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47:
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1240:. Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation, though basic features are shared. The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upward in animals without an erect stance. These processes can be very large in the larger animals since they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body. In the
1031:
1019:
1551:
510:. Excluding rare deviations, the total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. In about 10% of people, both the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae and the number of vertebrae in individual parts of the spine can vary. The most frequent deviations are eleven (rarely thirteen) thoracic vertebrae, four or six lumbar vertebrae and three or five coccygeal vertebrae (rarely up to seven).
916:
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on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae and of the first thoracic vertebra. Together with the vertebral disc, this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backward off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending).
316:
which are in direct contact with the intervertebral discs and form the joint. The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body, the top layer being more dense. The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs, to evenly spread the applied loads, and to
1501:
1505:
1504:
1500:
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The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae. The pedicles are strong, as are the laminae, and the spinous process is thick and broad. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. The transverse processes are long and narrow and three
236:
Vertebrae articulate with each other to give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across the vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an
1506:
1286:
vertebra acts as the ball to the socket of a caudal vertebra. This type of connection permits a wide range of motion in most directions, while still protecting the underlying nerve cord. The central point of rotation is located at the midline of each centrum, and therefore flexion of the
1503:
826:
attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column, giving support. The inferior, or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The term
589:
The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It has instead a ring-like form, having an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses. At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle, an
340:, projects backward and medially to join and complete the vertebral arch and form the posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen. The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the
308:(or compact bone), the hard and dense type of osseous tissue. The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone. The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the
1274:"Procoelous" vertebrae feature a spherical protrusion extending from the caudal end of the centrum of one vertebra that fits into a concave socket on the cranial end of the centrum of an adjacent vertebra. These vertebrae are most often found in
1262:
Vertebrae with saddle-shaped articular surfaces on their bodies, called "heterocoelous", allow vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally while preventing twisting motions. Such vertebrae are found in the necks of birds and some turtles.
3865:
641:. On the cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the
543:), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the
2603:
1502:
368:. The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body.
942:. The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing
1068:, mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae, and many of which are unproblematic. Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord. Wedge-shaped vertebrae, called
193:
The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the bone is the body, and the central part of the body is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the
981:. They also afford sturdy protection for the spinal cord. The upper and lower surfaces of the centrum are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs.
1102:
of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.
732:
The vertebral bodies are roughly heart-shaped and are about as wide anterio-posteriorly as they are in the transverse dimension. Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape.
1345:
and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has a facet on each side of the vertebral body, which articulates with the
1427:
are the bones that make up the tails of vertebrates. They range in number from a few to fifty, depending on the length of the animal's tail. In humans and other tailless
1330:
have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever the length of the neck. This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example.
336:
that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface. From each pedicle a broad plate, a
332:
The vertebral arch is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick
482:
Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy. There are usually thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column — seven
2092:
1044:
462:
on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of the vertebral arch called the
134:
1236:
In other animals, the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails, the separate vertebrae are usually called the
806:(a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly). This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral discs.
791:
are the largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant
1217:
is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate. This can often be a painfree condition but can also be very painful.
988:. Similarly to the surfaces of the centrum, the upper and lower surfaces of the fronts of the laminae are flattened and rough to give attachment to the
995:
Feeding of the intervertebral discs through the reflex (hyaline ligament) plate that separates the cancellous bone of the vertebral body from each disk
1244:, the vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the
1649:
Gdyczynski, C.M.; Manbachi, A.; et al. (2014). "On estimating the directionality distribution in pedicle trabecular bone from micro-CT images".
401:
A major part of a vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. This process points
2504:
1970:"Variation in Global Spinal Sagittal Parameters in Asymptomatic Adults with 11 Thoracic Vertebrae, four Lumbar Vertebrae, and six Lumbar Vertebrae"
1610:
253:, the size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column, spinal loading, posture and pathology. Along the length of the
420:
The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body, project laterally from either side at the point where the lamina joins the
2615:
2597:
2591:
582:. These are the smallest, lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape. The spinous processes are short and often
110:
304:, whose microanatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones. This cancellous bone is in turn, covered by a thin coating of
2649:
2621:
1414:
but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing, and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high-canopied regions. The
424:, between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the
2370:
1143:
is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal. The removal of just part of a lamina is called a
598:, for the attachment of muscles. The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the
3578:
3034:
1474:
1318:. In the whale, the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. All
3167:
225:. The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen, the larger, central opening that accommodates the
3157:
1113:
586:(the spinous process of C7 is not bifurcated, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes).
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2311:
2197:
2139:
2082:
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1900:
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and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the
571:
allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column.
257:, the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility. Each vertebra is an irregular bone.
1282:
such as frogs. The vertebrae fit together in a ball-and-socket articulation, in which the convex articular feature of an
241:
and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column.
2609:
2573:
574:
Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the
17:
2380:
984:
Movement. The vertebrae also provide the openings, the intervertebral foramina which allow the entry and exit of the
735:
The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like the cervical vertebrae.
831:
is often used to refer to the lumbar and sacral vertebrae together, and sometimes includes their surrounding areas.
822:. The superior, or upper tubercle is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process. The
687:
is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
2642:
1918:"A neglected point in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Variations in the number of vertebrae"
966:
Support of the vertebrae function in the skeletomuscular system by forming the vertebral column to support the body
1225:
1592:
757:. As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section.
2556:
2410:
1450:
344:. These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the
129:
1486:
1462:
1334:
usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae.
1310:
dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The
213:(ligaments of the spine). There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles, which form the
3571:
3246:
3147:
3085:
3027:
2755:
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428:. There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the
190:. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species.
3835:
3526:
1560:
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2550:
2404:
992:. Working together in the vertebral column their sections provide controlled movement and flexibility.
3812:
3340:
3311:
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1750:
1385:. In certain sloths, there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the
1214:
421:
31:
2579:
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The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downward but become smaller in the coccyx.
3875:
3870:
3636:
3335:
3328:
3323:
2585:
1538:
1422:
745:
The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them; these are the
425:
141:
934:. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially toward the
742:
refers to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas.
610:. The spinous process is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the
3799:
3564:
3239:
3187:
3020:
1158:
to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure. It can also be caused by a foramina
750:
560:
365:
214:
799:
and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural
321:
of the disc. They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes.
3817:
3675:
3182:
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1528:
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218:
117:
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64:
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2189:
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2498:
2457:"Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality:why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait"
2053:
1856:
1099:
1072:
can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of
754:
746:
739:
463:
1871:
3357:
3112:
2909:
2372:
CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal
Medicine: Health, Disease, and Rehabilitation, Second Edition
1916:
Hu, Zongshan; Zhang, Zhen; Zhao, Zhihui; Zhu, Zezhang; Liu, Zhen; Qiu, Yong (August 2016).
1658:
1311:
1200:
1036:
677:
309:
2576:
at the
University of Michigan Health System – Axis & Atlas Articulated, Posterior View
915:
8:
3352:
3347:
3117:
2931:
1432:
1117:
904:
862:
662:
599:
568:
503:
394:
194:
3844:
1662:
721:. Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with the
3807:
3541:
3503:
3483:
3294:
3274:
3216:
3206:
3152:
3139:
2941:
2481:
2456:
2269:
2256:
2236:
2026:
1994:
1969:
1942:
1917:
1892:
1789:
1726:
1701:
1682:
1670:
1349:. There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the
1030:
951:
710:
696:
669:
603:
536:
522:
487:
483:
729:
or other movement. They may also be known as "dorsal vertebrae" in the human context.
364:
the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the
3723:
3697:
3531:
3316:
3299:
3269:
3097:
2716:
2711:
2529:
2486:
2376:
2307:
2193:
2164:
2135:
2030:
1999:
1947:
1896:
1793:
1731:
1686:
1674:
1629:
1604:
1565:
1170:
970:
939:
823:
629:). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the
333:
206:
179:
3866:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
615:
3692:
3602:
3256:
3162:
3070:
2956:
2946:
2859:
2476:
2468:
2264:
2248:
2215:
2022:
1989:
1981:
1937:
1929:
1888:
1883:
Watson, Charles; Kayalioglu, Gulgun (2009). "The
Organization of the Spinal Cord".
1785:
1721:
1713:
1666:
1292:
1208:
1207:
found on the first cervical vertebra, the atlas where it covers the groove for the
1121:
870:
788:
766:
650:
630:
579:
491:
254:
250:
183:
1054:
between the superior and inferior articular processes (labeled at top and bottom).
1018:
583:
3767:
3735:
3508:
3498:
3172:
3122:
3090:
2904:
2863:
2424:
2348:
1523:
1196:
1085:
989:
544:
437:
341:
318:
297:
260:
210:
2461:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2155:
Cakmak, O; et al. (Sep 2005). "Arcuate foramen its clinical significance".
1933:
1353:. The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species. Most
1180:
The vertebral pedicle is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in
3849:
3740:
3728:
3587:
3448:
3199:
3194:
3075:
2992:
2721:
1350:
1181:
1174:
1173:
when one vertebra slips forward onto another. The reverse of this condition is
1154:
caused by pressure from a disc, vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a
947:
931:
646:
634:
575:
548:
429:
345:
301:
238:
171:
1717:
3859:
3789:
3772:
3718:
3655:
3536:
3518:
3493:
3475:
3453:
3431:
3367:
3306:
2997:
2678:
1556:
1189:
1151:
1133:
1095:
985:
305:
122:
81:
58:
46:
3682:
3362:
3224:
3129:
2828:
2802:
2750:
2742:
2696:
2490:
2472:
2252:
2168:
2083:"Why don't humans have tails? Scientists find answers in an unlikely place"
2003:
1951:
1735:
1678:
1533:
1331:
1155:
1089:
866:
673:
540:
432:. A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the
226:
222:
1590:
452:) which, as opposed to the thorax, is not developed in the lumbar region.
3713:
3670:
3641:
3463:
3458:
3443:
2961:
2833:
2701:
2237:"Abstract Of Lectures On The Structure Of The Skeleton In The Sauropsida"
1702:"The distribution of mineral density in the cervical vertebral endplates"
1346:
1255:
1185:
1140:
1051:
1009:
974:
943:
611:
564:
459:
433:
230:
2327:
2260:
474:
3777:
3426:
2982:
2924:
2883:
2868:
2786:
2776:
2688:
2288:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. pp. 0–89464–985–X.
1397:
1378:
1307:
1279:
1249:
1144:
714:
556:
456:
409:
from the junction of the laminae. The spinous process serves to attach
187:
2221:(3 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa; London, W.C.I.: W.B. Saunders Company.
1869:
Pocket Atlas of Human
Anatomy: Based on the International Nomenclature
1410:. This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to
147:
3762:
3754:
3620:
3488:
3421:
3012:
2987:
2977:
2951:
2919:
2873:
2854:
2849:
2781:
2670:
2662:
2627:
2582:
at Human
Anatomy Lecture (Biology 129), Pennsylvania State University
1985:
1354:
1163:
1077:
935:
3782:
3687:
3615:
3610:
3408:
2936:
1840:
refers to either a "rib" or "side" of the body. (Diab (1999), p 76)
1780:
1411:
1386:
1382:
1315:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1241:
1159:
1081:
1073:
978:
938:. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of the
803:
722:
668:
The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name
414:
406:
402:
324:
3556:
2878:
2812:
1428:
1401:
1323:
1245:
1270:
An example of procoelous vertebrae dissected from a rattlesnake.
1092:
can result from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arch.
276:), which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the
3399:
3379:
3286:
2899:
2807:
2454:
2068:, Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier (2010), 2nd edition, chapter 2
1436:
1415:
1362:
1319:
1303:
1288:
1125:
927:
923:
900:
890:
874:
858:
848:
800:
507:
499:
495:
410:
857:(S1–S5) which are fused in maturity, into one large bone, the
348:. Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called
3047:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1327:
93:
1480:
Lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side
614:. On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the
67:, showing multiple vertebrae in a left posterolateral view.
3043:
2733:
2658:
1406:
1361:
only have eleven. The usual number is twelve to fifteen in
1230:
1088:
where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems.
878:
552:
175:
2606:- BlueLink Anatomy - University of Michigan Medical School
771:
3416:
2369:
Dierauf, Leslie; Gulland, Frances M. D. (June 27, 2001).
2087:
1342:
839:
779:
718:
701:
551:. The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the
527:
221:. These foramina are the entry and exit conduits for the
1404:, which have three in contrast to the five in the genus
1314:
of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other
376:
There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra:
950:. Other cells move distally to the costal processes of
2618:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2600:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2594:
at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
3833:
2521:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2304:
Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
2185:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
1120:, which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the
973:
for the passage of the spinal canal and its enclosed
899:(but usually four) (Co1–Co5) make up the tailbone or
2306:(7 ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
2019:
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and Ans
1782:
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and Ans
1435:, number from three to five and are fused into the
1369:), though there are from eighteen to twenty in the
1162:, a narrowing of the nerve opening, as a result of
810:tubercles can be seen on them. These are a lateral
2214:
2134:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1003.
2017:Cramer, Gregory D. (2014). "The Cervical Region".
1648:
1084:. Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression.
713:and their transverse processes have surfaces that
2555:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
2409:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.
1628:(32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 329.
3857:
2622:The shapes of the articulating ends of vertebrae
2043:
1882:
1177:where one vertebra slips backward onto another.
2076:
2074:
1813:Standring, Susan (2008). "Thoracic vertebrae".
1699:
1295:does not lead to an opening between vertebrae.
201:, in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles (
2511:
2368:
2175:
1915:
1203:more frequently seen in females. It is a bony
3572:
3028:
2643:
2129:
1968:Ying-zhao, Yan; et al. (February 2022).
1848:
1846:
1623:
1112:, is the result of a tear in the outer ring (
448:because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib (
2503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2071:
1609:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1591:O'Rahilly, Müller, Carpenter & Swenson.
1456:Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae
1298:In many species, though not in mammals, the
914:
775:Lumbar vertebra showing mammillary processes
606:spinous process and gives attachment to the
2612:at the University of Michigan Health System
2120:San Francisco: Saunders College Publishing.
197:. The posterior part of a vertebra forms a
3579:
3565:
3035:
3021:
2650:
2636:
2080:
1843:
665:involve the vertebral uncinate processes.
2480:
2268:
2154:
2112:
2110:
1993:
1967:
1941:
1821:
1812:
1725:
1700:Muller-Gerbl, M; et al. (Mar 2008).
1468:Costovertebral joints seen from the front
1418:differs by having four lumbar vertebrae.
1259:, where they form a sailback or finback.
621:Specific to the cervical vertebra is the
2455:Lovejoy, C.O and McCullum, M.A. (2010).
2132:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1626:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1584:
1265:
1224:
1059:
838:
778:
770:
700:
526:
473:
323:
259:
2517:
2425:"Physical Characteristics of the Koala"
2362:
2301:
2181:
1830:
1130:minimally-invasive endoscopic procedure
14:
3858:
3042:
2657:
2297:
2295:
2234:
2107:
2016:
1963:
1961:
1779:
1555:This article incorporates text in the
3560:
3016:
2631:
2548:
2402:
2283:
2230:
2228:
2212:
1980:(2). John Wiley & Sons: 341–348.
1867:Heinz Feneis, Wolfgang Dauber (2000)
1742:
1492:Cervical vertebrae seen from the back
608:rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
469:
209:. The laminae give attachment to the
174:with a complex structure composed of
2588:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
2118:Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrate
2081:Weisberger, Mindy (March 23, 2024).
1876:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1442:
2292:
2206:
2095:from the original on March 24, 2024
1958:
1302:bear ribs. In many groups, such as
559:have a large range of motion. The
312:. These surfaces are the vertebral
163:
24:
3586:
2277:
2225:
2027:10.1016/b978-0-323-07954-9.00005-0
1909:
1893:10.1016/B978-0-12-374247-6.50005-5
1790:10.1016/b978-0-323-07954-9.00002-5
1748:
1593:"Chapter 39: The vertebral column"
1581:McGraw-Hill Science and Technology
229:, which encloses and protects the
25:
3892:
2567:
1768:
51:A typical vertebra, superior view
3843:
2351:. Whalesalive.org.au. 2009-06-26
1549:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1220:
1043:
1029:
1017:
1001:
969:Protection. Vertebrae contain a
962:Functions of vertebrae include:
455:There are superior and inferior
57:
45:
2624:– University of the Cumberlands
2542:
2448:
2439:
2417:
2396:
2341:
2320:
2148:
2123:
2058:
2010:
1861:
1012:nested in the vertebral column.
567:to move up and down, while the
2552:Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2406:Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2330:. Yellowmagpie.com. 2012-06-27
2116:Walker, Warren F., Jr. (1987)
1806:
1693:
1642:
1617:
1575:
1066:congenital vertebral anomalies
910:
602:. The posterior tubercle is a
436:. The transverse process of a
300:, which is the spongy type of
13:
1:
2427:. Australian Koala Foundation
1544:
877:, which articulates with the
440:is also sometimes called the
3800:Intervertebral disc disorder
3247:Uncinate process of vertebra
3148:Uncinate process of vertebra
2518:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002).
2302:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015).
2182:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2002).
1671:10.1088/0967-3334/35/12/2415
1229:Regions of vertebrae in the
884:
547:, and C2 is also called the
371:
244:
27:Bone in the vertebral column
7:
2241:The British Medical Journal
2066:Gray's Anatomy for Students
2049:Postacchini, Franco (1999)
1934:10.1097/MD.0000000000004682
1563:of the 20th edition of
1517:
1128:. This may be treated by a
957:
705:A typical thoracic vertebra
690:
531:A typical cervical vertebra
516:
10:
3897:
3527:Superior thoracic aperture
2580:Anatomy image: skel/atlas2
888:
846:
764:
694:
676:can develop from C7 as an
520:
317:provide anchorage for the
296:. The body is composed of
205:), two laminae, and seven
29:
3813:Degenerative disc disease
3798:
3753:
3706:
3663:
3654:
3629:
3601:
3594:
3517:
3474:
3407:
3398:
3378:
3341:posterior sacral foramina
3285:
3255:
3215:
3138:
3063:
3054:
2970:
2892:
2842:
2821:
2795:
2769:
2741:
2732:
2669:
2286:Osteology of the Reptiles
1718:10.1007/s00586-008-0601-5
1651:Physiological Measurement
1215:Degenerative disc disease
1108:, more commonly called a
834:
783:A typical lumbar vertebra
760:
672:to this vertebra. Also a
645:because it separates the
478:Segments of the vertebrae
426:intertransverse ligaments
268:A typical vertebra has a
203:pedicle of vertebral arch
140:
128:
116:
104:
92:
87:
77:
72:
56:
44:
39:
32:Vertebra (disambiguation)
3329:anterior sacral foramina
2616:Anatomy figure: 02:02-08
2610:Atlas image: back_bone28
2598:Anatomy figure: 18:02-01
2592:Anatomy figure: 02:01-10
2586:Anatomy photo:26:os-0110
2574:Atlas image: back_bone13
2524:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
2188:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
1827:Platzer (2004), pp 42–43
1278:, but are found in some
919:Development of vertebrae
639:sympathetic nerve plexus
346:second cervical vertebra
142:Anatomical terms of bone
1854:The library of medicine
895:The last three to five
656:There is a hook-shaped
561:atlanto-occipital joint
366:intervertebral foramina
215:intervertebral foramina
3818:Spinal disc herniation
3676:Ankylosing spondylitis
3103:Intervertebral foramen
2549:Hyman, Libbie (1922).
2473:10.1098/rstb.2010.0112
2403:Hyman, Libbie (1922).
2284:Romer, Alfred (1956).
2253:10.1136/bmj.1.1053.329
2235:Parker, W. K. (1881).
2213:Romer, Alfred (1962).
2051:Lumbar Disc Herniation
1529:Functional spinal unit
1431:, they are called the
1271:
1233:
1106:Spinal disc herniation
1064:There are a number of
920:
865:. The sacrum with the
844:
784:
776:
755:inferior costal facets
740:thoracolumbar division
706:
627:foramen transversarium
532:
479:
360:). When the vertebrae
329:
265:
264:Side view of vertebrae
65:human vertebral column
3823:Facet joint arthrosis
3637:Scheuermann's disease
2684:fibrocartilage callus
1539:Scheuermann's disease
1269:
1228:
1169:Another condition is
1100:pars interarticularis
1060:Clinical significance
918:
842:
782:
774:
704:
530:
477:
464:pars interarticularis
328:Anatomy of a vertebra
327:
263:
3358:Lateral sacral crest
2445:Hyman (1922), p. 124
2021:. pp. 135–209.
1599:. www.dartmouth.edu.
1337:In all mammals, the
1312:transverse processes
1201:anatomical variation
1037:Costovertebral joint
905:intervertebral discs
873:on each side of the
863:intervertebral discs
678:anatomical variation
539:(but eight cervical
388:transverse processes
310:intervertebral discs
195:intervertebral discs
30:For other uses, see
3353:Medial sacral crest
3348:Median sacral crest
2217:The Vertebrate Body
1974:Orthopaedic Surgery
1663:2014PhyM...35.2415G
1597:Basic Human Anatomy
1433:coccygeal vertebrae
1357:have thirteen, but
1118:intervertebral disc
1098:is a defect in the
897:coccygeal vertebrae
600:longus colli muscle
569:atlanto-axial joint
504:coccygeal vertebrae
430:tubercle of the rib
395:articular processes
217:when the vertebrae
182:, that make up the
3881:Vertebrate anatomy
3542:Infrasternal angle
3504:Xiphisternal joint
3484:Suprasternal notch
3217:Thoracic vertebrae
3207:Vertebra prominens
3168:Posterior tubercle
3153:Transverse foramen
3140:Cervical vertebrae
2130:Dorland's (2012).
1784:. pp. 15–64.
1751:"Lumbar Vertebrae"
1624:Dorland's (2012).
1339:thoracic vertebrae
1300:cervical vertebrae
1272:
1234:
954:to form the ribs.
952:thoracic vertebrae
926:form in the early
921:
845:
816:mammillary process
785:
777:
711:thoracic vertebrae
707:
697:Thoracic vertebrae
670:vertebra prominens
623:transverse foramen
596:posterior tubercle
537:cervical vertebrae
533:
523:Cervical vertebrae
488:thoracic vertebrae
484:cervical vertebrae
480:
470:Regional variation
330:
288:) and a posterior
266:
18:Transverse process
3831:
3830:
3749:
3748:
3724:Spondylolisthesis
3650:
3649:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3532:Intercostal space
3394:
3393:
3317:sacral tuberosity
3300:sacral promontory
3158:Anterior tubercle
3098:Vertebral foramen
3064:General structure
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2915:connective tissue
2910:Volkmann's canals
2535:978-0-07-290956-2
2467:(1556): 3289–99.
2313:978-0-07-802302-6
2247:(1053): 329–330.
2199:978-0-07-290956-2
2141:978-1-4160-6257-8
2036:978-0-323-07954-9
1902:978-0-12-374247-6
1799:978-0-323-07954-9
1657:(12): 2415–2428.
1635:978-1-4160-6257-8
1512:Vertebrae anatomy
1507:
1443:Additional images
1365:, (twelve in the
1351:tubercle of a rib
1341:are connected to
1171:spondylolisthesis
1124:, bulge out in a
971:vertebral foramen
940:paraxial mesoderm
824:multifidus muscle
820:accessory process
812:costiform process
592:anterior tubercle
446:costiform process
350:vertebral notches
282:vertebral centrum
180:hyaline cartilage
156:
155:
151:
63:A section of the
16:(Redirected from
3888:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3707:non inflammatory
3693:Spondylodiscitis
3661:
3660:
3603:Spinal curvature
3599:
3598:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3405:
3404:
3257:Lumbar vertebrae
3163:Carotid tubercle
3061:
3060:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3014:
3013:
2957:medullary cavity
2932:Sharpey's fibres
2905:Haversian canals
2860:epiphyseal plate
2850:subchondral bone
2739:
2738:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2561:
2560:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2318:
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2299:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2232:
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2222:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1986:10.1111/os.13185
1965:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1887:. pp. 1–7.
1880:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1729:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1553:
1552:
1509:
1508:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1394:lumbar vertebrae
1392:There are fewer
1293:vertebral column
1291:surrounding the
1238:caudal vertebrae
1209:vertebral artery
1122:nucleus pulposus
1047:
1033:
1021:
1005:
871:sacroiliac joint
855:sacral vertebrae
853:There are five
789:lumbar vertebrae
767:Lumbar vertebrae
663:Luschka's joints
658:uncinate process
651:vertebral artery
643:carotid tubercle
631:vertebral artery
580:circle of Willis
535:There are seven
496:sacral vertebrae
492:lumbar vertebrae
292:, also called a
251:vertebral column
184:vertebral column
165:
148:edit on Wikidata
145:
61:
49:
37:
36:
21:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3876:Skeletal system
3871:Irregular bones
3856:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3808:Schmorl's nodes
3794:
3768:Upper back pain
3745:
3736:Spinal stenosis
3702:
3646:
3625:
3590:
3585:
3555:
3546:
3513:
3509:Xiphoid process
3499:Body of sternum
3470:
3390:
3374:
3312:Lateral surface
3281:
3251:
3211:
3134:
3050:
3041:
3011:
3002:
2966:
2888:
2864:epiphyseal line
2838:
2817:
2791:
2765:
2756:intramembranous
2728:
2665:
2656:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2516:
2512:
2496:
2495:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2401:
2397:
2387:
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2383:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2293:
2282:
2278:
2233:
2226:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2176:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2079:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2015:
2011:
1966:
1959:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1885:The Spinal Cord
1881:
1877:
1866:
1862:
1851:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1778:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1698:
1694:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1618:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1550:
1547:
1524:Limbus vertebra
1520:
1513:
1510:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1223:
1197:arcuate foramen
1114:anulus fibrosus
1086:Block vertebrae
1062:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1024:Vertebral joint
1022:
1013:
1006:
990:ligamenta flava
960:
913:
903:. There are no
893:
887:
851:
837:
769:
763:
699:
693:
685:cervicothoracic
625:(also known as
525:
519:
472:
438:lumbar vertebra
434:head of the rib
382:spinous process
374:
342:ligamenta flava
319:collagen fibers
298:cancellous bone
247:
211:ligamenta flava
152:
68:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3853:
3852:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3741:Facet syndrome
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:Retrolisthesis
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3698:Pott's disease
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3588:Spinal disease
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3336:Dorsal surface
3333:
3332:
3331:
3324:Pelvic surface
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3188:posterior arch
3185:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
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2954:
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2944:
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2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
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2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2736:
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2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2568:External links
2566:
2563:
2562:
2541:
2534:
2510:
2447:
2438:
2416:
2395:
2381:
2361:
2349:"About Whales"
2340:
2328:"Beluga Whale"
2319:
2312:
2291:
2276:
2224:
2205:
2198:
2174:
2163:(9): 1409–13.
2147:
2140:
2122:
2106:
2070:
2057:
2042:
2035:
2009:
1957:
1908:
1901:
1875:
1860:
1842:
1829:
1820:
1817:. p. 746.
1815:Gray's Anatomy
1805:
1798:
1767:
1741:
1712:(3): 432–438.
1692:
1641:
1634:
1616:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1566:Gray's Anatomy
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1496:
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1472:
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1467:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1222:
1219:
1182:vertebroplasty
1175:retrolisthesis
1061:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
982:
967:
959:
956:
948:vertebral arch
946:, forming the
932:occipital bone
912:
909:
889:Main article:
886:
883:
847:Main article:
836:
833:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
725:prevents much
695:Main article:
692:
689:
647:carotid artery
578:to end in the
576:foramen magnum
521:Main article:
518:
515:
506:, forming the
471:
468:
399:
398:
390:
384:
373:
370:
302:osseous tissue
290:vertebral arch
274:vertebral body
246:
243:
239:aquatic animal
199:vertebral arch
172:irregular bone
154:
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42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3893:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3790:Radiculopathy
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:Low back pain
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Spondylolysis
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Spondylopathy
3653:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Costal margin
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3519:Thoracic cage
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Sternal angle
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:costal groove
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3432:floating ribs
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3368:sacral hiatus
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:Ala of sacrum
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:Costal facets
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:anterior arch
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3015:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2958:
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2950:
2948:
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2940:
2938:
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2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
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2913:
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2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
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2891:
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2877:
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2870:
2867:
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2835:
2832:
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2826:
2824:
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2814:
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2809:
2806:
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2800:
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2735:
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2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:perichondrium
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2639:
2634:
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2630:
2623:
2620:
2617:
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2608:
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2599:
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2514:
2506:
2500:
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2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2426:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2384:
2382:9781420041637
2378:
2375:. CRC Press.
2374:
2373:
2365:
2350:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2305:
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2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2064:Drake et al,
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:(34): e4682.
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1749:Taylor, Tim.
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
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1637:
1631:
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1620:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1557:public domain
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
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1434:
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1426:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
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1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:head of a rib
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
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1301:
1296:
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1258:
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1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1221:Other animals
1218:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1190:spinal fusion
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:pinched nerve
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:Tessys method
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:Spondylolysis
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:hemivertebrae
1067:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
991:
987:
986:spinal nerves
983:
980:
977:and covering
976:
972:
968:
965:
964:
963:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
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898:
892:
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880:
876:
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868:
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832:
830:
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821:
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802:
798:
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790:
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773:
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748:
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736:
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728:
724:
720:
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703:
698:
688:
686:
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679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
618:of the axis.
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:spinal nerves
538:
529:
524:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:, five fused
493:
489:
485:
476:
467:
465:
461:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
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408:
404:
397:
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391:
389:
385:
383:
379:
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377:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
326:
322:
320:
315:
311:
307:
306:cortical bone
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
258:
256:
252:
249:In the human
242:
240:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:spinal nerves
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
186:or spine, of
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
149:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
86:
83:
82:Spinal column
80:
76:
71:
66:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3683:Sacroiliitis
3664:inflammatory
3438:
3363:Sacral canal
3264:
3178:lateral mass
3130:Spinal canal
3107:
3055:
2914:
2803:bone mineral
2761:endochondral
2751:primary bone
2743:Ossification
2697:chondroblast
2551:
2544:
2520:
2513:
2499:cite journal
2464:
2460:
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2419:
2405:
2398:
2386:. Retrieved
2371:
2364:
2353:. Retrieved
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2322:
2303:
2285:
2279:
2244:
2240:
2216:
2208:
2184:
2177:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2131:
2125:
2117:
2097:. Retrieved
2086:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2018:
2012:
1977:
1973:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1884:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1852:Tweedie, A.
1837:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1781:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1625:
1619:
1596:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1554:
1548:
1534:Pott disease
1421:
1420:
1405:
1393:
1391:
1338:
1336:
1299:
1297:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1235:
1213:
1204:
1199:is a common
1194:
1192:procedures.
1179:
1168:
1156:foraminotomy
1149:
1138:
1110:slipped disc
1109:
1104:
1094:
1090:Spina bifida
1069:
1063:
961:
922:
896:
894:
854:
852:
828:
819:
815:
811:
808:
796:
792:
786:
744:
737:
734:
731:
726:
709:The twelve
708:
684:
682:
674:cervical rib
667:
657:
655:
642:
626:
622:
620:
595:
591:
588:
573:
534:
512:
498:forming the
481:
460:facet joints
454:
449:
445:
441:
419:
400:
393:
387:
381:
375:
357:
353:
349:
337:
331:
313:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
248:
235:
227:spinal canal
202:
198:
192:
167:
159:
157:
111:A02.2.01.001
98:
3714:Spondylosis
3671:Spondylitis
3642:Torticollis
2962:bone marrow
2702:chondrocyte
2157:Saudi Med J
1706:Eur Spine J
1398:chimpanzees
1308:saurischian
1256:Spinosaurus
1186:kyphoplasty
1141:laminectomy
1052:facet joint
1010:spinal cord
975:spinal cord
944:spinal cord
911:Development
829:lumbosacral
604:rudimentary
563:allows the
294:neural arch
231:spinal cord
188:vertebrates
88:Identifiers
3860:Categories
3778:Coccydynia
3427:false ribs
3275:mammillary
3240:transverse
3113:transverse
2952:trabeculae
2947:canaliculi
2925:periosteum
2884:epicondyle
2869:metaphysis
2829:cancellous
2787:osteoclast
2777:osteoblast
2689:metaphysis
2431:1 February
2355:2013-08-12
2334:2012-08-12
1545:References
1379:rhinoceros
1355:marsupials
1280:amphibians
1250:Dimetrodon
1145:laminotomy
861:, with no
751:transverse
715:articulate
584:bifurcated
362:articulate
219:articulate
3763:Neck pain
3755:Back pain
3621:Scoliosis
3595:Deforming
3489:Manubrium
3422:true ribs
3270:accessory
3265:Processes
3118:articular
3108:Processes
3056:Vertebrae
2993:irregular
2920:endosteum
2893:Structure
2874:diaphysis
2855:epiphysis
2782:osteocyte
2671:Cartilage
2663:cartilage
2099:March 24,
1755:InnerBody
1687:206078730
1425:vertebrae
1164:arthritis
1116:) of the
1078:scoliosis
936:notochord
885:Coccygeal
797:extension
787:The five
717:with the
683:The term
649:from the
502:and four
486:, twelve
457:articular
415:ligaments
372:Processes
334:processes
314:endplates
284:, plural
245:Structure
207:processes
178:and some
168:vertebrae
3783:Sciatica
3688:Discitis
3616:Lordosis
3611:Kyphosis
3449:tubercle
3409:Rib cage
3235:inferior
3230:superior
2998:sesamoid
2937:enthesis
2834:cortical
2604:Vertebra
2491:20855303
2261:25256369
2169:16155658
2093:Archived
2004:34935276
1952:27559975
1922:Medicine
1736:18193299
1679:25391037
1605:cite web
1518:See also
1429:primates
1402:gorillas
1387:cetacean
1383:elephant
1324:manatees
1316:amniotes
1284:anterior
1276:reptiles
1242:elephant
1160:stenosis
1082:lordosis
1074:kyphosis
979:meninges
958:Function
869:forms a
804:lordosis
747:superior
723:rib cage
691:Thoracic
517:Cervical
407:caudally
403:dorsally
358:inferior
354:superior
170:) is an
160:vertebra
99:vertebra
40:Vertebra
3850:Anatomy
3476:Sternum
3123:spinous
3081:pedicle
3046:of the
2942:lacunae
2879:condyle
2843:Regions
2813:osteoid
2722:fibrous
2717:elastic
2712:hyaline
2526:287–288
2482:2981964
2270:2263429
2190:288–289
1995:8867438
1943:5400342
1727:2270387
1659:Bibcode
1561:page 96
1412:lordose
1363:mammals
1322:except
1320:mammals
1304:lizards
1246:extinct
1132:called
924:Somites
818:and an
793:flexion
727:flexion
490:, five
422:pedicle
411:muscles
278:centrum
78:Part of
73:Details
3836:Portal
3400:Thorax
3380:Coccyx
3287:Sacrum
3086:lamina
2971:Shapes
2900:osteon
2808:ossein
2796:Matrix
2708:Types
2693:Cells
2532:
2489:
2479:
2388:May 7,
2379:
2310:
2267:
2259:
2196:
2167:
2138:
2033:
2002:
1992:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1836:Latin
1796:
1760:May 7,
1734:
1724:
1685:
1677:
1632:
1569:(1918)
1437:coccyx
1423:Caudal
1416:bonobo
1359:koalas
1328:sloths
1289:muscle
1205:bridge
1188:, and
1126:hernia
928:embryo
901:coccyx
891:Coccyx
875:pelvis
859:sacrum
849:Sacrum
843:Sacrum
835:Sacral
801:lumbar
761:Lumbar
637:and a
594:and a
508:coccyx
500:sacrum
442:costal
338:lamina
286:centra
3630:Other
3444:angle
3439:Parts
3173:Atlas
3091:notch
3048:torso
3044:Bones
2983:short
2822:Types
2770:Cells
2257:JSTOR
2054:p. 19
1857:p. 31
1838:costa
1683:S2CID
1559:from
1375:tapir
1371:horse
1367:human
1332:Birds
867:ilium
612:skull
565:skull
545:atlas
450:costa
392:four
255:spine
158:Each
146:[
94:Latin
3464:head
3459:neck
3417:Ribs
3387:none
3295:Base
3200:dens
3195:Axis
3076:Arch
3071:Body
2988:flat
2978:long
2734:Bone
2661:and
2659:Bone
2530:ISBN
2505:link
2487:PMID
2433:2012
2390:2017
2377:ISBN
2308:ISBN
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