1881:
3302:
730:. As a result, the government began to subject members of the farming population of the countryside peasantry to a policy of mass deportations; they were forcibly removed and sent to the regions selected for deportations. This policy was enforced up until 1933, when soviet authorities conducted series of so-called "city cleansings", by which they forced some of the marginalized population (peasants who had hid from earlier deportations,
25:
516:
1876:
1055:. Among the first of these was the decree of 2 June 1942 "On criminal culpability for evasion from socially useful work and for social parasitism in the agricultural sector" (Об ответственности за уклонение от общественно полезного труда и за ведение антиобщественного паразитического образа жизни в сельском хозяйстве). It was usually applied to
567:
department in urban settlements. As second-class citizens, deported peoples designated as "special settlers" were prohibited from holding a variety of jobs, returning to their region of origin, attending prestigious schools, and even joining the cosmonaut program. Due to this special settlements have
1121:
issued a decree, "On
Expulsion of Active Participants of the anti-Soviet Illegal Sect of Jehovists and their Family Members" (Постановление Совета Министров СССР о выселении активных участников антисоветской нелегальной секты иеговистов и членов их семей No. 1290-467 от 3 марта 1951 года). According
1339:
The "free settlers" of the first category were often required to do the work assigned to the corresponding labor camp or some other obligatory work. Later, people could be assigned for "free settlement" in other places as well, even in towns, with obligatory work wherever a workforce was required.
1334:
of
Justice to urgently plan activities based on the following principles: (1) <to transfer the convicts of good behavior to free settlement ahead of term> (2) <to leave the convicts served full term but restricted in residence, for settlement and supply them with land> (3) <to allow
554:
of the Soviet Union. This role was specifically mentioned in the first Soviet decrees about involuntary labor camps. Compared to the Gulag labor camps, the involuntary settlements had the appearance of "normal" settlements: people lived in families, and there was slightly more freedom of movement;
1161:
The above are the major, most populous categories of exile settlers. There were a number of smaller categories. They were small in the scale of the whole Soviet Union, but rather significant in terms of the affected categories of population. For example, in 1950 all
1022:
Lithuania suffered its heaviest deportation number on the night of May 22, 4 o'clock. Placing people in animal wagons, Stalin deported around 40,000 people, including 10,897 children under the age of 15. The journeys alone took a toll of 5,000 Lithuanian children.
671:" subversives during the expected war, and took drastic measures to prevent this perceived threat. The deported were sent to prisons, labor camps, exile settlements, and "supervised residence" (residence in usual settlements, but under the monitoring of the
742:
were raided by militia and those who were caught were sent to the East. This policy had fatal consequences for some who were targeted; one example of the harsh environment to which deportees were subjected is the infamous
1965:
1267:
The notions of "labor settlement"/"labor settlers" were introduced in 1934 and were in official use until 1945. Since 1945, the terminology was unified, and exiled kulaks were documented as "special resettlers – kulaks".
751:. The impact on the deportees to Nazino Island was devastating; over 4,000 people died or disappeared within thirteen weeks, having been given only raw flour to survive. The early deportations coincided with
1283:) were for persons released from the confines of labor camps "for free settlement" before their term expiration, as well as for those who served the full term, but remained restricted in their
818:
of the Polish population into remote areas of the Soviet Union took place in 1940–1941. Estimates of the total number of deported Poles vary between 400,000 and 1.9 million people, including
815:
2757:
502:
1532:
Pohl, J. Otto (15 January 2012). "Soviet
Apartheid: Stalin's Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of the Ethnic Germans in the USSR".
1007:: family members of persons accused of loyalty to the Axis administration and of persons who continued resistance to Soviet power, which was classified as "banditism". Some former
2244:
342:
583:, who were denied the right of return in the Khrushchev and Brezhnev era and largely remained in areas they were deported to because of the Soviet residence permit system (
1928:
2096:
2061:
2057:
1236:
without particular care about their occupation. In 1931–1932 the problems of dekulakization and territorial planning of the exile settlement were handled by a special
575:
After the special settlement system was officially abolished in the 1950s, most deported indigenous peoples were allowed to return to their homelands, except for the
3270:
2617:
195:
2858:
2816:
2259:
1995:
1934:
42:
1003:
were not particularly differentiated or classified by "NKVD operations". The affected were people from the territories that were under the administration of the
357:
722:) as peasants represented a significant share of those who experienced this kind of repression. In 1928, the Soviet Union underwent a goods famine known as the
2997:
232:
1011:
were "filtered" into exile as well. "Cleansing" of the annexed territories continued until the early 1950s. In July 1949, a further 35,000 were deported from
3260:
495:
352:
347:
2444:
903:
After the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, Stalin sought a rapprochement with the West, which included establishing diplomatic relations with the
1766:
1579:] (in Russian). V. A. Lamin, В. И. Клименко, Institut istorii, Институт истории. Novosibirsk: Издательский дом "Историческое Наследие Сибири". 2009.
3275:
3255:
2729:
534:
and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported. Resettling of "enemy classes" such as
455:
89:
3331:
3265:
2349:
61:
488:
3366:
3280:
2837:
1225:
908:
227:
802:": military, police and administrative personnel, large landowners, industrialists, and merchants. They were usually sentenced to 8–20 years in
1102:
907:. As the result, Polish citizens were "amnestied" and freed from "special settlement". Deportations of Polish citizens are commemorated by the
440:
68:
1252:. The plan to achieve goals like exploitation of natural resources and the colonization of remote areas with "special settlements" instead of
3326:
3250:
2314:
2175:
1410:
445:
430:
127:
2740:
2020:
2016:
1385:
1743:
2372:
1975:
1390:
435:
330:
320:
75:
3356:
2798:
2622:
283:
3336:
2382:
2354:
1785:. 138 of the 411 documented sites are deportees graveyards, special settlements dating back to the dekulakisation of the early 1930s.
57:
3027:
2684:
2324:
1990:
539:
293:
185:
795:
2597:
2546:
1908:
723:
684:
617:
531:
135:
2775:
2642:
2601:
2254:
2180:
2091:
1985:
1131:
380:
200:
162:
1584:
1448:
335:
205:
2086:
2081:
2025:
1094:
727:
2792:
2536:
2454:
2319:
2138:
1150:
1135:
1127:
756:
315:
2227:
1065:
2939:
2612:
2577:
2519:
1171:
310:
767:
Several waves of forced resettlement occurred from the territories on the
Western borders. These territories included
2977:
2708:
1864:
1815:
1691:
1475:
261:
210:
108:
82:
2982:
2499:
1980:
1400:
1073:) were registered. Unlike other exile settler categories, children of these exiles were not subject to the Decree.
649:
244:
215:
1630:
3002:
2489:
2484:
2464:
2412:
2128:
1349:
298:
1045:, but the most common usage refers to a series of decrees related to what was later formalized in Soviet law as
3047:
2951:
2592:
2459:
1508:
220:
157:
46:
1832:
2572:
2469:
702:
as locations for future deportations of what were referred to as "socially dangerous classes" of people from
415:
303:
266:
3227:
2992:
2654:
2504:
2417:
2143:
2133:
2106:
585:
325:
278:
3351:
2674:
2329:
2101:
2076:
2052:
1960:
1901:
1783:
Russia's
Necropolis of Terror and the Gulag: a select directory of burial grounds and commemorative sites
1245:
1122:
to this decree, about 9,400 Jehovah's
Witnesses, including about 4,000 children, were resettled from the
1047:
772:
714:. Siberian researchers note that deportations of this period may be characterized as "depeasantization" (
249:
3287:
3017:
3007:
2972:
2509:
2165:
1608:
904:
273:
190:
3361:
2111:
1805:
1326:
For gradual colonization of the regions where concentration camps are to be established, suggest the
1118:
3012:
2848:
2764:
2701:
2494:
2377:
2334:
2294:
555:
however, that was permitted only within a small specified area. All settlers were overseen by the
3222:
2826:
2715:
2582:
2449:
1856:
641:
35:
3305:
3214:
2309:
2195:
1894:
1822:
Inmates, Special
Settlers, Exile Settlers, Exiled and Evicted (Statistical-Geographical Aspect)
1082:
798:), the initial wave of repression of 1939 was rationalized as removal of "social enemies", or "
776:
465:
1842:
1438:
3201:
2746:
2735:
2669:
2249:
1970:
1707:
1098:
799:
475:
624:'s rule (1928–1953). At various times, a number of other terms were used for this category:
612:
as well. The most notable category of exile settlers in the Soviet Union (ссыльнопоселенцы,
3346:
3153:
3081:
3022:
2933:
2888:
2565:
2066:
2047:
1405:
1086:
663:
The major source of the population in exile settlements were victims of what is now called
256:
237:
1371:
In
Lithuania alone around 131,600 people were banished along with 156,000 sent to gulags.
1069:, "labour-days"). The term of exile was 8 years. During 1948–1952 33,266 special settlers
8:
3161:
3145:
3129:
2898:
2853:
2821:
2607:
2200:
2190:
2121:
1174:, a population of some 4,776 persons, and in the same year thousands of Christian ethnic
653:
288:
3341:
3185:
3113:
3105:
3064:
3037:
3032:
2769:
2722:
2514:
2407:
2299:
2158:
1602:
984:
919:
These deportations concerned Soviet citizens of "enemy nationality". The affected were
858:
780:
470:
3232:
2863:
2664:
2587:
2304:
2148:
2071:
2042:
1860:
1811:
1687:
1590:
1580:
1514:
1504:
1481:
1471:
1444:
1361:
1153:
canceled the "special settlement" restriction for members of these religious groups.
1113:. Usually members of these groups and especially influential members were subject to
1019:, accused of being kulaks or collaborating with the wartime Romanian administration.
1016:
897:
405:
2479:
1440:
Slavery in the Modern World: A History of
Political, Social, and Economic Oppression
914:
520:
3177:
3169:
2987:
2945:
2919:
2808:
2679:
2659:
2632:
2392:
2153:
976:
819:
735:
715:
664:
657:
580:
395:
375:
942:
667:. The Soviet government feared that people of certain nationalities would act as "
519:
A dwelling typical to some deportees forcibly resettled to
Siberia in a museum in
3121:
2913:
2831:
2627:
2556:
2387:
2232:
2222:
2011:
1681:
1547:
1465:
1380:
1300:
1284:
1232:
on 1 February 1930. Initially families of kulaks were deported into remote areas
1175:
1163:
1143:
1101:
by the Soviet Union. In particular, members of these groups refused to join the
1041:" that means "decree". It applies to those convicted according to various Soviet
874:
854:
834:
768:
711:
699:
609:
400:
385:
1744:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education"
1726:("Rights of a Person"), the newspaper of a Ukrainian human rights organization,
3245:
3237:
3042:
2967:
2883:
2843:
2402:
2397:
2339:
1654:
1221:
980:
952:
936:
826:
752:
744:
576:
559:; once a month a person had to register at a local law enforcement office at a
390:
152:
1720:
3320:
3137:
3097:
2893:
2786:
2781:
2637:
2560:
2526:
2289:
2284:
2170:
1917:
1594:
1485:
1257:
1194:
1123:
947:
These deportations concerned ethnicities declared guilty of cooperation with
920:
862:
784:
771:
and the recently annexed lands invaded and occupied by the Soviets under the
731:
695:
637:
621:
1518:
3193:
3089:
2908:
2649:
2434:
2344:
2205:
1800:
1249:
1114:
1000:
870:
668:
1756:
Stalin: Triumph and tragedy, Grove Weidenfeld, 1991 ISBN 978-0-8021-1165-4
1570:
1395:
2926:
2752:
2439:
1848:
1206:
1110:
1090:
1008:
1004:
881:
838:
547:
2903:
2551:
2237:
2116:
1708:"Lithuanian National Encyclopedia, Banishments of Lithuanian residents"
1253:
1214:
1012:
964:
893:
850:
803:
734:, and other targeted groups) to resettle. Streets of many cities like
2531:
2422:
2279:
2217:
1319:
1237:
1229:
1167:
972:
924:
889:
569:
564:
560:
1060:
762:
24:
2474:
2185:
1331:
1117:
and treated on a case-by-case basis. However, on 3 March 1951, the
1106:
988:
960:
928:
885:
811:
515:
2210:
2035:
2030:
1853:
The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements
1727:
1721:"Christian Believers Were Persecuted by All Totalitarian Regimes"
1312:
1308:
1304:
1139:
1056:
968:
866:
807:
707:
703:
645:
551:
1886:
1202:
956:
948:
932:
846:
739:
1782:
1149:
Only in September 1965, a decree of the Presidium of the USSR
608:. The system of political and administrative exile existed in
550:. Involuntary settlement played a role in the colonization of
2429:
1261:
1210:
842:
791:
748:
605:
543:
535:
425:
167:
1929:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1808:... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
1767:"Deportation of Lithuanians to Siberia: key must-know facts"
1499:
Bagalova, Zuleykhan; Dolinova, G.; Samodurov, Yuri (1999).
1335:
the settlement of released convicts volunteered to stay>.
1415:
1353:
1327:
1311:) and non-confined exile settlement (e.g., after serving a
1205:
and members of their families deported in 1930s before the
1038:
830:
672:
556:
880:
Deportations of "exiled settlers" from the Baltic States (
644:"). Exiles were sent to remote areas of the Soviet Union:
1498:
1365:
1197:. The main category of "labor settlers" (трудопоселенцы,
1193:) were a method of internal exile that used settlers for
1966:
Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War
1935:
Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
915:"Preventive" deportations of nationalities in 1941–1942
2998:
List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin
1833:
Genocidul din România, Repere în procesul comunismului
1356:. Data on 1 January 1953 show 2,753,356 "deported and
1178:
were deported from Armenia and Georgia to Kazakhstan.
837:
to be cleansed of "foreign nationals", which included
1470:(in Russian). Simferopol: VGMI Tavriya. p. 116.
1352:
the researchers gained access to the archives of the
1220:
The first official document that decreed wide-scale "
1209:. Labor settlements were under the management of the
943:"Punitive" deportations of nationalities in 1943–1944
636:(административная высылка, a term which refers to an
2445:
Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization
538:
and entire populations by ethnicity was a method of
1628:
1368:document that reports 2,572,829 on 1 January 1950.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2730:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia
1303:, in two meanings: free settlement of peasants or
16:Method of political repression in the Soviet Union
763:Deportations from border territories in 1939–1941
3318:
698:designated some regions (known as districts) of
2838:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1271:
909:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East
2413:Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2315:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2176:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
1902:
1411:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
496:
1882:A decree about penal labor, 1929, in Russian
1877:A decree about labor camps, 1919, in Russian
1828:, 1991, no.5, pp. 151–165. (in Russian)
1386:Deportation of Romanians in the Soviet Union
814:and railroad workers were forcibly removed.
689:
2373:1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi
1686:. Princeton University Press. p. 181.
1391:Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
1244:(комиссия Андреева-Рудзутака), named after
939:were included in this wave of deportation.
2799:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1909:
1895:
1683:Cannibal Island: Death in a Siberian Gulag
1463:
1081:A number of religious groups, such as the
503:
489:
2383:National delimitation in the Soviet Union
2355:Backwardness brings on beatings by others
1661:. Библиотека сибирского краеведения. 2009
1436:
1322:of 1929 about labor camps said, in part:
1156:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
58:"Special settlements in the Soviet Union"
3332:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2325:Great Construction Projects of Communism
1843:Forced migration in 20th century Balkans
1343:
1256:was dropped after the revelation of the
1076:
994:
790:In territories annexed from Poland (the
540:political repression in the Soviet Union
514:
2741:Alleged 19 August 1939 speech
841:and all other nationalities. People of
685:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
678:
528:Special settlements in the Soviet Union
3367:Settlement schemes in the Soviet Union
3319:
2776:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1629:Красильников, С.; Сарнова, В. (2009).
1364:, in his book about Stalin, quoted an
568:been called by J. Otto Pohl a type of
1890:
1679:
1631:"Крестьянские депортации в 1930-е гг"
1503:. Moscow: Polinform. pp. 44–46.
1213:, but they must not be confused with
900:) were carried out in May–June 1941.
640:way of deciding the fates of people "
3327:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
2859:22nd Congress of the Communist Party
2817:20th Congress of the Communist Party
2260:19th Congress of the Communist Party
2097:18th Congress of the Communist Party
2062:17th Congress of the Communist Party
1714:
1649:
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1645:
1643:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1531:
1432:
1430:
1181:
1095:True and Free Seventh-day Adventists
592:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2793:Marxism and Problems of Linguistics
2017:Anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1552:. Minorities. 1970. pp. 15–19.
1299:). The term was in use earlier, in
1166:, with the exception of persons of
892:) and the annexed part of Romania (
358:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
13:
2940:Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
2759:The History of the Communist Party
2578:Soviet offensive plans controversy
2543:Ideological repression in science
2087:1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang
1577:Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia
1089:(истинно-православные христиане),
951:occupants: a number of peoples of
381:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
3378:
2978:Generalissimo of the Soviet Union
2709:Marxism and the National Question
1916:
1776:
1640:
1615:
1556:
1492:
1427:
1318:In the Soviet Union, a decree of
1307:(in the sense of being free from
1053:evasion from socially-useful work
857:") ethnicities were moved to the
353:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
348:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
3337:Unfree labor in the Soviet Union
3301:
3300:
2618:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2082:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
1572:Историческая Энциклопедия Сибири
1401:Human rights in the Soviet Union
196:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
23:
3003:Statue of Joseph Stalin, Berlin
2139:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2129:Occupation of the Baltic states
1839:International Socialism Journal
1810:), ОГИ Мемориал, Moscow, 2001,
1789:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1700:
1467:Екзамен за второй день четверть
1350:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1170:ethnicity, were resettled from
1037:derives from the Russian term "
728:collectivization of agriculture
710:, and the northwestern part of
694:In 1929, the government led by
34:needs additional citations for
1673:
1540:
1525:
1457:
1059:who failed to carry out their
999:Deportations after the end of
759:policies of the Soviet Union.
1:
3357:Poland–Soviet Union relations
2844:Gomulka thaw (Polish October)
2655:1946–1947 Soviet famine
2228:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
1870:
1421:
1287:. These people were known as
1097:(адвентисты-реформисты) were
935:. At the end of this period,
618:whole nationalities resettled
542:, although separate from the
456:Massive labor force transfers
2993:1956 Georgian demonstrations
1285:choice of place of residence
1142:in 1951, an event known as "
806:. In addition, settlers, or
775:with Nazi Germany; parts of
7:
3008:Stalin Monument in Budapest
2675:Night of the Murdered Poets
2593:Allegations of antisemitism
2330:Engineers of the human soul
2077:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
2053:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1374:
1246:Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev
1242:Andreev-Rudzutak Commission
1226:Central Executive Committee
1026:
873:, and others were moved to
10:
3383:
3048:Stalin Bloc – For the USSR
3018:Joseph Stalin Museum, Gori
2166:Soviet atomic bomb project
1437:Rodriguez, Junius (2011).
1260:in 1933; subsequently the
905:Polish government in exile
682:
136:Forced population transfer
3296:
3213:
3074:
3056:
3028:Places named after Stalin
3013:Stalin Monument in Prague
2960:
2872:
2807:
2693:
2537:Repressions in Azerbaijan
2363:
2272:
2255:1950 legislative election
2181:1946 legislative election
2092:1937 legislative election
2004:
1953:
1944:
1924:
1464:Khurshutov, Asan (2007).
1443:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179.
1119:USSR Council of Ministers
726:; this led to the forced
719:
690:Deportations of 1928–1939
186:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
2849:Soviet Nonconformist Art
2765:1936 Soviet Constitution
2418:Soviet famine of 1932–33
2378:1907 Tiflis bank robbery
2350:Transformation of nature
2335:1936 Soviet Constitution
2295:Socialism in One Country
2134:German–Soviet Axis talks
1501:Чечня: право на культуру
1500:
1240:commission known as the
1234:"for special settlement"
1224:" was a joint decree of
294:Kurds from Transcaucasia
2973:Iosif Stalin locomotive
2716:Foundations of Leninism
2702:Anarchism or Socialism?
2583:Hitler Youth Conspiracy
2450:NKVD prisoner massacres
2102:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
1991:Death and state funeral
1857:Oxford University Press
1680:Werth, Nicolas (2007).
1657:[Deportation].
1130:, and western parts of
773:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
642:by administrative means
632:(спецпереселение), and
563:in rural areas or at a
466:Twenty-five-thousanders
3181:(second father-in-law)
2435:Murder of Sergey Kirov
2310:Stalinist architecture
2196:Turkish Straits crisis
1607:: CS1 maint: others (
1337:
1157:Iranians and Assyrians
745:Nazino tragedy of 1933
524:
343:Polish and Soviet Jews
3202:William Wesley Peters
2747:Falsifiers of History
2670:Rootless cosmopolitan
1976:Rule as Soviet leader
1344:Population statistics
1324:
1264:system was expanded.
1109:, or to serve in the
1077:Religious persecution
995:Post-war deportations
800:enemies of the people
796:Białystok Voivodeship
600:(ссыльное поселение,
518:
476:Virgin Lands campaign
3223:Stalin's house, Gori
3154:Yevgeny Dzhugashvili
3082:Besarion Jughashvili
3023:Batumi Stalin Museum
2934:Nineteen Eighty-Four
2685:Censorship of images
2364:Crimes, repressions,
2067:1931 Menshevik Trial
2048:First five-year plan
1831:Ioniţoiu, Cicerone,
1406:Penal transportation
1279:(вольное поселение,
1151:Council of Ministers
1093:(иннокентьевцы) and
1087:True Orthodox Church
1085:(свидетели иеговы),
816:Massive deportations
794:territories and the
679:Forced resettlements
634:administrative exile
630:special resettlement
532:population transfers
43:improve this article
3215:Stalin's residences
3162:Galina Dzhugashvili
3146:Svetlana Alliluyeva
3130:Nadezhda Alliluyeva
3057:Cultural depictions
2899:Anti-Stalinist left
2854:Shvernik Commission
2822:Pospelov Commission
2598:Population transfer
2573:1941 Red Army purge
2547:Suppressed research
2201:First Indochina War
2144:Great Patriotic War
2122:Moscow Peace Treaty
1986:Cult of personality
1826:History of the USSR
1797:Не по своей воле...
1746:. 19 December 2014.
1534:Human Rights Review
1396:Gulag: Colonization
1083:Jehovah's Witnesses
747:that happened near
724:Soviet grain crisis
536:prosperous peasants
530:were the result of
201:Chechens and Ingush
138:in the Soviet Union
3352:History of Siberia
3186:Alexander Svanidze
3114:Konstantin Kuzakov
3106:Yakov Dzhugashvili
3065:Apocalypse: Stalin
3038:Stalin Peace Prize
3033:State Stalin Prize
2736:"Ten Blows" speech
2723:Dizzy with Success
2633:Operation "Priboi"
2613:Operation "Lentil"
2566:1937 Soviet Census
2245:Sino-Soviet Treaty
2159:Potsdam Conference
2112:Invasion of Poland
1806:Against Their Will
1272:"Free settlements"
859:Karelo-Finnish SSR
626:special settlement
602:ssylnoye poselenie
525:
471:NKVD labor columns
426:POW Administration
163:Forced settlements
3314:
3313:
3271:Kholodnaya Rechka
2968:Iosif Stalin tank
2889:Lenin's Testament
2864:Era of Stagnation
2665:Mingrelian Affair
2643:Forced settlement
2628:Operation "North"
2588:Soviet war crimes
2366:and controversies
2305:Socialist realism
2268:
2267:
2250:Tito–Stalin split
2149:Tehran Conference
2072:Spanish Civil War
2043:Chinese Civil War
1586:978-5-8402-0230-2
1450:978-1-85109-783-8
1362:Dmitri Volkogonov
1281:volnoye poselenie
1189:(трудопоселение,
1187:Labor settlements
1182:Labor settlements
1017:Northern Bukovina
898:Northern Bukovina
825:On 23 June 1940,
720:раскрестьянивание
628:(спецпоселение),
604:) were a kind of
598:Exile settlements
593:Exile settlements
513:
512:
406:Operation Vistula
119:
118:
111:
93:
3374:
3362:Forced migration
3304:
3303:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3189:(brother-in-law)
3182:
3178:Sergei Alliluyev
3174:
3170:Joseph Alliluyev
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
2988:Pantheon, Moscow
2946:The Soviet Story
2920:Darkness at Noon
2809:De-Stalinization
2660:Leningrad Affair
2393:Decossackization
2191:1946 Iran crisis
2154:Yalta Conference
2026:Collectivization
1951:
1950:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1730:, December 2001
1718:
1712:
1711:
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1671:
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1538:
1537:
1529:
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1522:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1358:special settlers
1277:Free settlements
1195:obligatory labor
977:Meskhetian Turks
721:
665:ethnic cleansing
658:Russian Far East
614:ssylnoposelentsy
581:Meskhetian Turks
505:
498:
491:
396:Operation Priboi
376:June deportation
316:Meskhetian Turks
123:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3292:
3288:Stalin's bunker
3238:Room at Kremlin
3228:Tiflis Seminary
3209:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3165:(granddaughter)
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3122:Artyom Sergeyev
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3070:
3052:
2956:
2914:True Communists
2877:
2875:
2868:
2832:Khrushchev Thaw
2803:
2770:Stalin's poetry
2689:
2557:Japhetic theory
2495:Medvedev Forest
2388:Georgian Affair
2365:
2359:
2320:Five-year plans
2264:
2233:Berlin Blockade
2223:Greek Civil War
2012:August Uprising
2000:
1981:Political views
1946:
1940:
1920:
1915:
1873:
1792:
1779:
1774:
1769:. 14 June 2016.
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1424:
1381:101st kilometre
1377:
1346:
1301:Imperial Russia
1297:volnoposelentsy
1293:вольнопоселенцы
1274:
1199:trudoposelentsy
1184:
1159:
1144:Operation North
1079:
1029:
997:
985:Crimean Bolgars
945:
917:
855:Kola Norwegians
835:Murmansk Oblast
820:prisoner of war
769:Murmansk Oblast
765:
757:passportization
712:European Russia
700:Western Siberia
692:
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610:Imperial Russia
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386:Operation North
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3043:Stalin Society
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3015:
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2983:Stalin statues
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2827:Rehabilitation
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2398:Dekulakization
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2340:New Soviet man
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2014:
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1829:
1820:V.N. Zemskov,
1818:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1777:External links
1775:
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1222:dekulakization
1191:trudoposelenie
1183:
1180:
1158:
1155:
1103:Young Pioneers
1078:
1075:
1028:
1025:
996:
993:
981:Crimean Tatars
953:North Caucasus
944:
941:
937:Crimean Tatars
916:
913:
833:, ordered the
829:, head of the
827:Lavrenty Beria
764:
761:
753:dekulakization
691:
688:
683:Main article:
680:
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606:internal exile
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577:Crimean Tatars
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267:NKVD operation
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238:NKVD operation
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221:NKVD operation
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3261:Semyonovskoye
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3147:
3144:
3139:
3138:Vasily Stalin
3136:
3133:(second wife)
3131:
3128:
3125:(adopted son)
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3098:Kato Svanidze
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2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Ryutin Affair
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2874:Criticism and
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
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2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2787:Order No. 270
2785:
2783:
2782:Order No. 227
2780:
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2681:
2680:Doctors' plot
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2666:
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2651:
2648:
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2639:
2638:Nazino affair
2636:
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2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
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2610:
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2602:German–Soviet
2599:
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2561:Slavists case
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2527:Moscow Trials
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2285:Neo-Stalinism
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2171:Ili Rebellion
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
48:
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38:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3205:(son-in-law)
3197:(son-in-law)
3194:Yuri Zhdanov
3101:(first wife)
3090:Keke Geladze
3063:
2952:Antisemitism
2944:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:Kremlin Plot
2836:
2774:
2758:
2745:
2650:Tax on trees
2608:Deportations
2345:Stakhanovite
2206:Eastern Bloc
2107:World War II
2060: /
1947:and politics
1852:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1804:
1801:Pavel Polian
1796:
1790:Bibliography
1761:
1752:
1738:
1732:(in Russian)
1723:
1716:
1702:
1682:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1658:
1655:"Депортация"
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1250:Yan Rudzutak
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1115:criminal law
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654:Central Asia
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552:virgin lands
527:
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233:from Romania
120:
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99:January 2018
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3347:Deportation
2961:Remembrance
2927:Animal Farm
2753:Stalin Note
2440:Great Purge
2408:Great Break
2300:Great Break
2021:(1928–1941)
1937:(1946–1953)
1931:(1922–1952)
1849:Lynne Viola
1665:14 December
1659:bsk.nios.ru
1254:labor camps
1215:labor camps
1207:Great Purge
1132:Byelorussia
1111:Soviet Army
1091:Inochentism
1071:("ukazniks"
1057:kolkhozniks
1005:Axis Powers
911:in Warsaw.
882:Lithuanians
853:(see also "
804:labor camps
616:) were the
548:penal labor
523:, Lithuania
311:Lithuanians
3321:Categories
3276:Lake Ritsa
3256:Uspenskoye
3173:(grandson)
3157:(grandson)
3149:(daughter)
2904:Trotskyism
2876:opposition
2552:Lysenkoism
2238:Korean War
2117:Winter War
2005:Chronology
1996:Death toll
1961:Early life
1871:Wikisource
1536:: 205–224.
1510:5935160013
1422:References
1348:After the
1099:persecuted
1048:parasitism
1013:Bessarabia
894:Bessarabia
656:, and the
650:Kazakhstan
546:system of
441:Hungarians
367:Operations
257:Harbinites
158:Evacuation
69:newspapers
3342:Apartheid
3266:New Athos
2532:Hotel Lux
2515:Vinnytsia
2470:Chortkiv
2460:Berezwecz
2455:Berezhany
2423:Holodomor
2280:Stalinism
2218:Cominform
1954:Overviews
1603:cite book
1595:501151352
1486:261297982
1320:Sovnarkom
1238:Politburo
1230:Sovnarkom
1176:Assyrians
1031:The term
973:Karachays
925:Romanians
923:, Finns,
890:Estonians
851:Norwegian
812:foresters
736:Leningrad
570:apartheid
565:militsiya
561:selsoviet
521:Rumšiškės
446:Romanians
336:1955–1959
331:1944–1946
279:Karachays
216:Estonians
3306:Category
3246:Kuntsevo
3093:(mother)
3085:(father)
2520:Zolochiv
2505:Valozhyn
2475:Kurapaty
2273:Concepts
2186:Cold War
1519:51079021
1375:See also
1332:Narkomat
1305:cossacks
1168:Armenian
1164:Iranians
1128:Moldavia
1107:Komsomol
1066:trudodni
1027:Ukazniks
961:Chechens
929:Italians
886:Latvians
808:osadniks
783:and the
586:propiska
431:Japanese
299:Latvians
144:Policies
128:a series
126:Part of
3281:Sukhumi
3242:Dachas
3233:Kureika
2623:Koreans
2510:Vileyka
2211:Comecon
2036:Sovkhoz
2031:Kolkhoz
1945:History
1859:(2007)
1845:", 1995
1728:Kharkiv
1315:term).
1313:katorga
1309:serfdom
1201:) were
1172:Georgia
1140:Siberia
1136:Ukraine
1034:ukaznik
989:Kalmyks
969:Balkars
871:Chinese
867:Koreans
863:Germans
847:Swedish
843:Finnish
781:Romania
716:Russian
708:Ukraine
704:Belarus
646:Siberia
620:during
436:Germans
284:Koreans
274:Kalmyks
228:Germans
206:Chinese
191:Balkars
177:Peoples
83:scholar
3075:Family
2500:Sambir
1863:
1824:. In:
1814:
1690:
1593:
1583:
1549:Report
1517:
1507:
1484:
1474:
1447:
1203:kulaks
1105:, the
1061:corvée
1043:ukazes
983:, and
965:Ingush
957:Crimea
933:Greeks
931:, and
888:, and
849:, and
777:Poland
740:Moscow
289:Kumyks
245:Greeks
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3251:Sochi
3141:(son)
3117:(son)
3109:(son)
2694:Works
2485:Lutsk
2480:Katyn
2465:Dubno
2430:Gulag
1634:(PDF)
1575:[
1262:Gulag
1211:Gulag
1051:, or
875:Altay
792:Kresy
749:Tomsk
544:Gulag
321:Poles
168:Gulag
90:JSTOR
76:books
2490:Lviv
2058:16th
1971:Rise
1861:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1667:2021
1609:link
1591:OCLC
1581:ISBN
1515:OCLC
1505:ISBN
1482:OCLC
1472:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1416:ZATO
1354:NKVD
1330:and
1328:OGPU
1248:and
1228:and
1134:and
1039:ukaz
1015:and
955:and
949:Nazi
896:and
831:NKVD
779:and
755:and
738:and
673:NKVD
579:and
557:NKVD
62:news
1841:, "
1366:MVD
1360:".
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1138:to
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