471:. Ballistic reentries are hard on the occupants due to high deceleration and can't be steered beyond their initial deorbit burn. That is why it was decided to go with the "headlight" shape that the Soyuz uses — a hemispherical forward area joined by a barely angled conical section (seven degrees) to a classic spherical section heat shield. This shape allows a small amount of lift to be generated due to the unequal weight distribution. The nickname was coined at a time when nearly every automobile headlight was a circular paraboloid.
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426:) also known as Habitation section. It houses all the equipment that will not be needed for reentry, such as experiments, cameras or cargo. Commonly, it is used as both eating area and lavatory. At its far end, it also contains the docking port. This module also contains a toilet, docking avionics and communications gear. On the latest Soyuz versions, a small window was introduced, providing the crew with a forward view.
65:
557:
636:- VSK-4 (Vizir Spetsialniy Kosmicheskiy-4 - Визир Специальный Космический-4), Night Vision Device (VNUK-K, Visir Nochnogo Upravleniya po Kursu - ВНУK-К, Визир Ночного Управления по Курсу), Docking light, Pilot's Sight (VP-1, Vizir Pilota-1 - ВП-1, Визир Пилота-1), Laser Range Finder (LPR-1, Lazerniy Dalnomer-1 - ЛПР-1, Лазерный Дальномер-1)
361:. The Apollo command module had six cubic meters of living space and a mass of 5000 kg; the three-part Soyuz provided the same crew with nine cubic meters of living space, an airlock, and a service module for the mass of the Apollo capsule alone. This does not consider the orbital module, that could be used instead of the
535:
Because its modular construction differs from that of previous designs, the Soyuz has an unusual sequence of events prior to re-entry. The spacecraft is turned engine-forward and the main engine is fired for de-orbiting fully 180° ahead of its planned landing site. This requires the least propellant
544:
orbital module before firing the main engine, which saves even more propellant, enabling the descent module to return more payload. In no case can the orbital module remain in orbit as an addition to a space station, for the hatch enabling it to function as an airlock is part of the descent module.
543:
Early Soyuz spacecraft would then have the service and orbital modules detach simultaneously. As they are connected by tubing and electrical cables to the descent module, this would aid in their separation and avoid having the descent module alter its orientation. Later Soyuz spacecraft detach the
547:
Re-entry firing is typically done on the "dawn" side of the Earth, so that the spacecraft can be seen by recovery helicopters as it descends in the evening twilight, illuminated by the sun when it is above the shadow of the Earth. Since the beginning of Soyuz missions to the ISS, only five have
466:
are fired to give a soft landing. One of the design requirements for the reentry module was for it to have the highest possible volumetric efficiency (internal volume divided by hull area). The best shape for this is a sphere, but such a shape can provide no lift, which results in a purely
433:
This separation also lets the orbital module be customized to the mission with less risk to the life-critical descent module. The convention of orientation in zero gravity differs from that of the descent module, as cosmonauts stand or sit with their heads to the docking port.
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A hatch between it and the descent module can be closed so as to isolate it to act as an airlock if needed, cosmonauts exiting through its side port (at the bottom of this picture, near the descent module) on the launch pad, they have entered the spacecraft through this port.
294:. The most important difference are the anthropometric changes, primarily in the form of new adjustable crew couches that allowed shorter, taller, lighter and heavier passengers to ride in the spacecraft. The Soyuz also received improved parachute systems and a "
401:
The vehicle is protected during launch by a nose fairing, which is jettisoned after passing through the atmosphere. It has an automatic docking system. The ship can be operated automatically, or by a pilot independently of ground control.
462:. It is slowed initially by the atmosphere, then by a braking parachute, followed by the main parachute which slows the craft for landing. At one meter above the ground, solid-fuel braking engines mounted behind the
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and provide life support for them for about 30 person days. The life support system provides a nitrogen/oxygen atmosphere at sea level partial pressures. The atmosphere is regenerated through
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for maneuvering in orbit and initiating the descent back to Earth. The ship also has a system of low-thrust engines for orientation, attached to the intermediate compartment (
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The first two portions are habitable living space. By moving as much as possible into the orbital module, which does not have to be shielded or decelerated during
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re-entry, the Soyuz three-part craft is both larger and lighter than the two-part
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A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back):
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Diagram showing the three elements of the Soyuz-TMA spacecraft.
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Kompleks
Sredstv Obespecheniya Zhiznideyatelnosti, KSOZh
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for re-entry, the spacecraft traveling on an elliptical
584:- Комплекс Средств Обеспечения Жизнедеятельности, KCOЖ
418:
The forepart of the spacecraft is the orbital module (
751:"Soyuz Trio set for rare Nighttime Landing on Friday"
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produced by the crew and regenerates the oxygen, and
250:
483:
487:At the back of the vehicle is the service module (
252:Transportnyi Modifitsirovannyi Antropometricheskii
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654:- Система Стыковки и Внутреннего Перехода, ССВП
241:транспортный модифицированный антропометрический
797:Space Adventures circum-lunar mission – details
802:www.russianspaceweb.com – The Soyuz spacecraft
674:- Система Исполнительных Органов Спуска, СИО-С
610:- Система Управления Бортовым Комплексом, СУБК
608:Sistema Upravleniya Bortovym Kompleksom, SUBK
570:Sistema Obespecheniya Teplovogo Rezhima, SOTR
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672:Sistema Ispolnitelnikh Organov Spuska, SIO-S
572:- Cистема Обеспечения Теплового Режима, COTP
792:NASA – Russian Soyuz TMA Spacecraft Details
2792:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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859:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
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495:). It has an instrumentation compartment (
282:. While it looks identical to the earlier
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2787:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
854:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
620:- Комплексная Двигательная Установка, КДУ
664:- Телеоператорный Режим Управления, ТОРУ
662:Teleoperatorniy Rezhim Upravleniya, TORU
650:Sistema Stykovki i Vnutrennego Perekhoda
618:Kompleksnaya Dvigatelnaya Ustanovka, KDU
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2252:The † sign designates failed missions.
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298:," a first for an expendable vehicle.
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2242:Uncrewed missions are designated as
379:cylinders, which absorb most of the
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787:OMWorld's ASTP Docking Trainer Page
684:- Комплекс Средств Приземления, КСП
630:- Cистема Управления Движением, СУД
628:Sistema Upravleniya Dvizheniem, SUD
24:
2640:(incorporated into Salyut program)
780:Mir Hardware Heritage (wikisource)
707:- Система Аварийного Спасения, САС
682:Kompleks Sredstv Prizemleniya, KSP
598:Communication and Tracking Systems
394:cylinders which absorb leftover CO
25:
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761:
705:Sistema Avariynogo Spaseniya, SAS
446:Soyuz spacecraft's Descent Module
414:Soyuz spacecraft's Orbital Module
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27:Revision of the Soyuz spacecraft
493:Priborno-Agregatniy Otsek (PAO)
2256:designates cancelled missions.
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694:- Носимый Аварийный Запас, НАЗ
624:Chaika-3 Motion Control System
604:Onboard Complex Control System
548:performed nighttime landings.
13:
1:
2797:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
907:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
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692:Nosimiy Avariyniy Zapas, NAZ
594:- Система Электропитания, CЭП
491:: приборно-агрегатный отсек,
634:Optical/Visual Devices (OVP)
592:Sistema Elektropitaniya, SEP
368:Soyuz can carry up to three
7:
2828:Vehicles introduced in 2002
454:: спускаемый аппарат (СА),
310:Soyuz-TMA seat improvements
292:International Space Station
251:
124:Up to six months docked to
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614:Combined Propulsion System
345:with solar panels attached
274:. It is a revision of the
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2295:Soyuz spacecraft variants
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2588:Russian Orbital Segment
456:Spuskaemiy apparat (SA)
2782:List of Soyuz missions
849:List of Soyuz missions
767:Mir Hardware Heritage
668:Entry Actuators System
640:Kurs rendezvous system
566:Thermal Control System
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422:: бытовой отсек (BO),
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875:Soyuz (rocket family)
773:Mir Hardware Heritage
688:Portable Survival Kit
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1050:Zond lunar programme
927:(by spacecraft type)
776:, NASA RP-1357, 1995
770:David S.F. Portree,
700:launch escape system
523:: переходной отсек,
511:: агрегатный отсек,
501:Priborniy Otsek (PO)
475:Service Module (PAO)
450:The reentry module (
335:A small aerodynamic
885:Baikonur Cosmodrome
588:Power Supply System
577:Life support system
499:: приборный отсек,
438:Reentry Module (SA)
406:Orbital Module (BO)
363:Apollo Lunar Module
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2157:(uncrewed landing)
1364:(uncrewed landing)
880:Soyuz (spacecraft)
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552:Spacecraft systems
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1190:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1165:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
902:Soyuz abort modes
560:Soyuz-TMA cockpit
469:ballistic reentry
355:Apollo spacecraft
272:human spaceflight
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59:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
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182:14 November 2011
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2649:Apollo–Soyuz
2444:
2428:Later series
2419:Soyuz 7K-MF6
2399:Soyuz 7K-OKS
2384:Soyuz 7K-LOK
2253:
2247:
2243:
1449:Apollo–Soyuz
1207:Soyuz 7K-OKS
1181:Soyuz 7K-LOK
1156:Soyuz 7K-L1E
1143:
1136:
771:
745:
733:. Retrieved
729:
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521:(in Russian)
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509:(in Russian)
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497:(in Russian)
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489:(in Russian)
486:
455:
452:(in Russian)
449:
432:
428:
423:
420:(in Russian)
417:
400:
367:
348:
321:
266:and used by
232:
230:
206:Derived from
186:Soyuz TMA-22
87:Applications
49:Manufacturer
2662:Shuttle-Mir
2493:Progress-MS
2488:Progress-M2
2483:Progress-M1
2450:Soyuz TMA-M
2414:Soyuz 7K-TM
2389:Soyuz 7K-TK
2379:Soyuz 7K-L1
2374:Soyuz 7K-OK
2349:Soyuz 7K-TK
2246:instead of
2043:Soyuz MS-01
1922:(2010–2016)
1920:Soyuz-TMA-M
1805:Soyuz TMA-1
1798:(2002–2012)
1610:(1986–2002)
1506:Kosmos 1001
1499:(1978–1986)
1468:(1974–1976)
1421:(1974–1976)
1419:Soyuz 7K-TM
1235:(1972–1981)
1183:(1971–1972)
1158:(1969–1970)
1046:(1967–1970)
1044:Soyuz 7K-L1
937:(1966–1970)
935:Soyuz 7K-OK
868:Main topics
726:"Soyuz TMA"
464:heat shield
351:atmospheric
280:Soyuz TMA-M
220:Soyuz TMA-M
216:Derivatives
179:Last launch
172:Soyuz TMA-1
121:Design life
2812:Categories
2751:Capsules:
2478:Progress-M
2404:Soyuz 7K-T
2113:(uncrewed)
1621:(uncrewed)
1617:Soyuz TM-1
1521:(uncrewed)
1475:Kosmos 670
1466:Soyuz 7K-S
1428:Kosmos 638
1303:(uncrewed)
1267:Kosmos 656
1257:Kosmos 613
1242:Kosmos 496
1233:Soyuz 7K-T
1171:Kosmos 382
1070:Zond 1967A
1059:Kosmos 146
999:(uncrewed)
970:Kosmos 186
959:Kosmos 140
954:(uncrewed)
944:Kosmos 133
712:References
370:cosmonauts
144:Production
2676:Cancelled
2445:Soyuz TMA
2367:7K series
2339:Soyuz PPK
2324:Soyuz 11K
1796:Soyuz-TMA
1517:Soyuz T-1
895:Site 31/6
735:March 20,
268:Roscosmos
246:romanized
233:Soyuz-TMA
81:Roscosmos
31:Soyuz-TMA
18:Soyuz-TMA
2665:(joint)
2652:(joint)
2583:(joint)
2465:Progress
2455:Soyuz MS
2440:Soyuz-TM
2329:Soyuz-VI
2319:Soyuz 9K
2314:Soyuz 7K
2034:Soyuz MS
1608:Soyuz-TM
1438:Soyuz 16
1272:Soyuz 14
1262:Soyuz 13
1252:Soyuz 12
1216:Soyuz 10
1115:Zond-M 1
890:Site 1/5
460:re-entry
328:spheroid
284:Soyuz-TM
210:Soyuz-TM
157:Launched
77:Operator
2775:Related
2726:Energia
2627:Voskhod
2560:Russian
2435:Soyuz-T
2344:Soyuz R
2334:Soyuz P
2254:Italics
2024:TMA-20M
2019:TMA-19M
2014:TMA-18M
2009:TMA-17M
2004:TMA-16M
1999:TMA-15M
1994:TMA-14M
1989:TMA-13M
1984:TMA-12M
1979:TMA-11M
1974:TMA-10M
1969:TMA-09M
1964:TMA-08M
1959:TMA-07M
1954:TMA-06M
1949:TMA-05M
1944:TMA-04M
1939:TMA-03M
1934:TMA-02M
1497:Soyuz-T
995:Soyuz 2
964:Soyuz 1
264:Energia
260:
248::
237:Russian
152:Retired
53:Energia
2754:Zvezda
2738:Kliper
2722:Spiral
2710:Aelita
2698:Zvezda
2694:LK-700
2683:Moon:
2632:Salyut
2622:Vostok
2568:Active
2556:Soviet
2509:Aelita
2244:Kosmos
2164:
2155:
2111:
1910:TMA-22
1905:TMA-21
1900:TMA-20
1895:TMA-19
1890:TMA-18
1885:TMA-17
1880:TMA-16
1875:TMA-15
1870:TMA-14
1865:TMA-13
1860:TMA-12
1855:TMA-11
1850:TMA-10
1619:
1519:
1445:
1377:
1362:
1301:
1209:(1971)
1127:Zond 7
1082:Zond 4
997:
698:Soyuz
652:, SSVP
302:Design
149:Status
111:Regime
71:Russia
68:
2766:OPSEK
2758:Zarya
2730:Buran
2690:N1-L3
2637:Almaz
2575:Soyuz
2514:Gamma
2309:Sever
2248:Soyuz
2230:MS-29
2226:2026
2220:MS-28
2215:MS-27
2211:2025
2196:MS-26
2191:MS-25
2171:MS-24
2162:MS-23
2153:MS-22
2148:MS-21
2143:MS-20
2138:MS-19
2133:MS-18
2128:MS-17
2123:MS-16
2118:MS-15
2109:MS-14
2104:MS-13
2099:MS-12
2094:MS-11
2088:MS-10
2083:MS-09
2078:MS-08
2073:MS-07
2068:MS-06
2063:MS-05
2058:MS-04
2053:MS-03
2048:MS-02
1845:TMA-9
1840:TMA-8
1835:TMA-7
1830:TMA-6
1825:TMA-5
1820:TMA-4
1815:TMA-3
1810:TMA-2
1786:TM-34
1781:TM-33
1776:TM-32
1771:TM-31
1766:TM-30
1761:TM-29
1756:TM-28
1751:TM-27
1746:TM-26
1741:TM-25
1736:TM-24
1731:TM-23
1726:TM-22
1721:TM-21
1716:TM-20
1711:TM-19
1706:TM-18
1701:TM-17
1696:TM-16
1691:TM-15
1686:TM-14
1681:TM-13
1676:TM-12
1671:TM-11
1666:TM-10
1567:T-10a
1109:1969A
1093:1968B
1087:1968A
1076:1967B
505:radio
388:water
2734:MAKS
2615:Past
2606:Orel
2558:and
1661:TM-9
1656:TM-8
1651:TM-7
1646:TM-6
1641:TM-5
1636:TM-4
1631:TM-3
1626:TM-2
1598:T-15
1593:T-14
1588:T-13
1583:T-12
1578:T-11
1573:T-10
1512:1074
1196:No.2
737:2023
392:LiOH
386:and
288:NASA
270:for
258:lit.
231:The
2742:LKS
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