175:. Though the council included prominent rabbis, pastors, priests, and city officials, many initial council members were fellow congregants. As the first such group in the world, this organization spawned other local councils and a national organization. Between 1964–69, the Cleveland council developed educational tools, such as organizational handbooks for other communities, the newsletter Spotlight, and media presentations. They also devised protest strategies that became integral to the movement to free Soviet Jewry. One of the council's most successful activities was the People-to-People program of the late 1960s, which represented 50,000 members.
178:
Although not officially sponsored by Beth Israel – The West Temple, the temple provided office space to the council from 1964–78, and the council periodically reported to the congregation's Social Action
Committee. Although the Cleveland council was still active in 1985, by the late 1970s the Jewish
233:
Once Jews began to be allowed to emigrate, tensions also arose between Israel and the
American side of the movement over the drop-out phenomenon. Drop-outs were Jews who left the Soviet Union on an exit visa to Israel but changed their destination (primarily to the United States) once they reached
229:
and the grassroots groups. Differences revolved around policy and action. Generally, establishment organizations supported a more moderate approach whereas grassroots organizations preferred a more vocal approach. Behind the scenes, the clandestine
Israeli Soviet Jewry office, Nativ (known as the
234:
the half-way station in Vienna. Israel, which needed Soviet Jews to offset demographic trends in the country to maintain a Jewish majority, wanted to stop people from dropping out. American Jewish organizations, however, supported these emigrants' freedom to choose their destination.
122:
status. The amendment passed in 1974. The basis, as worded in the actual legislation, was "To assure the continued dedication of the United States to fundamental human rights." By giving the Soviet Union an economic incentive to allow free emigration, it led, particularly after the
117:
to the Trade Act of 1974. The amendment linked U.S. trade relations with non-market economies such as the Soviet Union to these countries' restrictions on the freedom of emigration and other human rights. Countries that restricted the freedom of emigration were unable to achieve
179:
Community
Federation had taken over the major local organizing effort for Soviet Jewry. By 1993, the Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism no longer needed to exist, as it had accomplished its mission, and the Soviet Union had also ceased to exist.
147:, used publicity in cooperation with international organizations to advocate for Sharansky's right to leave: Avital from around the free world, Milgrom from within the USSR. Another individual whose wish to emigrate was highly publicized was
230:
Lishka), supported the ACSJ and NCSJ, it had helped create. Such conflicts between
Establishment and nascent, independent groups – such as between the NAACP and SNCC in the civil rights movement – are not new.
163:, a grassroots organization that brought attention to the plight of Soviet Jews from 1963 until 1983. It began as a study group led by three of the founding members of Beth Israel – The West Temple in 1963:
735:
221:
Throughout the most intense period of the movement to free Jews from the USSR – 1964–1991 – tensions existed between the Jewish
Establishment groups, represented by the umbrella organization the
38:
to emigrate. The movement's participants were most active in the United States and in the Soviet Union. Those who were denied permission to emigrate were often referred to by the term
135:
Much of the awareness raising that
American organizations participated in centered on individuals. A prominent example is the publicization of the plight of Soviet activist
206:
was formed in 1970 as an umbrella organization of all local grassroot groups working to win the right to emigrate for oppressed Jewish citizens of the Soviet Union.
62:
In the United States, a number of Jewish organizations became involved in the struggle for Soviet Jewish emigration. Jewish establishment organizations such as the
379:: "Mr. Birnbaum insisted that every rally include posters declaring 'Let my people go,' the line from Exodus 9:1 that became the clarion call of the movement."
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86:. Most organization kept their activities within the realm of public outreach, diplomacy and peaceful protest. An exception was the
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In the early 1970s, the issue of Soviet Jewish emigration became entangled with the U.S.'s Cold War agenda. In 1972, Senator
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The majority of activities in the West were aimed at raising awareness about the lack of freedom to emigrate from the
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213:, a clandestine agency that sought to publicize the cause of Soviet Jewry and encourage their emigration to Israel.
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The West did not become involved in the movement until the mid-1960s. One of the earliest organized efforts was the
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began a series of protests and vigils while employing militant activism in order to publicize the persecution of
1050:
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had an about-to-expire permit to leave the Soviet Union, which she used. Both Avital and
Sharansky's mother,
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858:
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The struggle for Soviet Jewry in
American politics : Israel versus the American Jewish establishment
514:
114:
672:
Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The
Politics of Anti-Semitism and Emigration and the Dynamics of Resettlement
873:
906:
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in 1964, and grew to include students from the New York metropolitan area and beyond. In 1969, the
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whose members occasionally turned to violent protest. The main slogan of the movement was:
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78:(NCSJ). New grassroots organizations also played an important role. Examples are the
863:
694:. Eds. Murray Friedman and Albert D. Chernin. University Press of New England, 1999
140:
110:
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When they come for us, we'll be gone : the epic struggle to save Soviet Jewry
1020:
984:
569:"Silent No More" Saving the Jews of Russia, The American Jewish Effort, 1967–1989
172:
164:
136:
376:
124:
711:), to keep the story of Soviet Jewry alive and to inspire the next generation.
707:– a free educational resource created by the Israeli Prime Minister's Office (
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When They Come for Us, We'll Be Gone: The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry.
430:
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was an international human rights campaign that advocated for the right of
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Reclaiming American virtue : the human rights revolution of the 1970s
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27:
Human rights campaign advocating equal rights for Jews in the Soviet Union
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Water's Edge: Domestic Politics and the Making of American Foreign Policy
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19 U.S.C. 2432(a), Sec. 402 "Freedom of Emigration in East-West Trade"
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714:
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Activities, particularly demonstrations, continued year after year.
825:
658:
From Exodus to Freedom: A History of the Soviet Jewry Movement
344:(1st Mariner books ed. 2011 ed.). Boston: Mariner Books.
830:
692:
A Second Exodus: The American movement to Free Soviet Jews
494:"Ida Milgrom, 94, Dies; Helped Free a Son Held by Soviets"
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127:, to a gradual increase in permission to leave the USSR.
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216:
617:
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571:. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
515:"Ida Milgrom, 94; Sought Dissident Son's Freedom"
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408:
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512:
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933:Organization for Jewish Colonization in Russia
309:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
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543:The Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism
943:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
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729:
466:
443:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
264:National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry
223:American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry
209:The movement was represented in Israel by
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72:American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry
492:Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (May 3, 2002).
254:Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s
249:Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism
161:Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism
80:Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism
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306:The American movement to aid Soviet Jews
679:The Story of the Jewish Defense League.
390:"4,000 assail Soviet on plight of Jews"
14:
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688:. University of Washington Press, 1979
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705:Educational website: Let My People Go
409:Keys, Barbara J. (17 February 2014).
1036:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
752:Jews and Judaism in the Soviet Union
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595:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010.
593:When They Come For Us We'll Be Gone
244:National Conference on Soviet Jewry
227:National Conference on Soviet Jewry
76:National Conference on Soviet Jewry
45:
24:
217:Tensions between wings of movement
25:
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948:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
768:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
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545:. Cleveland, Ohio. Archived from
279:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
274:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
204:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
184:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
84:Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry
70:coordinated their efforts in the
1041:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
660:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005
624:. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books.
667:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010
650:
611:
598:
585:
560:
527:
513:Dennis McLellan (May 4, 2002).
999:The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
881:Joseph Stalin and antisemitism
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375:wrote in their obituary about
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74:(AJCSJ), later renamed to the
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1:
836:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
717:– a free educational resource
674:. Duke University Press, 1989
539:Beth Israel – The West Temple
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58:American Jewish organizations
917:Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking
813:Jewish Communist Youth Union
618:Lazin, Frederick A. (2005).
415:. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
7:
859:Night of the Murdered Poets
567:Feingold, Henry L. (2007).
303:Orbach, William W. (1979).
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1026:Movements for civil rights
874:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign
681:Chilton Book Company, 1975
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907:1970s Soviet Union aliyah
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789:Jewish history in the JAO
773:Jewish autonomy in Crimea
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338:Beckerman, Gal. (2011) .
64:American Jewish Committee
778:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
467:Paul Stern (1979). "3".
269:Refusenik (Soviet Union)
36:Jews in the Soviet Union
968:Jackson–Vanik amendment
670:Freedman, Robert Owen.
471:. Bloomsbury Academic.
115:Jackson–Vanik amendment
105:Jackson–Vanik Amendment
977:Media and publications
926:International activism
902:Anti-Zionist Committee
807:Jewish Communist Party
225:and its successor the
113:(D-WA) introduced the
1051:Soviet Jewry movement
938:Soviet Jewry movement
869:Rootless cosmopolitan
715:The Refusenik Project
606:Open Up The Iron Door
520:The Los Angeles Times
398:. September 21, 1970.
284:World Jewish Congress
259:Jewish Defense League
196:Jewish Defense League
111:Henry "Scoop" Jackson
88:Jewish Defense League
82:and Jacob Birnbaum's
68:World Jewish Congress
32:Soviet Jewry movement
18:Soviet Jewry Movement
854:1931 Menshevik Trial
684:Schroeter, Leonard.
608:. Toby Press, 2015.
1046:Freedom of movement
897:Soviet anti-Zionism
846:Soviet antisemitism
656:Altshuler, Stuart.
120:Most Favored Nation
499:The New York Times
395:The New York Times
373:The New York Times
192:Yeshiva University
1008:
1007:
953:Cleveland Council
591:Beckerman, Gal.
578:978-0-8156-3101-9
422:978-0-674-72603-1
351:978-0-618-57309-7
186:, was founded by
131:Raising awareness
16:(Redirected from
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549:on 2015-09-23
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535:"Our History"
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551:. Retrieved
547:the original
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52:Soviet Union
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31:
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821:Yevsektsiya
784:Birobidzhan
145:Ida Milgrom
139:. His wife
92:Meir Kahane
1015:Categories
553:2015-09-22
290:References
912:Refusenik
439:cite book
431:871257472
360:694829899
149:Ida Nudel
40:Refusenik
640:56876939
238:See also
66:and the
890:Zionism
760:History
325:4495649
182:Later,
155:History
90:led by
1021:Aliyah
826:Komzet
815:(EKSM)
809:(EKP)
780:(JAO)
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575:
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429:
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348:
323:
313:
202:. The
171:, and
141:Avital
958:Nativ
709:Nativ
211:Nativ
831:OZET
636:OCLC
626:ISBN
573:ISBN
473:ISBN
445:link
427:OCLC
417:ISBN
356:OCLC
346:ISBN
321:OCLC
311:ISBN
30:The
190:at
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