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855:(surgical science) know of only 300. The text then lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g. hands, legs), 117 in the pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in the neck and upwards. The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified. The discussion shows that the Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition. The differences in the count of bones in the two schools is partly because Charaka Samhita includes 32
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42:
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at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight (ca. 10–11 kg for an average person) and reaches maximum mass between the ages of 25 and 30. The human skeleton can be
726:
of the joints. It involves inflammation of one or more joints. When affected by arthritis, the joint or joints affected may be painful to move, may move in unusual directions or may be immobile completely. The symptoms of arthritis will vary differently between types of arthritis. The most common
646:
Long bones are generally larger in males than in females within a given population. Muscle attachment sites on long bones are often more robust in males than in females, reflecting a difference in overall muscle mass and development between sexes. Sexual dimorphism in the long bones is commonly
594:, and pelvis are exhibited across human populations. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. It is not known whether or to what extent those differences are genetic or environmental.
343:
The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) is formed by the pectoral girdles, the upper limbs, the pelvic girdle or pelvis, and the lower limbs. Their functions are to make locomotion possible and to protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction.
1227:
Lee, Na Kyung; Sowa, Hideaki; Hinoi, Eiichi; Ferron, Mathieu; Ahn, Jong Deok; Confavreux, Cyrille; Dacquin, Romain; Mee, Patrick J.; McKee, Marc D.; Jung, Dae Young; Zhang, Zhiyou; Kim, Jason K.; Mauvais-Jarvis, Franck; Ducy, Patricia; Karsenty, Gerard (2007).
514:, the latter making up 70% of a bone. Hydroxyapatite is in turn composed of 39.8% of calcium, 41.4% of oxygen, 18.5% of phosphorus, and 0.2% of hydrogen by mass. Chondroitin sulfate is a sugar made up primarily of oxygen and carbon.
1497:
Charlier, Philippe; Huynh-Charlier, Isabelle; Poupon, Joël; Lancelot, Eloïse; Campos, Paula F.; Favier, Dominique; Jeannel, Gaël-François; Bonati, Maurizio Rippa; Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin de la; Herve, Christian (2014).
380:
The joints between bones allow movement, some allowing a wider range of movement than others, e.g. the ball and socket joint allows a greater range of movement than the pivot joint at the neck. Movement is powered by
708:, a side-to-side curve in the back or spine, often creating a pronounced "C" or "S" shape when viewed on an x-ray of the spine. This condition is most apparent during adolescence, and is most common with females.
793:. Osteoporosis usually has no symptoms until a fracture occurs. For this reason, DEXA scans are often done in people with one or more risk factors, who have developed osteoporosis and be at risk of fracture.
932:, which contained many illustrations of the skeleton and other body parts, correcting some theories dating from Galen, such as the lower jaw being a single bone instead of two. Various other figures like
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360:
The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape. The pelvis, associated ligaments and muscles provide a floor for the pelvic structures. Without the rib cages,
875:, through his work by studying dissected human corpses in Alexandria, is credited to be the pioneer of the field. His works are lost but are often cited by notable persons in the field such as
883:. Galen himself did little dissection though and relied on the work of others like Marinus of Alexandria, as well as his own observations of gladiator cadavers and animals. According to
470:. In children, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the marrow of the long bones such as the femur and tibia. In adults, it occurs mainly in the pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, and sternum.
1102:
321:
The upright posture of humans is maintained by the axial skeleton, which transmits the weight from the head, the trunk, and the upper extremities down to the lower extremities at the
385:, which are attached to the skeleton at various sites on bones. Muscles, bones, and joints provide the principal mechanics for movement, all coordinated by the nervous system.
578:
Anatomical differences between human males and females are highly pronounced in some soft tissue areas, but tend to be limited in the skeleton. The human skeleton is not as
887:, in medieval Europe dissection continued to be practiced, contrary to the popular understanding that such practices were taboo and thus completely banned. The practice of
1500:"Special report: Anatomical pathology A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection (Western Europe, 13th c. A.D.)"
735:
in the affected joints will degrade, soften and wear away. This decreases the mobility of the joints and decreases the space between bones where cartilage should be.
570:. Inside was a skeleton, accompanied by an array of unusual and expensive objects. This chance find represents one of the most significant discoveries ever made from
1192:
Fernández, KS; de Alarcón, PA (Dec 2013). "Development of the hematopoietic system and disorders of hematopoiesis that present during infancy and early childhood".
201:, and pelvis exist. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements within a given population. The human
110:
1793:
777:, when it is called "postmenopausal osteoporosis", but may develop in men and premenopausal women in the presence of particular hormonal disorders and other
388:
It is believed that the reduction of human bone density in prehistoric times reduced the agility and dexterity of human movement. Shifting from hunting to
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302:(32–34 bones; the number of the vertebrae differs from human to human as the lower 2 parts, sacral and coccygeal bone may vary in length), a part of the
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The skeleton serves six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals and endocrine regulation.
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in its count, and their difference of opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (which both sometimes do, unlike modern anatomy).
1646:
86:
671:
is commonly used to determine the sex of an unidentified human skeleton by anthropologists with 96% to 100% accuracy in some populations.
1388:
WHO (1994). "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group".
1136:
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a notable figure. Chinese understandings are divergent, as the closest corresponding concept in the medicinal system seems to be the
796:
Osteoporosis treatment includes advice to stop smoking, decrease alcohol consumption, exercise regularly, and have a healthy diet.
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being the first, performed dissections for better understanding of the body, although they concentrated mostly on the muscles.
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Women's pelvises are wider in the pelvic inlet and are wider throughout the pelvis to allow for child birth. The
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and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the
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The human pelvis exhibits greater sexual dimorphism than other bones, specifically in the size and shape of the
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A variety of gross morphological traits of the human skull demonstrate sexual dimorphism, such as the median
105:
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Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston; illustrated by Robert (2010).
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regularly performed surgery, there may be some distance between medical theory and actual understanding.
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further supports the claim. Alexandria continued as a center of anatomy under
Islamic rule, with
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The human skeleton performs six major functions: support, movement, protection, production of
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Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, published by Harper & Row, New York in 1951.
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as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the
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as that of many other primate species, but subtle differences between sexes in the
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Studies in the
Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body
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below peak bone mass, relative to the age and sex-matched average, as measured by
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2010:
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Phenice, T. W. (1969). "A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis".
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1340:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 1116–1121.
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made studies of the skeleton, albeit unpublished in his time. Many artists,
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19:"Bone structure" redirects here. For skeletal systems of other animals, see
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There are many classified skeletal disorders. One of the most common is
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in the women's pelvis is curved inwards to allow the child to have a "
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506:. However, bones are not entirely made of calcium, but a mixture of
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1167:"With the Advent of Agriculture, Human Bones Dramatically Weakened"
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20:
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Rocca, Julius (9 August 2010). "A Note on
Marinus of Alexandria".
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574:. Study of the skeleton has revealed that it belonged to a woman.
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secretion and sensitivity, in addition to boosting the number of
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812:, and osteoporosis may be one factor considered when commencing
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also contributed to the further understanding of the skeleton.
926:, regarded as the founder of modern anatomy, authored the book
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in 1901, workmen discovered a large stone coffin, close to the
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325:. The bones of the spine are supported by many ligaments. The
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is also different from that of males in order to facilitate
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1230:"Endocrine Regulation of Energy Metabolism by the Skeleton"
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1103:"Switching Farming Made Human Bone Skeleton Joint Lighter"
682:" to assist in the child's pathway from the uterus to the
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Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains
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Osteoporosis is a disease of bone where there is reduced
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667:, greater sciatic notches, and the sub-pubic angle. The
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has caused human bone density to reduce significantly.
1137:"Light human skeleton may have come after agriculture"
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and 5th century CE speaks of 360 bones. Books on
1408:
1276:
634:, but it is not nearly as pronounced as in the other
1019:. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 129.
867:The study of bones in ancient Greece started under
1679:Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint
1226:
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400:The skeleton helps to protect many vital internal
1390:World Health Organization Technical Report Series
630:Human inter-sex dental dimorphism centers on the
182:, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.
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329:are also supporting and are useful for balance.
209:. Unlike most primates, human males do not have
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298:The axial skeleton (80 bones) is formed by the
1338:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1281:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey. p. 208.
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1577:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1573:Hairston, Julia L.; Stephens, Walter (2010).
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773:. Osteoporosis is most common in women after
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1047:. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
175:and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
1633:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
1456:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
255:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1794:
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1016:Mammal anatomy : an illustrated guide
804:. When medication is used, it may include
1692:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001
1600:"Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomy of an artist"
1523:
1373:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1294:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1253:
530:, which contributes to the regulation of
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
23:. For the scientific study of bones, see
1647:"Vesalius's Renaissance anatomy lessons"
1100:
847:, composed between the 6th century
800:supplements may also be advised, as may
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761:in women as a bone mineral density 2.5
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1277:Buikstra, J.E.; D.H. Ubelaker (1994).
155:. The axial skeleton is formed by the
2344:
1775:
1453:
1051:from the original on 18 November 2022
1101:Thompson, Helen (23 December 2014).
956:has been represented as a skeleton.
862:
253:adding citations to reliable sources
220:
16:Internal framework of the human body
1623:
1387:
966:List of bones of the human skeleton
562:During construction of the York to
318:(22 bones and 7 associated bones).
46:A human skeleton on exhibit at the
13:
1194:Pediatric Clinics of North America
1169:. 22 December 2014. Archived from
757:. Osteoporosis is defined by the
553:
14:
3197:
1729:Livia Gershon (October 5, 2020).
1597:
651:or gross morphological analyses.
138:is the internal framework of the
767:dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
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142:. It is composed of around 270
1767:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1575:The body in early modern Italy
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1:
1682:(Second ed.). New York:
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542:. Osteocalcin increases both
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185:The human skeleton is not as
1676:Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018) .
1629:"Anatomy in the Renaissance"
1041:"Healthy Bones at Every Age"
944:As early as 1797, the death
871:due to their link to Egypt.
711:
625:
550:and reducing stores of fat.
458:The skeleton is the site of
347:
216:
7:
1504:Archives of Medical Science
1468:10.1076/jhin.11.3.282.10386
1082:Patterns of Sexual Behavior
959:
814:hormone replacement therapy
781:diseases or as a result of
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10:
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1246:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.047
929:De humani corporis fabrica
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997:Resources in your library
891:, such as in the case of
759:World Health Organization
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68:
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971:Distraction osteogenesis
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466:that takes place in the
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1684:Oxford University Press
1516:10.5114/aoms.2013.33331
1306:10.1002/ajpa.1330300214
1070:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy
548:insulin-producing cells
408:The skull protects the
52:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
2815:Lymphoid immune system
2384:Musculoskeletal system
1909:inferior nasal conchae
1731:"Who is Santa Muerte?"
920:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
903:, although given that
575:
327:erector spinae muscles
118:Anatomical terminology
2803:Myeloid immune system
2589:Cardiovascular system
1759:Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf
690:Clinical significance
561:
522:Bone cells release a
462:, the development of
454:Blood cell production
339:Appendicular skeleton
153:appendicular skeleton
3155:Islets of Langerhans
3015:Genitourinary system
2751:Integumentary system
934:Alessandro Achillini
751:bone mineral density
518:Endocrine regulation
404:from being damaged.
249:improve this section
3045:Reproductive system
2764:Subcutaneous tissue
2533:Cartilaginous joint
2324:accessory navicular
1657:on 20 December 2016
893:Clare of Montefalco
763:standard deviations
727:form of arthritis,
612:supraorbital margin
508:chondroitin sulfate
502:and is involved in
486:and is involved in
366:intercostal muscles
48:Museum of Osteology
2827:Respiratory system
2580:Circulatory system
1548:"Debunking a myth"
1366:has generic name (
810:strontium ranelate
771:fragility fracture
616:supraorbital ridge
580:sexually dimorphic
576:
488:calcium metabolism
187:sexually dimorphic
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2676:Glymphatic system
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1967:
1966:
1701:978-0-19-063332-5
1598:Sooke, Alastair.
1444:, pp. 73–74.
1432:, pp. 70–72.
1347:978-0-7020-3085-7
983:Library resources
916:Leonardo da Vinci
863:Hellenistic world
826:Paleoanthropology
704:. Also common is
647:characterized by
608:mastoid processes
362:costal cartilages
285:
284:
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147:divided into the
132:
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3176:Endocrine system
3122:Endocrine system
2884:Digestive system
2629:Lymphatic system
2612:Lymphatic vessel
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2003:Vertebral column
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1147:on 16 March 2015
1143:. Archived from
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1117:on 21 March 2015
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1111:. Archived from
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844:Sushruta Samhita
383:skeletal muscles
372:would collapse.
300:vertebral column
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157:vertebral column
124:edit on Wikidata
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1749:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1625:Bambach, Carmen
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1604:Telegraph.co.uk
1596:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1555:
1552:Harvard Gazette
1546:
1545:
1541:
1495:
1491:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1334:
1321:
1290:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1225:
1221:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1080:
1076:
1072:, (2006), p 113
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
991:
990:
988:Skeletal system
986:
979:
962:
942:
913:
869:Ptolemaic kings
865:
839:
833:
828:
822:
806:bisphosphonates
791:glucocorticoids
789:, specifically
747:
741:
722:Arthritis is a
720:
714:
698:
692:
657:
644:
628:
600:
556:
554:Sex differences
520:
504:iron metabolism
476:
456:
398:
378:
358:
350:
341:
335:
296:
290:
281:
270:
264:
261:
246:
230:
219:
169:shoulder girdle
128:
54:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3199:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3007:Urinary system
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2929:Laryngopharynx
2926:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Salivary gland
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2790:immune systems
2786:Haematopoietic
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:Somatic system
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2719:Sensory system
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2694:
2692:Nervous system
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2671:CNS equivalent
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2538:Synovial joint
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2242:sesamoid bones
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2155:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1815:Axial skeleton
1811:
1810:
1807:human skeleton
1799:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1721:
1700:
1668:
1638:
1616:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1554:. 7 April 2011
1539:
1510:(2): 366–373.
1489:
1462:(3): 282–285.
1446:
1434:
1419:
1407:
1380:
1346:
1319:
1300:(2): 297–301.
1284:
1269:
1219:
1200:(6): 1273–89.
1184:
1158:
1128:
1093:
1074:
1062:
1032:
1025:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
993:
992:
981:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
968:
961:
958:
941:
938:
912:
909:
885:Katherine Park
864:
861:
835:Main article:
832:
829:
821:
818:
743:Main article:
740:
737:
729:osteoarthritis
716:Main article:
713:
710:
691:
688:
669:Phenice method
656:
653:
643:
640:
627:
624:
599:
596:
586:of the skull,
555:
552:
540:fat deposition
519:
516:
512:hydroxyapatite
475:
472:
460:haematopoiesis
455:
452:
451:
450:
423:
412:
397:
394:
377:
374:
357:
354:
349:
346:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
294:Axial skeleton
292:Main article:
289:
286:
283:
282:
265:September 2024
233:
231:
224:
218:
215:
193:of the skull,
149:axial skeleton
136:human skeleton
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
45:
37:
36:
35:Human skeleton
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3198:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:Human anatomy
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Biliary tract
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2774:Mammary gland
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Fibrous joint
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:Human systems
2366:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1584:9780801894145
1580:
1576:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1417:, p. 70.
1416:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:(3): 456–69.
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1146:
1142:
1141:World Science
1138:
1132:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:0-313-22355-6
1087:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1026:9780761478829
1022:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1006:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
957:
955:
951:
947:
937:
935:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
860:
858:
857:tooth sockets
854:
853:Salya-Shastra
850:
846:
845:
838:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
746:
736:
734:
730:
725:
719:
709:
707:
703:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
661:pelvic cavity
652:
650:
639:
637:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
573:
569:
565:
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
469:
465:
461:
448:
447:blood vessels
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
417:
413:
411:
407:
406:
405:
403:
393:
391:
386:
384:
373:
371:
367:
363:
353:
345:
340:
330:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:(12 pairs of
305:
301:
295:
279:
276:
268:
258:
254:
250:
244:
243:
239:
234:This section
232:
228:
223:
222:
214:
212:
208:
204:
203:female pelvis
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
176:
174:
173:pelvic girdle
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
137:
125:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
62:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2977:
2945:
2918:
2670:
2653:
2636:
2596:
2392:
2307:intermediate
2052:Appendicular
1833:Neurocranium
1806:
1763:
1752:Bibliography
1738:. Retrieved
1724:
1713:. Retrieved
1678:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1641:
1632:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1574:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1507:
1503:
1492:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1442:Hoernle 1907
1437:
1430:Hoernle 1907
1415:Hoernle 1907
1410:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1364:|first=
1337:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:the original
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1140:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1106:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1015:
1009:
987:
954:Santa Muerte
943:
940:18th century
927:
914:
889:holy autopsy
888:
866:
852:
842:
840:
795:
748:
745:Osteoporosis
739:Osteoporosis
721:
702:osteoporosis
699:
696:Bone disease
673:
658:
649:morphometric
645:
632:canine teeth
629:
601:
577:
521:
477:
457:
437:protect the
418:protect the
399:
387:
379:
359:
351:
342:
333:Appendicular
320:
297:
271:
262:
247:Please help
235:
211:penile bones
184:
177:
135:
133:
87:A02.0.00.000
74:
29:
3145:Parathyroid
2845:Nasopharynx
2707:Spinal cord
2642:Bone marrow
2411:Collar bone
2292:metatarsals
2158:metacarpals
2128:lunate bone
1735:JSTOR Daily
1661:18 December
1558:12 November
1108:Smithsonian
911:Renaissance
787:medications
684:birth canal
604:nuchal line
532:blood sugar
528:osteocalcin
492:bone marrow
480:bone matrix
468:bone marrow
464:blood cells
420:spinal cord
390:agriculture
314:), and the
180:blood cells
64:Identifiers
3170:Categories
2924:Oropharynx
2664:Lymph node
2597:peripheral
2443:Metatarsus
2438:Metacarpus
2417:Thigh bone
2413:(clavicle)
2132:triquetral
1740:2021-11-30
1715:2021-11-30
1710:2011009177
1609:9 December
977:References
950:folk saint
873:Herophilos
824:See also:
694:See also:
642:Long bones
636:great apes
618:, and the
592:long bones
584:morphology
572:Roman York
568:River Ouse
494:can store
482:can store
445:and major
396:Protection
323:hip joints
207:childbirth
199:long bones
191:morphology
140:human body
3130:Pituitary
2979:accessory
2934:Esophagus
2654:secondary
2566:Diaphragm
2510:Cartilage
2458:Phalanges
2319:accessory
2297:phalanges
2280:cuneiform
2275:navicular
2270:anklebone
2163:phalanges
2144:trapezoid
2140:trapezium
2011:vertebrae
1899:zygomatic
1841:occipital
1651:www.bl.uk
1396:: 1–129.
1356:cite book
1055:6 January
1045:OrthoInfo
952:known as
901:meridians
802:vitamin D
775:menopause
755:fractures
733:cartilage
718:Arthritis
712:Arthritis
706:scoliosis
626:Dentition
588:dentition
416:vertebrae
348:Functions
236:does not
217:Divisions
195:dentition
25:Osteology
3110:Placenta
3073:Testicle
3068:Prostate
2995:Pancreas
2956:Appendix
2946:lower GI
2919:upper GI
2867:Bronchus
2810:Lymphoid
2493:Vertebra
2448:Ossicles
2433:Mandible
2302:proximal
2265:heelbone
2148:capitate
2136:pisiform
2124:scaphoid
2069:clavicle
2061:Shoulder
2021:thoracic
2016:cervical
1986:rib cage
1942:ossicles
1919:mandible
1904:palatine
1894:lacrimal
1861:sphenoid
1856:temporal
1846:parietal
1761:(1907).
1534:24904674
1484:37476347
1476:12481479
1264:17693256
1214:24237971
1049:Archived
960:See also
924:Vesalius
897:Ibn Zuhr
837:Ayurveda
724:disorder
500:ferritin
427:rib cage
376:Movement
310:and the
304:rib cage
161:rib cage
151:and the
75:σκελετός
21:Skeleton
3150:Adrenal
3140:Thyroid
3058:Scrotum
3035:Urethra
3030:Bladder
2939:Stomach
2862:Trachea
2798:Myeloid
2637:primary
2503:Sternum
2453:Patella
2428:Humerus
2419:(femur)
2260:tarsals
2227:patella
2199:ischium
2120:carpals
2092:humerus
2074:scapula
1981:sternum
1947:malleus
1889:maxilla
1866:ethmoid
1851:frontal
1805:in the
1525:4042035
1402:7941614
1314:5772048
1255:2013746
1177:4 March
1151:16 July
1121:16 July
946:goddess
905:Hua Tuo
820:History
798:Calcium
783:smoking
779:chronic
544:insulin
536:glucose
526:called
524:hormone
484:calcium
474:Storage
435:sternum
356:Support
312:sternum
257:removed
242:sources
59:Details
3135:Pineal
3095:Vagina
3090:Uterus
3085:Female
3025:Ureter
3020:Kidney
2966:Rectum
2902:Tongue
2850:Larynx
2769:Breast
2741:Tissue
2659:Spleen
2647:Thymus
2602:Artery
2561:Tendon
2556:Muscle
2520:Joints
2498:Pelvis
2473:Tarsus
2463:Radius
2423:Fibula
2406:Carpus
2376:organs
2312:distal
2285:cuboid
2232:fibula
2186:Pelvis
2152:hamate
2102:radius
2038:coccyx
2033:sacrum
2026:lumbar
1973:Thorax
1957:stapes
1708:
1698:
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1400:
1344:
1312:
1262:
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1088:
1023:
985:about
680:funnel
676:sacrum
655:Pelvis
538:) and
490:, and
433:, and
402:organs
368:, the
364:, and
171:, the
163:, the
159:, the
3105:Ovary
3100:Vulva
3063:Penis
2985:Liver
2961:Colon
2912:Tooth
2892:Mouth
2857:Lower
2835:Upper
2712:Nerve
2702:Brain
2619:Heart
2478:Tibia
2468:Skull
2237:tibia
2222:femur
2204:pubis
2194:ilium
1952:incus
1924:hyoid
1914:vomer
1884:nasal
1824:Skull
1803:Bones
1480:S2CID
877:Galen
831:India
598:Skull
443:heart
439:lungs
431:spine
410:brain
370:lungs
316:skull
288:Axial
165:skull
144:bones
122:[
111:23881
70:Greek
3053:Male
2971:Anus
2872:Lung
2840:Nose
2788:and
2759:Skin
2607:Vein
2483:Ulna
2401:Bone
2374:and
2252:Foot
2175:dist
2167:prox
2112:Hand
2097:ulna
1876:Face
1706:LCCN
1696:ISBN
1663:2016
1611:2016
1579:ISBN
1560:2016
1530:PMID
1472:PMID
1398:PMID
1375:link
1368:help
1342:ISBN
1310:PMID
1260:PMID
1234:Cell
1210:PMID
1179:2017
1153:2024
1123:2024
1086:ISBN
1057:2023
1021:ISBN
879:and
841:The
785:and
665:ilia
620:chin
510:and
496:iron
478:The
425:The
414:The
308:ribs
240:any
238:cite
134:The
82:TA98
2907:Lip
2729:Eye
2724:Ear
2488:Rib
2214:Leg
2171:int
2084:Arm
1991:rib
1934:Ear
1688:doi
1520:PMC
1512:doi
1464:doi
1394:843
1302:doi
1250:PMC
1242:doi
1238:130
1202:doi
948:or
849:BCE
498:in
251:by
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99:352
94:TA2
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