645:
29:
573:, etc. According to Bahr's major injury related statistics, shoulder dislocations or subluxations account for 4% of injuries in adults ages 20–30 and 20% of shoulder injuries are fractures. Damage to the shoulder and adjacent features can fluctuate in severity depending on the person's age, sport, position, recurring shoulder dysfunction, and many other factors. Some other common shoulder injuries are fractures to any shoulder girdle bones i.e.
268:
795:
than humans. Their clavicles possess a cranially oriented twist on the acromial end, conducive to better force transfer through it - a very important function in arboreal locomotion. Chimpanzee scapulas also possess a considerably larger supraspinous fossa, allowing for a larger supraspinatus muscle.
540:
From its neutral position, the shoulder girdle can be rotated about an imaginary vertical axis at the medial end of the clavicle (the sternoclavicular joint). Throughout this movement the scapula is rotated around the chest wall so that it moves 15 centimetres (5.9 in) laterally and the glenoid
731:
bone. As the first digits appeared, the pectoral structure lost its direct connection to the head skeleton while the scapulocoracoid grew more prominent and started to face laterally. In true tetrapods, the dermal part of the girdle was gradually reduced and the scapulocoracoid split into a dorsal
548:
The scapula can be elevated and depressed from the neutral position to a total range of 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in); at its most elevated position the scapula is always tilted so that the glenoid cavity is facing superiorly. During this tilting, the scapula rotates to a maximum angle
544:
When the scapula is moved medially it lies in a frontal plane with the glenoid cavity facing directly laterally. At this position, the lateral end of the clavicle is rotated posteriorly so that the angle at the acromioclavicular joint opens up slightly. When the scapula is moved laterally it lies
870:
Moezy, A., Sepehrifar, S., Dodaran, M. S. (2014). The effects of scapular stabilization based exercise therapy on pain, posture, flexibility and shoulder mobility in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Medical
Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
545:
in a sagittal plane with the glenoid cavity facing anteriorly. At this position, the lateral end of the clavicle is rotated anteriorly so that the clavicle lies in a frontal plane. While this slightly closes the angle between the clavicle and the scapula, it also widens the shoulder.
846:
Physiological joints are called "false" joints because they lack the characteristics of "true" anatomical joints, such as tendons and a capsule, but they are still joints because the gliding movements they provide play an important biomechanical role.
549:
of 60° about an axis passing perpendicularly through the bone slightly below the spine; this causes the inferior angle to move 10 to 12 centimetres (3.9 to 4.7 in) and the lateral angle 5 to 6 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in).
796:
Through the process of evolution, humans have lost the atlantoclavicularis muscle, originating on the atlas of the vertebral column, and inserting onto the acromial clavicle. This muscle acts to elevate the clavicle.
288:("false") joints. Within each group, the joints are mechanically linked so that both groups simultaneously contribute to the different movements of the shoulder to variable degrees.
204:
is not usually involved in weight bearing, its stability has been sacrificed in exchange for greater mobility. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the
932:
Bahr, R. (2012). IOC Manual of Sports
Injuries : An Illustrated Guide to the Management of Injuries in Physical Activity. Somerset, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons
442:
type of synovial joint but functions as a plane joint. The sternoclavicular joint accommodates a wide range of scapula movements and can be raised to a 60° angle.
532:. This joint plays a role during complex movements while the arm is fully flexed at the glenohumeral joint, such as changing a lightbulb, or painting a ceiling.
90:
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1143:
66:
809:
921:
271:
The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle and the scapula, which serve to attach the upper limb to the sternum of the axial skeleton.
500:
and superior and inferior rotation of the scapula. Disorders of the scapulocostal joint are not very common and usually restricted to
827:
1100:
Brazeau et al, Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle, Nature volume 623, pages550–554 (2023)
732:
scapula and a ventral coracoid. As for the sternum, it also came from the fusion of the inner ends of the pectoral girdles in
699:(vertebrates adapted to a full terrestrial life), both among extant species and along evolutionary lines, and determining
644:
520:. It is formed by the gap between the humerus and the acromion process of the scapula. This space is filled mostly by the
993:"Homology of the reptilian coracoid and a reappraisal of the evolution and development of the amniote pectoral apparatus"
196:
connection or physiological joint between the two permits great mobility of the shoulder girdle compared to the compact
512:
The suprahumeral joint (also known as the subacromial joint) is a physiological joint formed by an articulation of the
1036:
244:(connection between clavicle and scapula). The five muscles that comprise the function of the shoulder girdle are the
1381:
1136:
1385:
220:
The shoulder girdle is the anatomical mechanism that allows for all upper arm and shoulder movement in humans.
920:
Arend CF. Ultrasound of the
Shoulder. Master Medical Books, 2013. Free section on snapping scapula available at
310:
is the important physiological joint that can not function without the two anatomical joints in the group, the
1413:
1283:
1186:
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The shoulder girdle is a complex of 5 joints that can be divided into two groups. 3 of these joints are true
185:
85:
1493:
1320:
1287:
1129:
1395:
557:
Shoulders are a common place for tissue injuries, especially if the person plays overhead sports such as
624:
can all cause pain. Also, past injury compensation, and stress can result in complicated shoulder pain.
1399:
1362:
1316:
1307:
703:
for individual pectoral elements is difficult. Except for the sternum, these elements (along with the
517:
335:
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joint with three rotatory and three translatory degrees of freedom. The glenohumeral joint allows for
299:(the "second shoulder joint") so that movements in the suprahumeral joint results in movements in the
1457:
1279:
1031:
889:
Lippert, L. (2011). Clinical
Kinesiology and Anatomy (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company
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injuries, different labral tears, and other acute or chronic conditions related to shoulder anatomy.
501:
1673:
1367:
657:
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is a condition in which the shoulder blade protrudes from a person's back in an abnormal position.
493:
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257:
97:
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type of synovial joint. The acromion of the scapula rotates on the acromial end of the clavicle.
387:
375:
359:
311:
261:
249:
241:
1643:
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demonstrates that the shoulder girdle evolved from gill arches present in ancient vertebrates.
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before there were even limbs, arising from their ancestral external armor plates. In digitless
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780:. The scapula served as the attachment site for a dinosaur's back and forelimb muscles.
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also plays a role in its movements. The gliding movements at the scapulocostal joint are
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and linked to the caudal part of the head while the humerus articulates with a small
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Saladin, K. (2011). Human
Anatomy (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies
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is the anatomical joint mechanically linked to the physiological subdeltoid or
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with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and
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The scapulocostal joint (also known as the scapulothoracic joint) is a
285:
201:
468:. It is musculotendinous in nature and is formed predominantly by the
267:
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on each side. No anatomical joint exists between each scapula and the
103:
16:
Set of bones which connects the arm to the axial skeleton on each side
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dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the
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The shoulder girdle consists of five muscles that attach to the
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871:(MJIRI) Iran University of Medical Sciences, (Vol 28.87), 1-15
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between the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton are the
123:
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The pectoral girdle demonstrates an enormous variation in
1156:
944:"Shoulder Pain: Diagnosis and Management in Primary Care"
155:
131:
1043:
Bramble, Dennis; Lieberman, Daniel (23 September 2004).
169:
is to the lower limbs; the girdles are the part of the
910:(5th ed.). New York, N.Y.: Churchill Livingstone.
991:
Vickaryous, Matthew K.; Hall, Brian K. (March 2006).
984:
908:
The
Physiology of the Joints, Volume One: Upper Limb
541:cavity is rotated 40–45° in the horizontal plane.
165:The pectoral girdles are to the upper limbs as the
752:, the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the
1665:
1042:
776:(upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the
990:
760:, both of which directly articulated with the
240:(connection between sternum and clavicle) and
1137:
1045:"Endurance running and the evolution of Homo"
1115:"Rotator Cuff Disease Clinical Presentation"
134:on each side. In humans, it consists of the
1144:
1130:
901:
899:
897:
895:
381:
306:In the second group, the scapulocostal or
291:In the first group, the scapulohumeral or
27:
1016:
967:
409:
942:Mitchell, Caroline; et al. (2005).
941:
905:
828:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism
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266:
33:Human shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle
892:
454:joint formed by an articulation of the
1666:
445:
212:, the only attachment being muscular.
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507:
325:
1151:
180:In humans, the only true anatomical
1112:
906:Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982).
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736:, subsequently growing between the
13:
1106:
707:) were, however, present in early
596:and be due to a number of causes.
318:, i.e. they join both ends of the
14:
1685:
1009:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00542.x
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768:dinosaurs but largely absent in
639:
390:is the articulation between the
334:is the articulation between the
236:and allow for the motion of the
1094:
764:. The clavicle was present in
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648:The shoulder girdle of various
935:
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577:, ligamentous sprains such as
1:
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627:
588:Shoulder girdle pain can be
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248:(upper, middle, and lower),
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7:
816:
418:is the articulation of the
10:
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960:10.1136/bmj.331.7525.1124
756:(shoulder blade) and the
600:or injury of associated
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162:) have only the scapula.
96:
84:
72:
60:
48:
43:
38:
26:
21:
1113:Roy, André (June 2009).
833:
658:Phlyctimantis verrucosus
258:serratus anterior muscle
98:Anatomical terms of bone
688:Leptopelis brevirostris
664:Cryptothylax greshoffii
514:coracoacromial ligament
394:of the scapula and the
388:acromioclavicular joint
382:Acromioclavicular joint
316:sternoclavicular joints
262:pectoralis minor muscle
250:levator scapulae muscle
242:acromioclavicular joint
186:sternoclavicular joints
177:to the axial skeleton.
692:
416:sternoclavicular joint
410:Sternoclavicular joint
272:
238:sternoclavicular joint
130:which connects to the
670:Leptopelis calcaratus
647:
308:scapulothoracic joint
270:
171:appendicular skeleton
154:species (such as the
128:appendicular skeleton
1392:supracondylar ridges
676:Leptopelis anchietae
284:joints, while 2 are
1072:10.1038/nature03052
1064:2004Natur.432..345B
954:(7525): 1124–1128.
518:head of the humerus
446:Scapulocostal joint
336:head of the humerus
256:(major and minor),
1357:deltoid tuberosity
997:Journal of Anatomy
851:, Focused anatomy)
804:A specimen of the
791:are far better at
693:
508:Suprahumeral joint
332:glenohumeral joint
326:Glenohumeral joint
297:suprahumeral joint
293:glenohumeral joint
273:
55:cingulum pectorale
1661:
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1466:Lister's tubercle
1192:subclavian groove
1187:costal tuberosity
1058:(7015): 345–352.
682:Leptopelis aubryi
581:or GH ligaments,
522:subacromial bursa
478:serratus anterior
466:thoracic rib cage
312:acromioclavicular
112:
111:
107:
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1593:Metacarpal bones
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1494:coronoid process
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1341:bicipital groove
1271:coracoid process
1261:spine of scapula
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719:, clavicle, and
502:snapping scapula
482:pectoralis minor
428:costal cartilage
392:acromion process
368:lateral rotation
254:rhomboid muscles
246:trapezius muscle
173:that anchor the
104:edit on Wikidata
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1177:conoid tubercle
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1644:intermediate
1533:Carpal bones
1507:near wrist (
1498:radial notch
1484:near elbow (
1456:near wrist (
1445:near elbow (
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67:A01.1.00.020
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1458:ulnar notch
1378:epicondyles
1214:subscapular
1117:. MedScape.
793:brachiation
789:Chimpanzees
784:In primates
766:saurischian
709:bony fishes
632:In humans,
498:protraction
434:end of the
398:end of the
142:; in those
44:Identifiers
1551:triquetral
1486:tuberosity
1451:tuberosity
1317:anatomical
859:References
810:Kolymaspis
701:homologies
650:hyperoliid
563:volleyball
494:retraction
490:depression
438:. It is a
402:. It is a
346:. It is a
282:anatomical
202:upper limb
175:appendages
1631:Phalanges
1566:trapezoid
1561:trapezium
1490:olecranon
1418:olecranon
1368:capitulum
1327:tubercles
1247:tubercles
806:placoderm
750:dinosaurs
734:tetrapods
717:cleithrum
713:choanates
628:Disorders
622:cartilage
618:ligaments
536:Movements
486:elevation
474:rhomboids
470:trapezius
463:posterior
430:with the
420:manubrium
376:extension
360:abduction
356:adduction
216:In humans
152:mammalian
1668:Category
1639:proximal
1571:capitate
1556:pisiform
1541:scaphoid
1414:coronoid
1373:trochlea
1321:surgical
1284:inferior
1280:superior
1266:acromion
1169:clavicle
1080:15549097
1027:16533312
978:16282408
849:Roy 2009
823:Shoulder
817:See also
762:clavicle
758:coracoid
697:amniotes
579:AC joint
575:clavicle
571:swimming
567:baseball
524:and the
516:and the
461:and the
456:anterior
436:clavicle
400:clavicle
352:synovial
350:type of
338:and the
320:clavicle
230:clavicle
208:and the
206:forelimb
194:muscular
190:rib cage
158:and the
148:coracoid
136:clavicle
1581:hamulus
1429:Forearm
1396:lateral
1382:lateral
1331:greater
1299:Humerus
1288:lateral
1228:notches
1202:Scapula
1155:of the
1088:2470602
1060:Bibcode
1018:2100248
969:1283277
778:glenoid
774:humerus
754:scapula
610:muscles
602:tendons
594:chronic
459:scapula
424:sternum
422:of the
396:lateral
372:flexion
344:scapula
342:of the
303:joint.
234:scapula
224:Muscles
150:. Some
144:species
140:scapula
126:in the
39:Details
1649:distal
1576:hamate
1546:lunate
1438:Radius
1410:radial
1406:fossae
1400:medial
1386:medial
1335:lesser
1276:angles
1210:fossae
1086:
1078:
1052:Nature
1032:Fig. 1
1025:
1015:
976:
966:
725:dermal
715:, the
620:, and
614:nerves
559:tennis
553:Injury
526:tendon
440:saddle
432:medial
364:medial
276:Joints
260:, and
210:thorax
182:joints
1313:necks
1153:Bones
1084:S2CID
1048:(PDF)
834:Notes
653:frogs
590:acute
404:plane
160:horse
124:bones
102:[
91:23217
50:Latin
1524:Hand
1477:Ulna
1447:head
1347:body
1076:PMID
1023:PMID
974:PMID
738:ribs
723:are
685:and
606:bone
476:and
414:The
386:The
374:and
366:and
330:The
314:and
264:.
232:and
138:and
114:The
62:TA98
1621:5th
1616:4th
1611:3rd
1606:2nd
1601:1st
1157:arm
1068:doi
1056:432
1013:PMC
1005:doi
1001:208
964:PMC
956:doi
952:331
948:BMJ
748:In
592:or
528:of
156:dog
132:arm
118:or
86:FMA
79:361
74:TA2
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