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convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near the root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs.
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resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles: the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae.
369:
551:
The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it
268:
arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a
198:
in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below,
278:
498:
The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet (not demi-facet) on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It doesn't have any kind of facet below, because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads.
1959:
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is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below.
162:
and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being much larger than the upper. They are distinguished by the presence of
521:
The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of medium size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region.
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The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth doesn't have facets but demi-facets at the upper part.
254:
are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward.
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are broad, thick, and imbricated – that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord.
191:
These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below.
183:. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region.
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are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project but slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed forward and a little medialward and downward.
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are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column.
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is small, and circular, with two at each intervertebral level, one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots.
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334:(T2) passes out underneath it. The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra
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The eighth thoracic vertebra is, together with the ninth thoracic vertebra, at the same level as the
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at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra, but may also end higher or lower, depending on breathing.
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are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae.
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The body is like that of a cervical vertebra, being broad, concave, and lipped on either side.
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Same as the left, but bones around the thoracic vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent.
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In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; for example, most
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are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and do not have articular facets.
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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The fifth thoracic vertebra, together with the fourth, is at the same level as the
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The fourth thoracic vertebra, together with the fifth, is at the same level as the
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The first and ninth through twelfth thoracic vertebra have some peculiarities
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Section of the costotransverse joints from the third to the ninth inclusive.
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is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the
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thoracic vertebrae. Right half of the thoracic skeleton is not shown.
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Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front.
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of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the
239:. It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level.
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approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae.
16:
Vertebrae between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae
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486:(or xiphoid process of the sternum) is at the same level in the
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at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
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The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the
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876:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
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841:The thoracic vertebrae were historically called
595:, and extremes in mammals are marked by certain
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748:A typical thoracic vertebra, viewed from above.
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384:Surface orientation of T3 and T7, at middle of
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529:is short, and nearly horizontal in direction.
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33:Position of the thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)
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856:refers to the whole back and not just the
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1260:Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves
892:"Physical Characteristics of the Koala"
772:A thoracic vertebra, viewed from below.
760:A thoracic vertebra, viewed from above.
575:have only 11. 12 to 15 is common among
308:is thick, long, and almost horizontal.
158:. In humans, there are twelve thoracic
1952:
1413:
815:This article incorporates text in the
514:In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the
304:are directed upward and backward; the
1387:
1191:Posterior branches of thoracic nerves
1062:Posterior branches of cervical nerves
950:
869:
606:
1371:Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve
1329:Posterior branches of sacral nerves
13:
926:Interactive tool to identify parts
146:compose the middle segment of the
14:
1981:
1174:Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11
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1937:
942:SpineUniverse anatomical diagram
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559:(T12) passes out underneath it.
543:(T11) passes out underneath it.
510:Eleventh thoracic vertebra (T11)
506:(T10) passes out underneath it.
662:Animation showing the shape of
642:
547:Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)
479:(T9) passes out underneath it.
463:(T8) passes out underneath it.
444:(T7) passes out underneath it.
432:(T6) passes out underneath it.
420:(T5) passes out underneath it.
365:(T4) passes out underneath it.
346:(T3) passes out underneath it.
322:(T1) passes out underneath it.
167:on the sides of the bodies for
906:
884:
873:Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
863:
835:
624:thoracic vertebrae. Animation.
436:Seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)
1:
1970:Bones of the vertebral column
894:. Australian Koala Foundation
804:
494:Tenth thoracic vertebra (T10)
448:Eighth thoracic vertebra (T8)
390:inferior angle of the scapula
350:Fourth thoracic vertebra (T4)
326:Second thoracic vertebra (T2)
273:Individual thoracic vertebrae
1618:Uncinate process of vertebra
1519:Uncinate process of vertebra
937:Photos at University of Utah
784:Costovertebral articulations
467:Ninth thoracic vertebra (T9)
424:Sixth thoracic vertebra (T6)
397:Fifth thoracic vertebra (T5)
338:Third thoracic vertebra (T3)
286:First thoracic vertebra (T1)
259:inferior articular processes
252:superior articular processes
7:
823:of the 20th edition of
777:
302:superior articular surfaces
175:, as well as facets on the
10:
1986:
1898:Superior thoracic aperture
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1712:posterior sacral foramina
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1700:anterior sacral foramina
557:thoracic spinal nerve 12
541:thoracic spinal nerve 11
504:thoracic spinal nerve 10
122:Anatomical terms of bone
1169:Intercostobrachial – T2
681:Lateral surface of the
477:thoracic spinal nerve 9
461:thoracic spinal nerve 8
442:thoracic spinal nerve 7
430:thoracic spinal nerve 6
418:thoracic spinal nerve 5
363:thoracic spinal nerve 4
344:thoracic spinal nerve 3
332:thoracic spinal nerve 2
320:thoracic spinal nerve 1
187:General characteristics
1474:Intervertebral foramen
1265:Superior cluneal L1–L3
1072:Greater occipital – C2
870:Hyman, Libbie (1922).
409:divides into two main
393:
377:
376:of a 57-year-old male.
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226:intervertebral foramen
207:
1334:Medial cluneal nerves
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181:tubercles of the ribs
1729:Lateral sacral crest
1077:Third occipital – C3
534:transverse processes
313:transverse processes
266:transverse processes
177:transverse processes
67:vertebrae thoracicae
1965:Bones of the thorax
1724:Medial sacral crest
1719:Median sacral crest
912:Hyman (1922), p.124
669:thoracic vertebrae.
579:, with 18 to 20 in
1913:Infrasternal angle
1875:Xiphisternal joint
1855:Suprasternal notch
1588:Thoracic vertebrae
1578:Vertebra prominens
1539:Posterior tubercle
1524:Transverse foramen
1511:Cervical vertebrae
794:Cervical vertebrae
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152:cervical vertebrae
144:thoracic vertebrae
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1903:Intercostal space
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1688:sacral tuberosity
1671:sacral promontory
1529:Anterior tubercle
1469:Vertebral foramen
1435:General structure
1381:
1380:
1248:Lumbosacral trunk
1067:Suboccipital – C1
860:part of the back.
712:Vertebral column.
700:Vertebral column.
607:Additional images
372:A thoracic spine
233:vertebral foramen
206:Thoracic vertebra
173:heads of the ribs
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1534:Carotid tubercle
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156:lumbar vertebrae
148:vertebral column
128:edit on Wikidata
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1546:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1317:Sacral plexus
1315:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Lumbar plexus
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
978:Spinal nerves
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
949:
943:
940:
938:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
909:
893:
887:
879:
875:
874:
866:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:
838:
834:
831:
830:
827:
824:
822:
818:
817:public domain
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
677:
672:
658:
653:
645:
639:
632:
627:
616:
611:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:have 13, but
570:
563:Other animals
560:
558:
553:
544:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
519:
517:
507:
505:
500:
491:
489:
485:
480:
478:
473:
464:
462:
457:
455:
445:
443:
433:
431:
421:
419:
414:
412:
408:
407:human trachea
404:
403:sternal angle
391:
387:
382:
375:
370:
366:
364:
359:
357:
356:sternal angle
347:
345:
335:
333:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
303:
298:
295:
293:
279:
270:
267:
262:
260:
255:
253:
248:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
204:
200:
197:
192:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
107:
104:
101:
99:
95:
92:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
75:
71:
68:
65:
63:
59:
54:
49:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1809:
1734:Sacral canal
1635:
1587:
1549:lateral mass
1501:Spinal canal
1478:
1365:
1353:
1323:
1311:
1254:
1237:
1185:
1158:
1054:
1035:
908:
896:. Retrieved
886:
872:
865:
842:
837:
828:
814:
808:
620:Position of
599:with 25 and
589:rhinoceroses
566:
554:
550:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
513:
501:
497:
484:xiphisternum
481:
474:
470:
458:
454:xiphisternum
451:
439:
427:
415:
400:
360:
353:
341:
329:
317:
312:
310:
305:
301:
299:
296:
291:
289:
263:
256:
249:
241:
237:spinal canal
236:
230:
223:
216:
209:
193:
190:
169:articulation
143:
137:
91:A02.2.03.001
66:
1164:Intercostal
931:thoraxbones
488:axial plane
140:vertebrates
56:Identifiers
1954:Categories
1798:false ribs
1646:mammillary
1611:transverse
1484:transverse
898:1 February
805:References
569:marsupials
1860:Manubrium
1793:true ribs
1641:accessory
1636:Processes
1489:articular
1479:Processes
1427:Vertebrae
1366:posterior
1346:Coccygeal
1324:posterior
1255:posterior
1186:posterior
1056:posterior
601:cetaceans
593:elephants
171:with the
160:vertebrae
1820:tubercle
1780:Rib cage
1606:inferior
1601:superior
1354:anterior
1312:anterior
1238:anterior
1159:anterior
1089:Thoracic
1037:anterior
986:Cervical
858:thoracic
821:page 102
778:See also
650:3D image
603:with 9.
212:pedicles
154:and the
22:Thoracic
1944:Anatomy
1847:Sternum
1494:spinous
1452:pedicle
1417:of the
577:mammals
411:bronchi
388:and at
219:laminae
79:D013904
51:Details
1930:Portal
1771:Thorax
1751:Coccyx
1658:Sacrum
1457:lamina
1277:Sacral
1203:Lumbar
854:dorsum
845:; cf.
829:(1918)
686:
683:
667:
664:
622:
597:sloths
591:, and
585:tapirs
581:horses
573:koalas
405:. The
196:bodies
165:facets
1815:angle
1810:Parts
1544:Atlas
1462:notch
1419:torso
1415:Bones
819:from
374:X-ray
269:rib.
126:[
62:Latin
1835:head
1830:neck
1788:Ribs
1758:none
1666:Base
1571:dens
1566:Axis
1447:Arch
1442:Body
900:2012
555:The
539:The
532:The
525:The
516:body
502:The
482:The
475:The
459:The
440:The
428:The
416:The
361:The
342:The
330:The
318:The
311:The
300:The
292:body
264:The
257:The
250:The
242:The
231:The
224:The
217:The
210:The
194:The
115:9139
103:1059
86:TA98
74:MeSH
1152:T12
1147:T11
1142:T10
878:123
138:In
110:FMA
98:TA2
1956::
1305:S5
1300:S4
1295:S3
1290:S2
1285:S1
1231:L5
1226:L4
1221:L3
1216:L2
1211:L1
1137:T9
1132:T8
1127:T7
1122:T6
1117:T5
1112:T4
1107:T3
1102:T2
1097:T1
1029:C8
1024:C7
1019:C6
1014:C5
1009:C4
1004:C3
999:C2
994:C1
587:,
583:,
490:.
456:.
358:.
142:,
1932::
1407:e
1400:t
1393:v
970:e
963:t
956:v
902:.
880:.
130:]
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