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51:, all of which have had continuous traditions of opera since the early part of the 17th century. One of the reasons for this slow development was Spain's strong tradition of spoken drama, which made some critics believe that opera was a less worthy art form. However, there was a tradition of songs given within largely spoken plays which began in the early 16th century by such distinguished composers as
173:
In the mid-19th century, there was a renewed interest in the zarzuela in Spain, just as in other countries an increasing national awareness gave rise to distinctive styles to combat the pervading influence of
Italian opera. It has been estimated that over 10,000 zarzuelas were written in the hundred
226:
In the 20th century, the zarzuela evolved with popular taste, though the mixture of spoken play and operatic music in roughly equal proportions remained. Some composers created operatic-scale zarzuelas, with a greater proportion of music and not only comical plots.
218:
in one-act. These farcical operas often contained social or political satire and usually contained less music and more spoken dialogue than other forms of zarzuela. The género chico reached its height of popularity in the 1880s and 1890s with composer
156:(usually a down-to-earth story of everyday folk), but this too became increasingly sophisticated. Eventually the popularity of zarzuela waned at the end of the 18th century, with the last known zarzuela of the century,
110:, in 1657. The courtly Baroque zarzuela, a mixture of sophisticated verse drama, allegorical opera, popular song, and dance, became the fashion of the Spanish court for over the next 100 years.
178:
in Madrid became the hub of activity, but scores of companies in the capital, the provinces, and
Spanish-speaking Central and South America were busily performing zarzuela in repertory.
82:
that opera in Spain started to gain momentum, since the use of speech in the vernacular inevitably encouraged
Spanish composers to develop their own national style of opera:
185:
who aimed to create a distinctively national operatic style which fused the traditional tonadilla and the old, aristocratic drama into a new form evolved from
Italian
2123:
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446:
104:'s early forays into opera were more along the lines of Italian opera, he was instrumental in helping to create the art form, composing the first known zarzuela,
126:
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Although many through-sung
Spanish operas have been written, either full-length or in one act, very few have entered the international repertoire.
74:. These early operas, however, failed to catch the imagination of the Spanish public. It was not until the increasing popularity of such genres as
197:(1855). The two became intense rivals within the eyes of the public and their competitive behavior made zarzuela extremely popular.
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297:. Since 1960, very few new works have entered the repertory, but the popularity of the classic zarzuelas continues.
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149:(1769). The zarzuela (in this sense) was eventually superseded by a yet simpler entertainment, the
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The opera artform flourished in Spain during the eighteenth century, with two excellent composers,
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Spanish-language operas written and widely-heard in the
Americas and elsewhere include three by
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361:- are full-length works which have been performed in Europe and America as well as Spain.
8:
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255:(1927) are true operas with some spoken dialogues. Operetta-zarzuelas, most notably by
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Zarzuela is characterized by a mixture of sung and spoken dialogue. Although
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2004:
1929:
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2019:
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125:(1708) was particularly popular. Also of note later in the century was
1959:
1331:
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attempted to restore the satirical thrust of the 1890s, but after the
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stayed closer to ‘pure’ Romantic
Italian models in such zarzuelas as
151:
142:
134:
1834:
293:, the distinctive quality of zarzuela was lost in imitations of the
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The earliest
Spanish operas appeared in the mid-17th century, with
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40:
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20:
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are one-act works often heard and seen in Spain and abroad.
2400:
1384:
1077:
667:
170:
became the predominantly popular form of opera in Spain.
31:. Opera has existed in Spain since the mid-17th century.
524:
39:
Opera was slow to develop within Spain in comparison to
509:(Scarecrow Press Inc., 2002) Lib. Cong. 2002110168 /
450:(Scarecrow Press Inc., 2002) Lib. Cong. 2002110168 /
166:, premiering in 1786. For over the next sixty years,
145:
and incorporated spectacular dancing into his opera
2562:
469:"Hacia una ópera española: de Pedrell a Albéniz"
1753:
540:
263:, coexisted with revue-style farces such as
424:
422:
420:
375:(New York, 1967); and the Mexican composer
1760:
1746:
547:
533:
497:ed. L. Macy (Accessed October 25, 2008),
440:
438:
436:
434:
417:
345:and certain English-language operas of
2563:
428:Temperley: "Opera", Grove Music Online
1741:
528:
431:
300:
2246:Benidorm International Song Festival
2261:Festival Internacional de Santander
1722:
466:
208:, wrote smaller zarzuelas known as
13:
1767:
14:
2597:
1629:Cross-dressing in music and opera
520:
2122:
1721:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1691:
34:
2179:Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias
1692:
181:Of particular note is composer
460:
70:to music by such composers as
1:
493:Nicholas Temperley: "Opera",
410:
7:
1503:Historical opera characters
388:
89:
10:
2602:
1568:Operas set in the Crusades
487:
93:
62:by such famous writers as
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2419:
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2274:
2238:
2202:
2131:
2120:
1938:
1782:
1775:
1687:
1611:
1513:Azerbaijani opera singers
1478:
1340:
1319:
1153:
1017:
785:
660:
562:
554:
200:Other composers, such as
183:Francisco Asenjo Barbieri
47:and (to a lesser extent)
1276:Special effects director
838:Comédie mêlée d'ariettes
597:Western opera in Chinese
382:Florencia en el Amazonas
147:Las labradoras de Murcia
2251:Eurovision Song Contest
271:(1931) and sentimental
102:Juan Hidalgo de Polanco
72:Juan Hidalgo de Polanco
1659:Orchestral enhancement
1296:Supporting role singer
833:Comédie en vaudevilles
627:Opera in Latin America
506:The Zarzuela Companion
471:. Fundación Juan March
447:The Zarzuela Companion
174:years after 1850. The
129:(c.1724–87), who used
1588:Science fiction opera
1518:Major opera composers
994:Science fiction opera
499:(subscription access)
285:(1930). In the 1930s
233:José María Usandizaga
176:Teatro de la Zarzuela
2189:Navarre and La Rioja
1226:Charge scenic artist
503:Christopher Webber:
444:Christopher Webber:
342:Margarita la tornera
64:Calderón de la Barca
2275:Musical instruments
1624:Country house opera
1528:North Korean operas
1311:Wardrobe supervisor
1291:Supernumerary actor
1216:Lighting technician
1004:Tragédie en musique
565:national traditions
19:is both the art of
2210:Spanish folk music
2075:Soleá por Bulerías
1985:Cantes a palo seco
1603:Zarzuela composers
1573:Operetta composers
1563:Operas by composer
1111:Tenore contraltino
959:Pastorale héroïque
652:Opera in Venezuela
495:Grove Music Online
301:Through-sung opera
107:El laurel de Apolo
2558:
2557:
2513:
2512:
2341:Guitarra de canya
2311:Cross-strung harp
2118:
2117:
1948:
1735:
1734:
1593:Television operas
1558:Opera librettists
1256:Property designer
877:Dramma per musica
592:Azerbaijani opera
467:Sánchez, Víctor.
385:(Houston, 1996).
366:Alberto Ginastera
291:Spanish Civil War
249:Doña Francisquita
127:Rodrígues de Hita
121:. Literes' opera
27:and opera in the
2593:
2581:Opera by country
2279:
2278:
2164:Castile and Leon
2149:Balearic Islands
2126:
1942:
1780:
1779:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1697:Outline of opera
1695:
1694:
1508:Prominent operas
1498:Christmas operas
1493:Argentine operas
1460:Vocal resonation
1341:Singing concepts
1201:Costume designer
1116:Tenore di grazia
984:Romantische Oper
964:Posse mit Gesang
673:Aria di sorbetto
661:Opera components
647:Opera in Ukraine
602:Opera in English
577:Origins of opera
572:History of opera
549:
542:
535:
526:
525:
481:
480:
478:
476:
464:
458:
442:
429:
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395:History of opera
317:Enrique Granados
295:Broadway musical
265:Francisco Alonso
164:Luigi Boccherini
29:Spanish language
2601:
2600:
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2331:Gaita gastoreña
2270:
2239:Music festivals
2234:
2220:Spanish hip hop
2198:
2132:Music by region
2127:
2114:
1934:
1771:
1766:
1736:
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1619:Concert version
1607:
1543:Opera festivals
1538:Opera directors
1533:Opera companies
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1266:Set constructor
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1042:Soprano sfogato
1013:
944:Opera semiseria
793:Azione teatrale
781:
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617:Hungarian opera
612:Opera in German
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307:Manuel de Falla
303:
287:Pablo Sorozábal
275:dramas such as
229:Las golondrinas
221:Federico Chueca
189:. In contrast,
123:Accis y Galatea
119:Antonio Literes
115:Sebastián Durón
98:
92:
53:Juan del Encina
37:
12:
11:
5:
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2576:Music of Spain
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2571:Opera in Spain
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2203:Music by genre
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2159:Canary Islands
2156:
2154:Basque Country
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2110:Romani (Gypsy)
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2012:
2007:
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1982:
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1769:Music of Spain
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1578:Orphean operas
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1523:Mexican operas
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1343:and techniques
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1306:Video designer
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1211:Make-up artist
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887:Festa teatrale
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872:Dramma giocoso
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786:Types of opera
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730:Divertissement
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703:Insertion aria
700:
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693:Catalogue aria
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587:Armenian opera
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582:Albanian opera
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521:External links
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358:Pepita Jiménez
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191:Emilio Arrieta
94:Main article:
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2586:Opera history
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2015:Flamenco jazz
2013:
2011:
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2000:Campanilleros
1998:
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1990:Cantes libres
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1612:Miscellaneous
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1480:List articles
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1327:Breeches role
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1286:Stage manager
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1191:Opera manager
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1176:Choreographer
1174:
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1171:Ballet dancer
1169:
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1133:Bass-baritone
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1069:Mezzo-soprano
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823:Opéra bouffon
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642:Spanish opera
640:
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515:0-8108-4447-8
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348:
347:Isaac Albéniz
344:
343:
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337:Ruperto Chapí
334:
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328:
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318:
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312:La vida breve
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206:Ruperto Chapí
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168:Italian opera
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80:opéra comique
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61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:Early history
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:Spanish opera
2266:OTI Festival
2230:Spanish rock
2224:
2215:Spanish jazz
2005:Cartageneras
1923:Género chico
1850:New flamenco
1664:Regietheater
1649:Opera gloves
1583:Radio operas
1553:Opera houses
1548:Opera genres
1465:Vocal weight
1425:Sprechgesang
1196:Set designer
1154:Participants
1094:Haute-contre
1084:Countertenor
979:Rescue opera
934:Opéra féerie
929:Opéra-ballet
924:Number opera
902:Mugham opera
818:Opéra bouffe
808:Ballad opera
698:Da capo aria
641:
632:Polish opera
607:French opera
504:
494:
473:. Retrieved
462:
445:
380:
377:Daniel Catán
369:
363:
356:
350:
340:
330:
327:Tomás Bretón
320:
310:
304:
280:
277:José Serrano
269:Las leandras
268:
261:Amadeo Vives
252:
248:
245:Amadeu Vives
240:
228:
225:
211:género chico
209:
202:Tomás Bretón
199:
194:
180:
172:
157:
150:
146:
122:
112:
105:
99:
76:ballad opera
68:Lope de Vega
57:
38:
16:
15:
2174:Extremadura
1980:Cante jondo
1905:Tono humano
1875:Rock urbano
1870:Rock català
1727:WikiProject
1644:Opera cloak
1634:Opera house
1470:Voice types
1450:Vocal range
1375:Convenienze
1360:Chest voice
1271:Set dresser
1246:Prima donna
1166:Choirmaster
1027:Boy soprano
1019:Voice types
969:Radio opera
949:Opera seria
892:Grand opera
850:Savoy opera
813:Opera buffa
803:Comic opera
563:History and
400:Teatro Real
282:La dolorosa
241:La dogaresa
214:which were
187:comic opera
139:tambourines
2565:Categories
2439:Cabreiresa
2386:Txalaparta
2361:Psalterium
2351:Kirikoketa
2065:Siguiriyas
2040:Martinetes
2035:Malagueñas
1914:Xiringüelu
1910:Villancico
1880:Seguidilla
1855:Nova Cançó
1420:Portamento
1400:Head voice
1395:Falsettone
1365:Coloratura
1320:Role types
1301:Technician
1261:Répétiteur
1186:Impresario
1181:Dramaturge
1037:Coloratura
999:Semi-opera
939:Opera film
907:Melodramma
772:Ritornello
767:Recitative
411:References
368:- notably
349:- notably
332:La Dolores
257:Pablo Luna
253:La villana
251:(1923) or
159:Clementina
2535:Chirigota
2490:Classical
2459:Sanabresa
2449:Odrecillo
2296:Castanets
2291:Bandurria
2169:Catalonia
2139:Andalusia
2100:Verdiales
2045:Peteneras
1900:Tonadilla
1890:Tajaraste
1885:Sevillana
1865:Pasodoble
1860:Pasacalle
1797:Chirigota
1679:Surtitles
1669:Sitzprobe
1639:Opera hat
1435:Tessitura
1415:Passaggio
1369:Fioritura
1355:Cantabile
1350:Bel canto
1281:Stagehand
1161:Conductor
1123:Baritenor
1089:Sopranist
1074:Contralto
1047:Soubrette
974:Regieoper
954:Pasticcio
912:Monodrama
860:Spieloper
855:Singspiel
745:Mad scene
735:Leitmotif
708:Rage aria
688:Cantabile
683:Cabaletta
152:tonadilla
143:castanets
135:mandolins
2545:Rondalla
2540:Comparsa
2530:Charanga
2495:Flamenco
2444:Galician
2429:Asturian
2411:Zambomba
2346:Guitarro
2316:Dulzaina
2306:Chácaras
2194:Valencia
2085:Tarantas
2030:Guajiras
2025:Granaína
2020:Garrotín
1995:Cantiñas
1970:Bulerías
1955:Alegrías
1940:Flamenco
1918:Zarzuela
1845:Muiñeira
1822:Fandango
1817:Ensalada
1707:Category
1674:Stagione
1390:Falsetto
1251:Prompter
1236:Fly crew
1128:Baritone
1099:Castrato
1062:Dramatic
1009:Zeitoper
917:Duodrama
865:Zarzuela
845:Operetta
750:Overture
740:Libretto
725:Cavatina
389:See also
322:Goyescas
243:(1920),
154:escénica
96:Zarzuela
90:Zarzuela
84:zarzuela
60:libretti
2505:Morisca
2485:Baroque
2469:Xeremia
2454:de saco
2434:de boto
2396:Vihuela
2381:Trikiti
2371:Tambori
2326:Flabiol
2321:Fiscorn
2090:Tientos
2010:Farruca
1965:Bambera
1960:Alboreá
1812:Endecha
1445:Vibrato
1430:Squillo
1332:Ingénue
1206:Dresser
1032:Soprano
989:Sainete
760:Italian
720:Cadenza
488:Sources
371:Bomarzo
273:verismo
131:guitars
49:Germany
2500:Latina
2478:Guitar
2406:Xirula
2391:Txistu
2376:Timple
2356:Palmas
2336:Gralla
2286:Alboka
2184:Murcia
2144:Aragon
2105:Zambra
1930:Romani
1895:Tiento
1835:Jácara
1787:Bolero
1776:Styles
1717:Portal
1598:Titles
1488:Operas
1440:Timbre
1405:Legato
1057:Spinto
755:French
715:Ballet
678:Arioso
513:
475:2 July
454:
352:Merlin
216:farces
195:Marina
141:, and
41:France
2525:Cobla
2421:Gaita
2366:Rabel
2095:Tonás
2080:Tango
2070:Soleá
2060:Saeta
2055:Rumba
1975:Cante
1945:palos
1827:Folia
1807:Cuplé
1802:Copla
1231:Extra
1221:Banda
1106:Tenor
1052:Lyric
882:Farsa
777:Rondò
556:Opera
405:Liceu
45:Italy
25:Spain
21:opera
2550:Tuna
2401:Viol
2050:Polo
1840:Jota
1385:Fach
1138:Bass
1078:Alto
668:Aria
511:ISBN
477:2024
452:ISBN
355:and
315:and
259:and
204:and
117:and
78:and
66:and
1831:Isa
379:'s
339:'s
329:'s
319:'s
309:'s
279:'s
267:'s
239:'s
231:by
162:by
23:in
2567::
433:^
419:^
335:,
247:'
235:,
223:.
137:,
133:,
86:.
55:.
43:,
1947:)
1943:(
1761:e
1754:t
1747:v
1371:)
1367:(
1080:)
1076:(
548:e
541:t
534:v
479:.
373:,
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