1046:
2341:
49:
700:, the first four pairs of somites appear in the future occipital bone region. Developing at the rate of three or four a day, the next eight pairs form in the cervical region to develop into the cervical vertebrae; the next twelve pairs will form the thoracic vertebrae; the next five pairs the lumbar vertebrae and by about day 29, the sacral somites will appear to develop into the sacral vertebrae; finally on day 30, the last three pairs will form the coccyx.
598:, on which are three deep and uneven impressions, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligament. The lower half is thin, and ends in a projection called the inferior lateral angle. Medial to this angle is a notch, which is converted into a foramen by the transverse process of the first piece of the coccyx, and this transmits the anterior division of the fifth sacral nerve. The thin lower half of the lateral surface gives attachment to the
930:
990:
1014:
1002:
966:
942:
978:
582:
578:. The transverse tubercles of the first sacral vertebra are large and very distinct; they, together with the transverse tubercles of the second vertebra, give attachment to the horizontal parts of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments; those of the third vertebra give attachment to the oblique fasciculi of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments; and those of the fourth and fifth to the sacrotuberous ligaments.
954:
1085:
335:, the pelvic vertebrae undergo a similar developmental process to form a sacrum in the adult, even while the bony tail (caudal) vertebrae remain unfused. The number of sacral vertebrae varies slightly. For instance, the S1–S5 vertebrae of a horse will fuse, the S1–S3 of a dog will fuse, and four pelvic vertebrae of a rat will fuse between the lumbar and the caudal vertebrae of its tail.
487:
479:
1026:
64:
498:
is concave from the top, and curved slightly from side to side. Its middle part is crossed by four transverse ridges, which correspond to the original planes of separation between the five sacral vertebrae. The body of the first segment is large and has the form of a lumbar vertebra; the bodies of
426:
of the first sacral vertebra. The superior articular processes project from it on either side; they are oval, concave, directed backward and medialward, like the superior articular processes of a lumbar vertebra. They are attached to the body of the first sacral vertebra and to each ala, by short
1028:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1033:
574:; they are smaller in size and less regular in form than those at the front, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves. On the side of the posterior sacral foramina is a series of tubercles, the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae, and these form the
1030:
507:
and entrance to the lateral sacral arteries. Each part at the sides of the foramina is traversed by four broad, shallow grooves, which lodge the anterior divisions of the sacral nerves. They are separated by prominent ridges of bone which give origin to the
2361:
593:
is broad above, but narrows into a thin edge below. The upper half presents in front an ear-shaped surface, the auricular surface, covered with cartilage in the immature state, for articulation with the ilium. Behind it is a rough surface, the
656:
which means "nodding") and the reverse, postero-inferior motion of the sacrum relative to the ilium whilst the coccyx moves anteriorly, "counter-nutation". In upright vertebrates, the sacrum is capable of slight independent movement along the
566:. The articular processes of the first sacral vertebra are large and oval-shaped. Their facets are concave from side to side, face to the back and middle, and articulate with the facets on the inferior processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
569:
The tubercles of the inferior articular processes of the fifth sacral vertebra, known as the sacral cornua, are projected downward and are connected to the cornua of the coccyx. At the side of the articular processes are the four
1398:
Mirghasemi, Alireza; Mohamadi, Amin; Ara, Ali Majles; Gabaran, Narges Rahimi; Sadat, Mir
Mostafa (November 2009). "Completely displaced S-1/S-2 growth plate fracture in an adolescent: case report and review of literature".
728:, characterised by the incomplete closure of vertebral arch or of the incomplete closure of the surface of the vertebral canal. The most common sites for spina bifida malformations are the lumbar and sacral areas.
512:. If a sagittal section be made through the center of the sacrum, the bodies are seen to be united at their circumferences by bone, wide intervals being left centrally, which, in the fresh state, are filled by the
499:
the next bones get progressively smaller, are flattened from the back, and curved to shape themselves to the sacrum, being concave in front and convex behind. At each end of the transverse ridges, are the four
875:
is a mistranslation of a term intended to mean "the strong bone". This is supported by the alternative Greek name μέγας σπόνδυλος by the Greeks, translating to "large vertebra", translated into Latin as
743:(occurring by the seventh week) of the lower spine. Sometimes part of the coccyx is absent, or the lower vertebrae can be absent, or on occasion a small part of the spine is missing with no outward sign.
399:. The posterior quarter of the ala represents the transverse process, and its anterior three-quarters the costal process of the first sacral segment. Each ala also serves as part of the border of the
871:). Others attribute the adjective ἱερόν to the ancient belief that this specific bone would be indestructible. As the Greek adjective ἱερός may also mean "strong", it has also been suggested that
1029:
1045:
410:
In the middle of the base is a large oval articular surface, the upper surface of the body of the first sacral vertebra, which is connected with the under surface of the body of the last
1363:
Sonek JD; Gabbe SG; Landon MB; Stempel LE; Foley MR; Shubert-Moell K (March 1990). "Antenatal diagnosis of sacral agenesis syndrome in a pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus".
442:
is the angle formed by the true conjugate with the two pieces of sacrum. Normally, it is greater than 60 degrees. A sacral angle of lesser degree suggests funneling of the pelvis.
757:
Sacral fractures are relatively uncommon; however, they are often associated with neurological deficits. In the presence of neurological signs, they are mostly treated with
543:
of the corresponding vertebrae. The laminae of the fifth sacral vertebra, and sometimes those of the fourth, do not meet at the back, resulting in a fissure known as the
427:
thick pedicles; on the upper surface of each pedicle is a vertebral notch, which forms the lower part of the foramen between the last lumbar and first sacral vertebrae.
562:
On the lateral aspect of the sacral groove is a linear series of tubercles produced by the fusion of the articular processes which together form the indistinct
652:
Rotation of the sacrum superiorly and anteriorly whilst the coccyx moves posteriorly relative to the ilium is sometimes called "nutation" (from the Latin term
223:
1655:
Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages.
680:
In some cases, the sacrum will consist of six pieces or be reduced in number to four. The bodies of the first and second vertebrae may fail to unite.
1114:
1682:
914:, as it were "bones of the buttocks". Due to the fact that the os sacrum is broad and thick at its upper end, the sacrum is alternatively called
867:
The origin of Galen's term is unclear. Supposedly the sacrum was the part of an animal offered in sacrifice (since the sacrum is the seat of the
535:
of the upper three or four sacral vertebrae. On either side of the median sacral crest is a shallow sacral groove, which gives origin to the
290:. It forms joints with four other bones. The two projections at the sides of the sacrum are called the alae (wings), and articulate with the
199:
363:. It also articulates with the hip bones. The sacrum has a base, an apex, and three surfaces – a pelvic, dorsal and a lateral surface. The
317:, the broadest and uppermost part, is tilted forward as the sacral promontory internally. The central part is curved outward toward the
1807:
1738:
1940:
812:
the ilium is elongated and forms a mobile joint with the sacrum that acts as an additional limb to give more power to its leaps.
2381:
1930:
1614:"cross" is used of the sacral area of the spine, but also of the spine as a whole, with usage examples from the 17th-century (
661:. On bending backward the top (base) of the sacrum moves forward relative to the ilium; on bending forward the top moves back.
929:
395:. Each ala is slightly concave from side to side, and convex from the back and gives attachment to a few of the fibers of the
804:
the sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar and some caudal and thoracic vertebrae to form a single structure called the
555:
and runs throughout the greater part of the sacrum. Above the sacral hiatus, it is triangular in form. The canal lodges the
367:, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward. On either side of the base is a large projection known as an
1605:
503:, diminishing in size in line with the smaller vertebral bodies. The foramina give exit to the anterior divisions of the
309:
The sacrum has three different surfaces which are shaped to accommodate surrounding pelvic structures. Overall, it is
1335:
1263:
1238:
1138:
17:
989:
1474:
King, Christine, BVSc, MACVSc, and
Mansmann, Richard, VMD, PhD. "Equine Lameness." Equine Research, Inc. 1997.
1051:
Sacrum (not labeled) seen on the right with sacral nerves, median sacral artery, and rectum on the lower left.
218:
2371:
2019:
1920:
1858:
1800:
1182:
419:
1719:
Lehrbuch der
Anatomie des Menschen. Mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Begründung und praktische Anwendung
1221:
Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2004). "Stegosauria". In
Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).
1094:
965:
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1156:
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230:
182:
1314:
348:
2012:
1960:
1793:
1196:
31:
1599:
977:
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1875:
1230:
607:
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206:
194:
1721:(Dreizehnte Auflage ed.). Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler.
1134:
824:
was introduced as a technical term in anatomy in the mid-18th century, as a shortening of the
2007:
2002:
1950:
1013:
1001:
603:
418:. Behind this is the large triangular orifice of the sacral canal, which is completed by the
1760:(Dritte Auflage ed.). Göttingen: Verlag der Deuerlich- und Dieterichschen Buchhandlung.
1450:
1222:
359:
The sacrum is a complex structure providing support for the spine and accommodation for the
2130:
1885:
1528:
Der von der
Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen
463:
8:
2125:
2120:
1890:
1353:(29th edition). Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo: W.B. Saunders Company.
1130:
868:
778:
758:
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722:
714:
697:
513:
404:
318:
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1308:
2314:
2276:
2256:
2067:
2047:
1989:
1979:
1925:
1912:
1432:
528:
466:, an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal plane that provides a useful marker for a
455:
376:
314:
2304:
2089:
2072:
2042:
1870:
1539:
1507:
Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. (1940). Jones, Sir Henry Stuart; McKenzie, Roderick (eds.).
1424:
1416:
1380:
1376:
1331:
1259:
1234:
1223:
1176:
1099:
536:
509:
380:
2362:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
2029:
1935:
1843:
1436:
1408:
1372:
910:"hip, thigh". The Latin word is found in the alternative Latin name of the sacrum,
696:
begin to develop from head to tail along the length of the notochord. At day 20 of
693:
611:
540:
459:
430:
The apex is directed downward and presents an oval facet for articulation with the
372:
299:
295:
272:
158:
120:
88:
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627:
532:
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435:
423:
411:
187:
1666:
2345:
2221:
1972:
1967:
1848:
658:
415:
396:
69:
462:. The sacral promontory articulates with the last lumbar vertebra to form the
2355:
2309:
2291:
2266:
2248:
2226:
2204:
2140:
2079:
1420:
1090:
556:
504:
388:
384:
322:
283:
211:
2135:
1997:
1902:
1428:
1072:
718:
641:
552:
451:
360:
291:
287:
48:
1384:
900:
653:
523:
is convex and narrower than the pelvic surface. In the middle line is the
310:
2236:
2231:
2216:
833:
725:
400:
392:
340:
332:
1163:. Trakya Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü, Yerleşkesi, 22030 Edirne, Turkey: Self
2199:
1732:
1118:
1067:
1062:
825:
347:
had a greatly enlarged neural canal in the sacrum, characterized as a "
264:
63:
1779:
236:
2261:
2194:
1785:
1330:
Larsen, W.J. Human
Embryology.2001.Churchill Livingstone Pages 63–64
805:
781:
329:
2181:
1828:
1493:. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler.
1362:
896:
774:
645:
344:
1776:
at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center – "The Female Pelvis: Bones"
796:
the sacrum is formed by three fused vertebrae. The sacrum in the
770:
2172:
2152:
769:
The sacrum is one of the main sites for the development of the
739:. This is characterised by an abnormal underdevelopment in the
689:
634:
581:
431:
403:. The alae also form the base of the lumbosacral triangle. The
303:
54:
1782:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
1736:
1540:
Federative
Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998).
391:. In the articulated pelvis, the alae are continuous with the
1820:
837:
797:
170:
1495:
Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart
1397:
1816:
1689:
1667:
Everdingen, J.J.E. van, Eerenbeemt; A.M.M. van den (2012).
1597:"cross bone", also of unclear origin. According to Grimm,
935:
Image of a female pelvis seen anteriorly, sacrum at centre.
809:
801:
268:
138:
129:
106:
668:
refers to all of the parts combined. Its parts are called
2189:
1630:
by Johann Friedrich von Flemming (1719, p. 94) also give
793:
486:
478:
97:
1634:
as hunting terminology for a specific bone of the stag.
1561:
founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary
1229:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. p.
1220:
1671:(12de druk ed.). Houten: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum.
1506:
1258:. Chicago: American medical association. p. 274.
450:
The sacral promontory marks part of the border of the
298:. The upper part of the sacrum connects with the last
2329:
1253:
132:
126:
100:
94:
1554:
1278:
438:
runs throughout the greater part of the sacrum. The
135:
103:
1500:
407:and lumbosacral ligaments are attached to the ala.
282:The sacrum situates at the upper, back part of the
141:
123:
109:
91:
559:, via the anterior and posterior sacral foramina.
539:. The floor of the groove is formed by the united
1648:
1579:
1548:
1202:. Dept. of Biology. Gambier, Ohio: Kenyon College
2353:
1247:
836:ἱερόν ὀστέον, the term found in the writings of
306:(tailbone) via the sacral and coccygeal cornua.
1626:by Hermann Friedrich von Göchhausen (1710) and
1451:"Understanding Chordoma – Chordoma Foundation"
1345:
1343:
1281:"The AS Ilium Fixation, Nutation, and Respect"
1256:Netter's Atlas Of Human Anatomy For CPT Coding
1801:
1758:Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon
1644:
1642:
1640:
1524:Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina Anatomica
995:The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.
1712:
1710:
1681:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1482:
1480:
551:. The sacral canal is a continuation of the
434:. The sacral canal as a continuation of the
1755:
1660:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1340:
1297:Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, p. 72.
371:and these alae (wings) articulate with the
1808:
1794:
1637:
777:that are derived from the remnants of the
62:
47:
1716:
1707:
1486:
1477:
1279:Joseph D. Kurnik, DC (16 December 1996).
1566:
1351:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary
1154:
887:the bone was known as κλόνις (Latinized
703:
622:The sacrum articulates with four bones:
580:
485:
477:
1521:
1139:Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
832:"sacred bone", itself a translation of
800:is made up of five fused vertebrae. In
731:Another congenital disorder is that of
708:
14:
2354:
1815:
1737:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
1586:Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur
1155:Kilincer, Cumhur; et al. (2009).
1089:This article incorporates text in the
971:Median sagittal section of the sacrum.
947:Lateral surfaces of sacrum and coccyx.
1789:
1749:
1653:. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
1533:
1306:
921:
721:, occurs as a result of a defective
1526:. Leipzig: Verlag Veit & Comp.
1515:
252:
24:
1584:. Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.
1319:sacrum will consist of six pieces.
302:(L5), and its lower part with the
25:
2393:
1767:
1651:An Illustrated Medical Dictionary
891:); this term is cognate to Latin
2339:
1669:Pinkhof Geneeskundig woordenboek
1295:Spinal Manipulation Made Simple.
1131:The American Heritage Dictionary
1119:Webster's New College Dictionary
1083:
1044:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
928:
787:
617:
321:, allowing greater room for the
279:(S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30.
275:that forms by the fusing of the
119:
87:
1725:
1591:
1555:Lewis, C.T.; Short, C. (1879).
1468:
1443:
1391:
1356:
848:in English, paralleling German
68:Animation of the sacrum in the
1324:
1313:. Lea & Febiger. pp.
1300:
1287:
1272:
1254:Kirschner, Celeste G. (2005).
1214:
1189:
1148:
1108:
683:
527:, surmounted by three or four
53:Position of the sacrum in the
13:
1:
2382:Bones of the vertebral column
1401:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
1078:
983:Left levator ani from within.
675:
591:lateral surface of the sacrum
547:in the posterior wall of the
445:
2020:Uncinate process of vertebra
1921:Uncinate process of vertebra
1413:10.1097/BOT.0b013e3181a23d8b
1377:10.1016/0002-9378(90)91015-5
672:when referred individually.
521:dorsal surface of the sacrum
496:pelvic surface of the sacrum
354:
7:
1701:Online Etymology Dictionary
1559:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1097:of the 20th edition of
1056:
901:
844:, the bone was also called
840:. Prior to the adoption of
746:
473:
10:
2398:
2300:Superior thoracic aperture
1649:Foster, F.D. (1891–1893).
1580:Schreger, C.H.Th. (1805).
1511:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1455:www.chordomafoundation.org
815:
750:
733:caudal regression syndrome
313:(curved upon itself). The
29:
2290:
2247:
2180:
2171:
2151:
2114:posterior sacral foramina
2058:
2028:
1988:
1911:
1836:
1827:
1310:Anatomy of the Human Body
764:
572:posterior sacral foramina
267:, is a large, triangular
229:
217:
205:
193:
181:
169:
164:
153:
81:
76:
61:
46:
41:
2102:anterior sacral foramina
1774:Anatomy photo:43:st-0401
1181:: CS1 maint: location (
1121:(2010) admit the plural
906:"haunch" and Lithuanian
606:, to some fibers of the
501:anterior sacral foramina
231:Anatomical terms of bone
1743:A Greek-English Lexicon
1509:A Greek-English Lexicon
1349:Anderson, D.M. (2000).
1019:Sacrum. Dorsal surface.
1007:Sacrum. Pelvic surface.
610:at the back and to the
375:. The alae support the
32:Sacrum (disambiguation)
1876:Intervertebral foramen
1542:Terminologia Anatomica
1490:Onomatologia Anatomica
1365:Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol
692:that give rise to the
604:sacrospinous ligaments
586:
491:
483:
1606:""Kreuz", meaning 8a"
869:organs of procreation
704:Clinical significance
584:
489:
481:
414:by an intervertebral
2131:Lateral sacral crest
1756:Kraus, L.A. (1844).
1600:Deutsches Wörterbuch
1544:. Stuttgart: Thieme.
1307:Gray, Henry (1918).
1293:Maitland, J (2001).
709:Congenital disorders
576:lateral sacral crest
514:intervertebral discs
464:sacrovertebral angle
454:, and comprises the
349:posterior brain case
30:For other uses, see
2372:Bones of the thorax
2126:Medial sacral crest
2121:Median sacral crest
1624:Notabilia Venatoris
1582:Synonymia Anatomica
1145:as the only plural.
1115:Oxford Dictionaries
715:congenital disorder
564:medial sacral crest
525:median sacral crest
405:iliolumbar ligament
383:which connects the
377:psoas major muscles
288:wings of the pelvis
271:at the base of the
2315:Infrasternal angle
2277:Xiphisternal joint
2257:Suprasternal notch
1990:Thoracic vertebrae
1980:Vertebra prominens
1941:Posterior tubercle
1926:Transverse foramen
1913:Cervical vertebrae
1717:Hyrtl, J. (1875).
1557:A Latin Dictionary
1487:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
1135:Collins Dictionary
587:
492:
484:
456:iliopectineal line
365:base of the sacrum
315:base of the sacrum
286:, between the two
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2305:Intercostal space
2167:
2166:
2090:sacral tuberosity
2073:sacral promontory
1931:Anterior tubercle
1871:Vertebral foramen
1837:General structure
1677:cite encyclopedia
1197:"Skeletal system"
1034:
922:Additional images
759:surgical fixation
635:coccyx (tailbone)
596:sacral tuberosity
537:multifidus muscle
533:spinous processes
531:—the rudimentary
510:piriformis muscle
381:lumbosacral trunk
373:sacroiliac joints
296:sacroiliac joints
245:
244:
240:
27:Bone of the spine
16:(Redirected from
2389:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2178:
2177:
2030:Lumbar vertebrae
1936:Carotid tubercle
1834:
1833:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1762:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1635:
1609:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1522:His, W. (1895).
1519:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1228:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1161:Scientific spine
1157:"Sacrum anatomy"
1152:
1146:
1112:
1087:
1086:
1063:Bone terminology
1048:
1036:
1035:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
918:, "broad bone".
904:
694:vertebral column
670:sacral vertebrae
460:linea terminalis
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1073:Rump (croup)
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200:A02.2.05.001
175:
157:Base of the
36:
895:"buttock",
856:(alongside
726:neural tube
684:Development
470:procedure.
401:pelvic brim
393:iliac fossa
341:Stegosaurus
333:vertebrates
330:quadrupedal
165:Identifiers
2356:Categories
2200:false ribs
2048:mammillary
2013:transverse
1886:transverse
1733:Antimachus
1206:9 November
1167:8 November
1125:alongside
1079:References
1068:Pelvimetry
862:heiligbeen
826:Late Latin
676:Variations
446:Promontory
2262:Manubrium
2195:true ribs
2043:accessory
2038:Processes
1891:articular
1881:Processes
1829:Vertebrae
1739:"klo-nis"
1421:1531-2291
873:os sacrum
858:Kreuzbein
846:holy bone
830:os sacrum
820:English
808:. In the
806:synsacrum
782:notochord
779:embryonic
775:chordomas
773:known as
723:embryonic
626:the last
612:coccygeus
529:tubercles
387:with the
355:Structure
319:posterior
176:os sacrum
2222:tubercle
2182:Rib cage
2008:inferior
2003:superior
1731:used by
1697:"sacrum"
1429:19858983
1177:cite web
1095:page 106
1057:See also
916:os latum
897:Sanskrit
771:sarcomas
747:Fracture
646:hip bone
474:Surfaces
458:and the
379:and the
345:dinosaur
154:Location
2346:Anatomy
2249:Sternum
1896:spinous
1854:pedicle
1819:of the
1460:7 April
1437:6651435
1385:2180307
1123:sacrums
908:šlaunis
816:History
690:somites
654:nutatio
541:laminae
311:concave
261:sacrums
188:D012447
77:Details
2367:Sacrum
2332:Portal
2173:Thorax
2153:Coccyx
2060:Sacrum
1859:lamina
1780:pelvis
1735:; see
1435:
1427:
1419:
1383:
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1262:
1237:
1103:(1918)
902:śróṇis
893:clunis
889:clonis
842:sacrum
822:sacrum
765:Cancer
741:embryo
666:sacrum
432:coccyx
420:lamina
304:coccyx
263:), in
249:sacrum
55:pelvis
42:Sacrum
2217:angle
2212:Parts
1946:Atlas
1864:notch
1821:torso
1817:Bones
1632:kreuz
1612:Kreuz
1433:S2CID
1200:(PDF)
1143:sacra
1127:sacra
1093:from
838:Galen
834:Greek
828:name
802:birds
798:horse
642:ilium
637:below
630:above
292:ilium
273:spine
257:sacra
235:[
224:16202
171:Latin
2237:head
2232:neck
2190:Ribs
2160:none
2068:Base
1973:dens
1968:Axis
1849:Arch
1844:Body
1683:link
1610:),
1462:2017
1425:PMID
1417:ISSN
1381:PMID
1332:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1208:2015
1183:link
1169:2015
1137:and
1117:and
810:frog
794:dogs
713:The
688:The
664:The
640:the
633:the
602:and
589:The
519:The
494:The
422:and
338:The
269:bone
247:The
212:1071
195:TA98
183:MeSH
1409:doi
1373:doi
1369:162
1315:111
1231:361
1129:;
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852:or
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351:".
259:or
253:pl.
219:FMA
207:TA2
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