterior parts of the trunk and the upper and lower limbs (
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1982:
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72:
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at the lateral border of the erector spinae muscles, and descend across the posterior part of the
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Blumenfeld H. 'Neuroanatomy
Through Clinical Cases'. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates; 2002.
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Drake RL, Vogl W, Mitchell AWM. 'Gray's
Anatomy for Students'. New York: Elsevier; 2005:69-70.
1218:, abnormal sensation, changes in reflexes) that allow localization of the responsible lesion.
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repeatedly. The only region that does not have a plexus is the thoracic region. The small
8:
1211:
190:
2004:
1907:
1300:
The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves.
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1472:"A Neurosurgeon's Overview of the Anatomy of the Spine and Peripheral Nervous System"
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1207:
1114:
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L5 vertebra, the nerves are typically still counted to L5 and the next nerve is S1.
2199:
1195:
781:
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576:
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The medial branches of the lower six are distributed chiefly to the multifidus and
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sensory root and carries sensory information to the brain. The ventral root is the
186:
182:
170:
1563:. Carpenter, Malcolm B. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins Co., 1976 (7th ed)
691:. The roots of these nerves begin inside the vertebral column at the level of the
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2019:
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The upper three give off cutaneous nerves which pierce the aponeurosis of the
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2043:
1729:
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1183:
1159:
714:
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The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae in the
371:
367:
355:
332:
101:
233:
1676:
1457:
1405:
1163:
1107:
721:. The branches of these plexus give rise to nerves that supply much of the
696:
660:
351:
146:
1734:
1686:
1634:
1336:
Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red motor, blue sensory).
1324:
Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red motor, blue sensory).
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954:
692:
633:
The nerves pass obliquely outward behind the psoas major, or between its
616:
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242:
158:
142:
1659:
1285:
515:
246:
162:
44:
The formation of the spinal nerve from the posterior and anterior roots
1206:
The muscles that one particular spinal root supplies are that nerve's
126:
1671:
1644:
1103:
1070:
1066:
1046:
1534:. Gray, Henry. Philadelphia : Courage Books/Running Press, 1974
1693:
1666:
1629:
1228:
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611:. These rami consist of long, slender branches which accompany the
323:
Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches. The
1582:
1028:
970:
620:
584:
1787:
1389:
Spinal nerves. Spinal cord and vertebral canal. Deep dissection.
663:, from the fact that it is subdivided between the two plexuses.
651:
The smaller part of the fourth joins with the fifth to form the
341:
meningeal branches (recurrent meningeal or sinuvertebral nerves)
1681:
1400:
1191:
920:
846:
785:
757:
684:
350:
Some anterior rami merge with adjacent anterior rami to form a
39:
27:
Nerve that carries signals between the spinal cord and the body
1639:
1012:
1008:
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60:
1654:
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225:
1505:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 382–388.
1139:
1118:
912:
730:
722:
587:, some of their twigs running as far as the level of the
615:
around the sides of the vertebral bodies, beneath the
502:
comes from nerve T12, and runs below the twelfth rib.
474:. Branches also exit the spine and go directly to the
1260:
Distribution of the cutaneous nerves. Ventral aspect.
1272:
Distribution of the cutaneous nerves. Dorsal aspect.
683:are the five pairs of spinal nerves which exit the
295:Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve
1532:Anatomy, descriptive and surgical: Gray's anatomy
1288:cut open, showing the exits of the spinal nerves.
2226:
1225:for the treatment of various related disorders.
1447:
193:regions of the spine. There are eight pairs of
1803:
1598:
432:(C3). The anterior distribution includes the
1555:
1553:
1526:
1524:
1522:
748:, thus they are responsible for part of the
173:. These are grouped into the corresponding
1810:
1796:
1605:
1591:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1448:Kaiser, JT; Lugo-Pico, JG (January 2024).
1186:is in the lower back, beneath this is the
699:begins, and then descend into the sacrum.
518:, which they supply; they then pierce the
38:
1550:
1519:
1377:Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
1365:Cerebrum. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
1443:
1441:
1439:
1201:
987:Flex wrist; supply small muscles of the
799:
670:
655:, which assists in the formation of the
556:
540:
420:The posterior distribution includes the
396:
290:
232:
224:
2101:Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves
1500:
1489:
637:, distributing filaments to it and the
594:
388:Spinal cord § Spinal cord segments
14:
2227:
505:
2032:Posterior branches of thoracic nerves
1903:Posterior branches of cervical nerves
1791:
1586:
1436:
1348:Schematic diagram of cervical plexus.
1221:There are several procedures used in
485:
1234:
675:Plan of sacral and pudendal plexuses
284:S1 vertebra (also known as L6) or a
213:. The spinal nerves are part of the
2212:Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve
2170:Posterior branches of sacral nerves
1464:
1190:, and next to the lower sacrum and
775:
706:and the other division through the
24:
1612:
1153:
465:
443:The cervical nerves innervate the
392:
381:
25:
2251:
2015:Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11
1817:
1312:A longer view of the spinal cord.
245:, formed from the combination of
1382:
1370:
1358:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
666:
659:. The fourth nerve is named the
536:
462:is part of the cervical plexus.
121:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
792:of the coccygeal nerve plexus.
1537:
13:
1:
1429:
1102:thigh; Flex leg at the knee (
237:Typical spinal nerve location
165:there are 31 pairs of spinal
1501:Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011).
811:Actions of the spinal nerves
740:The sacral nerves have both
220:
7:
1545:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1450:Neuroanatomy, Spinal Nerves
1394:
1146:); flex foot and flex toes
795:
10:
2256:
825:
545:Lumbar plexus and branches
385:
169:, one on each side of the
2235:Peripheral nervous system
2185:
2116:
2042:
1928:
1825:
1753:
1720:
1713:Peripheral nervous system
1711:
1620:
708:posterior sacral foramina
260:. The dorsal root is the
215:peripheral nervous system
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
54:
49:
37:
32:
1223:sacral nerve stimulation
1182:is in the shoulder, the
704:anterior sacral foramina
687:at the lower end of the
568:The laterals supply the
496:intercostobrachial nerve
480:autonomic nervous system
458:A loop of nerves called
2010:Intercostobrachial – T2
628:white ramus communicans
601:gray rami communicantes
426:greater occipital nerve
241:Each spinal nerve is a
2106:Superior cluneal L1–L3
1913:Greater occipital – C2
1622:Central nervous system
805:
770:central nervous system
676:
570:erector spinae muscles
546:
402:
320:
270:intervertebral foramen
238:
230:
2175:Medial cluneal nerves
1284:The spinal cord with
1202:Clinical significance
803:
674:
544:
476:paravertebral ganglia
430:third occipital nerve
400:
386:Further information:
374:and the much smaller
294:
236:
228:
161:and the body. In the
1918:Third occipital – C3
1178:is in the neck, the
1168:anterior nerve roots
311:Sympathetic efferent
157:signals between the
933:externally rotate (
822:
583:to the skin of the
557:Posterior divisions
506:Posterior divisions
1561:Human Neuroanatomy
1194:is the very small
1138:Extend leg at the
1079:quadriceps femoris
809:
806:
790:anococcygeal nerve
750:sensory perception
719:lumbosacral plexus
677:
639:quadratus lumborum
595:Anterior divisions
589:greater trochanter
547:
512:semispinalis dorsi
492:intercostal nerves
486:Anterior divisions
422:suboccipital nerve
403:
345:rami communicantes
321:
317:Autonomic afferent
239:
231:
209:, and one pair of
197:, twelve pairs of
2222:
2221:
2089:Lumbosacral trunk
1908:Suboccipital – C1
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1354:Dissection images
1235:Additional Images
1150:
1149:
1115:tibialis anterior
819:
653:lumbosacral trunk
609:sympathetic trunk
563:multifidus muscle
531:longissimus dorsi
524:trapezius muscles
472:thoracic vertebra
135:
134:
130:
16:(Redirected from
2247:
2200:Coccygeal plexus
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1170:that branch and
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782:coccygeal plexus
776:Coccygeal nerves
754:descending colon
689:vertebral column
577:latissimus dorsi
453:omohyoid muscles
407:cervical segment
376:coccygeal plexus
337:hypaxial muscles
305:Somatic afferent
299:Somatic efferent
211:coccygeal nerves
205:, five pairs of
201:, five pairs of
171:vertebral column
145:, which carries
127:edit on Wikidata
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42:
30:
29:
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2020:Subcostal – T12
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1889:Brachial plexus
1884:Cervical plexus
1821:
1816:
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1768:Parasympathetic
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1216:muscle weakness
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1180:brachial plexus
1176:cervical plexus
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1154:Spinal plexuses
1151:
1144:gluteus maximus
919:); flex elbow (
829:Motor function
821:
798:
778:
762:urinary bladder
746:efferent fibers
669:
613:lumbar arteries
597:
559:
539:
508:
500:subcostal nerve
488:
468:
466:Thoracic nerves
460:ansa cervicalis
438:brachial plexus
434:cervical plexus
401:Cervical nerves
395:
393:Cervical nerves
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384:
382:Regional nerves
364:brachial plexus
360:cervical plexus
356:spinal plexuses
329:epaxial muscles
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199:thoracic nerves
195:cervical nerves
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66:nervus spinalis
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1424:Cranial nerves
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1166:formed by the
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1069:thigh; Extend
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766:genital organs
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605:lumbar ganglia
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558:
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274:occipital bone
222:
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2240:Spinal nerves
2238:
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2205:
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2184:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
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2159:
2158:Sacral plexus
2156:
2155:
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2115:
2107:
2104:
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2099:
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2087:
2085:
2084:Lumbar plexus
2082:
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2077:
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2068:
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1730:Sensory nerve
1728:
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1701:Limbic system
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1508:
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1503:Human anatomy
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1199:
1197:
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1189:
1188:sacral plexus
1185:
1184:lumbar plexus
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:is a weblike
1161:
1160:spinal plexus
1145:
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793:
791:
788:bone via the
787:
783:
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771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
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747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:sacral plexus
711:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:sacral nerves
673:
667:Sacral nerves
664:
662:
658:
657:sacral plexus
654:
649:
647:
646:lumbar plexus
642:
640:
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631:
629:
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618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
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582:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
554:
552:
551:lumbar nerves
543:
537:Lumbar nerves
534:
532:
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513:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:sternothyroid
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
428:(C2) and the
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
399:
389:
379:
377:
373:
372:sacral plexus
369:
368:lumbar plexus
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
333:ventral ramus
330:
326:
318:
312:
306:
300:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:ventral roots
255:
251:
248:
244:
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227:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:sacral nerves
204:
203:lumbar nerves
200:
196:
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184:
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62:
58:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Spinal nerves
2206:
2194:
2164:
2152:
2095:
2078:
2026:
1999:
1895:
1876:
1818:
1745:Spinal nerve
1744:
1677:Diencephalon
1560:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1502:
1479:. Retrieved
1476:www.aans.org
1475:
1466:
1449:
1406:Nerve plexus
1227:
1220:
1205:
1164:nerve plexus
1157:
1005:Intercostals
810:
779:
739:
712:
701:
697:cauda equina
695:, where the
680:
678:
661:furcal nerve
650:
643:
632:
625:
598:
574:
567:
560:
548:
528:
509:
489:
469:
457:
442:
436:(C1–C4) and
419:
404:
352:nerve plexus
349:
325:dorsal ramus
322:
240:
229:Spinal nerve
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
139:spinal nerve
138:
136:
90:A14.2.00.027
65:
33:Spinal nerve
2005:Intercostal
1763:Sympathetic
1735:Motor nerve
1687:Optic nerve
1635:Spinal cord
1481:21 December
693:L1 vertebra
617:psoas major
581:iliac crest
445:sternohyoid
243:mixed nerve
159:spinal cord
143:mixed nerve
55:Identifiers
2229:Categories
1660:Cerebellum
1430:References
1212:dermatomes
1210:, and the
1117:); Extend
1104:hamstrings
1011:above the
965:and wrist
937:) the arm
516:multifidus
424:(C1), the
286:sacralized
282:lumbarized
252:from its
247:nerve root
163:human body
2207:posterior
2187:Coccygeal
2165:posterior
2096:posterior
2027:posterior
1897:posterior
1755:Autonomic
1672:Forebrain
1645:Hindbrain
1108:Dorsiflex
1047:hip joint
1029:Abdominal
967:extensors
887:diaphragm
866:extensors
635:fasciculi
603:from the
440:(C5–T1).
221:Structure
191:coccygeal
155:autonomic
2195:anterior
2153:anterior
2079:anterior
2000:anterior
1930:Thoracic
1878:anterior
1827:Cervical
1694:Cerebrum
1667:Midbrain
1630:Meninges
1458:31194375
1395:See also
1229:Sciatica
1031:muscles
935:supinate
911:, raise
909:shoulder
889:(mostly
796:Function
742:afferent
717:and the
520:rhomboid
358:are the
276:and the
266:efferent
262:afferent
179:thoracic
175:cervical
1773:Enteric
1722:Somatic
1650:Medulla
1208:myotome
1073:at the
971:pronate
963:triceps
917:deltoid
885:Supply
847:flexors
621:ganglia
607:of the
585:buttock
478:of the
331:). The
309:3,4,5.
151:sensory
78:D013127
50:Details
2118:Sacral
2044:Lumbar
1682:Retina
1509:
1456:
1401:Plexus
1192:coccyx
1100:abduct
1067:Adduct
973:wrist
952:Extend
921:biceps
826:Level
786:coccyx
758:rectum
685:sacrum
498:. The
370:, the
254:dorsal
250:fibers
187:sacral
183:lumbar
167:nerves
153:, and
1640:Brain
1172:merge
1045:Flex
1013:waist
1009:trunk
959:wrist
955:elbow
907:Move
727:thigh
315:6,7.
278:atlas
147:motor
141:is a
125:[
61:Latin
1655:Pons
1507:ISBN
1483:2023
1454:PMID
1286:dura
1119:toes
1111:foot
1075:knee
1007:and
989:hand
957:and
863:Neck
844:Neck
817:edit
764:and
756:and
744:and
735:foot
733:and
679:The
549:The
522:and
514:and
490:The
451:and
256:and
189:and
114:5858
102:6143
85:TA98
73:MeSH
1993:T12
1988:T11
1983:T10
1559:3.
1543:2.
1530:1.
1140:hip
1106:);
1071:leg
969:);
913:arm
731:leg
723:hip
303:2.
297:1.
109:FMA
97:TA2
2231::
2146:S5
2141:S4
2136:S3
2131:S2
2126:S1
2072:L5
2067:L4
2062:L3
2057:L2
2052:L1
1978:T9
1973:T8
1968:T7
1963:T6
1958:T5
1953:T4
1948:T3
1943:T2
1938:T1
1870:C8
1865:C7
1860:C6
1855:C5
1850:C4
1845:C3
1840:C2
1835:C1
1552:^
1521:^
1491:^
1474:.
1452:.
1438:^
1198:.
1158:A
1134:S2
1132:,
1130:S1
1128:,
1126:L5
1095:S1
1093:,
1091:L5
1089:,
1087:L4
1081:)
1062:L4
1060:,
1058:L3
1056:,
1054:L2
1041:L4
1037:L1
1024:L1
1020:T7
1000:T6
996:T1
983:C8
981:,
979:C7
947:C7
945:,
943:C6
929:C6
923:)
903:C6
901:,
899:C5
893:)
891:C4
881:C5
879:,
877:C4
875:,
873:C3
858:T1
854:C1
839:C6
835:C1
760:,
737:.
729:,
725:,
710:.
648:.
641:.
630:.
623:.
591:.
572:.
565:.
455:.
447:,
415:C8
411:C1
378:.
366:,
362:,
217:.
185:,
181:,
177:,
149:,
137:A
1811:e
1804:t
1797:v
1606:e
1599:t
1592:v
1515:.
1485:.
1460:.
1142:(
1113:(
1077:(
1039:–
1022:–
998:–
961:(
915:(
856:–
837:–
820:)
814:(
413:–
319:.
313:.
307:.
301:.
129:]
20:)
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