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After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, rapid inflation and decline in governmental revenues caused the scientific establishment to lose much of its funding and stability for the first time since the 1920s. Salaries were not paid for months, and research monies disappeared. International
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graduated every year. Soviet scientists won acclaim in several fields, marked by a highly developed pure science and innovation at the theoretical level, though interpretation and application fell short. They were at the cutting edge of science in fields such as
860:
in the early 1990s, both science and technology were intimately linked to the ideology and practical functioning of the Soviet state and were pursued along paths both similar and distinct from models in other countries. Many great scientists who worked in
1078:
1548:
1193:, many scientists were forbidden from cooperation with foreign researchers. The scientific community of the Soviet Union became increasingly closed. In addition to that, the party continued declaring various new theories "pseudo-scientific".
1213:, the theory that personality traits acquired during life are passed on to offspring, would be taught as "the only correct theory". Soviet scientists were forced to redact prior work, and even after this ideology, known as
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872:
The Soviet government made the development and advancement of science a national priority, emphasizing science at all levels of education and showering top scientists with honours. Very large numbers of
1178:
Already in 1920s, certain fields of scientific research were labeled "bourgeois" and "idealist" by the
Communist Party. All research, including natural sciences, was to be founded on the philosophy of
307:
1525:
1032:
Unlike some
Western countries, most of the research work in the USSR was conducted not at universities, but at specially set up research institutes. The more prestigious of them were parts of the
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was also marginalised during the
Stalinist period and received a hostile public campaign in 1951. Although, the discipline was rehabilitated during the post-Stalinist period from 1954 until 1959.
1234:
organizations offered aid programs to discourage emigration. In general, however, the
Russian scientific community has been slow to recover from the political and economic shocks of the 1990s.
1823:
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976:, became the first man in space. The Soviets maintained a strong space program until economic problems led to cutbacks in the 1980s. The Soviet Union also had more
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and engineers, relative to the world population, than any other major country due to the strong levels of state support for scientific developments by the 1980s.
2200:
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in 1934. It consisted of 250 research institutes and 60,500 full-time researchers in 1987, a large percentage in the
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Although the sciences were less rigorously censored than other fields such as art, there were several examples of
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The most prestigious government prize awarded for achievements in science and technology was originally the
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and several other related fields of biological research; however, this decision was reversed in the 1960s.
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convinced policy makers to set aside sufficient resources for research. Due to a crash program directed by
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Soviet technology was most highly developed in the fields of nuclear physics, where the arms race with the
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94:
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to varied reactions (1934–1954) and, more significantly, to combustion processes. He proposed a
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had their own republican academies of science, while the Urals, Siberian, and Far
Eastern
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was also highly developed: in
October 1957 the Soviet Union launched the first artificial
8:
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1182:. Humanities and social sciences were additionally tested for strict accordance with
953:
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606:
1584:
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1489:
1479:
1389:
1385:
1331:
1327:
1279:
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1120:). There have been a great number of NIIs, each specialized in a particular field.
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2008:
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2013:
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909:, in 1956 among several other Soviet Nobel Prize winners and the mathematician
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What Have We
Learned About Science and Technology from the Russian Experience
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Encyclopedia of
Russian history Volume: Volume 4, 2004, by James R. Millar
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1301:, which led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the
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914:
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and psychotechnics were already banned in 1936 by a special decree of the
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How Not to
Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet
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Intersect: The
Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society
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849:
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of the academy coordinated fundamental science in Eastern Russia.
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2018:
1721:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1003:
219:
1549:"The consequences of political dictatorship for Russian science"
1388:. After the death of Stalin, the Stalin Prize was renamed the
1048:
869:, continued work in the USSR and gave birth to Soviet science.
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All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the Soviet Union
2437:
2315:
1305:
1302:
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853:
696:
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including an exhaustive analysis of the application of the
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Agricultural research was organized under the aegis of the
2534:
2354:
1661:
Science and Politics in the U.S.S.R.: The Genetics Debate
1237:
940:), the Soviet Union was the second nation to develop an
1639:. Series: Cambridge Studies in the History of Science.
1637:
Science in Russia and the Soviet Union. A Short History
1612:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 27–35.
1526:"Fallen Behind: Science, Technology and Soviet Statism"
1099:
1167:
1695:
Science and Technology in Russia and the Soviet Union
1242:
The following Soviet scientists were recipients of a
1403:
952:
in 1953, a mere ten months after the United States.
1315:"for his fundamental inventions and discoveries in
1010:in 1948 into banning the practice and teaching of
1711:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
2932:
2623:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1345:(RU) "for innovative work in the theory about
1149:Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics
998:theory of heredity usually accepted by modern
1759:
1267:"for the discovery and interpretation of the
1081:), which after 1992 was reorganized into the
795:
1064:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
852:, practices, and identity. From the time of
1326:(RU) "for the development of semiconductor
1207:V.I. Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1043:, originally set up in 1925 and moved from
2941:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
1766:
1752:
1626:
1143:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
1104:A large part of research was conducted in
846:Science and technology in the Soviet Union
802:
788:
1669:, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Jul., 1951), pp. 486-519
1583:
1363:For outstanding work on the mechanism of
1297:"for fundamental work in the area of the
1131:Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography
1118:НИИ, нау́чно-иссле́довательский институ́т
818:Scientist depicted on a 1955 Soviet stamp
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1228:
1073:Medical research was coordinated by the
1062:All of the union's republics except the
1039:The core of fundamental science was the
1002:. Claiming his theories corresponded to
848:served as an important part of national
832:
821:
813:
40:This article includes a list of general
1773:
1505:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
1174:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
14:
2933:
1792:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
1605:
1546:
913:was the first Soviet citizen to win a
905:was the first Soviet citizen to win a
1747:
1238:Soviet Nobel Prize winners in science
1523:
1155:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1100:Scientific Research Institutes (NII)
1087:Российская академия медицинских наук
26:
1349:" (working in the time of the USSR)
1334:" (working in the time of the USSR)
1168:Ideological restrictions on science
1083:Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
24:
1379:
1209:announced that from that point on
826:Soviet stamp showing the orbit of
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2952:
1700:
1161:Novosibirsk TB Research Institute
1125:Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute
2915:
2914:
2902:
1716:
1460:Science and technology in Russia
1434:
1420:
1406:
1075:USSR Academy of Medical Sciences
944:, in 1949, four years after the
762:
101:
31:
1524:Chan, Chi Ling (11 June 2015).
1450:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
1137:Institute for Physical Problems
1021:
948:. The Soviet Union detonated a
1672:
1653:
1599:
1540:
1517:
1373:theory of degenerate branching
1079:Академия медицинских наук СССР
13:
1:
2455:Political abuse of psychiatry
2247:Congress of People's Deputies
1510:
856:until the dissolution of the
717:Political abuse of psychiatry
296:Congress of People's Deputies
1353:
95:Politics of the Soviet Union
7:
2618:Academy of Medical Sciences
1470:Soviet Antarctic Expedition
1399:
1284:liquid helium superfluidity
882:and in several branches of
256:Central Executive Committee
10:
2957:
1641:Cambridge University Press
1547:Soyfer, Valery N. (2001).
1249:
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1025:
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2500:
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2306:
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2188:
2050:
2041:
1991:
1939:
1930:
1782:
1734:Federal Research Division
1606:Peters, Benjamin (2016).
1500:Stalin and the Scientists
1205:. On August 7, 1948, the
1117:
987:. In the most notorious,
968:; in April 1961 a Soviet
612:Material balance planning
313:1989 Legislative election
1278:"for his theories about
1041:USSR Academy of Sciences
1034:USSR Academy of Sciences
1028:USSR Academy of Sciences
427:Administrator of Affairs
2909:Soviet Union portal
1556:Nature Reviews Genetics
1365:chemical transformation
1180:dialectical materialism
936:(based on spies of the
769:Soviet Union portal
281:Soviet of Nationalities
61:more precise citations.
2801:Stalinist architecture
2555:Science and technology
2465:Ideological repression
2393:Soviet Airborne Forces
2331:Destruction battalions
1396:became the top award.
1211:Lamarckian inheritance
1184:historical materialism
1108:s — "scientific
994:refused to accept the
886:, notably theoretical
867:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
842:
837:The Elektronika MK-51
830:
819:
712:Ideological repression
602:Science and technology
2583:List of metro systems
2136:Collective leadership
1282:, particularly about
1229:After Soviet collapse
1006:, he managed to talk
841:, introduced in 1982.
836:
825:
817:
145:Collective leadership
2545:Net material product
2488:Censorship of images
2405:Political repression
2365:Soviet Border Troops
2298:First Deputy Premier
1882:1965 economic reform
1877:Soviet space program
985:suppression of ideas
917:in 1970 followed by
722:Political repression
687:Censorship of images
417:First Deputy Premier
155:Presidential Council
2613:Academy of Sciences
2428:Population transfer
2372:Soviet Armed Forces
2235:Congress of Soviets
2216:Presidium/Politburo
2180:Soviet anti-Zionism
2029:West Siberian Plain
1907:Revolutions of 1989
1844:Great Patriotic War
1829:New Economic Policy
1659:Pamela N. Wrinch. "
1414:Soviet Union portal
1330:for high-speed and
1299:quantum electronics
1295:Aleksandr Prokhorov
1110:research institutes
1012:population genetics
737:Suppressed research
727:Population transfer
597:New Economic Policy
276:Soviet of the Union
246:Congress of Soviets
2258:Military Collegium
2126:Capital punishment
2004:Caucasus Mountains
1917:Post-Soviet states
1797:Russian Revolution
1707:Soviet Technospies
843:
831:
820:
471:Procurator General
459:Military Collegium
2928:
2927:
2892:
2891:
2884:Hammer and sickle
2826:and their groups
2824:Soviet dissidents
2603:Communist Academy
2520:Economic planning
2496:
2495:
2389:Soviet Air Forces
2308:Security services
2228:General Secretary
2211:Central Committee
2153:Political parties
2085:Brezhnev Doctrine
2080:Foreign relations
2037:
2036:
1978:Autonomous okrugs
1892:Soviet–Afghan War
1872:Sino-Soviet split
1814:Russian Civil War
1649:978-0-521-28789-0
1495:Soviet scientists
1485:Soviet inventions
1475:Soviet cosmonauts
1442:Technology portal
1203:Central Committee
1068:regional branches
954:Space exploration
923:Vladimir Drinfeld
890:, chemistry, and
812:
811:
754:
753:
607:Era of Stagnation
549:
548:
434:
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321:
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199:General Secretary
184:Central Committee
87:
86:
79:
16:(Redirected from
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2907:
2906:
2905:
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2654:
2563:
2418:Collectivization
2163:Marxism–Leninism
2048:
2047:
1937:
1936:
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1745:
1744:
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1720:
1719:
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1657:
1651:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1595:on Jul 23, 2022.
1594:
1588:. Archived from
1587:
1568:10.1038/35088598
1553:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1521:
1490:Soviet inventors
1480:Soviet explorers
1444:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1390:USSR State Prize
1339:Alexei Abrikosov
1332:opto-electronics
1328:heterostructures
1280:condensed matter
1269:Cherenkov effect
1119:
1053:natural sciences
919:Grigory Margulis
896:physical chemist
884:physical science
804:
797:
790:
767:
766:
765:
702:Collectivization
562:
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526:De-Stalinization
500:Marxism–Leninism
495:Soviet democracy
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392:State Committees
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105:
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57:this article by
48:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
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2888:
2836:
2810:
2730:
2644:
2589:
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2535:Internet domain
2530:Five-year plans
2492:
2459:
2399:
2302:
2264:
2196:Communist Party
2184:
2143:Passport system
2033:
2009:European Russia
1987:
1926:
1867:Khrushchev Thaw
1846:(World War II)
1824:Creation treaty
1778:
1772:
1729:Country Studies
1726:
1717:
1703:
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1682:
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1633:Loren R. Graham
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1419:
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1382:
1380:National Prizes
1361:Nikolai Semenov
1356:
1347:superconductors
1343:Vitaly Ginzburg
1257:Pavel Cherenkov
1252:
1240:
1231:
1225:came to power.
1223:Leonid Brezhnev
1219:Khrushchev Thaw
1176:
1170:
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1030:
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903:Nikolay Semenov
888:nuclear physics
863:Imperial Russia
808:
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775:Other countries
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2573:Railway system
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2293:Deputy Premier
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2276:Heads of state
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2709:Linguistics
2694:Drug policy
2687:1989 census
2608:Cybernetics
2510:Agriculture
2423:Great Purge
2385:Soviet Navy
2377:Soviet Army
2249:(1989–1991)
2243:(1938–1991)
2237:(1922–1936)
2221:Secretariat
2092:Gun control
1999:Caspian Sea
1983:Closed city
1912:Dissolution
1897:Perestroika
1839:Great Purge
1394:Lenin Prize
1317:Cryophysics
1244:Nobel Prize
1016:Cybernetics
942:atomic bomb
907:Nobel Prize
880:mathematics
692:Great Purge
658:Phraseology
577:Agriculture
532:Perestroika
407:Premiership
237:Legislature
215:Secretariat
67:August 2011
59:introducing
2816:Opposition
2806:Television
2786:Propaganda
2759:Literature
2633:Naukograds
2628:Sharashkas
2562:(currency)
2540:Inventions
2483:Censorship
2413:Red Terror
2097:Government
1971:Autonomous
1954:Autonomous
1887:Stagnation
1850:Evacuation
1511:References
1455:Lysenkoism
1308:principle"
1276:Lev Landau
1261:Ilya Frank
1215:Lysenkoism
996:chromosome
989:agronomist
978:scientists
865:, such as
839:calculator
742:Red Terror
732:Propaganda
682:Censorship
673:Repression
387:Ministries
377:Government
331:Governance
117:Leadership
42:references
2877:Republics
2865:Republics
2853:Republics
2704:Languages
2568:Transport
2450:Holodomor
2343:Militsiya
2281:President
2173:Stalinism
2075:Elections
1949:Republics
1932:Geography
1922:Nostalgia
1834:Stalinism
1709:from the
1465:Sharashka
1354:Chemistry
1265:Igor Tamm
1045:Leningrad
970:cosmonaut
962:Sputnik 1
958:satellite
925:in 1990.
900:physicist
892:astronomy
875:engineers
828:Sputnik 1
648:Education
617:Transport
513:Stalinism
443:Judiciary
286:Presidium
210:Politburo
128:President
2935:Category
2920:Category
2473:Religion
2360:Chairmen
2206:Congress
2168:Leninism
2148:Propiska
2043:Politics
1902:Glasnost
1862:Cold War
1802:February
1585:46277758
1576:11533721
1400:See also
1199:pedology
1195:Genetics
1055:such as
1000:genetics
850:politics
663:Religion
539:Glasnost
508:Leninism
484:Ideology
397:Cabinets
179:Congress
2841:Symbols
2754:Fashion
2736:Culture
2650:Society
2595:Science
2560:Rouble
2502:Economy
2478:Science
2288:Premier
2269:Offices
2131:Leaders
2051:General
2019:Siberia
1992:Regions
1966:Oblasts
1807:October
1784:History
1635:(2004)
1250:Physics
1114:Russian
1057:biology
1004:Marxism
964:, into
632:Culture
567:Economy
558:Society
308:Speaker
220:Orgburo
189:History
123:Leaders
55:improve
2860:Emblem
2848:Anthem
2796:Sports
2749:Cinema
2744:Ballet
2726:Racism
2699:Family
2189:Bodies
1777:topics
1725:.
1647:
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1582:
1574:
1341:(RU),
1189:After
1049:Moscow
894:. The
653:Family
110:
44:, but
2791:Radio
2769:Opera
2764:Music
2667:Crime
2438:Gulag
2316:Cheka
1961:Krais
1593:(PDF)
1580:S2CID
1552:(PDF)
1359:1956
1337:2003
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