Kinesiology - Knowledge

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programs are those that have the same objectives as the regular physical education program but in which adjustments are made in the regular offerings to meet the needs and abilities of exceptional students". This education can be provided in separate educational settings as well as in general (regular) educational settings. APE is oriented to educate students to lifelong engagement in physical activities and to live a healthy lifestyle offering possibilities to exploit movements, games, and sports and at the same time personal development. Goals and objectives of adapted and general physical education might be the same with some minor differences. For example, learning to push a wheelchair or play wheelchair basketball might be a goal for a child with a spinal cord injury, while running and playing regular basketball is a goal for a child with a disability. In other cases, a child with a disability might focus on fewer objectives or modified objectives within a domain (e.g., physical fitness) compared to peers without disabilities.

1005: 919: 1125:, whereby the functional ability and quality of life is improved. Rehabilitation is helping the individual achieve the highest level of functioning, independence, participation, and quality of life possible. The APA and sport in rehabilitation for individuals with disabilities is particularly important and is associated with the legacy of the medical rehabilitation specialist Sir Ludwig Guttman who was the founder of the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation, the basis of the actual Paralympic movement. APA and sports are strongly recommended in rehabilitation programs due to the positive impact and health benefits in people with different disabilities. The APA practitioner provides exercise and training regimens adapted for specific individual needs and works based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health of the World Health Organization, facilitating a common language with other rehabilitation professionals during the rehabilitation process. 833:

supports, peer tutors, non-verbal instructions, motivational strategies), physical and social environments (e.g., increasing or decreasing court dimensions; segregated vs. inclusive; type of training climate: mastery-oriented, collaborative or competitive social environment; degree of peer and parental support), and rules (e.g., double bounce rule in wheelchair tennis). In general, the APA presents various sub-specializations such as physical education (e.g., inclusion in physical education, attention to students with special needs, development of new education contents), sports (e.g., development of paralympic sports, activity by sports federations for athletes with disabilities), recreation (e.g., development of the inclusive sport approach and attitudes change programs), and rehabilitation (e.g., physical activity programs in rehabilitation centers, involvement of health-related professionals).

845: 1114: 552:. Kinesiology was granted the right to regulate in the province of Ontario in the summer of 2007 and similar proposals have been made for other provinces. The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario achieved proclamation on April 1, 2013, at which time the professional title "Kinesiologist" became protected by law. In Ontario only members of the college may call themselves a Registered Kinesiologist. Individuals who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in research, the fitness industry, clinical settings, and in industrial environments. They also work in cardiac rehabilitation, health and safety, hospital and long-term care facilities and community health centers just to name a few. 829:(ii) a profession, and (iii) an academic field of study with a unique body of knowledge that differs from terms such as adapted physical education or para-sport. Principally, APA is an umbrella term that incorporates the mentioned terms considered sub-specializations (i.e., physical education, para-sports, recreation, and rehabilitation). APA is proposed to have close links between the field of practice and the field of study with unique theories and growing bodies of practical and scientific knowledge, where APA practitioners are those who provide the services and activities, while APA scholars generate and promote evidence-based research practices among practitioners. 763:), and later in 1854 translated to the new and invented international word "Kinesiology". The Kinesiology consisted of nearly 2,000 physical movements and 50 different types of massage therapy techniques. They were all used to affect various dysfunctions and even illnesses, not only in the movement apparatus, but also into the internal physiology of man. Thus, the original classical and Traditional Kinesiology was not only a system of rehabilitation for the body, or biomechanics like in modern Academic Kinesiology, but also a new therapy for relieving and curing diseases, by affecting the autonomic nervous system, organs and glands in the body., 976:

Sciences and Rehabilitation directories, which is another example of its interdisciplinarity (Impact Score 2020-2021 = 2.61) (Pérez et al., 2012). Additionally, the European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity (EUJAPA) is another international, multidisciplinary journal introduced to communicate, share and stimulate academic inquiry focusing on APA of persons with disabilities, appearing in the Education directories of Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR). Regarding the dissemination of scientific knowledge generated by the APA, the most relevant international events are described as follows:

561: 388: 968: 1029: 837: 879:. A doctoral programme in adapted physical activity can be studied through the Multi-Institution Mentorship Consortium (MAMC). Furthermore, there is offered a Master of Adapted Physical Education in the North American region in Oregon State University (USA). In the South American Region, the San Sebastian University (Chile) offers a Master of Physical Activity and Adapted Sports. The universities Viña del Mar and UMCE in Chile offers a specialization in adapted physical activity. 27: 5641: 783:

have directly or indirectly contributed significantly to the study of and/or application of the art and science of human movement and physical activity. Membership in the National Academy of Kinesiology is by election and those elected are known as Fellows. Fellows are elected from around the world. Election into the National Academy of Kinesiology is considered a pinnacle achievement and recognition with the discipline. For further information see:

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and in vehicular accidents. Kinesiologists also work as functional assessment specialists, exercise therapists, ergonomists, return to work specialists, case managers and medical legal evaluators. They can be found in hospital, long-term care, clinic, work, and community settings. Additionally, kinesiology is applied in areas of health and fitness for all levels of athletes, but more often found with training of elite athletes.

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acceptance of individual differences, advocates access to active lifestyles and sport, and promotes innovative and cooperative service delivery, supports, and empowerment. Adapted physical activity includes, but is not limited to, physical education, sport, recreation, dance, creative arts, nutrition, medicine, and rehabilitation." This definition aligns with the

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The International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA) is an international scientific organization of higher education scholars, practitioners and students dedicated to promoting APA. IFAPA was founded in 1973 in Quebec, Canada, presenting an original purpose declared "to give global focus

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Adapted physical activity (APA) is a branch of kinesiology, referring to physical activity that is modified or designed to meet the needs of individuals with disabilities. The term originated in the field of physical education and is commonly used in the field of physical education and rehabilitation

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In Canada, kinesiology is a professional designation as well as an area of study. In the province of Ontario the scope has been officially defined as, "the assessment of human movement and performance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain, rehabilitate or enhance movement and performance"

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IFAPA coordinates national, regional, and international functions (both governmental and nongovernmental) that pertain to sport, dance, aquatics, exercise, fitness, and wellness for individuals of all ages with disabilities or special needs. IFAPA is linked with several other international governing

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There are many educational programmes offered around the world that specialise in APA, including disability sports, adapted sports, rehabilitation, adapted physical education and parasport management. In Europe there is the European Diploma of Adapted Physical Activity for bachelor's degrees. At the

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Adaptive plasticity along with practice in three levels. In behavior level, performance (e.g., successful rate, accuracy) improved after practice. In cortical level, motor representation areas of the acting muscles enlarged; functional connectivity between primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary

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The term "kinesiologist" is not a licensed nor professional designation in many countries, with the notable exception of Canada. Individuals with training in this area can teach physical education, work as personal trainers and sport coaches, provide consulting services, conduct research and develop

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The term APA has evolved in the course of years, and in some countries could be recognized with alternative terms that contain a similar set of constructs, for example, sports for disabled people, sports therapy, and psychomotor therapy. The APA is considered as (i) activities or service delivery,

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The National Academy of Kinesiology was formally founded in 1930 in the United States. The academy's dual purpose is to encourage and promote the study and educational applications of the art and science of human movement and physical activity and to honor by election to its membership persons who

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Kinesiologists work in a variety of roles as health professionals. They work as rehabilitation providers in hospitals, clinics and private settings working with populations needing care for musculoskeletal, cardiac and neurological conditions. They provide rehabilitation to persons injured at work

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with a focus on including students with disabilities into the subject. APE is the term used to refer to the physical education for individuals with disabilities that occurs primarily in elementary and secondary schools. According to Dunn and Leitschuh APE is defined as "Adapted physical education

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Cramer SC, Sur M, Dobkin BH, O'Brien C, Sanger TD, Trojanowski JQ, Rumsey JM, Hicks R, Cameron J, Chen D, Chen WG, Cohen LG, deCharms C, Duffy CJ, Eden GF, Fetz EE, Filart R, Freund M, Grant SJ, Haber S, Kalivas PW, Kolb B, Kramer AF, Lynch M, Mayberg HS, McQuillen PS, Nitkin R, Pascual-Leone A,

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In 1886, Swedish baron Nils Posse (1862-1895) introduced the term Kinesiology in the US, 1894 he wrote the book "The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics". Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium, Boston,

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is also a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related. The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle. The brain can be exposed to new stimuli and experiences and therefore learn from them and create new

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Actually, it is possible to find numerous sports science journals with research papers on adapted sport, while those specific to APA are lesser. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly (APAQ) is the only AFA-specific journal indexed in the Journal Citation Reports Index, appearing in both the Sport

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Adaptation to physical activity opportunities is most often provided in the form of appropriately designed and modified equipment (prosthesis, wheelchairs, mono-ski, ball size), task criteria (e.g., modifying skill quality criteria or using a different skill), instructions (e.g., using personal

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A common definition of APA is "a cross-disciplinary body of practical and theoretical knowledge directed toward impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions in physical activity. It is a service delivery profession and an academic field of study that supports an attitude of

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Kinesiologists who pursue a career as an athletic coach develop new talent and guide an athlete's progress in a specific sport. They teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport. Many coaches are also involved in scouting. Scouts look for new players and

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In 1973 the Federation Internationale de lʼ Activite Physique Adaptee (International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity - IFAPA) was formed and is described as a discipline/profession that purpose to facilitates physical activity across people with a wide range of individual differences,

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technology has application in measuring human movement, and thus kinesiology. Historically, motion capture labs have recorded high fidelity data. While accurate and credible, these systems can come at high capital and operational costs. Modern-day systems have increased accessibility to mocap

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degree, while in Australia or New Zealand, they are often conferred an Applied Science (Human Movement) degree (or higher). Many doctoral level faculty in North American kinesiology programs received their doctoral training in related disciplines, such as neuroscience, mechanical engineering,

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Kinesiologists working in health education teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or

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The concept of motor redundancy is explored in numerous studies, usually with the goal of describing the relative contribution of a set of motor elements (e.g. muscles) in various human movements, and how these contributions can be predicted from a comprehensive theory. Two distinct (but not

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Schjerve, IE; Tyldum, GA; Tjønna, AE; Stølen, T; Loennechen, JP; Hansen, HE; Haram, PM; Heinrich, G; Bye, A; Najjar, SM; Smith, GL; Slørdahl, SA; Kemi, OJ; Wisløff, U (November 2008). "Both aerobic endurance and strength training programmes improve cardiovascular health in obese adults".

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Kinesiologists work with individuals with disabling conditions to assist in regaining their optimal physical function. They work with individuals in their home, fitness facilities, rehabilitation clinics, and at the worksite. They also work alongside physiotherapists and occupational

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have been identified by an agency or professional as having one of the following conditions: intellectual disabilities, cognitive delays (as measured by formal assessment), or significant learning or vocational problems due to cognitive delay that require specially designed

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bodies, including the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Special Olympics International and the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE). English is the language used for IFAPA correspondence, conferences. Professor David Legg from

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to professionals who use adapted physical activities for instruction, recreation, remediation, and research". From these initial times, IFAPA evolved from a small organization to an international corporation with active regional federations in different world regions.

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was the first book ever written in the world with the word "Kinesiology" in the title of the book. It was written by Nils Posse and published in Boston, 1894–1895. Posse was elected posthumously as an Honorary Fellow in Memoriam in the National Academy of Kinesiology.

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Orihuela-Espina F, Fernández del Castillo I, Palafox L, Pasaye E, Sánchez-Villavicencio I, Leder R, Franco JH, Sucar LE (May–Jun 2013). "Neural reorganization accompanying upper limb motor rehabilitation from stroke with virtual reality-based gesture therapy".

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The role of sports and physical activity participation in the population with disabilities has been recognized as a human right in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and declared in other international organization agreements such as:

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to refer to physical activities and exercises that have been modified or adapted for individuals with disabilities. These activities are often led by trained professionals, such as adapted physical educators, occupational therapists, or physical therapists.

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Kinesiologists working in the health promotion industry work with individuals to enhance the health, fitness, and well-being of the individual. Kinesiologists can be found working in fitness facilities, personal training/corporate wellness facilities, and

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Maladaptive plasticity is defined as neuroplasticity with negative effects or detrimental consequences in behavior. Movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system.

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school in the world, training hundreds of medical gymnasts who spread the Swedish physical therapy around the entire world. In 1887, Sweden was the first country in the world to give a national state licence to physiotherapists/physical therapists.

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Brand, S; Gerber, M; Beck, J; Hatzinger, M; Pühse, U; Holsboer-Trachsler, E (February 2010). "High exercise levels are related to favorable sleep patterns and psychological functioning in adolescents: a comparison of athletes and controls".

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Tsai, JC; Yang, HY; Wang, WH; Hsieh, MH; Chen, PT; Kao, CC; Kao, PF; Wang, CH; Chan, P (April 2004). "The beneficial effect of regular endurance exercise training on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertension".

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In this line, the APA as a discipline/profession plays an essential role in addressing the needs from a theoretical and practical framework to provide full participation access in physical activity to populations with disabilities.

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which states that, for any task the human body can perform, there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the nervous system could achieve that task. This redundancy appears at multiple levels in the chain of motor execution:

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on brain function; for example, greater amounts of physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in older adults. The effects of physical activity can be distributed throughout the whole brain, such as higher

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Ginis, Kathleen A. Martin; Ploeg, Hidde P. van der; Foster, Charlie; Lai, Byron; McBride, Christopher B.; Ng, Kwok; Pratt, Michael; Shirazipour, Celina H.; Smith, Brett; Vásquez, Priscilla M.; Heath, Gregory W. (31 July 2021).

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Han, Y; Yang, H; Lv, YT; Zhu, CZ; He, Y; Tang, HH; Gong, QY; Luo, YJ; Zang, YF; Dong, Q (Jul 31, 2009). "Gray matter density and white matter integrity in pianists' brain: a combined structural and diffusion tensor MRI study".

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Pascual-Leone, A; Nguyet, D; Cohen, LG; Brasil-Neto, JP; Cammarota, A; Hallett, M (September 1995). "Modulation of muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation during the acquisition of new fine motor skills".

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International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health whereby disability is seen as the interaction between impairments or conditions with activity limitations, participation restrictions and contextual factors.

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it was later announced to be held online only, making it the first Online ISAPA since the first one in 1977. The 2023 ISAPA was awarded to a multi-site organisation by Halberg Foundation in New Zealand and Mooven in France.

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is the current President of the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA) since 2019 at the International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity (ISAPA) hosted by IFAPA Past President Martin Block at the

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Kinesiologists working in athletic training work in cooperation with physicians. Athletic trainers strive to prevent athletes from suffering injuries, diagnose them if they have suffered an injury and apply the appropriate

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Marchant, David C.; Clough, Peter J.; Crawshaw, Martin; Levy, Andrew (January 2009). "Novice motor skill performance and task experience is influenced by attentional focusing instructions and instruction preferences".

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Szaflarski, JP; Page, SJ; Kissela, BM; Lee, JH; Levine, P; Strakowski, SM (August 2006). "Cortical reorganization following modified constraint-induced movement therapy: a study of 4 patients with chronic stroke".

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Cederberg, H; Mikkola, I; Jokelainen, J; Laakso, M; Härkönen, P; Ikäheimo, T; Laakso, M; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S (June 2011). "Exercise during military training improves cardiovascular risk factors in young men".

770:(1862-1895) introduced the term kinesiology in the U.S. Nils Posse was a graduate of the Royal Gymnastic Central Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and founder of the Posse Gymnasium in Boston, MA. He was teaching at 1612:

Dalgas, U; Stenager, E; Lund, C; Rasmussen, C; Petersen, T; Sørensen, H; Ingemann-Hansen, T; Overgaard, K (July 2013). "Neural drive increases following resistance training in patients with multiple sclerosis".

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Crewther, BT; Heke, TL; Keogh, JW (February 2013). "The effects of a resistance-training program on strength, body composition and baseline hormones in male athletes training concurrently for rugby union 7's".

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Kinesiologists working as physical education teachers are responsible for teaching fitness, sports and health. They help students stay both mentally and physically fit by teaching them to make healthy choices.

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Staron, RS; Karapondo, DL; Kraemer, WJ; Fry, AC; Gordon, SE; Falkel, JE; Hagerman, FC; Hikida, RS (March 1994). "Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women".

1060:, this is known as sport classification, a system that provides a framework for determining who can and who cannot participate according to the impact of the impairments on the outcome of the competition. 3632:

Yang, YR; Chen, IH; Liao, KK; Huang, CC; Wang, RY (April 2010). "Cortical reorganization induced by body weight-supported treadmill training in patients with hemiparesis of different stroke durations".

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Eickhoff, SB; Dafotakis, M; Grefkes, C; Shah, NJ; Zilles, K; Piza-Katzer, H (July 2008). "Central adaptation following heterotopic hand replantation probed by fMRI and effective connectivity analysis".

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Narici, MV; Roi, GS; Landoni, L; Minetti, AE; Cerretelli, P (1989). "Changes in force, cross-sectional area and neural activation during strength training and detraining of the human quadriceps".

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is a key principle of kinesiology that relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations. Exercise is a simple and established intervention for many

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Animation illustrating the concept of motor redundancy: the motor action of bringing the finger in contact with a point in space can be achieved using a wide variety of limb configurations.

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created the United States' first Department of Exercise Science (kinesiology) under the leadership of visionary researchers and academicians in the field of exercise science. In 1967, the

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redundancy means that for a desired location of the endpoint (e.g. the hand or finger), there are many configurations of the joints that would produce the same endpoint location in space.

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Kadota, H; Nakajima, Y; Miyazaki, M; Sekiguchi, H; Kohno, Y; Amako, M; Arino, H; Nemoto, K; Sakai, N (July 2010). "An fMRI study of musicians with focal dystonia during tapping tasks".

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were designed to allow sport competitions between wounded, injured or sick servicemen and women (WIS). Therefore, only people in the military sectors can compete in the Invictus games.

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Ahmed Elgammal, Bodo Rosenhahn, and Reinhard Klette (eds.) Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. 2nd Workshop, in conjunction with ICCV 2007, Rio de Janeiro,

2076:"The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials" 1268: 252:

Summary of long-term adaptations to regular aerobic and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise can cause several central cardiovascular adaptations, including an increase in

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Potempa, K; Lopez, M; Braun, LT; Szidon, JP; Fogg, L; Tincknell, T (January 1995). "Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients".

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Nudo, RJ; Wise, BM; SiFuentes, F; Milliken, GW (Jun 21, 1996). "Neural substrates for the effects of rehabilitative training on motor recovery after ischemic infarct".

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Nahum, A; Sznajder, JI; Solway, J; Wood, LD; Schumacker, PT (May 1988). "Pressure, flow, and density relationships in airway models during constant-flow ventilation".

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Marseille Declaration, Universal Fitness Innovation & Transformation - UFIT Launch October 2015. A Commitment to Inclusion by and for the Global Fitness Industry.

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Nudo, RJ; Milliken, GW (May 1996). "Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys".

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Kinesiologists are involved in consulting with industry to identify hazards and provide recommendations and solutions to optimize the health and safety of workers.

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Macko, RF; Smith, GV; Dobrovolny, CL; Sorkin, JD; Goldberg, AP; Silver, KH (July 2001). "Treadmill training improves fitness reserve in chronic stroke patients".

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Zorba, E; Cengiz, T; Karacabey, K (December 2011). "Exercise training improves body composition, blood lipid profile and serum insulin levels in obese children".

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Ottosson, Anders (2010). "The First Historical Movements of Kinesiology: Scientification in the Borderline between Physical Culture and Medicine around 1850".

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and to make scientific knowledge of and practical experiences in adapted physical activity available to all interested persons, organizations and institutions.

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limb movement after unsuccessful experience in paretic hand use; this may cause decreased neuronal activation at adjacent areas of the infarcted motor cortex.

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Thomas, C; Baker, CI (June 2013). "Teaching an adult brain new tricks: a critical review of evidence for training-dependent structural plasticity in humans".

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master's degree level, there is the International Masters in Adapted Physical Activity and the master's degree in Adapted Physical Activity offered by the

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Historical viewpoint in adapted physical education. In J. Haegele, S. Hodge, & D. R. Shapiro (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Adapted Physical Education

4357: 4035: 756: 4189: 4186:"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Health Educators and Community Health Workers" 4225: 3450:

Wolf, SL; Winstein, CJ; Miller, JP; Taub, E; Uswatte, G; Morris, D; Giuliani, C; Light, KE; Nichols-Larsen, D; EXCITE, Investigators (Nov 1, 2006).

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Hartig, DE; Henderson, JM (Mar–Apr 1999). "Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees".

199:. A bachelor's degree in kinesiology can provide strong preparation for graduate study in biomedical research, as well as in professional programs. 1053: 5007: 4746: 682:

Kinesiologists working in physical therapy diagnose physical abnormalities, restore mobility to the client, and promote proper function of joints.

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Kinesiologists work in industry to assess suitability of design of workstations and provide suggestions for modifications and assistive devices.

461:. These interventions are shown to enhance motor function in paretic limbs and stimulate cortical reorganization in patients with brain damage. 5562: 5091: 1708:

Folland, JP; Williams, AG (2007). "The adaptations to strength training: morphological and neurological contributions to increased strength".

1554:"Postexercise hypertrophic adaptations: a reexamination of the hormone hypothesis and its applicability to resistance training program design" 5479:"Applying Scientific Principles to Enhance Paralympic Classification Now and in the Future: A Research Primer for Rehabilitation Specialists" 989:

European Conference on Adapted Physical Activity (EUCAPA), organized by European Federation in Adapted Physical Activity on a biannual basis.

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of muscle and brain activity, various methods for monitoring physiological function, and other behavioral and cognitive research techniques.

3452:"Effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on upper extremity function 3 to 9 months after stroke: the EXCITE randomized clinical trial" 767: 382: 315:

There are many different types of exercise interventions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic, normal, and clinical populations.

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Bodo Rosenhahn, Reinhard Klette and Dimitris Metaxas (eds.). Human Motion - Understanding, Modelling, Capture and Animation. Volume 36 in

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neural pathways hence leading to brain adaptation. These new adaptations and skills include both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes.

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Kinesiologists recommend and provide a plan of action to return an injured individual to their optimal function in all aspects of life.

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d'Avella, A; Saltiel, P; Bizzi, E (March 2003). "Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior".

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movement, which organises sports for and by people with disabilities. Examples of para-sports organizations include sports in the

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Chen, Chao-Yin; Dicarlo, Stephen E. (January 1998). "Endurance exercise training-induced resting Bradycardia: A brief review".

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Gomez-Pinilla, F. (1 November 2002). "Voluntary Exercise Induces a BDNF-Mediated Mechanism That Promotes Neuroplasticity".

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Hutzler, Y. (2010). "International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation Adapted Physical Activity and Sport in Rehabilitation".

4222:"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Coaches and Scouts" 4204:"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition, Athletic Trainers" 995:

South American Adapted Physical Activity Conference, organized by South American Federation of Adapted Physical Activity.

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motor area (SMA) is strengthened. In neuronal level, the number of dendrites and neurotransmitter increase with practice.

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Sjukgymnasten - vart tog han vägen? En undersökning av sjukgymnastyrkets maskulinisering och avmaskulinisering 1813-1934

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To encourage international cooperation in the field of physical activity to the benefit of individuals of all abilities,

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to name a few. Many para-sports have eligibility criteria according to the characteristics of the participants. In the

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is an example commonly seen among patients with brain damage, such as stroke. Patients with stroke learned to suppress

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Liepert, J; Terborg, C; Weiller, C (April 1999). "Motor plasticity induced by synchronized thumb and foot movements".

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Moritani, T; deVries, HA (June 1979). "Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain".

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Kinesiology studies the science of human movement, performance, and function by applying the fundamental sciences of

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North American Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (NAFAPA) Conference, organized by NAFAPA on a biannual basis.

2947:"BDNF expression in perirhinal cortex is associated with exercise-induced improvement in object recognition memory" 4576: 1008:

The image represents activities with students with disabilities associated to the Adapted Physical Education field

1592: 1328:"Exercise-training-induced changes in metabolic capacity with age: the role of central cardiovascular plasticity" 926:

The biennial ISAPA scheduled for 2021 was planned to be held at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. Due to the

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International Conference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport (MINEPS).

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Turolla, A; Dam, M; Ventura, L; Tonin, P; Agostini, M; Zucconi, C; Kiper, P; Cagnin, A; Piron, L (Aug 1, 2013).

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Carter, JB; Banister, EW; Blaber, AP (2003). "Effect of endurance exercise on autonomic control of heart rate".

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Hirsch, MA; Farley, BG (June 2009). "Exercise and neuroplasticity in persons living with Parkinson's disease".

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Reid, G. (2016). "The International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity: Historical Perspectives Part 2".

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Another sporting competition for people with intellectual impairments is the Virtus Games (formerly known as

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The study of the physiological responses to physical exercise and their therapeutic applications is known as

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principles and mechanisms of movement. Applications of kinesiology to human health include biomechanics and

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Professor David Legg current President of the International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA)

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A series of images that represent research (left) and practice (right) in the field of academic kinesiology

5248:"New Zealand and Mooven to co-organize the International Symposium on Adapted Physical Activity July 2023" 898:

to promote, stimulate and support research in the field of adapted physical activity throughout the world,

4450: 4221: 268:(RHR). Long-term adaptations to resistance training, the most common form of anaerobic exercise, include 2035:"Increased energy requirements and changes in body composition with resistance training in older adults" 4240:"Concordia Online Education, Physical Education Teacher: Job and Salary, Information for P.E. Teachers" 1141: 1135: 1012: 220: 3784:

Todorov, E; Jordan, MI (November 2002). "Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination".

5673: 5668: 4498:

Cardinal, Bradley J. (2022). "The National Academy of Kinesiology: Its founding, focus, and future".

1186: 980:

International Symposium of Adapted Physical Activity (ISAPA), organized by IFAPA on a biannual basis.

816: 116: 3419: 2839: 630:

Kinesiologists frequently fulfill roles in all above areas, perform research, and manage businesses.

3984: 297: 5580: 3180:

Reuter-Lorenz P, Schiff N, Sharma A, Shekim L, Stryker M, Sullivan EV, Vinogradov S (June 2011).

2398:

Marston, A (May 1967). "Self-reinforcement and external reinforcement in visual-motor learning".

458: 421:

integrity after exercise training, and/or on specific brain areas, such as greater activation in

216: 1413:

Wilmore, JH; Stanforth, PR; Gagnon, J; Leon, AS; Rao, DC; Skinner, JS; Bouchard, C (July 1996).

967: 663:

evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college, amateur, or professional level.

5678: 4062: 3414: 2834: 1217: 912: 907: 514:

incompatible) theories have emerged for how the nervous system coordinates redundant elements:

347: 305: 232: 100: 38: 19:

This article is about the study of human movement. For the alternative medicine technique, see

509:

could be generated by many different relative contributions of motor units within that muscle.

4910:"Participation of people living with disabilities in physical activity: a global perspective" 1326:

Wang, E; Næss, MS; Hoff, J; Albert, TL; Pham, Q; Richardson, RS; Helgerud, J (Nov 16, 2013).

3929:

Harris, CM; Wolpert, DM (Aug 20, 1998). "Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning".

1415:"Endurance exercise training has a minimal effect on resting heart rate: the HERITAGE Study" 744:, meaning "Movement Science". It was the foundation of the Medical Gymnastics, the original 3938: 3883: 3143: 2581: 1875: 840:

The image represents the practice activity in the field of Adapted Physical Activity (APA).

269: 207:, and occupational health and safety. In North America, kinesiologists may study to earn a 124: 4203: 4164: 3358:"Motor system plasticity in stroke models: intrinsically use-dependent, unreliably useful" 2471:"Tool-use practice induces changes in intrinsic functional connectivity of parietal areas" 2219: 986:

Paralympic Congress, organized by the International Paralympic Committee every four years.

983:

Vista conference, organized by the International Paralympic Committee on a biannual basis.

8: 5663: 1196: 1161: 958:

South and Central America - South American Federation of Adapted Physical Activity - SAPA

760: 370: 248: 208: 196: 184: 128: 20: 5426:

Kirch, Alina; Schnitzius, Melina; Spengler, Sarah; Blaschke, Simon; Mess, Filip (2021).

3942: 3887: 3356:

Jones TA, Allred RP, Jefferson SC, Kerr AL, Woodie DA, Cheng SY, Adkins DL (June 2013).

3147: 2585: 2241:

Borghouts, LB; Keizer, HA (January 2000). "Exercise and insulin sensitivity: a review".

1879: 1083:. This is different from the Special Olympics. Eligibility is based on a master list of 560: 75: 'study of') is the scientific study of human body movement. Kinesiology addresses 5454: 5428:"Knowing Students' Characteristics: Opportunities to Adapt Physical Education Teaching" 5427: 4939: 4314: 3962: 3852: 3809: 3758: 3733: 3714: 3578: 3519: 3492: 3382: 3357: 3333: 3308: 3289: 3206: 3181: 3161: 3156: 3131: 3112: 3063: 3038: 3019: 2971: 2946: 2922: 2897: 2766: 2722: 2605: 2549: 2524: 2497: 2470: 2451: 2353: 2310: 2266: 2148: 2100: 2075: 1974: 1898: 1863: 1803: 1733: 1687: 1638: 1584: 1479: 1352: 1327: 1016: 565: 387: 351: 328: 293: 284:. Neural adaptations begin more quickly and plateau prior to the hypertrophic response. 265: 92: 4926: 4909: 4336:. Gothenburg Sweden, Göteborg Sverige: Doctoral Theses from University of Gothenburg. 3309:"An operant approach to rehabilitation medicine: overcoming learned nonuse by shaping" 848:

The image represents research activity in the field of Adapted Physical Activity (APA)

5498: 5459: 4943: 4931: 4874: 4799: 4696: 4623: 4421: 4382: 4337: 4318: 4306: 4090: 4053: 3954: 3911: 3906: 3871: 3844: 3813: 3801: 3763: 3706: 3701: 3684: 3650: 3614: 3570: 3524: 3473: 3432: 3387: 3338: 3307:

Taub E, Crago JE, Burgio LD, Groomes TE, Cook EW, DeLuca SC, Miller NE (March 1994).

3281: 3246: 3211: 3104: 3068: 3011: 3007: 2976: 2927: 2852: 2807: 2758: 2714: 2679: 2643: 2597: 2554: 2502: 2455: 2415: 2380: 2345: 2302: 2258: 2223: 2187: 2183: 2140: 2105: 2056: 2015: 1966: 1930: 1903: 1844: 1795: 1760: 1725: 1721: 1679: 1630: 1576: 1534: 1471: 1467: 1436: 1431: 1414: 1395: 1357: 1057: 927: 727: 453:

that are designed to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research, such as

422: 409: 343: 332: 320: 281: 212: 148: 132: 3582: 3293: 3165: 3116: 2913: 2770: 2754: 2726: 2699:

Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale

2432: 2314: 2270: 2152: 1691: 1588: 1483: 131:. Studies of human and animal motion include measures from motion tracking systems, 26: 5490: 5449: 5439: 5352: 4921: 4866: 4833: 4791: 4688: 4657: 4615: 4507: 4298: 4257: 3966: 3946: 3901: 3891: 3856: 3836: 3793: 3753: 3745: 3718: 3696: 3642: 3606: 3560: 3552: 3514: 3504: 3463: 3424: 3377: 3369: 3328: 3320: 3273: 3238: 3201: 3193: 3151: 3096: 3058: 3050: 3023: 3003: 2966: 2958: 2917: 2909: 2844: 2797: 2750: 2706: 2671: 2635: 2609: 2589: 2544: 2536: 2492: 2482: 2443: 2407: 2357: 2337: 2294: 2250: 2215: 2179: 2132: 2095: 2087: 2046: 2005: 1978: 1958: 1893: 1883: 1834: 1807: 1787: 1737: 1717: 1671: 1622: 1568: 1506: 1463: 1426: 1387: 1347: 1339: 1211: 1171: 1117:

Adapted Physical Activity in the rehabilitation process of people with disabilities

1101:, athletes must have a hearing loss of at least 55 decibels in the better ear. The 1064: 1045: 1041: 749: 708: 363: 316: 120: 104: 3541: 2871: 2593: 2447: 1823:"Exercise-mediated locomotor recovery and lower-limb neuroplasticity after stroke" 1642: 857:

International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport (UNESCO).

499:

could be generated by many different relative contributions of individual muscles.

4302: 4084: 3373: 3242: 3100: 3054: 2540: 2136: 1888: 1675: 1572: 1176: 1156: 1028: 866:

Sustainable Development Goals, Sports and Physical Activity, United Nations (UN).

439: 396: 355: 301: 188: 4982: 2010: 1993: 339:

programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury.

3876:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3749: 3646: 3610: 1998:

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

1222: 1181: 1102: 952:

North America - North American Federation of Adapted Physical Activity - NAFAPA

794: 324: 168: 112: 5494: 5444: 3277: 2962: 2675: 2660: 2639: 2073: 1994:"Changes in power with resistance training in older and younger men and women" 1839: 1822: 1626: 1510: 1343: 5657: 5215: 4402: 3468: 3451: 3324: 2898:"Successful brain aging: plasticity, environmental enrichment, and lifestyle" 2487: 1191: 745: 720: 712: 478: 469: 359: 309: 253: 172: 108: 76: 5530: 5516: 5478: 4474:"Missing Honorary Fellow in Memoriam found: The Baron Nils Posse, 1862–1895" 3896: 3509: 3428: 2802: 2785: 2051: 2034: 1391: 548:

In Canada, kinesiology has been designated a regulated health profession in

5502: 5463: 5189: 4935: 4878: 4870: 4838: 4821: 4803: 4700: 4627: 4526:"Adapted Physical Activity - Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation" 4310: 4161:"CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie" 4136:"CKA - Canadian Kinesiology Alliance - Alliance Canadienne de Kinésiologie" 3848: 3805: 3767: 3710: 3654: 3618: 3574: 3565: 3528: 3477: 3436: 3391: 3285: 3215: 3197: 3108: 3072: 3015: 2980: 2931: 2856: 2811: 2762: 2718: 2558: 2506: 2384: 2341: 2306: 2262: 2227: 2191: 2144: 2109: 2019: 1970: 1934: 1907: 1848: 1729: 1634: 1580: 1538: 1475: 1361: 418: 277: 192: 164: 156: 144: 84: 5357: 5340: 3958: 3915: 3342: 3250: 2872:"What is Neuroplasticity? A Psychologist Explains [+14 Exercises]" 2848: 2710: 2683: 2647: 2601: 2419: 2349: 2298: 2060: 1992:

Jozsi, AC; Campbell, WW; Joseph, L; Davey, SL; Evans, WJ (November 1999).

1799: 1683: 1440: 1399: 962: 949:

Middle East - Middle East Federation of Adapted Physical Activity - MEFAPA

784: 4854: 4619: 4511: 3685:"Motor control strategies revealed in the structure of motor variability" 2204: 1764: 1098: 1049: 811:

emphasizing in empowerment, self-determination and opportunities access.

740:

is a literal translation to Greek+English from the original Swedish word

426: 414: 336: 96: 5640: 4795: 4692: 4661: 3556: 3263: 2254: 2074:

El-Khoury, F; Cassou, B; Charles, MA; Dargent-Molina, P (Oct 29, 2013).

1081:

International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability

882: 4603: 1962: 1861: 1791: 1206: 1151: 1037: 502: 486: 204: 180: 160: 80: 5058: 4779: 4645: 3404: 2739: 2091: 1862:

Roig, M; Skriver, K; Lundbye-Jensen, J; Kiens, B; Nielsen, JB (2012).

2411: 1947: 1660: 1412: 1201: 152: 88: 67: 51: 4139: 3595: 2571: 1611: 312:

and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological populations.

3840: 3129: 1991: 1301: 289: 5517:"IPC Classification - Paralympic Categories & Classifications" 5477:

Tweedy, Sean M.; Connick, Mark J.; Beckman, Emma M. (1 May 2018).

3950: 3797: 3228: 2032: 1780:

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology

1777: 1377: 946:

Europe - European Federation of Adapted Physical Activity - EUFAPA

319:

interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance. Anaerobic

5171: 5127: 5077:"MAGÍSTER EN ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y DEPORTE ADAPTADO | Uss postgrado" 4550: 3449: 2168: 836: 785:

National Academy of Kinesiology | National Academy of Kinesiology

549: 443: 257: 176: 4894:

Adapted physical activity science. In Directory of sport science

4780:"Defining Adapted Physical Activity: International Perspectives" 4721: 3130:

PANTEV, C; ENGELIEN, A; CANDIA, V; ELBERT, T (25 January 2006).

2786:"Brain Plasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation: The Willis Lecture" 2328:

Nieman, DC (October 1994). "Exercise, infection, and immunity".

755:

The new medical therapy created in Sweden was originally called

5425: 3872:"Linear combinations of primitives in vertebrate motor control" 3869: 3490: 496: 492: 3826: 3039:"Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer's disease" 3036: 2468: 408:

Recent empirical evidence indicates the significant impact of

5483:

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America

5033: 4822:"Adapted Physical Activity: The journey to Ithaca goes ahead" 3631: 2283: 1325: 506: 477:

Motor redundancy is a widely used concept in kinesiology and

373:, which is an important area of research within kinesiology. 203:

policies related to rehabilitation, human motor performance,

69: 2033:

Campbell, WW; Crim, MC; Young, VR; Evans, WJ (August 1994).

1820: 1703: 1701: 1453: 691: 2696: 457:(CIMT), body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and 5303: 5089: 4442: 3682: 3178: 2370: 943:

Asia - Asian society of adapted physical education - ASAPE

752:, developed for over 100 years in Sweden (starting 1813). 5594: 5375: 5261: 4778:

Hutzler, Yeshayahu; Sherrill, Claudine (1 January 2007).

4644:

DePauw, Karen P.; Doll-Tepper, Gudrun M. (1 April 1989).

3349: 2234: 1698: 1523: 1269:"History - School of Public Health & Health Sciences" 1067:

individuals eligible have to meet the following criteria

564:

The analysis of recorded human movement, as pioneered by

331:

and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to

5581:"Frequently asked questions – Invictus Games Foundation" 4853:

Hutzler, Yeshayahu; Hellerstein, Devora (1 April 2016).

4602:

Silva, Carla Filomena; Howe, P. David (1 January 2012).

4258:"Physical therapy: Who can benefit and how can it help?" 3355: 3300: 3037:

Erickson, KI; Weinstein, AM; Lopez, OL (November 2012).

1923:

European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

1814: 1373: 1371: 5563:"Eligibility and classification | sportanddev.org" 4675:

Hutzler, Yeshayahu; Sherrill, Claudine (January 2007).

3870:

Mussa-Ivaldi, FA; Giszter, SF; Bizzi, E (Aug 2, 1994).

3085: 2522: 1914: 1607: 1605: 1496: 1108: 963:

Research and dissemination in adapted physical activity

5321: 4581:

Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta - Jyväskylän yliopisto

3306: 3182:"Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications" 2436:

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology

2164: 2162: 1941: 5285: 5229: 4826:

RICYDE: Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte

4518: 3456:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

2518: 2516: 2469:

Yoo, Kwangsun; Sohn, William S.; Jeong, Yong (2013).

1545: 1368: 1036:

The APA in this field is oriented principally to the

883:

International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity

342:

As a whole, exercise programs can reduce symptoms of

5476: 5110:"Diplomado en Actividad física, deporte e inclusión" 4646:"European Perspectives on Adapted Physical Activity" 3980: 3672:. Long Island City, NY: Permagon Press. p. 196. 3257: 1855: 1771: 1744: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1602: 1517: 323:

programs can increase muscular strength, power, and

4906: 4111:"Kinesiology Act, 2007, S.O. 2007, c. 10, Sched. O" 3683:Latash, ML; Scholz, JP; Schöner, G (January 2002). 2621: 2619: 2373:

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

2240: 2159: 2122: 2116: 1750: 1707: 1527:

The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

5286:"European Federation of Adapted Physical Activity" 4852: 2513: 2198: 1827:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 707:) G.C.I. was founded 1813 in Stockholm, Sweden by 4643: 4524: 4291:The International Journal of the History of Sport 3928: 3783: 2525:"Neuroplasticity Subserving Motor Skill Learning" 2523:Dayan, Eran; Cohen, Leonardo G. (November 2011). 1864:"A single bout of exercise improves motor memory" 1649: 776:The Special Kinesiology Of Educational Gymnastics 308:. Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve 5655: 5290:European Federation of Adapted Physical Activity 3981:"Welcome to the Ontario Kinesiology Association" 3635:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3599:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3407:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3313:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 2944: 2625: 2616: 1920: 1023: 235:launched Canada's first kinesiology department. 4891: 4777: 4674: 4440: 4083:Hoffman, S. J. (2008). Shirl J. Hoffman (ed.). 2993: 2889: 2067: 1419:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 5338: 3779: 3777: 3497:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 2321: 1985: 1121:The results from APA can help the practice of 505:redundancy means that for the same net muscle 243: 5395: 4815: 4813: 4443:"Kinesiology.com - manual muscle testing MMT" 3731: 3661: 2824: 1821:Forrester, LW; Wheaton, LA; Luft, AR (2008). 1561:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1321: 1319: 999: 971:European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 5624:International Encyclopedia of Rehabilitation 4441:www.Kinesiology.com, Mac Pompeius Wolontis. 3670:The Co-ordination and Regulation of Movement 2565: 2026: 1499:Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation 1490: 1447: 1406: 801: 789: 383:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise 5063:College of Public Health and Human Sciences 4855:"Adapted Versus Adaptive Physical Activity" 3774: 3734:"The case for and against muscle synergies" 2277: 538: 4810: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4543: 4481:National Academy of Kinesiology Newsletter 4041:. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28 3136:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2039:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1551: 1316: 5617: 5615: 5453: 5443: 5370: 5368: 5356: 4925: 4837: 4639: 4637: 4601: 4242:. teaching careers, 2016. 20 April 2016. 3905: 3895: 3757: 3700: 3667: 3564: 3518: 3508: 3467: 3418: 3381: 3362:Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation 3332: 3205: 3155: 3062: 2987: 2970: 2945:Hopkins, ME; Bucci, DJ (September 2010). 2921: 2838: 2801: 2783: 2548: 2496: 2486: 2364: 2099: 2050: 2009: 1897: 1887: 1838: 1430: 1380:Stroke: A Journal of Cerebral Circulation 1351: 686: 495:redundancy means that the same net joint 354:. Additionally, they can help to improve 304:of the brain and the adaptability of the 5415:. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 4885: 4497: 4471: 4331: 4288: 3030: 2869: 2330:International Journal of Sports Medicine 2243:International Journal of Sports Medicine 1112: 1090:II 2 Significant Intellectual Disability 1027: 1003: 966: 917: 843: 835: 690: 559: 468: 386: 276:(PCSA) of muscle(s), and an increase in 247: 25: 5621: 5339:Pérez, J.; Reina, R.; Sanz, D. (2012). 4764: 4569: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4082: 4076: 2397: 2125:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 615:Disability management/case coordination 5656: 5612: 5410: 5365: 5332: 5059:"Master of Adapted Physical Education" 4634: 4426:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4387:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3132:"Representational Cortex in Musicians" 2870:Ackerman, Courtney E. (25 July 2018). 2327: 2287:Clinical and Experimental Hypertension 4819: 3732:Tresch, MC; Jarc, A (December 2009). 2220:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.02.037 1753:American Journal of Physical Medicine 766:In 1886, the Swedish Medical Gymnast 701:Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics 568:, figures prominently in kinesiology. 5151: 4453:from the original on 7 November 2017 4275: 2895: 1123:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1109:Physical medicine and rehabiltiation 525: 4859:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4784:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4681:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4650:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4608:Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 4228:from the original on 19 April 2016. 4210:from the original on 19 April 2016. 4192:from the original on 15 April 2016. 3689:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 3079: 2951:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2784:Johansson, B. B. 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(2010). 5389: 5314: 5296: 5278: 5254: 5240: 5222: 5208: 5182: 5164: 5145: 5120: 5102: 5090:Universidad Viña del Mar (UVM). 5083: 5069: 5051: 5026: 5000: 4975: 4896:(5th ed.). pp. 90–103. 4246:from the original on 5 May 2016. 4113:. E-laws.gov.on.ca. 2007-06-04. 3702:10.1097/00003677-200201000-00006 3008:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.069 2184:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.018 2172:The Journal of Adolescent Health 1722:10.2165/00007256-200737020-00004 1468:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003 1432:10.1097/00005768-199607000-00009 1300:. 20 August 2012. Archived from 1243:Computational Imaging and Vision 955:Oceania - no formal organisation 719:The Swedish medical gymnast and 4950: 4900: 4846: 4739: 4714: 4668: 4595: 4491: 4465: 4434: 4409:from the original on 2017-11-07 4395: 4350: 4325: 4250: 4232: 4214: 4196: 4178: 4153: 4128: 4117:from the original on 2009-06-11 4103: 4028: 3998: 3987:from the original on 2008-09-24 3973: 3922: 3863: 3820: 3738:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 3725: 3676: 3625: 3589: 3545:Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 3535: 3484: 3443: 3398: 3222: 3172: 3123: 2938: 2863: 2818: 2777: 2755:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.025 2733: 2690: 2654: 2475:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2462: 2426: 2391: 940:Africa - no formal organisation 5096:Universidad Viña del Mar (UVM) 5079:(in Spanish). 25 January 2018. 4677:"Hutzler & Sherrill, 2007" 4089:(3 ed.). Human Kinetics. 1286: 1261: 1248: 1235: 1032:Para-archery athlete competing 1: 5644:The dictionary definition of 4927:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01164-8 4472:Cardinal, Bradley J. (2022). 3231:Journal of Applied Physiology 2914:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.1/fmora 2594:10.1126/science.272.5269.1791 2448:10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671921 1664:Journal of Applied Physiology 1229: 1147:Assistive technology in sport 1024:Parasport or disability sport 238: 58: 'movement' and 5531:"Frequently Asked Questions" 5345:CCD. Cultura_Ciencia_Deporte 5190:"ISAPA 2021 goes to Finland" 4303:10.1080/09523367.2010.491618 3374:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000037 3243:10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.2066 3101:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.056 3055:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.008 3043:Archives of Medical Research 2541:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.008 2137:10.1177/03635465990270021001 1889:10.1371/journal.pone.0044594 1676:10.1152/jappl.1994.76.3.1247 1573:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828ddd53 1552:Schoenfeld, BJ (June 2013). 1332:Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 1167:Human musculoskeletal system 1087:II 1 Intellectual Disability 877:Lithuanian Sports University 264:), as well as a decrease in 224:psychology, and physiology. 16:Study of human body movement 7: 4577:"Adapted Physical Activity" 4086:Introduction to Kinesiology 4006:"Law Document English View" 3668:Bernstein, Nikolai (1967). 2080:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 1245:, Springer, Dordrecht, 2007 1128: 823: 657:Athletic coaches and scouts 244:Adaptation through exercise 219:degree in Kinesiology or a 10: 5700: 5400:. Kendall Hunt Publishing. 5398:Special physical education 3750:10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.002 3647:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.11.021 3611:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.04.018 2827:Journal of Neurophysiology 2664:Journal of Neurophysiology 2628:Journal of Neurophysiology 1142:Anatomical terms of motion 1136:Adapted Physical Education 1013:Adapted physical education 1000:Adapted physical education 934: 668:Physical education teacher 380: 298:musculoskeletal conditions 61: 44: 18: 5549:"Eligibility Master List" 5495:10.1016/j.pmr.2018.01.010 5445:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619944 4332:Ottosson, Anders (2007). 4061:Cite uses generic title ( 3278:10.1007/s00415-010-5468-9 2963:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.06.006 2676:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1037 2640:10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2144 2011:10.1093/gerona/54.11.m591 1840:10.1682/jrrd.2007.02.0034 1627:10.1007/s00415-013-6884-4 1511:10.1080/15438629709512518 1344:10.1007/s11357-013-9596-x 1187:Mental practice of action 817:World Health Organization 802:Adapted physical activity 790:Technology in kinesiology 543: 138: 5216:"ISAPA 2021 Goes Online" 4262:www.medicalnewstoday.com 4163:. Cka.ca. Archived from 4138:. Cka.ca. Archived from 3469:10.1001/jama.296.17.2095 3325:10.1901/jeab.1994.61-281 2488:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00049 539:Licensing and regulation 449:There are many types of 111:; skill acquisition and 5535:www.specialolympics.org 5432:Frontiers in Psychology 3897:10.1073/pnas.91.16.7534 3510:10.1186/1743-0003-10-85 3429:10.1053/apmr.2001.23853 2803:10.1161/01.STR.31.1.223 1392:10.1161/01.str.26.1.101 1071:be at least 8 years old 1015:is a sub-discipline of 584:Clinical/rehabilitation 459:virtual reality therapy 335:intervention programs. 221:Bachelor of Kinesiology 217:Doctorate of Philosophy 4871:10.1123/APAQ.2016-0027 4839:10.5232/ricyde2014.037 4068:CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2896:Mora, F (March 2013). 2876:PositivePsychology.com 2743:Experimental Neurology 2342:10.1055/s-2007-1021128 1218:Physiological movement 1118: 1033: 1009: 972: 923: 913:University of Virginia 908:Mount Royal University 849: 841: 697: 687:History of kinesiology 569: 474: 433:Maladaptive plasticity 393: 306:musculoskeletal system 285: 233:University of Waterloo 31: 5358:10.12800/ccd.v7i21.86 4530:University of Alberta 3368:(6 Suppl 1): S104–6. 2849:10.1152/jn.00152.2002 2711:10.1007/s002210050700 2299:10.1081/ceh-120030234 2052:10.1093/ajcn/60.2.167 1116: 1031: 1007: 970: 921: 847: 839: 694: 563: 472: 390: 272:, an increase in the 251: 29: 4620:10.1123/apaq.29.1.25 4512:10.1123/kr.2021-0064 3266:Journal of Neurology 3198:10.1093/brain/awr039 3089:Neuroscience Letters 2336:(Suppl 3): S131–41. 1615:Journal of Neurology 1294:"Home - Kinesiology" 270:muscular hypertrophy 125:occupational therapy 5684:Exercise physiology 5567:www.sportanddev.org 5411:DePauw, K. (2020). 5065:. 24 December 2018. 4796:10.1123/apaq.24.1.1 4693:10.1123/apaq.24.1.1 4662:10.1123/apaq.6.2.95 3943:1998Natur.394..780H 3888:1994PNAS...91.7534M 3829:Nature Neuroscience 3786:Nature Neuroscience 3557:10.1310/tsr2003-197 3148:2001NYASA.930..300P 2586:1996Sci...272.1791N 2255:10.1055/s-2000-8847 1880:2012PLoSO...744594R 1197:Movement assessment 1162:Exercise physiology 724:Carl August Georgii 711:. It was the first 404:Adaptive plasticity 371:exercise physiology 358:, sleeping habits, 288:Adaptation through 209:Bachelor of Science 197:Nutritional science 185:Exercise Physiology 129:exercise physiology 21:Applied kinesiology 5218:. 2 November 2020. 4920:(10298): 443–455. 4820:Reina, R. (2014). 4722:"IFAPA Definition" 4500:Kinesiology Review 3192:(Pt 6): 1591–609. 1963:10.1042/CS20070332 1792:10.1007/bf02388334 1304:on 21 October 2012 1119: 1034: 1017:physical education 1010: 973: 924: 850: 842: 698: 570: 566:Eadweard Muybridge 475: 394: 352:metabolic diseases 310:neuromotor control 294:movement disorders 286: 266:resting heart rate 93:neuropsychological 32: 5537:. August 7, 2018. 5250:. 31 August 2020. 5014:. 28 January 2020 4343:978-91-88614-56-8 4297:(11): 1892–1919. 4224:. 20 April 2016. 4206:. 20 April 2016. 4188:. 20 April 2016. 2092:10.1136/bmj.f6234 1058:Paralympics Games 928:COVID-19 pandemic 646:Athletic training 605:Health and safety 526:Scope of practice 423:prefrontal cortex 410:physical activity 321:strength training 282:muscular strength 213:Master of Science 149:Molecular Biology 133:electrophysiology 5691: 5674:Human physiology 5669:Applied sciences 5643: 5628: 5627: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5376:"APE definition" 5372: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4929: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4775: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4363:. Archived from 4362: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4286: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4269: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4012:. 24 July 2014. 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3704: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3568: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3512: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3462:(17): 2095–104. 3447: 3441: 3440: 3422: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3385: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3209: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3159: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3034: 3028: 3027: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2842: 2833:(5): 2187–2195. 2822: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2580:(5269): 1791–4. 2569: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2500: 2490: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2412:10.1037/h0024505 2395: 2389: 2388: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2013: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1951:Clinical Science 1945: 1939: 1938: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1891: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1658: 1647: 1646: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1597: 1591:. 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April 5, 2018 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4519: 4496: 4492: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4447:kinesiology.com 4439: 4435: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4403:"Archived copy" 4401: 4400: 4396: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4358:"Archived copy" 4356: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4287: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4036:"usurped title" 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3988: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3937:(6695): 780–4. 3927: 3923: 3868: 3864: 3825: 3821: 3792:(11): 1226–35. 3782: 3775: 3730: 3726: 3681: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3630: 3626: 3594: 3590: 3540: 3536: 3489: 3485: 3448: 3444: 3420:10.1.1.326.8681 3403: 3399: 3354: 3350: 3305: 3301: 3262: 3258: 3227: 3223: 3177: 3173: 3128: 3124: 3084: 3080: 3035: 3031: 2992: 2988: 2943: 2939: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2864: 2840:10.1.1.408.4718 2823: 2819: 2782: 2778: 2738: 2734: 2695: 2691: 2659: 2655: 2624: 2617: 2570: 2566: 2521: 2514: 2467: 2463: 2431: 2427: 2396: 2392: 2369: 2365: 2326: 2322: 2282: 2278: 2239: 2235: 2208:Atherosclerosis 2203: 2199: 2167: 2160: 2121: 2117: 2072: 2068: 2031: 2027: 1990: 1986: 1946: 1942: 1919: 1915: 1860: 1856: 1819: 1815: 1776: 1772: 1749: 1745: 1710:Sports Medicine 1706: 1699: 1659: 1650: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1522: 1518: 1495: 1491: 1456:Sports Medicine 1452: 1448: 1411: 1407: 1376: 1369: 1324: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1249: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1177:Kinesiogenomics 1157:Disabled sports 1131: 1111: 1026: 1002: 965: 937: 885: 826: 804: 792: 735: 689: 558: 546: 541: 528: 467: 440:Learned non-use 397:Neuroplasticity 385: 379: 377:Neuroplasticity 356:quality of life 302:neuroplasticity 261: 246: 241: 189:Pathophysiology 141: 99:; strength and 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5697: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5652: 5651: 5635: 5634:External links 5632: 5630: 5629: 5611: 5586: 5572: 5554: 5540: 5522: 5508: 5489:(2): 313–332. 5469: 5418: 5403: 5388: 5364: 5331: 5313: 5304:"ABOUT NAFAPA" 5295: 5277: 5253: 5239: 5221: 5207: 5181: 5163: 5144: 5119: 5101: 5082: 5068: 5050: 5025: 4999: 4974: 4949: 4899: 4884: 4865:(2): 109–112. 4845: 4809: 4763: 4738: 4713: 4667: 4633: 4594: 4568: 4557:. 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