9600:"In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the Xiongnu empire." (...) "a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C)" (...) "Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan." (...) "This further suggests the existence of an aristocracy in the Xiongnu empire, that elite status and power was concentrated within specific subsets of the broader population."... Although not conclusive, this suggests that the ANA ancestry source of the Xiongnu-period individuals may not be exclusively traced back to the Slab Grave culture but may also include nearby groups with a similar ANA genetic profile, such as the Xianbei. ... Last, our findings also confirm that the highest-status individuals in this study were females, supporting previous observations that Xiongnu women played an especially prominent role in the expansion and integration of new territories along the empire's frontier.
2582:
12245:, pp. 371–374: "Principal Component Analyses and D-statistics suggest that the Xiongnu individuals belong to two distinct groups, one being of East Asian origin and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian sources... We find that Central Sakas are accepted as a source for these 'western-admixed' Xiongnu in a single-wave model. In line with this finding, no East Asian gene flow is detected compared to Central Sakas as these form a clade with respect to the East Asian Xiongnu in a D-statistic, and furthermore, cluster closely together in the PCA (Figure 2)... Overall, our data show that the Xiongnu confederation was genetically heterogeneous, and that the Huns emerged following minor male-driven East Asian gene flow into the preceding Sakas that they invaded... As such our results support the contention that the disappearance of the Inner Asian Scythians and Sakas around two thousand years ago was a cultural transition that coincided with the westward migration of the Xiongnu. This Xiongnu invasion also led to the displacement of isolated remnant groups—related to Late Bronze Age pastoralists—that had remained on the south-eastern side of the Tian Shan mountains."
3032:
9921:. "Such a distribution of Xiongnu words may be an indication that both Turkic and Eastern Iranian-speaking groups were present among the Xiongnu in the earlier period of their history. Etymological analysis shows that some crucial components in the Xiongnu political, economic and cultural package, including dairy pastoralism and elements of state organization, may have been imported by the Eastern Iranians. Arguably, these Iranian-speaking groups were assimilated over time by the predominant Turkic-speaking part of the Xiongnu population. ... The genetic profile of published Xiongnu individuals speaks against the Yeniseian hypothesis, assuming that modern Yeniseian speakers (i.e. Kets) are representative of the ancestry components in the historical Yeniseian speaking groups in southern Siberia. In contrast to the Iron Age populations listed in Table 2, Kets do not have the Iranian-related ancestry component but harbour a strong genetic affinity with Samoyedic-speaking neighbours, such as Selkups (Jeong et al., 2018, 2019)."
4161:
2834:
5362:. There is a similarity present in stylistic execution, but Xiongnu art and Saka art often differ in terms of iconography. Saka art does not appear to have included predation scenes, especially with dead prey, or same-animal combat. Additionally, Saka art included elements not common to Xiongnu iconography, such as winged, horned horses. The two cultures also used two different kinds of bird heads. Xiongnu depictions of birds tend to have a medium-sized eye and beak, and they are also depicted with ears, while Saka birds have a pronounced eye and beak, and no ears. Some scholars claim these differences are indicative of cultural differences. Scholar Sophia-Karin Psarras suggests that Xiongnu images of animal predation, specifically tiger-and-prey, are spiritual, representative of death and rebirth, and that same-animal combat is representative of the acquisition or maintenance of power.
7024:
horserider patron originating from the distant steppes and related to the
Xiongnu" (French: "On peut aujourd'hui l'attribuer à un art local dont l'intention était de satisfaire un patron cavalier originaire des steppes lointaines et apparenté aux Xiongnu.")p. 36: "We can also clearly distinguish the crupper adorned with three rings forming a chain, as well as, on the shoulder of the mount, a very recognizable clip-shaped pendant, suspended from a chain passing in front of the chest and going up to the pommel of the saddle, whose known parallels are not to be found among the Scythians but in the realm of the Xiongnu, on bronze plaques from Mongolia and China" (French: "les parallèles connus ne se trouvent pas chez les Scythes mais dans le domaine des Xiongnu").p. 38: "The hairstyle of the hunter, with long hair pulled back and gathered in a bun, is also found at
4077:
4866:
2384:
2945:
5319:
4730:
5327:
3838:
major
Xiongnu weakness was the custom of lateral succession. If a dead ruler's son was not old enough to take command, power passed to the late ruler's brother. This worked in the first generation but could lead to civil war in the second generation. The first time this happened, in 60 BC, the weaker party adopted what Barfield calls the 'inner frontier strategy.' They moved south and submitted to the dominant Central Plain regime and then used the resources obtained from their overlord to defeat the Northern Xiongnu and re-establish the empire. The second time this happened, about 47 AD, the strategy failed. The southern ruler was unable to defeat the northern ruler and the Xiongnu remained divided.
11997::"While during the slab burial period (ca.1100–300 BCE) eastern patrilines seem to have been dominant, in the Xiongnu period about half of the population had western patrilines with virtually no change to the mtDNA gene pool in east–west terms. If sex bias migration patterns were similar with those found in Europe, this increase of western patrilines would be consistent with aggressive expansion of people with western male ancestry (Batini et al., 2017); however, such a pattern could also be due to a gradual nonaggressive assimilation, such as the practice of marriage alliances associated with an expansion of trade or cultural networks that favored people with western patrilines (Honeychurch, 2013)."
4796:
10799:. Philology of the Grasslands: Essays in Mongolic, Turkic, and Tungusic Studies, Edited by Ákos Bertalan Apatóczky et al. (Leiden: Brill). Retrieved 22 September 2019. quote: "Asdemonstrated by Ratchnevsky (1966: 231), the Shirwi confederation was a multiethnic, multilingual confederation of Tungusic-speaking Mo-ho 靺鞨 people (i.e. ancestors of the Jurchen), the Meng-wa 蒙瓦 ~ Meng-wu 蒙兀, whom Pelliot (1928) and others have shown were Proto-Mongolic speakers, and other groups. The dominant group among the Shirwi undoubtedly were ethnolinguistic descendants of the Serbi (鮮卑 Hsien-pei), and spoke a language closely related to Kitan and more distantly related to Mongolic."
1862:
1815:
5307:
16419:
3191:
2021:
6664:"The slab graves culture existed in this territory prior to the Xiongnu empire. Sites of this culture dating back to approximately 1100-400/300 BC are common in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal area. The earliest calibrated dates are prior to 1500 BC (Miyamoto et al., 2016). Later dates are usually 100–200 years earlier than the Xiongnu culture. Therefore, it is customarily considered that the slab grave culture preceded the Xiongnu culture. There is only one case, reported by Miyamoto et al. (2016), in which the date of the slab grave corresponds to the time of the making of the Xiongnu Empire."
55:
10752:. University of Helsinki. p. 99. quote: "According to Gai Zhiyong's study, Jishou is identical with Qishou, the earliest ancestor of the Khitan; and Shihuai is identical to Tanshihuai, the Xianbei supreme chief in the period of the Eastern Han (25-220). Therefore, from the sentence "His ancestor was Jish who was derived from Shihuai" in the above inscription, it can be simply seen that the Khitan originated from the Xianbei. Since the excavated inscription on memorial tablet can be regarded as a firsthand historical source, this piece of information is quite reliable."
2284:
11518:
5163:
61:
8895:
11911:"Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA, which is maternally inherited, shows that the Xiongnu remains from this Egyin Gol necropolis consist mainly of Asian lineages (89%). West Eurasian lineages makeup the rest (11%) (Keyser-Tracqui et al. (2003: 258). However, according to a more recent study of ancient human remains from central Mongolia, the Xiongnu population in cen- tral Mongolia possessed a higher frequency of western mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (37.5%) than the Xiongnu from the Egyin Gol necropolis (Rogers 2016: 78)."
9518:
12475:
7726:
3438:
9780:", "site of a settlement and palace of the nomad Yuezhi": "Representations of figures with faces closely akin to those of the ruling clan at Khalchayan (PLATE I) have been found in recent times on woollen fragments recovered from a nomad burial site near Lake Baikal in Siberia, Noin Ula, supplementing an earlier discovery at the same site), the pieces dating from the time of Yuezhi/Kushan control of Bactria. Similar faces appeared on woollen fragments found recently in a nomad burial in south-eastern Xinjiang (
4366:
2574:
11528:
3639:
5347:, a site which is presumed to have been under Xiongnu political control but is still clearly non-Xiongnu. In the Maoqinggou example, the prey is replaced with an extension of the tiger's foot. The work also depicts a cruder level of execution; Maoqinggou work was executed in a rounder, less detailed style. In its broadest sense, Xiongnu iconography of animal predation includes examples such as the gold headdress from Aluchaideng and gold earrings with a turquoise and jade inlay discovered in
2032:
4507:
1031:
2330:(Gao-Di) with his 320,000-strong army at Peteng Fortress in Baideng (present-day Datong, Shanxi). Gaozu (Gao-Di) after agreed to all Modu's terms, such as ceding the northern provinces to the Xiongnu and paying annual taxes, he was allowed to leave the siege. Although Gaozu was able to return to his capital Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), Modu occasionally threatened the Han's northern frontier and finally in 198 BC, a peace treaty was settled.
5371:
5012:
2763:
4131:
and Ket sagdi 'boot', Xiongnu gʷawa "prince" and Ket gij "prince", Xiongnu "attij" 'wife' and proto-Yeniseian "alrit", Ket "alit" and
Xiongnu dar "north" compared to Yugh tɨr "north". Pulleyblank also argued that because Xiongnu words appear to have clusters with r and l, in the beginning of the word it is unlikely to be of Turkic origin, and instead believed that most vocabulary we have mostly resemble Yeniseian languages.
3980:
6803:, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China."
2932:. Runzhen was killed by Zhizhi in 54 BC, leaving only Zhizhi and Huhanye. Zhizhi grew in power, and, in 53 BC, Huhanye moved south and submitted to the Chinese. Huhanye used Chinese support to weaken Zhizhi, who gradually moved west. In 49 BC, a brother to Tuqi set himself up as Chanyu and was killed by Zhizhi. In 36 BC, Zhizhi was killed by a Chinese army while trying to establish a new kingdom in the far west near
2988:. On the financial side, Huhanye was amply rewarded in large quantities of gold, cash, clothes, silk, horses and grain for his participation. Huhanye made two further homage trips, in 49 BC and 33 BC; with each one the imperial gifts were increased. On the last trip, Huhanye took the opportunity to ask to be allowed to become an imperial son-in-law. As a sign of the decline in the political status of the Xiongnu,
2928:, as the 14th Chanyu. The Woyanqudi faction then set up his brother, Tuqi, as Chanyu (58 BC). In 57 BC three more men declared themselves Chanyu. Two dropped their claims in favor of the third who was defeated by Tuqi in that year and surrendered to Huhanye the following year. In 56 BC Tuqi was defeated by Huhanye and committed suicide, but two more claimants appeared: Runzhen and Huhanye's elder brother
10980:
9914:
3174:
4821:"There is no clear indication of the ethnicity of this tomb occupant, but in a similar brick-chambered tomb of the late Eastern Han period at the same cemetery, archaeologists discovered a bronze seal with the official title that the Han government bestowed upon the leader of the Xiongnu. The excavators suggested that these brick chamber tombs all belong to the Xiongnu (Qinghai 1993)."
3765:(meaning "Unite All Nations"), was one of the capitals of the Xia that was built during the reign of Helian Bobo. The ruined city was discovered in 1996 and the State Council designated it as a cultural relic under top state protection. The repair of the Yong'an Platform, where Helian Bobo reviewed parading troops, has been finished and restoration on the 31-meter-tall turret follows.
10831:. text: "鮮卑者, 亦東胡之支也, 别依鮮卑山, 故因為號焉. 漢初, 亦為冒頓所破, 遠竄遼東塞." Xu (2005:24)'s translation: "The Xianbei who were a branch of the Donghu, relied upon the Xianbei Mountains. Therefore, they were called the Xianbei. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), (they) were defeated by Maodun, and then fled in disorder to Liaodong beyond the northern border of China Proper"
2364:, Wang Wu (王烏) and others were sent as envoys to pay a visit to the Xiongnu. According to the customs of the Xiongnu, if the Han envoys did not remove their tallies of authority, and if they did not allow their faces to be tattooed, they could not gain entrance into the yurts. Wang Wu and his company removed their tallies, submitted to tattoo, and thus gained entry. The
3479:, the son of Liu Bao and a general serving under one of the Jin princes, was offered by the Xiongnu to become the leader of their rebellion. After deceiving his prince, Liu Yuan returned to the Xiongnu and was acclaimed as the Grand Chanyu. Later that year, he declared himself the King of Han. Records indicate that Liu Yuan and his family members were actually from the
3953:), which indicates that the two names were synonymous. Although the theory that the Xiongnu were the precursors of the Huns as they were later known in Europe is now accepted by many scholars, it has yet to become a consensus view. The identification with the Huns may either be incorrect or it may be an oversimplification (as would appear to be the case with a
11961:" The first pattern is that the slab burial mtDNA frequencies are extremely similar to those of the aggregated Xiongnu populations and relatively similar to those of the various Bronze Age Mongolian populations, strongly supporting a population continuity hypothesis for the region over these time periods (Honeychurch, 2013)"
8081:"Bronze plaque from northwestern China or south central Interior Mongolia, wrestling Xiongnus, the horses have Xiongnu-type trappings" (French: "Plaque en bronze ajouré du nord-ouest de la Chine ou Mongolie intérieure méridionale centrale, Xiongnu luttant, les chevaux portent des harnachements de «type Xiongnu».")
4826:"commoner" graves. Other scholars, find this division too simplistic and not evocative of a true distinction because it shows "ignorance of the nature of the mortuary investments and typically luxuriant burial assemblages the discovery of other lesser interments that do not qualify as either of these types."
4130:
Vocabulary from
Xiongnu inscriptions sometimes appears to have Yeniseian cognates which were used by Vovin to support his theory that the Xiongnu has a large Yeniseian component, examples of proposed cognates include words such as Xiongnu kʷala 'son' and Ket qalek 'younger son', Xiongnu sakdak 'boot'
3837:
was not simply for goods, but to force the
Central Plain polity to pay regular tribute. The power of the Xiongnu ruler was based on his control of Han tribute which he used to reward his supporters. The Han and Xiongnu empires rose at the same time because the Xiongnu state depended on Han tribute. A
2786:
to explore the mysterious kingdoms to the west and to form an alliance with the Yuezhi people in order to combat the
Xiongnu. During this time Zhang married a Xiongnu wife, who bore him a son, and gained the trust of the Xiongnu leader. While Zhang Qian did not succeed in this mission, his reports of
6617:
Khenzykhenova, Fedora I.; Kradin, Nikolai N.; Danukalova, Guzel A.; Shchetnikov, Alexander A.; Osipova, Eugenia M.; Matveev, Arkady N.; Yuriev, Anatoly L.; Namzalova, Oyuna D. -Ts; Prokopets, Stanislav D.; Lyashchevskaya, Marina A.; Schepina, Natalia A.; Namsaraeva, Solonga B.; Martynovich, Nikolai
5400:
to write official letters to the
Chinese court on a wooden tablet 31 cm long, and to use a seal and large-sized folder." The same sources tell that when the Xiongnu noted down something or transmitted a message, they made cuts on a piece of wood ('ke-mu'), and they also mention a "Hu script" (vol.
5227:
Although the
Xiongnu were ethnically heterogeneous as a whole, it appears that variability was highly related to social status. Genetic heterogeneity was highest among retainers of low status, as identified by their smaller and peripheral tombs. These retainers mainly displayed ancestry related to
4989:
belonged exclusively to haplogroup Q. They argue that the haplogroups C2, Q and N likely formed the major paternal haplogroups of the
Xiongnu tribes, while R1a was the most common paternal haplogroup (44.5%) among neighbouring nomads from the Altai mountain, who were probably incorporated into the
4881:
population, which had a similar frequency of
Eastern and Western maternal haplogroups, supporting a hypothesis of continuity from the Slab Grave period to the Xiongnu. They wrote that the bulk of the genetics research indicates that roughly 27% of Xiongnu maternal haplogroups were of West Eurasian
4518:
considered them to be multi-component groups. Many scholars believe the Xiongnu confederation was a mixture of different ethno-linguistic groups, and that their main language (as represented in the Chinese sources) and its relationships have not yet been satisfactorily determined. Kim rejects "old
4172:
According to a study by Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, genetic studies found a mixture of haplogroups from
3003:
When Zhizhi learned of his brother's submission, he also sent a son to the Han court as hostage in 53 BC. Then twice, in 51 BC and 50 BC, he sent envoys to the Han court with tribute. But having failed to pay homage personally, he was never admitted to the tributary system. In 36 BC, a junior
2845:
Major logistical difficulties limited the duration and long-term continuation of these campaigns. According to the analysis of Yan You (嚴尤), the difficulties were twofold. Firstly there was the problem of supplying food across long distances. Secondly, the weather in the northern Xiongnu lands was
2510:
The Han dynasty sent random unrelated commoner women falsely labeled as "princesses" and members of the Han imperial family multiple times when they were practicing Heqin marriage alliances with the Xiongnu in order to avoid sending the emperor's daughters. The Han sent these "princesses" to marry
9753:
Considered as Yuezhi-Saka or simply Yuezhi, and p.3: "These tapestries were apparently manufactured in Bactria or in Gandhara at the time of the Saka-Yuezhi rule, when these countries were connected with the Parthian empire and the "Hellenized East." They represent groups of men, warriors of high
7616:
Nonetheless, among archaeologists, there are many supporters of the Xiongnu migration to the West. In recent years, S. Botalov (2009) constructed a broad picture of the migration of the Xiongnu to the Urals, and then Europe. In Kazakhstan, A. N. Podushkin discovered the Arysskaya culture with a
5342:
Within the Xiongnu culture more variety is visible from site to site than from "era" to "era," in terms of the Chinese chronology, yet all form a whole that is distinct from that of the Han and other peoples of the non-Chinese north. In some instances, the iconography cannot be used as the main
4791:
skulls with East Asian craniometrical features, setting them apart from neighboring populations in present-day Mongolia. Russian and Chinese anthropological and craniofacial studies show that the Xiongnu were physically very heterogenous, with six different population clusters showing different
3724:, and he later changed his family name from "Liu" (劉) to the more Xiongnu-like "Helian" (赫連), believing it inappropriate to follow his matrilineal line from the Han. Helian Bobo placed the Later Qin in a perpetual state of warfare and greatly contributed to its decline. In 418, he conquered the
2924:, a grandson of the 12th Chanyu's cousin. Being something of a usurper, he tried to put his own men in power, which only increased the number of his enemies. The 12th Chanyu's son fled east and, in 58 BC, revolted. Few would support Woyanqudi and he was driven to suicide, leaving the rebel son,
2825:
led a force of light cavalry westward out of Longxi and within six days fought his way through five Xiongnu kingdoms. The Xiongnu Hunye king was forced to surrender with 40,000 men. In 119 BC both Huo and Wei, each leading 50,000 cavalrymen and 100,000 footsoldiers (in order to keep up with the
4145:
speakers, the Xiongnu do not display a genetic affinity for Yeniseian peoples. A review by Wilson (2023) argues that the presence of Yeniseian-speakers among the multi-ethnic Xiongnu should not be rejected, and that "Yeniseian-speaking peoples must have played a more prominent (than heretofore
4057:
According to a study by Alexander Savelyev and Choongwon Jeong, published in 2020 in the journal Evolutionary Human Sciences by Cambridge University Press, "The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic". However, important cultural, technological and political
3214:
Tensions were evident between Han settlers and practitioners of the nomadic way of life. Thus, in 94, Anguo Chanyu joined forces with newly subjugated Xiongnu from the north and started a large scale rebellion against the Han. At times, the Southern Xiongnu would join forces with the Wuhuan in
3201:
Coincidentally, the Southern Xiongnu were plagued by natural disasters and misfortunes—in addition to the threat posed by Punu. Consequently, in 50 AD, the Southern Xiongnu submitted to tributary relations with Han China. The system of tribute was considerably tightened by the Han, to keep the
2736:. Li Ling was captured by the Xiongnu and defected in the first century BCE. And since the Tang royal Li family also claimed descent from Li Guang, the Kirghiz Khagan was therefore recognized as a member of the Tang Imperial family. This relationship soothed the relationship when Kyrgyz khagan
7023:
Page 36: "A renowned openwork gold plate found on the surface of the site depicts a wild boar hunt at the spear by a rider in steppe dress, in a frame of ovals arranged in cells intended to receive inlays (fig. 14). We can today attribute it to a local craft whose intention was to satisfy a
4825:
Classifications of these burial sites make distinction between two prevailing type of burials: "(1) monumental ramped terrace tombs which are often flanked by smaller "satellite" burials and (2) 'circular' or 'ring' burials." Some scholars consider this a division between "elite" graves and
9822:
While most scholars hold the Xiongnu to have originally had a leadership from a Sogdian kinship line, Kim (2023: 28-29) argues that during their migration west, they seem to have undergone a transformation from having had a Yeniseian leadership, which ruled over various Iranic, Alanic and
5094:
A study published in November 2020 examined 60 early and late Xiongnu individuals from across of Mongolia. The study found that the Xiongnu resulted from the admixture of three different clusters from the Mongolian region. The two early genetic clusters are "early Xiongnu_west" from the
5405:). At Noin-Ula and other Xiongnu burial sites in Mongolia and the region north of Lake Baikal, among the objects discovered during excavations conducted between 1924 and 1925 were over 20 carved characters. Most of these characters are either identical or very similar to letters of the
3804:
people, but based on the fact that the Juqu's ancestors once served the Xiongnu empire, the Lushuihu could still be considered a branch of the Xiongnu. Regardless, contemporaneous records treat the Lushuihu as a distinct ethnic group. The Northern Liang was known for its propagation of
4107:
to argue for a Yeniseian Jie dominant minority, that ruled over the other Xiongnu ethnicities, like Iranian and Turkic people. Kim has stated that the dominant Xiongnu language was likely Turkic or Yeniseian, but has cautioned that the Xiongnu were definitely a multi-ethnic society.
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Ts. Törbat, Keramika khunnskogo mogil'nika Burkhan-Tolgoi. Erdem shinzhilgeenii bichig. Arkheologi, antropologi, ugsaatan sudlal 19,2003, 82–100. Ц. Тѳрбат, Керамика хуннского могильника Бурхан-Толгой. Эрдэм шинжилгээний бичиг. Археологи, антропологи, угсаатан судлал 19, 2003,
11660:
A. V. Davydova, Ivolginskii arkheologicheskii kompleks II. Ivolginskii mogil'nik. Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Siunnu 2 (Sankt-Peterburg 1996). А. В. Давыдова, Иволгинский археологи-ческий комплекс II. Иволгинский могильник. Археологические памятники Сюнну 2 (Санкт-Петербург
4922:
period, which was dominated by East Asian patrilineages. They suggest that this may reflect an aggressive expansion of people with West Eurasian paternal haplogroups, or perhaps the practice of marriage alliances or cultural networks favoring people with Western patrilines.
4917:
According to Rogers & Kaestle (2022), roughly 47% of Xiongnu period remains belonged to paternal haplogroups associated with modern West Eurasians, while the rest (53%) belonged to East Asian haplogroups. They observed that this contrasts strongly with the preceding
3341:
to Liu for prestige reasons, claiming that they were related to the Han imperial clan through the old intermarriage policy. Each of the Five Divisions were supervised by a local chief, who in turn was under the "surveillance of a chinese resident", while the former
3210:
and the Southern Xiongnu were resettled in eight frontier commanderies. At the same time, large numbers of Chinese were also resettled in these commanderies, in mixed Han-Xiongnu settlements. Economically, the Southern Xiongnu became reliant on trade with the Han.
3623:
but was captured by Shi Le's forces in battle and executed in 329. Chang'an soon fell to Later Zhao and the last of Former Zhao's forces were destroyed. Thus ended the Han-Zhao dynasty; northern China would be dominated by the Later Zhao for the next 20 years.
4472:, whom Sima Qian distinguished from the Xiongnu. (notwithstanding Sima Qian's inconsistency). Additionally, Chinese chroniclers routinely ascribed Xiongnu origins to various nomadic groups: for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Para-Mongolic-speaking
4369:
Belt Buckle, 2nd-1st century BCE, Xiongnu. Another naturalistic belt buckle made to the Xiongnu taste, showing a mounted warrior frontally, holding a dagger and grabbing the hair of a demon who is also attacked by a dog. Also appears a nomadic cart pulled by
2846:
difficult for Han soldiers, who could never carry enough fuel. According to official reports, the Xiongnu lost 80,000 to 90,000 men, and out of the 140,000 horses the Han forces had brought into the desert, fewer than 30,000 returned to the Han Empire.
2056:
may have been made for a patron related to the Xiongnu, and may be dated to the 2nd-1st century BC. The rider wears the steppe dress, his hair is tied into a hairbun characteristic of the oriental steppes, and his horse has characteristically Xiongnu
3047:. At the height of his power, Huduershi even compared himself to his illustrious ancestor, Modu. Due to growing regionalism among the Xiongnu, however, Huduershi was never able to establish unquestioned authority. In contravention of a principle of
1814:
5918:"The primary focus of the new threat became the Xiongnu who emerged rather abruptly in the late 4th century B.C. initially subordinated to the Yuezhi, the Xiongnu overthrew the nomadic hierarchy while also escalating its attacks on Chinese areas."
4873:
A 2003 study found that 89% of Xiongnu maternal lineages are of East Asian origin, while 11% were of West Eurasian origin. However, a 2016 study found that 37.5% of Xiongnu maternal lineages were West Eurasian, in a central Mongolian sample.
11699:
1897:
origin), which persisted until the 3rd century BC. Genetic research indicates that the Slab Grave people were the primary ancestors of the Xiongnu, and that the Xiongnu formed through substantial and complex admixture with West Eurasians.
10438:(High-Cart Dingling). Their language, in brief, and Xiongnu are the same yet occasionally there are small differences. Some say that they are the sororal nephews/sons-in-laws of the Xiongnu of yore. Their tribes (種) are Di, Yuanhe (aka
7852:
Liu Jing said: "The Han dynasty was just calm, the soldiers were exhausted by the fire, and the Xiongnu could not be ... If the majesty could not send a big princess, let the royal woman or the fake princess, he I will know that I will
5343:
cultural identifier, because art depicting animal predation is common among the steppe peoples. An example of animal predation associated with Xiongnu culture is that of a tiger carrying dead prey. A similar motif appears in work from
3846:
The Xiongnu empire is widely thought to have been multiethnic. There are several theories on the ethnolinguistic identity of the Xiongnu, though there is no consensus among scholars as to what language was spoken by the Xiongnu elite.
7891:
In the Han- Wusun alliance (unlike the Han- Xiongnu heqin agreements) the gifts flowed in the proper direction, ... Thus, while Empress Lü transgressed the heqin marriage in having a false princess sent, Liu Jing's original proposal
2948:
Bronze seal of a Xiongnu chief, conferred by the Eastern Han government. Inscribed 漢匈奴/歸義親/漢長 ("The Chief of the Han Xiongnu, who have returned to righteousness and embraced the Han"). Seal, impression, and transcription in standard
7955:... 孝文皇帝 sent a girl as a new wife for the Chanyu as a 'fake princess of Royal family' with a eunuch named '中行 ... The Han lured the Xiongnu chief deep into the China proper town called "馬邑," but Gunchen Chanyu realized the trap ...
7827:
There were altogether nine marriages of Han princesses (fake or real) to the Xiongnu during these roughly 60 years (for a complete list of details, see Cui 2007a, 555). We will call this policy Heqin Model One, and, as Ying-shih Yu
6791:, p. 369: "From that time until the HAN dynasty the Ordos steppe was the home of semi-nomadic Indo-European peoples whose culture can be regarded as an eastern province of a vast Eurasian continuum of Scytho-Siberian cultures."
2826:
mobility of the Xiongnu, many of the non-cavalry Han soldiers were mobile infantrymen who traveled on horseback but fought on foot), and advancing along different routes, forced the chanyu and his Xiongnu court to flee north of the
5267:, suggesting multiple sources for their Eastern ancestry. High Eastern ancestry was more common among high status female samples, while low status male samples tended to be more diverse and having higher Western ancestry. A likely
11689:
Ts. Törbat, Tamiryn Ulaan khoshuuny bulsh ba Khünnügiin ugsaatny büreldekhüünii asuudald. Tükhiin setgüül 4, 2003, 6–17. Ц. Төрбат, Тамирын Улаан хошууны булш ба Хүннүгийн угсаатны бүрэлдэхүүний асуудалд. Түүхийн сэтгүүл 4, 2003,
10814:
quote: "東胡初輕冒頓，不爲備。及冒頓以兵至，擊，大破滅東胡王，而虜其民人及畜產。" translation: "Initially the Donghu despised Modun and were unprepared. So Modun arrived with his troops, attacked, routed and killed Donghu king; then captured his people as well as
10929:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev (12 November 2020).
2208:
expanded Qin's territory at the expense of the Xiongnu. After the unification of Qin dynasty, Xiongnu was a threat to the northern board of Qin. They were likely to attack the Qin dynasty when they suffered natural disasters.
4035:. According to Beckwith the Xiongnu could have contained a leading Iranian component when they started out, but more likely they had earlier been subjects of an Iranian people and learned the Iranian nomadic model from them.
7920:
Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty Tamara Ta Lun Chin ... Emperor Han Wudi's military push to reverse the power relations between Xiongnu and Han stands in stark contrast to the original ... Xiongnu with a false
6315:) bore Iranian names and all the Hsiung-nu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from an Iranian language of Saka type. It is therefore clear that the majority of Hsiung-nu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language."
3795:
in 397. Recent historiographies often classify the Northern Liang as a "Xiongnu" state, but there is still ongoing debate on the exact origin of the Lushuihu. A leading theory is that the Lushuihu were descendants of the
2156:
nomadic peoples. In later Chinese historiography, some groups of these peoples were believed to be the possible progenitors of the Xiongnu people. These nomadic people often had repeated military confrontations with the
9718:
Polos'mak, Natalia V.; Francfort, Henri-Paul; Tsepova, Olga (2015). "Nouvelles découvertes de tentures polychromes brodées du début de notre ère dans les "tumuli" n o 20 et n o 31 de Noin-Ula (République de Mongolie)".
4173:
western and eastern Eurasian origins that suggested a large genetic diversity within, and possibly multiple origins of Xiongnu elites. The Turkic-related component may be brought by eastern Eurasian genetic substratum.
2903:
at the age of 70 years and died there in the year 102. Following his death, the power of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions increased again, and the emperors of subsequent dynasties did not reach as far west until the
4058:
elements may have been transmitted by Eastern Iranian-speaking Steppe nomads: "Arguably, these Iranian-speaking groups were assimilated over time by the predominant Turkic-speaking part of the Xiongnu population".
6813:
Unterländer, Martina; Palstra, Friso; Lazaridis, Iosif; Pilipenko, Aleksandr; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Groß, Melanie; Sell, Christian; Blöcher, Jens; Kirsanow, Karola; Rohland, Nadin; Rieger, Benjamin (3 March 2017).
9754:
status, and kings and/ or princes, performing rituals of drinking, fighting or taking part in a religious ceremony, a procession leading to an altar with a fire burning on it, and two men engaged in a ritual."
5078:
in May 2018 examined the remains of five Xiongnu. The study concluded that Xiongnu confederation was genetically heterogeneous, and Xiongnu individuals belonging to two distinct groups, one being of primarily
12362:
The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking
2920:, normally kept an adult male on the throne, but could cause trouble in later generations when there were several lineages that might claim the throne. When the 12th Chanyu died in 60 BC, power was taken by
2268:. This transformed the Xiongnu into a more formidable polity, able to form larger armies and exercise improved strategic coordination. Two years later, in 207 BC, the Qin dynasty fell, and after a period of
8674:
13078:
3941:, who noticed that ancient Chinese scholars had referred to members of tribes which were associated with the Xiongnu by names which were similar to the name "Hun", albeit with varying Chinese characters.
13589:
12375:
Lee, Juhyeon; Sato, Takehiro; Tajima, Atsushi; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Tsogtbaatar, Batmunkh; Nakagome, Shigeki; Miyake, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Noriyuki; Jeong, Choongwon; Gakuhari, Takashi (1 March 2024).
2581:
4817:
The archaeologists have chosen to, for the most part, refrain from positing anything about Han-Xiongnu relations based on the material excavated. However, they were willing to mention the following:
12486:
12484:
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12478:
3596:. That same year, Shi Le proclaimed independence and formed his own state of Zhao, challenging Liu Yao for hegemony over northern China. For this reason, Han-Zhao is also known to historians as the
3548:
Although Han enjoyed military success, it also suffered from internal strife under Liu Cong. Throughout his reign, Liu Cong faced constant dissidence from his own ministers, and so he empowered his
11670:
S. S. Miniaev, Dyrestuiskii mogil'nik. Arkheologicheskie pamiatniki Siunnu 3 (Sankt-Peterburg 1998). С. С. Миняев, Дырестуйский могильник. Археологические памятники Сюнну 3 (Санкт-Петербург 1998).
4200:. André Wink states that the Xiongnu probably spoke an early form of Turkic; even if Xiongnu were not "Turks" nor Turkic-speaking, they were in close contact with Turkic-speakers very early on.
1650:. The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses, because only a few words, mainly titles and personal names, were preserved in the Chinese sources. The name
9676:
In Noin-Ula (Noyon Uul), Mongolia, the remarkable elite Xiongnu tombs have revealed textiles that are linked to the pictorial tradition of the Yuezhi: the decorative faces closely resemble the
4713:
The original geographic location of the Xiongnu is disputed among steppe archaeologists. Since the 1960s, the geographic origin of the Xiongnu has attempted to be traced through an analysis of
3584:
as the new emperor. In 319, he moved the capital from Pingyang to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty as Zhao. Unlike his predecessors, Liu Yao appealed more to his Xiongnu ancestry by honouring
4761:
and the Ordos commonly show individuals with West Eurasian features. Iaroslav Lebedynsky said that West Eurasian depictions in the Ordos region should be attributed to a "Scythian affinity".
2973:
should present tribute to the Han emperor. The political status of the Xiongnu in the Chinese world order was reduced from that of a "brotherly state" to that of an "outer vassal" (外臣).
3069:
In 48 AD, a confederation of eight Xiongnu tribes in Bi's power base in the south, with a military force totalling 40,000 to 50,000 men, seceded from Punu's kingdom and acclaimed Bi as
11834:
11796:
11732:
18921:
18916:
4514:
Since the early 19th century, a number of Western scholars have proposed a connection between various language families or subfamilies and the language or languages of the Xiongnu.
4460:, another people who in turn descended from the Xianbei and were also associated with the Xiongnu. While the Xianbei, Khitans, and Shiwei are generally believed to be predominantly
2577:
A traveling nomad family led by a man in belted jacket and trousers, pulling a nomadic cart. Belt Buckle, Mongolia or southern Siberia, dated to 2nd-1st century BC (Xiongnu period).
14120:
4768:
demonstrate other cultural evidences and influences, showing that Chinese and Xiongnu art have influenced each other mutually. Some of these embroidered portraits in the Noin-Ula
4674:
was descended from a Xiongnu ruler), but many contemporary scholars do not consider the modern Uyghurs to be of direct linear descent from the old Uyghur Khaganate because modern
3381:(賀賴), Zhongqin (鐘跂), Dalou (大樓), Yongqu (雍屈), Zhenshu (真樹) and Lijie (力羯). Among the nineteen tribes, the Chuge, also known as the Xiuchuge, were the most honored and prestigious.
13897:
Minyaev, Sergey. "Niche Grave Burials of the Xiong-nu Period in Central Asia", Information Bulletin, Inter-national Association for the Cultures of Central Asia 17 (1990): 91–99.
10909:
5273:, a male ruler of the Empire identified by his prestigious tomb, was shown to have had similar ancestry as a high status female in the "western frontiers", deriving about 39.3%
10255:
quote: "突厥者，其先居西海之右，獨為部落，蓋匈奴之別種也。" translation: "The Tujue, their ancestors dwelt on the right bank of the Western Sea; a lone tribe, probably a separate branch of the Xiongnu"
14248:
2899:(Rome). Ban Chao was created the Marquess of Dingyuan (定遠侯, i.e., "the Marquess who stabilized faraway places") for his services to the Han Empire and returned to the capital
2145:. Even Sima Qian was inconsistent: in the chapter "Hereditary House of Zhao", he considered the Donghu to be the Hu proper, yet elsewhere he considered Xiongnu to be also Hu.
1869:
10457:
quote: "回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。" translation: "Huihe, their ancestors were the Xiongnu; because they customarily drove carts with high-wheels and many spokes, in
3453:
Despite Cao Cao's effort, the Southern Xiongnu in Shanxi eventually grew restless and attempted to restore themselves to power. The five divisions were briefly unified under
13167:
The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
9860:
3588:
and distancing himself from the state's initial positioning of restoring the Han dynasty. However, this was not a break from Liu Yuan, as he continued to honor Liu Yuan and
2419:. Beneath them came the commanders of detachments of one thousand, of one hundred, and of ten men. This nation of nomads, a people on the march, was organized like an army.
4111:
Pulleybank and D. N. Keightley asserted that the Xiongnu titles "were originally Siberian words but were later borrowed by the Turkic and Mongolic peoples". Titles such as
2787:
the west provided even greater incentive to counter the Xiongnu hold on westward routes out of the Han Empire, and the Han prepared to mount a large scale attack using the
14020:
12769:
5139:
sources. Their uniparental haplogroup assignments also showed heterogenetic influence on their ethnogenesis as well as their connection with Huns. In contrast, the later
4123:
were also inherited from the Xiongnu language and are possibly of Yeniseian origin. For example, the Xiongnu word for "heaven" is theorized to come from Proto-Yeniseian *
2976:
Huhanye sent his son, the "wise king of the right" Shuloujutang, to the Han court as hostage. In 51 BC he personally visited Chang'an to pay homage to the emperor on the
2511:
Xiongnu leaders in their efforts to stop the border raids. Along with arranged marriages, the Han sent gifts to bribe the Xiongnu to stop attacking. After the defeat at
1925:. These tribes are recorded as harassing Zhou territory, but at the time the Zhou were expanding northwards, encroaching on their traditional lands, especially into the
12027:
Ren Meng; Wang Jian Xin (2011). "Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty".
2605:
and the Xiongnu for sixty years. Up to 135 BC, the treaty was renewed nine times, each time with an increase in the "gifts" to the Xiongnu Empire. In 192 BC,
11317:
10536:
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".
9435:
752:
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710:
696:
671:
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643:
629:
615:
7970:
Ancient bronzes, ceramics, and seals: The Nasli M. Heeramaneck Collection of ancient Near Eastern, central Asiatic, and European art, gift of the Ahmanson Foundation
12742:
5429:. The Xiongnu were a nomadic people. From their lifestyle of herding flocks and their horse-trade with China, it can be concluded that their diet consist mainly of
4160:
3334:. This was aimed at preventing the exiled Xiongnu in Shanxi from engaging in rebellion, and also allowed Cao Cao to use the Xiongnu as auxiliaries in his cavalry.
2520:
2333:
Xiongnu in their expansion drove their western neighbour Yuezhi from the Hexi Corridor in year 176 BC, killing the Yuezhi king and asserting their presence in the
2323:, which had previously been taken by the Qin general Meng Tian. Under Modu's leadership, the Xiongnu became so strong that they began to threaten the Han dynasty.
2003:
from the 6th to 2nd centuries BC, and is of unknown ethno-linguistic origin, and is thought to represent the easternmost extension of Indo-European-speakers. The
13891:
Minyaev, Sergey. On the origin of the Xiongnu // Bulletin of International association for the study of the culture of Central Asia, UNESCO. Moscow, 1985, No. 9.
12078:
Keyser, C.; Zvénigorosky, V.; et al. (2020). "Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia".
10422:
quote: "高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，初號為狄歷，北方以為勑勒，諸夏以為高車、丁零。其語略與匈奴同而時有小異，或云其先匈奴之甥也。其種有狄氏、袁紇氏、斛律氏、解批氏、護骨氏、異奇斤氏。" translation: "The Gaoche are probably remnants of the ancient Red
3031:
13600:
8652:. Curatores seriei Victor Spinei et Ionel Candeâ VII. Romanian Academy Institute of Archaeology of Iaşi Editura Academiei Romane - Editura Istros. p. 245.
2422:
After Modu, later leaders formed a dualistic system of political organisation with the left and right branches of the Xiongnu divided on a regional basis. The
9544:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
2887:) of the Han dynasty, embarked with an army of 70,000 soldiers in a campaign against the Xiongnu remnants who were harassing the trade route now known as the
13926:
Minyaev, Sergey. Art and archeology of the Xiongnu: new discoveries in Russia. In: Circle of Iner Asia Art, Newsletter, Issue 14, December 2001, pp. 3–9
5255:
On the contrary, high status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian
5396:
indicate that the Xiongnu did not have an ideographic form of writing like Chinese, but in the 2nd century BC, a renegade Chinese dignitary Yue "taught the
5119:
ancestry, or mixed with "early Xiongnu_west"). The later third cluster named "late Xiongnu" has even higher heterogenity, with the continued combination of
2806:. By that point the empire was consolidated politically, militarily and economically, and was led by an adventurous pro-war faction at court. In that year,
2833:
2507:, he was ambushed, reputedly by Xiongnu cavalry. The emperor was cut off from supplies and reinforcements for seven days, only narrowly escaping capture.
2340:
By the time of Modu's death in 174 BC, the Xiongnu were recognized as the most prominent of the nomads bordering the Chinese Han empire According to the
13867:
10506:
2103:
people (Han) to the pastoral nomads (Xiongnu), characterizing them as two polar groups in the sense of a civilization versus an uncivilized society: the
3716:. He was assigned to guard Shuofang, but in 407, angered by Qin holding peace talks with the Northern Wei, he rebelled and founded a state known as the
14009:(Etnicheskii sostav i proiskhozhdenie altaitsev, Ethnic composition and origins of the Altaians). Leningrad: Nauka. Facsimile in Microsoft Word format.
9837:, p. 405: "Accordingly, the transcription now read as Hsiung- nu may have been pronounced * Soγdâ, * Soγlâ, * Sak(a)dâ, or even * Skla(C)da, etc."
12869:
Demattè, Paola (2006). "Writing the Landscape: Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia and Ningxia Province (China)". In David L. Peterson; et al. (eds.).
4705:
has denied any possibility of a relationship between the Xiongnu language and any other known language, even any connection with Turkic or Mongolian.
3118:, attacked the Northern Xiongnu. The Northern Xiongnu suffered two major defeats: one at the hands of the Xianbei in 85 AD, and by the Han during the
16587:
11482:
5390:
is dated from the 9th millennium BC to the 19th century AD. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.
4137:
An analysis by Savelyev and Jeong (2020) has cast doubt on the Yeniseian theory. If assuming that the ancient Yeniseians were represented by modern
2861:
which further aided them in their battle against the Xiongnu. As a result of these battles, the Han Empire controlled the strategic region from the
16245:
13321:
13286:
13022:
Hall, Mark & Minyaev, Sergey. Chemical Analyses of Xiong-nu Pottery: A Preliminary Study of Exchange and Trade on the Inner Asian Steppes. In:
10338:. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." quoted and translated in Xu (2005),
5409:
of the Early Middle Ages found on the Eurasian steppes. From this, some specialists conclude that the Xiongnu used a script similar to the ancient
9697:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
8073:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
7015:"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"
5437:
and wild geese that were shot down. Historical evidence gives reason to believe that, from the 2nd century BC, proto-Mongol peoples (the Xiongnu,
5087:) and the other presenting considerable admixture levels with West Eurasian (possibly from Central Saka) sources. The evidence suggested that the
14319:
13539:
10652:
10272:, 21 (2): p. 298 of 291–327, fn. 36. quote: "'Western Sea' (xi hai 西海) has many possible meanings designating different bodies of water from the
8777:
8334:
9680:
portraits, while the local ornaments have integrated elements of Graeco-Roman design. These artifacts were most probably manufactured in Bactria
7271:
in the east, and to the west we have the Loufan and shared borders with Qin and Han. Nevertheless, we have no mounted archers ready for action."
1604:
to the south-east were complex—alternating between various periods of peace, war, and subjugation. Ultimately, the Xiongnu were defeated by the
14253:
13275:
Keyser-Tracqui, Christine; et al. (October 2006). "Population origins in Mongolia: genetic structure analysis of ancient and modern DNA".
12983:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East
8265:
The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annals
2407:. The Tuqi King of the Left was normally the heir presumptive. Next lower in the hierarchy came more officials in pairs of left and right: the
17119:
4050:
claims that the royal tribes and kings of the Xiongnu bore Iranian names, that all Xiongnu words noted by the Chinese can be explained from a
3698:. The Tiefu resided there for most of their existence, often as a vassal to their stronger neighbours before their power was destroyed by the
2530:
was dispatched for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties included a Han princess given in marriage to the
14002:
13818:
11850:
11812:
11748:
7759:
5668:
4519:
racial theories or even ethnic affiliations" in favour of the "historical reality of these extensive, multiethnic, polyglot steppe empires".
3556:
to counter them. The Han court fell into a power struggle which ended in a bloody purge of the government. Liu Cong also failed to constrain
1511:
11923:"Analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies in the population of the slab burial mortuary culture of Mongolia (ca. 1100–300 BCE )"
9613:
3513:
The Western Jin, devastated by war and natural disasters, was unable to stop the growing threat of Han, even more so after the ascension of
18906:
14174:
6358:
4593:. The Ashina and Tiele may have been separate ethnic groups who mixed with the Xiongnu. Indeed, Chinese sources link many nomadic peoples (
2737:
11647:
11190:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65.
8047:. Seattle : Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in association with University of Washington Press. pp. 22, 90.
7617:
distinct stage of Xiongnu influence (2009). Russian archaeologists are actively studying the Hun sites in the Caucasus (Gmyrya 1993; 1995)
2450:: Luut; lit. "Dragon City") became the annual meeting place and served as the Xiongnu capital. The ruins of Longcheng were found south of
15477:
14367:
13310:
Kim, Kijeong; et al. (July 2010). "A western Eurasian male is found in 2000-year-old elite Xiongnu cemetery in Northeast Mongolia".
10892:
5213:
5104:
5061:
11242:
Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950–1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996
8859:
8500:
7773:
4510:
Pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 1000 BCE (Early Iron Age), and schematic formation of the Xiongnu Empire in the 3rd century BCE.
2837:
Horse trampling a Xiongnu warrior, with detail of the warrior's facial features. 2nd century BC statue from the tomb of Chinese general
1611:, which led to the confederation splitting in two, and forcible resettlement of large numbers of Xiongnu within Han borders. During the
15412:
3414:
dynasty, was a descendant of the Qiangqu clan, although by his time, he and his people had become a distinct ethnic group known as the
10871:
10478:
8710:
The role of women in the Altaic world : Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
3720:. Bobo strongly affirmed his Xiongnu lineage; his state name of "Xia" was based on the claim that the Xiongnu were descendants of the
3252:(the Han capital) to seek aid from the Han court, but at this time the Han court was in disorder from the clash between Grand General
2628:
While the Xiongnu benefited handsomely, from the Chinese perspective marriage treaties were costly, very humiliating and ineffective.
2287:
A gold crown belonging to a Xiongnu king, from the early Xiongnu period. Seen at the top of a crown is an eagle with a turquoise head.
996:
16418:
15630:
13312:
13277:
7745:
5654:
5004:
4877:
According to Rogers & Kaestle (2022), these studies make clear that the Xiongnu population is extremely similar to the preceding
67:
13628:
9699:[On some vestiges and new indications of Hellenism in the arts between Bactria and Gandhāra (130 BC-100 AD approximately)].
7017:[On some vestiges and new indications of Hellenism in the arts between Bactria and Gandhāra (130 BC-100 AD approximately)].
3008:, with the help of Gan Yanshou, protector-general of the Western Regions, assembled an expeditionary force that defeated him at the
2916:
When a Chanyu died, power could pass to his younger brother if his son was not of age. This system, which can be compared to Gaelic
979:
16488:
16474:
3226:—many of the Xiongnu feared that it would set a precedent for unending military service to the Han court. His subjects, led by the
1316:
1271:
8201:
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origin. There are also some Korean researchers that point out that the grave goods of Silla and of the eastern Xiongnu are alike.
16498:
16478:
14501:
10107:
4689:, it is recorded that King Munmu had Xiongnu ancestry. According to several historians, it is possible that there were tribes of
4134:
Alexander Vovin also wrote, that some names of horses in the Xiongnu language appear to be Turkic words with Yeniseian prefixes.
4076:
3568:
massacred the emperor and a large portion of the aristocracy before being defeated by a combined force led by Liu Cong's cousin,
3465:
courts intervened and forced them back into five. During the early Jin period, the Xiongnu began staging revolts and leaving the
54:
12938:
12873:. Colloquia Pontica: series on the archaeology and ancient history of the Black Sea area. Vol. 13. Brill. pp. 300–313.
9767:
8568:
The role of women in the Altaic world: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001
6882:
5743:"Ethnicity and the Suppression of Buddhism in Fifth-century North China: The Background and Significance of the Gaiwu Rebellion"
3059:, Bi (Pi)—the Rizhu King of the Right—had a more legitimate claim. Consequently, Bi refused to attend the annual meeting at the
3015:
Tributary relations were discontinued during the reign of Huduershi (18 AD–48), corresponding to the political upheavals of the
2181:
states were encroaching and conquering various nomadic territories that were inhabited by the Xiongnu and other Hu peoples. The
18704:
15732:
12773:
11557:
8425:
7866:
7841:
7800:
4865:
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people were the ancestors of the Xiongnu, and some scholars have suggested that the Xiongnu may have been the ancestors of the
11549:
Honeychurch, William. "Thinking Political Communities: The State and Social Stratification among Ancient Nomads of Mongolia".
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12992:
12716:
12182:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
11873:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"
11844:
11806:
11742:
11432:
11412:
11379:
11352:
11283:
11250:
11195:
11139:
11013:
10586:
10052:
9811:
9669:
9633:
9509:
9482:
9277:
9056:
8966:
8832:
8791:
8717:
8657:
8545:
8473:
8433:
8389:
8348:
8307:
8242:
8180:
8125:
8052:
7978:
7609:
7483:
6960:
6929:
6902:
6738:
6711:
6278:
5911:
5901:
5725:
5693:
5638:
5611:
5584:
5558:
5008:
in October 2006 detected significant genetic continuity between the examined individuals at Egyin Gol and modern Mongolians.
4103:, contains a transliterated song of Jie origin, which appears to be Yeniseian. This song has led researchers Pulleyblank and
3218:
During the late 2nd century AD, the southern Xiongnu were drawn into the rebellions then plaguing the Han court. In 188, the
2891:. His successful military campaign saw the subjugation of one Xiongnu tribe after another. Ban Chao also sent an envoy named
2877:. Because of strong Han control over the Xiongnu, the Xiongnu became unstable and were no longer a threat to the Han Empire.
2230:
2205:
11155:
2383:
16286:
13985:
13599:. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series (53). Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. Archived from
7391:
6745:
The rise of the confederation of the Xiongnu, in addition, clearly affected this region as it did most regions of the Altai
6001:
17978:
5921:
4080:
Belt plaque in the shape of a kneeling horse, 3rd-1st century BCE, gilded silver, made in North China for Xiongnu patrons.
1905:(1045–771 BC), there were numerous conflicts with nomadic tribes from the north and the northwest, variously known as the
16680:
16449:
15687:
14312:
5859:
5318:
1701:
pronunciation, from the Mandarin dialect spoken now in Beijing, which came into existence less than 1,000 years ago. The
13043:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250
12879:
Di Cosmo, Nicola (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". In Michael Loewe and Edward Shaughnessy (eds.).
11459:
8111:
7229:
at our borders to the west. Yet we have no strong army to help us, surely we will lose our country. What is to be done?"
7036:; C'est celle des steppes orientales, que l'on remarque sur les plaques de la chasse au sanglier «des Iyrques» (fig. 15)
7032:(fig. 15)" (French: La coiffure du chasseur, aux longs cheveux tirés en arrière et rassemblés en chignon, se retrouve à
3019:. The Xiongnu took the opportunity to regain control of the western regions, as well as neighboring peoples such as the
18124:
17124:
15813:
15682:
14683:
14207:
13697:
13232:
13054:
11701:
10599:
10265:
9982:
9314:
9298:
9201:
9069:
9018:
8688:
8576:
8273:
7944:
7911:
7880:
7816:
5326:
4729:
3739:
After Helian Bobo's death in 425, the Xia quickly declined due to pressure from the Northern Wei. In 428, the emperor,
2392:
2352:
6441:高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017). "Quèdìng xià guó jí kǎitè rén de yǔyán wéi shǔyú hànyǔ zú hé yè ní sāi yǔxì gòngtóng cí yuán"
6086:
The predominant part of the Xiongnu population is likely to have spoken Turkic (Late Proto-Turkic, to be more precise)
2944:
18896:
16768:
15947:
15808:
15093:
13949:
Minyaev, Sergey & Sakharovskaja, Lidya. Investigation of a Xiongnu Royal Tomb in the Tsaraam valley, part 2. In:
13942:
Minyaev, Sergey & Sakharovskaja, Lidya. Investigation of a Xiongnu Royal Tomb in the Tsaraam valley, part 1. In:
13860:
13716:
13660:
13182:
13160:
12752:
11596:
11057:
10766:
9443:
9406:
8741:
Drompp, Michael R. (1999). "Breaking the Orkhon Tradition: Kirghiz Adherence to the Yenisei Region after A. D. 840".
7029:
5839:
5143:
had a much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry as a whole, similar to that of modern-day Mongolic-speaking populations.
1504:
14059:"Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin"
13923:
Minyaev, Sergey. The origins of the "Geometric Style" in Hsiungnu art // BAR International series 890. London, 2000.
9210:
9125:
9109:
8879:
8459:
5829:
5547:
Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
4682:
are different. Rather, they consider them to be descendants of a number of people, one of them the ancient Uyghurs.
2465:
with the Tuqi King of the Left was holding the area north of Beijing and the Tuqi King of the Right was holding the
2295:
expanded the Xiongnu empire in all directions. To the north he conquered a number of nomadic peoples, including the
18734:
15993:
15828:
8419:
8293:
8042:
7243:
5473:
3733:
3517:
to the Han throne. In 311, the Jin imperial army was annihilated by Han forces, and shortly after, the Jin capital
17:
10719:
8145:
6558:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca (6 September 2019).
17750:
15788:
15692:
14962:
14342:
13939:
Miniaev, Sergey & Elikhina, Julia. On the chronology of the Noyon Uul barrows. The Silk Road 7 (2009): 21–30.
13753:
12875:(Proceedings of the First International Conference of Eurasian Archaeology, University of Chicago, 3–4 May 2002.)
9178:
8016:
7905:
6545:
4986:
4640:
3291:, but after his death, a nominal king was put in his place. In the 190s, the Xiuchuge allied themselves with the
1445:
16912:
14278:
13410:"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"
13177:. Volume 2: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 bc to ad 250. UNESCO. pp. 151–170.
12871:
Beyond the steppe and the sown: proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology
10828:
10588:
Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier: 19 November 1995 - 2 September 1996, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery
3564:
ethnicity who effectively held the eastern parts of the empire. After Liu Cong's death in 318, his consort kin,
2007:
were displaced by the Xiongnu expansion in the 2nd century BC, and had to migrate to Central and Southern Asia.
1664:, although this is disputed. Other linguistic links—all of them also controversial—proposed by scholars include
18926:
18891:
18262:
15896:
15727:
15672:
14922:
14305:
14105:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
13364:
13200:
12629:
10642:
N.Bichurin "Collection of information on the peoples who inhabited Central Asia in ancient times", 1950, p. 227
9784:), of about the same date, manufactured probably in Bactria, as were probably also the examples from Noin Ula."
8617:
8211:
8172:
7596:. 7th International Conference on the Medieval History of the Eurasian Steppe. Vol. 53. pp. 149–165.
7260:
5393:
4559:
3322:, and divided his followers in Shanxi into five divisions: left, right, south, north and centre. The office of
2080:
1458:
906:
14258:
11770:
10797:"Early Serbi-Mongolic-Tungusic lexical contact: Jurchen numerals from the 室韦 Shirwi (Shih-wei) in North China"
5091:
probably emerged through minor male-driven geneflow into the Saka through westward migrations of the Xiongnu.
2632:
showed that he did not take the peace treaty seriously. On one occasion his scouts penetrated to a point near
18931:
18188:
16223:
16218:
15216:
14678:
12602:
12598:
9799:
The Steppe Tradition in International Relations: Russians, Turks and European State Building 4000 BCE–2017 CE
7580:
4795:
4572:
4538:
4227:
1040:
958:
13987:
Polymorphismes ponctuels de séquence et identification génétique: étude par spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF
12014:
12009:
Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families
11839:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn. p. 24.
11801:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn. p. 23.
3949:
used in the so-called "Sogdian Ancient Letters", both the Xiongnu and the Huns were referred to as the γwn (
18183:
18067:
15677:
13228:"Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of a 2,000-Year-Old Necropolis in the Egyin Gol Valley of Mongolia"
12618:
12011:. ASHG 63rd Annual Meeting October 22–26, 2013: Boston. Vol. 2041. American Society of Human Genetics.
11614:
Camilla Trever, "Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924–1925)", Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House, 1932
9272:. Faculty of Asian Studies monographs. Canberra: Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University.
4515:
4011:
origin of the Xiongnu, recognizing all of the earliest Xiongnu names of the 2nd century BC as being of the
3942:
2589:
region and western part of North China, 2nd century BC, bronze - Ethnological Museum, Berlin. According to
1601:
1497:
1468:
1441:
1411:
12791:
A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire
11488:
7089:
6619:
3901:
3888:
3875:
2659:(the Xiongnu ruler) to Han Chinese who joined the Xiongnu and Xiongnu in Han service. The daughter of the
2640:, reaching as far as the imperial retreat at Yong. In 158 BC, his successor sent 30,000 cavalry to attack
987:
18193:
17230:
13920:
Minyaev, Sergey. Derestuj cemetery. In: Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu, vol. 3. St-Petersburg, 1998.
13345:
Loewe, Michael (1974). "The campaigns of Han Wu-ti". In Kierman, Frank A. Jr.; Fairbank, John K. (eds.).
12662:
12121:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (2020).
11275:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
4906:
4772:
also depict the Xiongnu with long braided hair with wide ribbons, which is seen to be identical with the
4546:
clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation, but this connection is disputed, and according to the
2276:
in 202 BC. This period of Chinese instability was a time of prosperity for the Xiongnu, who adopted many
838:
10687:
4181:
4054:, and that it is therefore clear that the majority of Xiongnu tribes spoke an Eastern Iranian language.
1861:
18709:
16612:
16579:
16541:
16466:
15803:
14942:
13800:
Davydova, Anthonina & Minyaev Sergey. The complex of archaeological sites near Dureny village. In:
12708:
10217:
9803:
9048:
8818:
8537:
8375:
7968:
6504:
5717:
5478:
4807:
4745:
in northern Mongolia, dated to around the first century CE. Other Xiongnu sites have been unearthed in
4637:
2850:
2695:
2525:
1478:
13910:
Minyaev, Sergey. Archaeologie des Xiongnu en Russie: nouvelles decouvertes et quelques Problemes. In:
13570:
13478:
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2003). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations".
12744:
Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections
11341:"Chapter 2: Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century"
9474:
Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China
8571:. Asiatische Forschungen. Vol. 152 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61.
6695:
The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
4091:
was the first to expand upon this idea with credible evidence. The Yeniseian theory proposes that the
2706:
married a Xiongnu woman given by Li Ling when he was arrested and taken captive. Han Chinese explorer
1889:
The territories associated with the Xiongnu in central/east Mongolia were previously inhabited by the
18840:
18464:
18434:
18305:
18151:
17299:
16863:
16644:
16597:
16554:
16436:
16132:
16117:
15962:
15758:
15178:
14472:
14263:
13956:
Minyaev, Sergey & Smolarsky Phillipe. Art of the Steppes. Brussels, Foundation Richard Liu, 2002.
10132:"Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History"
8299:
8117:
7801:"11 Legalism and offensive realism in the Chinese court debate on defending national security 81 BCE"
7660:
Nomady kazakhstanskikh stepey: etnosociokulturnye protsessy i kontakty v Evrazii skifo sakskoy epokhi
7541:
6620:"The human environment of the Xiongnu Ivolga Fortress (West Trans-Baikal area, Russia): Initial data"
5306:
4032:
3801:
3759:. The Xia was at its end, and the following year, Helian Ding was sent to Wei where he was executed.
3729:
3709:
3462:
2870:
18860:
14243:
14202:
Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu.
11964:
8983:
3537:, was also crushed by Han. After the fall of Chang'an, the remnants of Jin survived in the south at
18911:
18719:
18109:
18084:
17934:
17593:
17588:
16659:
16649:
16602:
16592:
16559:
16483:
16369:
16342:
16337:
16279:
15625:
15198:
14912:
14902:
14897:
14492:
14482:
14447:
14283:
13772:
12634:
11210:
11062:
5402:
5175:
5147:
5020:
5016:
4645:
4071:
3833:
The Xiongnu confederation was unusually long-lived for a steppe empire. The purpose of raiding the
3470:
2721:
2126:(1994) contends that pre-241-BCE references to the Xiongnu are anachronistic substitutions for the
1873:
1421:
1386:
1244:
13997:
9658:
Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019).
8916:"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"
4787:
Analysis of cranial remains from some sites attributed to the Xiongnu have revealed that they had
3190:
2515:
in 200 BC, the Han emperor abandoned a military solution to the Xiongnu threat. Instead, in 198 BC
18714:
18176:
18057:
17598:
17551:
17494:
17193:
17137:
16885:
16347:
15722:
15610:
15487:
15392:
15236:
15118:
14527:
14477:
14328:
13845:. (Ancient Türkic runiform monuments as a source for the history of Central Asia). Moscow: Nauka.
13354:
12698:
12181:
11872:
11737:. Bonn: Vor- und Fruhgeschichtliche Archaeologie Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn.
11603:
Europoid faces in some depictions of the Ordos, which should be attributed to a Scythian affinity
11098:
11035:
9042:
5493:
5445:) were familiar with Buddhism. On the territory of the Ivolginsk Settlement, remains of Buddhist
5278:
5171:
4465:
4301:'s tribe and that Yueban's language and customs resembled Gaoche (高車), another name of the Tiele.
4016:
3248:), succeeded him, but was then overthrown by the same rebellious faction in 189. He travelled to
2053:
1894:
1881:
1838:
1800:
1248:
14182:
13975:
13865:
Kradin, Nikolay. 2005. Social and Economic Structure of the Xiongnu of the Trans-Baikal Region.
12562:Александр Берзин, Тибетский буддизм: история и перспективы развития, M., 1992 (Alexandr Berzin,
11318:"The Formation of Modern Uyghur Historiography and Competing Perspectives toward Uyghur History"
10614:
Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol.6 (14)
10520:
10493:
10419:
10252:
7469:
7202:
6373:
4810:, Dyrestui, Burkhan Tolgoi, and Daodunzi. Additionally thousands of tombs have been recorded in
2020:
18198:
18099:
18094:
17782:
17730:
17650:
17583:
17487:
17472:
17365:
17132:
17086:
16927:
16814:
16332:
16203:
16092:
15868:
15702:
15462:
14487:
14422:
13080:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C.
10770:
10454:
10361:
10335:
6531:
5322:
Belt buckle with animal combat scene, 2nd-1st century BCE, made in North China for the Xiongnu.
3633:
3395:
3044:
2690:
after he surrendered and defected. Another Han Chinese General who defected to the Xiongnu was
2269:
2104:
1628:
1550:
1431:
1240:
1121:
745:
76:
14268:
13963:
13173:
Ishjamts, N. (1996). "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia". In Janos Harmatta; et al. (eds.).
11615:
11588:
11369:
9797:
9659:
9472:
8956:
8603:
8531:
8263:
8228:
8168:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
7843:
Historical Records 史记: The First and Most Important Biographical General History Book in China
6919:
6466:
5683:
5628:
5601:
5548:
4902:
4898:
4886:
4490:
refers to the time of Modu Chanyu as "the remote times of our Chanyu" in his letter to Daoist
3817:
caves, and for being the last of the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms after it was conquered by the
3708:, a surviving member of the Tiefu, went into exile and eventually offered his services to the
2794:
While the Han dynasty was making preparations for a military confrontation since the reign of
1733:, after a short vowel, seemingly played the role of a general nasal – sometimes equivalent to
18724:
18379:
18129:
18089:
17902:
17777:
16841:
16831:
16790:
16761:
16654:
16620:
16564:
16198:
15537:
15512:
15422:
15053:
14887:
12613:
12224:
12059:
12007:
Kang, L. L.; Jin, T.; Wu, F.; Ao, X.; Wen, S.; Wang, C.; Huang, Y.; Li, X.; Li, H. Y (2013).
11340:
11240:
11131:
10044:
A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak): Part 1: Introduction, Phonology and Morphology
10042:
9499:
9324:
9308:
9220:
9135:
9119:
9079:
9028:
8889:
8566:
8166:
7475:
7110:
6820:
6728:
6703:
6699:
6693:
5934:
5574:
4378:
Mongolian and other scholars have suggested that the Xiongnu spoke a language related to the
3307:
established control over the north. The Xiuchuge were eventually defeated by Cao Cao in 214.
2166:
1957:
1070:
1050:
1045:
18017:
14126:
Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia
14051:
Xiongnu Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of the First Steppe Empire in Inner Asia
12980:
11567:
11402:
11273:
9625:
8646:
The Urban Civilization of Northern and Innermost Asia Historical and Archaeological Research
6950:
6894:
4965:
According to Lee & Kuang, the main paternal lineages of 62 Xiongnu Elite remains in the
4835:
18901:
18814:
18222:
18052:
18022:
17897:
17828:
17799:
17718:
17052:
16890:
16880:
16686:
16549:
16493:
16142:
15878:
15751:
15472:
15319:
14854:
14652:
14154:
13597:
Studies in Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Dialect, Phonology, Transcription and Text
13535:
13515:
13427:
13111:
12817:
12658:
12270:
11225:
9692:
9557:
8068:
7264:
7252:
7226:
7100:'s northern borders. He often stationed at Dai and Wild Goose Gate, prepared the Xiongnu."
7010:
6829:
6631:
6178:
5550:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
4927:
4894:
4890:
4799:
4765:
4742:
4494:. Sun and moon symbol of Xiongnu that discovered by archaeologists is similar to Mongolian
4254:
However, the Ashina-surnamed Göktürks were also stated to be they were "mixed barbarians" (
4193:
4189:
4177:
4146:
recognized) role in the history of Eurasia during the first millennium of the Common Era".
4004:
3984:
3507:
3048:
2710:
married a Xiongnu woman and had a child with her when he was taken captive by the Xiongnu.
2610:
2590:
2496:
2327:
2182:
2123:
2049:
1929:. Archaeologically, the Zhou expanded to the north and the northwest at the expense of the
1091:
1080:
1065:
18002:
13619:
10461:'s they were also called Gaoche (High-Cart), or also called Chile, mistakenly rendered as
10109:
Identifying the Huns and the Xiongnu (or Not): Multi-Faceted Implications and Difficulties
9918:
9369:
4855:
2451:
2130:
instead. Sometimes the Xiongnu were distinguished from other nomadic peoples; namely, the
1646:
has confirmed their interaction with the Xiongnu, and also possibly their relation to the
8:
18759:
18647:
18290:
17914:
17794:
17760:
17662:
17482:
17477:
17289:
17008:
16944:
16819:
16804:
16444:
16379:
16272:
16173:
16168:
15823:
15793:
15712:
15646:
15502:
14927:
14917:
14647:
14572:
14132:
Miller, Bryan K. (2014). "Xiongnu "Kings" and the Political Order of the Steppe Empire".
13790:
Davydova, Anthonina. The Ivolga archaeological complex. Part 2. The Ivolga cemetery. In:
13783:
Davydova, Anthonina. The Ivolga archaeological complex. Part 1. The Ivolga fortress. In:
13689:
13632:
12704:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
12377:"Medieval genomes from eastern Mongolia share a stable genetic profile over a millennium"
11580:
10855:
9974:
9646:
There is thus no scholarly consensus on the language that was spoken by the Xiongnu elite
8465:
7654:
7396:
7256:
7198:
5406:
4679:
4657:, and implied similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.
4433:
4391:
4142:
4087:
was the first to suggest that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language. In the early 1960s
4067:
3882:
3691:
3589:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3476:
3466:
3446:
3119:
2989:
2757:
2645:
2567:
1726:
1681:
1608:
1366:
1151:
1060:
1022:
363:
208:
17630:
17620:
13835:(Chinese reports about peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and Far East). Moscow.
13431:
12821:
12416:
12274:
10171:
9949:
9586:
9561:
9545:
6833:
6635:
5146:
A Xiongnu remain (GD1-4) analysed in a 2024 study was found to be entirely derived from
4603:) on their northern borders to the Xiongnu, just as Greco-Roman historiographers called
4256:
3937:
The Xiongnu-Hun hypothesis was originally proposed by the 18th-century French historian
3674:. Based on their name, which meant a person whose father was a Xiongnu and mother was a
2817:
made a surprise attack on the Xiongnu at the border markets. In 127 BC, the Han general
2283:
1941:. Thereafter the task of dealing with the northern tribes was left to their vassal, the
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18285:
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12851:
12671:
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12103:
11952:
11902:
10964:
10931:
9903:
9890:
9855:
9744:
8937:
8758:
8017:"FASTENING THE BUCKLE: A STRAND OF XIONGNU-ERA NARRATIVE IN A RECENT KIRGHIZ EPIC POEM"
7715:
7707:
7563:
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6858:
6815:
6655:
6594:
6559:
6527:
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6248:
Weishu, "vol. 102 Wusun, Shule, & Yueban" quote: "悅般國，…… 其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。…… 其風俗言語與高車同"
6163:
6077:
6064:
5762:
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5274:
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5167:
5084:
4919:
4878:
4777:
4690:
4461:
4383:
4379:
4360:
4051:
3856:
3678:, the Tiefu had intermingled with the Xianbei, and records sometimes refer to them as "
3534:
3107:
3035:
Belt hook depicting an animal fight, Xiongnu, 200-100 BC, bronze. Östasiatiska museet,
2795:
2788:
2675:
2622:
2621:, continued his father's expansionist policies. Laoshang succeeded in negotiating with
2559:
2455:
2447:
1890:
1822:
1780:
1673:
1161:
1141:
1111:
1101:
1075:
1055:
942:
934:
620:
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186:
13400:
The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West
7868:
Savage Exchange: Han Imperialism, Chinese Literary Style, and the Economic Imagination
6100:"Bayesian phylolinguistics reveals the internal structure of the Transeurasian family"
4843:
3473:
that weakened the Jin power in northern China, that they made a crucial breakthrough.
3406:
people, it is sometimes categorized in more recent historiography as a Xiongnu state.
3326:
was formally abolished, and the Southern Xiongnu were placed under the supervision of
3129:
In about 155 AD, the Northern Xiongnu were decisively "crushed and subjugated" by the
18136:
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17892:
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17504:
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14826:
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14637:
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14522:
14412:
14407:
14377:
14357:
14273:
14222:
14203:
14108:
14078:
14074:
14046:(Materials on the history of the ancient nomadic peoples of the Dunhu group). Moscow.
13971:
13856:
13731:
13712:
13693:
13656:
13566:
13540:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
13507:
13453:
13368:
13333:
13298:
13263:
13212:
13188:
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13156:
13143:
13091:
13050:
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11592:
11408:
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11279:
11246:
11191:
11135:
11009:
10969:
10951:
10653:"Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity"
10595:
10273:
10153:
10048:
9978:
9907:
9895:
9881:
9807:
9736:
9665:
9629:
9591:
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9505:
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7876:
7812:
7719:
7605:
7479:
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7413:
7298:單于曰頭曼，頭曼不勝秦，北徙。" translation: "Later on, Qin conquered the six other states, and the
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6863:
6845:
6734:
6707:
6659:
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5233:
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4012:
3974:
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3915:
3908:
3390:" that dominated northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. They founded the
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2779:
2637:
2504:
2435:
2280:
agriculture techniques such as slaves for heavy labor and lived in Han-style homes.
2273:
2242:
2108:
2067:
1953:
1933:. The Quanrong put an end to the Western Zhou in 771 BC, sacking the Zhou capital of
1694:
1669:
1581:
1538:
890:
882:
418:
142:
14121:"Settlement Patterns and Domestic Economy of the Xiongnu in Khanui Valley, Mongolia"
14090:
13894:
Minyaev, Sergey. News of Xiongnu Archaeology // Das Altertum, vol. 35. Berlin, 1989.
13070:
13038:
13030:
12855:
12799:
5714:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220
4343:
However, Chinese sources also ascribe Xiongnu origins to the Para-Mongolic-speaking
4047:
3611:
region and expanded his domain westward by campaigning against remnants of the Jin,
2614:
1956:
culture, it was identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans, such as the
60:
18886:
18739:
17985:
17772:
17767:
17723:
17710:
17640:
17608:
17603:
17467:
17462:
17444:
17405:
17338:
17321:
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17247:
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17144:
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17074:
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17003:
16754:
16625:
16394:
16364:
16322:
15774:
15707:
15635:
15256:
15143:
14952:
14937:
14786:
14632:
14592:
14547:
14532:
14141:
14070:
13652:
13554:
13491:
13487:
13443:
13435:
13325:
13290:
13253:
13245:
13208:
13123:
13074:
12917:
12833:
12825:
12804:
12388:
12343:
12327:
12278:
12193:
12152:
12142:
12134:
12087:
11934:
11884:
10959:
10943:
10439:
10143:
9885:
9877:
9869:
9728:
9621:
9581:
9565:
9349:
9250:
8927:
8824:
8750:
8680:
8609:
8381:
7872:
7697:
7667:. Astana: Ministry of Culture and Information of the Kazakhstan Republic pp. 47‒154
7597:
7555:
7405:
6998:
The image on this belt-buckle represents a rider striking a wild boar with a spear.
6890:
6853:
6837:
6816:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe"
6639:
6589:
6571:
6458:
6454:
6266:
6155:
6119:
6111:
6059:
6051:
6043:
5463:
5290:
5241:
5232:(characterized by a hybrid Eurasian gene pool combining the genetic profile of the
5229:
5162:
5150:
without any West Eurasian-associated ancestry. The sample clustered closely with a
5074:
5046:
4671:
4634:
4453:
4445:
4414:
4288:
4239:
4165:
4155:
4000:
3946:
3810:
3580:
Amidst Jin Zhun's rebellion, the Han loyalists that escaped the massacre acclaimed
3553:
3315:
3277:
3009:
2977:
2741:
2541:
2443:
2431:
2200:
and had been influenced by China for centuries, before they were driven out by the
2116:
1938:
1698:
1677:
1665:
1612:
1529:
1281:
1226:
1171:
803:
780:
717:
440:
298:
13874:
Kradin, Nikolay. 2012. New Approaches and Challenges for the Xiongnu Studies. In:
13385:
7218:
18850:
18754:
18688:
18203:
18171:
18044:
18012:
17995:
17951:
17946:
17924:
17919:
17877:
17870:
17845:
17705:
17700:
17541:
17422:
17316:
17311:
17279:
17104:
17094:
16988:
16981:
16976:
16961:
16917:
16799:
16785:
16715:
16708:
16698:
16408:
15697:
15640:
15580:
15570:
15532:
15274:
14967:
14766:
14723:
14705:
14542:
14512:
14417:
14392:
14347:
14006:
13683:
13423:
13358:
13034:
12813:
12702:
12261:
11185:
11163:
10213:
9968:
9781:
9546:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
7746:"ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca"
7601:
6643:
5655:"ASYA HUN DEVLETİ (BÜYÜK HUN İMPARATORLUĞU) (M.Ö. 220 – M.S.216 ) — Dijital Hoca"
5430:
5387:
5096:
4970:
4788:
4702:
4675:
4604:
4599:
4298:
4185:
4104:
4008:
3962:
3651:
3387:
3292:
3207:
3155:
3086:
2874:
2629:
2618:
2594:
2334:
2319:
out of the Yuezhi king. Modu also retook the original homeland of Xiongnu on the
2135:
2134:; yet on other occasions, Chinese sources often just classified the Xiongnu as a
2058:
1968:
1949:
1643:
1616:
1554:
1376:
1181:
868:
558:
532:
346:
243:
87:
17625:
13205:
Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea
9856:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
8857:
8498:
6032:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
5993:
4365:
3483:
tribe, but he claimed himself to be a direct descendant of the Southern Xiongnu
2573:
2165:, who often conquered and enslaved the nomads in an expansion drift. During the
1791:
and suggests that it was originally a dynastic name rather than an ethnic name.
18855:
18749:
18637:
18146:
18141:
18104:
18079:
18062:
17973:
17958:
17929:
17887:
17735:
17695:
17690:
17645:
17571:
17531:
17521:
17511:
17326:
17205:
17099:
16966:
16848:
16427:
16403:
16354:
16304:
15863:
15657:
15620:
15442:
15377:
15251:
15103:
15088:
15058:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14776:
14627:
14617:
14577:
14362:
13439:
13395:
12734:
Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times
12331:
12138:
12091:
11705:
11438:
10984:
10947:
10782:
Schönig, Claus. (27 January 2006) "Turko-Mongolic relations" in Janhunen (ed.)
10748:
10339:
9501:
Cave Temples of Mogao at Dunhuang: Art History on the Silk Road: Second Edition
9164:
8662:. Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologiaeque Antiqutatis et Medii Aevi.
7033:
7025:
5972:
5970:
5468:
4982:
4939:
4869:
Uniparental haplogroup assignments by group and sex-bias "z" scores of Xiongnu.
4746:
4714:
4686:
4626:
4621:
4527:
4495:
4269:
4201:
4197:
3895:
3788:
3774:
3756:
3717:
3687:
3671:
3647:
3399:
2981:
2965:
or his representatives should come to the capital to pay homage; secondly, the
2858:
2799:
2714:
2625:
terms for the maintenance of a large scale government sponsored market system.
2434:, exercised direct authority over the central territory. Longcheng (around the
2388:
2387:
Xiongnu chief, 2nd century BCE-1st century CE. Reconstruction by archaeologist
2233:
against the Xiongnu. Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu and expelled them from the
2142:
2112:
1988:
1877:
1624:
1589:
1131:
852:
395:
285:
98:
14145:
13833:Китайские известия о народах Южной Сибири, Центральной Азии и Дальнего Востока
13807:
Davydova, Anthonina & Minyaev Sergey. The Xiongnu Decorative bronzes. In:
13767:
13558:
13127:
12900:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
12890:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
12829:
12283:
12256:
12197:
11889:
11371:
Democratization and Identity: Regimes and Ethnicity in East and Southeast Asia
10675:. vol. 91 "蠕蠕，東胡之苗裔也，姓郁久閭氏" tr. "Rúrú, offsprings of Dōnghú, surnamed Yùjiŭlǘ"
6445:[Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies].
6260:
5157:
4281:
Uyghur Khagans claimed descent from the Xiongnu (according to Chinese history
3682:", which by the 4th-century had become synonymous with "mixed barbarians" or "
3638:
3437:
1713:. Sinologist Axel Schuessler (2014) reconstructs the pronunciations of 匈奴 as *
18880:
18744:
18248:
18227:
18114:
17909:
17882:
17855:
17833:
17811:
17578:
17561:
17546:
17390:
17343:
17331:
17257:
17149:
17023:
17018:
16993:
16875:
16735:
16569:
16521:
16389:
16384:
16327:
15652:
15605:
15497:
15329:
15314:
15246:
15005:
14771:
14743:
14728:
14688:
14587:
14442:
14427:
14382:
13620:"The Sogdian ancient letters. Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5 translated into English"
13391:
13192:
13073:(1992). "The Emergence of the Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages". In
12967:
12959:
12762:
12402:
12339:
12205:
11948:
11898:
10955:
10811:
10319:
10157:
9740:
9661:
The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads
9577:
9402:
9233:
9150:
8727:
7417:
7299:
7287:
7190:
7060:
6993:
6849:
6651:
6585:
6523:
6270:
6133:
5867:
5758:
5627:
Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (19 November 2012).
5498:
5442:
5425:, "the Xiongnu called Heaven (天) 'Chēnglí,' (撐犁) a Chinese transcription of
5383:
5331:
5151:
5140:
4935:
4750:
4506:
4477:
4469:
4457:
4441:
4425:
4422:
4244:
4205:
3954:
3354:
3092:
3052:
2997:
2933:
2929:
2810:
reversed the decision he had made the year before to renew the peace treaty.
2586:
2347:
2308:
2300:
2265:
2234:
2222:
2158:
2131:
2127:
1980:
1542:
1356:
1336:
1326:
1236:
1216:
703:
676:
634:
482:
254:
195:
173:
109:
17655:
17635:
16264:
14288:
13932:
Minyaev, Sergey. The Xiongnu cultural complex: location and chronology. In:
13900:
Minyaev, Sergey. The excavation of Xiongnu Sites in the Buryatia Republic//
13590:"Phonological Notes on Hàn Period Transcriptions of Foreign Names and Words"
12393:
12376:
10594:. Seattle: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Inst. pp. 90–91, item 2.
10555:
10237:
9732:
7994:
7047:"The Account of the Xiongnu, Records of the Grand Historian",Sima Qian.DOI:
6576:
6147:
5967:
4885:
Some examples of maternal haplogroups observed in Xiongnu specimens include
4806:
Presently, there exist four fully excavated and well documented cemeteries:
2031:
18799:
18780:
18419:
18295:
18119:
17860:
17850:
17816:
17745:
17740:
17667:
17457:
17439:
17400:
17395:
17375:
17370:
17242:
17235:
17225:
17220:
17215:
17109:
17047:
17028:
17013:
16949:
16725:
16691:
16526:
16508:
16097:
15998:
15988:
15952:
15833:
15575:
15542:
15522:
15427:
15334:
15289:
15266:
15183:
15078:
14995:
14985:
14877:
14612:
14607:
14597:
14557:
14497:
14462:
14387:
14082:
14035:
Talko-Gryntsevich, Julian. 1999. Paleo-Ethnology of Trans-Baikal area. In:
13907:
Minyaev, Sergey. Les Xiongnu// Dossiers d' archaeologie, # 212. Paris 1996.
13457:
13337:
13302:
13267:
12847:
12357:
12292:
12166:
12099:
11030:
11025:
10973:
10773:
quote: "契丹者，古匈奴之種也。" translation: "The Khitans, a kind of Xiongnu of yore."
10462:
10458:
10427:
10285:
10229:
10058:
9988:
9899:
9817:
9595:
9569:
9498:
Whitfield, Roderick; Whitfield, Susan; Agnew, Neville (15 September 2015).
9062:
8872:
8844:
8803:
8694:
8629:
8588:
8551:
8513:
8485:
8401:
8360:
8319:
8248:
8186:
8151:
8131:
7950:
7915:
7886:
7847:
7822:
7489:
7115:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
7097:
7048:
6935:
6867:
6757:
6603:
6505:"Huns and Xiongnu Identified by Hungarian and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies"
6254:
Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties vol. 4 quote: "北人呼駮馬為賀蘭
6159:
6073:
5845:
5808:
5784:
5446:
5359:
5335:
4773:
4738:
4543:
4532:
4523:
4487:
4481:
4410:
4248:
4221:
4096:
4084:
3818:
3762:
3740:
3699:
3643:
3612:
3491:, citing that his alleged ancestors were married to Han princesses through
3370:
3167:
2993:
2905:
2862:
2320:
2174:
2162:
2096:
1952:(6th-3rd century BC) immediately preceded the formation of the Xiongnus. A
1930:
1902:
1346:
1291:
951:
810:
230:
14297:
14279:
Videodocumentation: Xiongnu – the burial site of the Hun prince (Mongolia)
11625:
The Great Empires of the Ancient World – Thomas Harrison – 2009 – page 288
10690:
txt: "芮芮國，蓋匈奴別種。" tr: "Ruìruì state, possibly a Xiongnu's separate branch"
10148:
10131:
9386:
7594:
Competing Narratives between Nomadic People and their Sedentary Neighbours
7409:
6372:. Dankook University Institute of Oriental Studies: 25, 27. Archived from
6115:
4839:
4776:
hair-style. Well-preserved bodies in Xiongnu and pre-Xiongnu tombs in the
3690:
staged a revolt against the Western Jin from Shanxi but was driven out to
18794:
18775:
17838:
17823:
17672:
17385:
17294:
17284:
17210:
16858:
16853:
16516:
16252:
16208:
16035:
15980:
15942:
15667:
15600:
15552:
15517:
15492:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15437:
15432:
15387:
15367:
15359:
15188:
15173:
15123:
15113:
15068:
15025:
14801:
14796:
14761:
14562:
14517:
14457:
14289:
Xiongnu and the Central Plains: The Collision and Fusion of Civilizations
12593:
11221:
11093:
10761:
10416:
10277:
9245:
8783:
8340:
7222:
7210:
6988:(1997/98). Kamakura, Japan: The Institute of Silk Road Studies: 107–159.
6099:
5630:
The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions
5422:
5136:
4811:
4758:
4548:
4449:
4418:
4304:
4294:
3869:
3814:
3748:
3744:
3721:
3597:
3585:
3549:
3530:
3510:
to serve under him, and in 308, he elevated his title to Emperor of Han.
3488:
3358:
3195:
3178:
3163:
3138:
3016:
2827:
2775:
2767:
2745:
2729:
2683:
2633:
2606:
2602:
2500:
2342:
2292:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2201:
2178:
2170:
2041:
1942:
1763:
1718:
1702:
1660:
1605:
1558:
1030:
972:
689:
520:
265:
122:
13843:Древнетюркские рунические памятники как источник по истории Средней Азии
13499:
12838:
11700:
Ningxia Cultural Relics and Archaeology Research Institute (寧夏文物考古研究所);
9873:
9748:
8932:
8915:
8533:
The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World
7644:
Prikaspiiskiy Dagestan v epokhu velikogo pereseleniia narodov. Mogilniki
6841:
6616:
6427:
6414:
Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?".
6047:
5766:
3619:. Eventually, Liu Yao led his army to fight Later Zhao for control over
2961:. The original terms insisted on by the Han court were that, first, the
2655:
who defected to their side by marrying off sisters and daughters of the
18819:
18809:
18683:
18509:
18459:
18444:
17865:
17682:
17556:
17516:
17449:
16730:
16632:
16531:
16295:
16122:
16071:
15932:
15914:
15906:
15891:
15818:
15798:
15547:
15372:
15304:
15299:
15226:
15208:
15168:
15153:
15133:
15098:
15083:
15045:
15035:
15020:
15010:
14977:
14864:
14791:
14567:
14467:
14397:
13329:
13294:
13241:
12929:
12451:
11939:
11922:
11428:
10566:
9777:
9677:
8676:
Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History
8605:
Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history
7973:. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 168, item 887.
7711:
6918:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2 December 2020).
5742:
5434:
5344:
5282:
5256:
5249:
5245:
5237:
5202:
5128:
5124:
5116:
5112:
5080:
5057:
4991:
4754:
4336:
4312:
4308:
4138:
4092:
3695:
3601:
3561:
3415:
3411:
3378:
3377:(赤沙), Yugang (鬱鞞), Weisuo (萎莎), Tutong (禿童), Bomie (勃蔑), Qiangqu (羌渠),
3023:. In 24 AD, Hudershi even talked about reversing the tributary system.
2838:
2822:
2821:
retook the Ordos. In 121 BC, the Xiongnu suffered another setback when
2783:
2707:
2691:
2466:
2120:
2045:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1964:
1776:
1639:
731:
375:
371:
320:
14751:
13135:
12675:
10073:
9168:
8762:
7774:"Archeologists discover capital of Xiongnu Empire in central Mongolia"
7567:
6921:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires
6031:
5370:
4567:
4564:
3999:
Most scholars agree that the Xiongnu elite may have been initially of
18804:
18662:
18585:
18580:
18575:
18394:
18353:
17755:
17526:
17410:
17380:
17161:
17035:
16826:
16050:
16045:
15970:
15937:
15886:
15467:
15417:
15349:
15284:
15231:
15221:
15193:
15128:
15073:
15063:
15000:
14990:
14836:
14713:
14673:
14602:
14452:
13519:
13153:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
12979:
Golden, Peter B. (1992). "Chapter VI – The Uyğur Qağante (742–840)".
12908:
Fairbank, J.K.; Têng, S.Y. (1941). "On the Ch'ing Tributary System".
12624:
12212:
11217:
11088:
10353:
10289:
9192:
Hyun Jim Kim (2015). "2 The So-called 'Two-Hundred year Interlude'".
8644:
7808:
7686:"The Hsiung-nu imperial confederacy: Organization and foreign policy"
7314:
chanyu was Touman; Touman could not win against Qin, so fled north."
7303:
5518:
5190:
5132:
5065:
4966:
4612:
4590:
4491:
4403:
4371:
4265:
4020:
3834:
3725:
3713:
3608:
3319:
3304:
3257:
3036:
3005:
2980:. In the same year, another envoy Qijushan (稽居狦) was received at the
2958:
2921:
2888:
2678:, the Marquis of Xi who was serving the Han dynasty. The daughter of
2652:
2641:
2404:
2316:
2226:
2091:
BC), wherein the Xiongnu were alleged to be descendants of a certain
2071:
1926:
1729:; citing other Chinese transcriptions wherein the velar nasal medial
1577:
1261:
899:
544:
451:
387:
14058:
13886:
Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken (T'u-küe)
12921:
12651:
Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History
10796:
9696:
9270:
Northern frontier: the policies and strategy of the later Han Empire
9044:
Han Material Culture: An Archaeological Analysis and Vessel Typology
8608:. Brill's Inner Asian library. Vol. 13 (illustrated ed.).
8072:
7702:
7685:
7014:
6812:
6548:. International Journal of Eurasian Studies. 2: p of 45–47 of 35–63.
4847:
4733:
Xiongnu Leather Robe, Han period, Henan Provincial Museum, Zhengzhou
3361:
lists nineteen Xiongnu tribes that resettled within the Great Wall:
3337:
Later, the Xiongnu aristocracy in Shanxi changed their surname from
3177:
Southern and Northern Xiongnu in 200 AD, before the collapse of the
2992:
refused, giving him instead five ladies-in-waiting. One of them was
2653:
practiced marriage alliances with Han dynasty officers and officials
18845:
18824:
18786:
18601:
18555:
18484:
18479:
18449:
18439:
18429:
18424:
18363:
18328:
18313:
17156:
16939:
16897:
16836:
16213:
16193:
16152:
16147:
16040:
16030:
15858:
15743:
15527:
15507:
15108:
14932:
14846:
14781:
14552:
13249:
12691:
The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC to AD 1757
11404:
The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat
11126:
10668:
10435:
10412:
10297:
10281:
10182:
10023:
8754:
8094:
7559:
7373:
7371:
6977:
5789:[匈 - The 13890th word of the Ancient Phonological System].
5483:
5348:
5120:
5108:
5100:
5011:
4926:
Some examples of paternal haplogroups in Xiongnu specimens include
4554:
4233:
4209:
3822:
3806:
3784:
3778:
3705:
3593:
3565:
3538:
3442:
3427:
3403:
3391:
3231:
3215:
rebelling and receive support from the Xianbei outside the border.
2917:
2892:
2880:
2818:
2762:
2733:
2679:
2671:
2660:
2296:
2197:
2099:. Even so, Sima Qian also drew a distinct line between the settled
2000:
1976:
1922:
1918:
1788:
1620:
1597:
920:
824:
459:
455:
391:
367:
162:
12535:
12511:
12463:
12316:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
12123:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
10932:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
9097:
8864:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. p. 6
8505:. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. p. 6
7247:, "King Wuling spends his day in idleness", quote: "自常山以至代、上黨，東有燕、
6557:
5813:[奴 – The 9600th word of the Ancient Phonological System].
3979:
3809:
in Gansu through their construction of Buddhist sites such as the
3751:
in 431, but that same year, he was ambushed and imprisoned by the
309:
18616:
18570:
18514:
18504:
18499:
18489:
18469:
18454:
18389:
18384:
17069:
16998:
16809:
16703:
16374:
16317:
16188:
16137:
16087:
16025:
15924:
15407:
15402:
15344:
15279:
15163:
15148:
15015:
14892:
14882:
14831:
12255:
Maróti, Zoltán; Neparáczki, Endre; Schütz, Oszkár (25 May 2022).
10426:. Initially they had been called Dili. Northerners consider them
9452:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7090:
Vol. 81 "Stories about Lian Po and Lin Xiangru - Addendum: Li Mu"
5957:
5955:
5438:
5375:
5264:
4781:
4650:
4616:
4473:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4348:
4344:
4168:(wild ass), 2nd–1st century BC, Northwest China, Xiongnu culture.
4112:
3988:
3768:
3752:
3675:
3655:
3620:
3616:
3581:
3569:
3518:
3499:
3458:
3454:
3366:
3327:
3311:
3300:
3249:
3239:
3130:
3115:
2954:
2925:
2900:
2866:
2814:
2725:
2687:
2667:
2492:
2149:
2092:
1961:
1934:
1910:
1906:
1655:
1585:
466:
379:
16870:
11508:김창호, 〈문무왕릉비에 보이는 신라인의 조상인식 – 태조성한의 첨보 -〉, 《한국사연구》, 한국사연구회, 1986년
11338:
10024:"Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary"
9543:
9330:
9286:
8858:
Indian Society for Prehistoric & Quaternary Studies (1998).
8499:
Indian Society for Prehistoric & Quaternary Studies (1998).
7657:(2009). "Xiongnu v Yuznom Kazakhstane". . In: Z. Samashev (ed.)
7368:
6359:"Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia"
4757:
Otto Maenchen-Helfen has said that depictions of the Xiongnu of
3043:
The Xiongnu's new power was met with a policy of appeasement by
2593:, the wrestlers are Xiongnu, and their horses have Xiongnu-type
2554:'harmonious kinship'); periodic gifts to the Xiongnu of
2074:
composed an early yet detailed exposition on the Xiongnu in one
18652:
18632:
18560:
18550:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18519:
18494:
18474:
18414:
18399:
18343:
18333:
16902:
16777:
16183:
16178:
15309:
15241:
14872:
14806:
14718:
14432:
13087:
13046:
12588:
11113:
10712:
10431:
10312:
5426:
5413:, and that this alphabet was a basis for later Turkic writing.
5397:
5285:(or Yellow River farmers) ancestry, with the rest (8.8%) being
5269:
4769:
4718:
4666:
4664:
claimed descent from the Xiongnu (according to Chinese history
4580:
4283:
4120:
4039:
4028:
3992:
3958:
3797:
3679:
3627:
3557:
3503:
3407:
3374:
3338:
3269:
3265:
3253:
3159:
3143:
3111:
3020:
2985:
2854:
2717:
2699:
2663:
2656:
2512:
2473:. When the Xiongnu had been driven north, to today's Mongolia.
2462:
2439:
2400:
2378:
2365:
2304:
2250:
2238:
2218:
2189:
2153:
2107:. Sima Qian also mentioned Xiongnu's early appearance north of
2100:
2095:, who in turn descended from the "lineage of Lord Xia", a.k.a.
2004:
1914:
1749:
might be a Chinese rendition, Han or even pre-Han, of foreign *
1573:
1569:
1546:
648:
508:
489:
414:
333:
153:
13520:"Ji Hu: Indigenous Inhabitants of Shaanbei and Western Shanxi"
12501:
12499:
12257:"The genetic origin of Huns, Avars, and conquering Hungarians"
10729:
10727:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9843:
7907:
Savage Exchange: Figuring the Foreign in the Early Han Dynasty
7344:
7119:
6560:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
5952:
3592:
posthumously; it is hence known to historians collectively as
18667:
18657:
18642:
18611:
18606:
18409:
18404:
18358:
18348:
18338:
18323:
18318:
17536:
16637:
16066:
15138:
15030:
14957:
14907:
14756:
14402:
11238:
10983:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
10979:
10860:. London : Longmans, Green – via Internet Archive.
10423:
9917:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
9913:
9717:
9355:
8287:
8285:
7967:
Moorey, P. R. S. (Peter Roger Stuart); Markoe, Glenn (1981).
7093:
7085:
4959:
4661:
4273:
4215:
Chinese sources link several Turkic peoples to the Xiongnu:
4116:
3792:
3667:
3663:
3493:
3480:
3362:
3331:
3227:
3223:
3173:
3151:
3147:
3051:
established by Huhanye, Huduershi designated his son Punu as
2896:
2703:
2536:
2488:
2482:
2470:
2312:
2221:, who reigned between 220-209 BC. In 215 BC, Chinese Emperor
1992:
1635:
1593:
963:
662:
479:
399:
383:
221:
133:
13524:
Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented in Honor of Henry Schwarz
12800:"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"
12566:, Moscow 1992; Буддизм, Л. Л. Абаева, М., Республика, 1991 (
7439:
7437:
7435:
7143:
7141:
6154:, Princeton University Press, pp. 72–103, 14 May 2019,
4448:
mentioned twenty Shiwei tribes, whom other Chinese sources (
4444:, "they also constituted a separate branch of the Xiongnu".
3206:
was ordered to establish his court in the Meiji district of
2601:
This first treaty set the pattern for relations between the
18271:
16359:
15562:
15324:
14372:
14219:
Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China
13360:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
12496:
11187:
De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
10724:
10000:
9998:
9840:
8958:
The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture
8453:
8451:
7496:
7332:
5546:
5488:
5355:
5311:
5286:
5186:
5158:
Relationship between ethnicity and status among the Xiongnu
5088:
5042:
4608:
4276:). or from an obscure Suo state (索國), north of the Xiongnu.
4024:
3743:
and capital were both captured by Wei forces. His brother,
3498:
He allowed the Han Chinese and non-Xiongnu tribes like the
3284:
3066:
s court. Nevertheless, in 46 AD, Punu ascended the throne.
2813:
Full-scale war broke out in autumn 129 BC, when 40,000 Han
2563:
2555:
2193:
1758:
1647:
362:
Territory of the Xiongnu in the 2nd century BC (before the
16746:
14155:"The -yu Ending in Xiongnu, Xianbei, and Gaoju Onomastica"
12943:[On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language].
12653:. American Historical Association/Temple University Press.
10699:
Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in
8779:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000
8336:
The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC – AD 2000
8282:
8010:
8008:
7322:
7320:
7028:; it is that of the eastern steppes, which can be seen on
6333:
6323:
6321:
5015:
Mapping of Xiongnu ancestry per burial sites in Mongolia.
3103:, began to put military pressure on the Southern Xiongnu.
2841:, who fought decisively against the Xiongnu (died 117 BC).
2617:. His son and successor, the energetic Jiyu, known as the
14044:Материалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху
11228:), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
11208:
According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his
11070:
10396:
10394:
9085:
7805:
Chinese Just War Ethics: Origin, Development, and Dissent
7760:"Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber"
7432:
7356:
7138:
5940:
5669:"Türklerin tarihî başkenti: Ötüken - Avrasya'dan - Haber"
4792:
degrees of West Eurasian and East Asian physical traits.
4685:
In various kinds of ancient inscriptions on monuments of
3349:
3283:
Meanwhile, the rebels initially elected a marquis of the
2245:. In 210 BC, Meng Tian died, and in 209 BC, Touman's son
1001:
984:
939:
925:
911:
18922:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
18917:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
14284:
The National Museum of Mongolian History :: Xiongnu
14134:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
13728:
Wars with the Xiongnu: A translation from Zizhi tongjian
12374:
10990:
9995:
9929:
9927:
8448:
8413:
8411:
7515:
7513:
7511:
6013:
6011:
4717:
burial constructions. No region has been proven to have
4095:, a western Xiongnu people, spoke a Yeniseian language.
3026:
2636:. In 166 BC he personally led 140,000 cavalry to invade
18240:
14053:. Bonn: Freiburger Graphische Betriebe- Freiburg, 2011.
13465:
Pritsak, O. (1959). "XUN Der Volksname der Hsiung-nu".
11130:] (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 197. Beijing:
10857:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century
10288:. In the Sui era (581–618) it was viewed as being near
9497:
8005:
7533:又《漢書》："使王烏等窺匈奴。法，漢使不去節，不以墨黥面，不得入穹盧。王烏等去節、黥面，得入穹盧，單於愛之。"
7317:
7165:
7153:
6383:
6318:
5991:
5926:
5924:
5881:
3264:
had no choice but to settle down with his followers in
2744:
and put Qasar Qaghan to the sword. The news brought to
2256:
In order to protect the Xiongnu from the threat of the
14244:
Material Culture presented by University of Washington
13626:
13116:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
12427:
12254:
11628:
11008:
Hyun Jin Kim, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe.
10985:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
10391:
10194:
9919:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
9657:
9006:
8955:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto; Helfen, Otto (1 January 1973).
6777:
5626:
5374:
2nd century BC – 2nd century AD characters of Xiongnu-
4297:
states that the Yueban descended from remnants of the
2476:
13629:"Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"
13274:
13225:
12439:
12218:
12120:
12039:
12026:
10928:
10388:"vol. 99 - section Tujue" quote: "又曰突厥之先，出於索國，在匈奴之北。"
9924:
9854:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwoon (7 May 2020).
8954:
8408:
7658:
7642:
7629:
7508:
7449:
7310:; and he took all lands south the Yellow River. The
7066:
6030:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (10 May 2020).
6008:
5807:
Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳).
5806:
5783:
Zheng Zhang (Chinese: 鄭張), Shang-fang (Chinese: 尚芳).
5782:
5041:) form the main contribution, followed by the hybrid
4990:
Xiongnu confederation and may be associated with the
4176:
Other proponents of a Turkic language theory include
3256:
and the eunuchs, and the intervention of the warlord
3142:, the remnants of Northern Chanyu's tribe settled as
2957:(呼韓邪) decided to enter into tributary relations with
1771:
prompts Christopher P. Atwood (2015) to reconstruct *
887:
873:
857:
843:
829:
815:
29:
Eurasian steppe confederation (3rd c. BC – 1st c. AD)
13990:. Strasbourg: Université Louis Pasteur. Dissertation
13868:
Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia
13855:. Acad. 2nd ed., updated and added., Moscow: Logos,
13825:. 2000, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
13823:
The History of the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic Peoples
13226:
Keyser-Tracqui, Christine; et al. (July 2003).
13207:. Handbuch der Orientalistik , 8: Central Asia; 15.
12553:
Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也.
12523:
11771:"The Date of the TLV Mirrors from the Xiongnu Tombs"
11551:
The Anthropological Study of Class and Consciousness
11232:
8961:. University of California Press. pp. 369–370.
6546:"The Kai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú"
4003:
origin, while later switching to a Turkic language.
3222:
sent troops to help the Han suppress a rebellion in
3095:(modern north central Mongolia) became known as the
2869:. They succeeded in separating the Xiongnu from the
1584:. The Xiongnu were also active in areas now part of
1561:, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the
1557:
from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.
13408:Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (12 November 2019).
13114:(1948). "The date of the Sogdian ancient letters".
11921:Rogers, Leland Liu; Kaestle, Frederika Ann (2022).
11708:Cultural Relics Administration (同心縣文物管理所) (1988).
11487:(in Korean). 조선일보. 27 February 2009. Archived from
11271:
10507:
Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties
7807:. War, Conflict and Ethics (illustrated ed.).
7780:
7306:to lead a multitude of 100,000 north to attack the
7092:text: "李牧者，趙之北邊良將也。常居代鴈門，備匈奴。" translation: "About
6486:
6484:
6098:Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco (1 July 2018).
4721:practices that clearly match those of the Xiongnu.
4251:clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation,
2939:
2873:to the south, and also gained direct access to the
2188:Pulleyblank argued that the Xiongnu were part of a
12077:
8226:
7651:Mahachkala: Dagestan Scientific Center, RAS Press.
6395:
5899:
4019:notes that the Xiongnu name could be a cognate of
1634:Attempts to associate the Xiongnu with the nearby
13407:
11704:Archaeology Institute Ningxia Archaeology Group;
11368:Susan J. Henders (2006). Susan J. Henders (ed.).
10842:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10749:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10735:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10341:Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan
10117:PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository
9944:
9942:
7546:Reed, Carrie E. (2000). "Tattoo in Early China".
6976:Ilyasov, Jangar Ya.; Rusanov, Dmitriy V. (1997).
6952:Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources
6917:
6727:Linduff, Katheryn M.; Rubinson, Karen S. (2021).
6097:
5900:Chase-Dunn, C.; Anderson, E. (18 February 2005).
4784:show both East Asian and West Eurasian features.
2798:, the break did not come until 133 BC, following
2303:of eastern Mongolia and Manchuria as well as the
2299:of southern Siberia. He crushed the power of the
1568:After overthrowing their previous overlords, the
18878:
16246:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
13322:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
13287:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
11434:騎馬흉노국가 新羅 연구 趙甲濟(月刊朝鮮 편집장)의 심층취재 내 몸속을 흐르는 흉노의 피
11367:
11339:James A. Millward & Peter C. Perdue (2004).
8044:Traders and raiders on China's northern frontier
7871:. Harvard University Studies in East Asian Law.
7392:"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"
6758:"Pazyryk | archaeological site, Kazakhstan"
6481:
5987:
5985:
5633:. Cambridge University Press. p. 245, Fig 12.3.
4649:, though in his use, "Turks" always referred to
3487:and depicted his state as a continuation of the
2411:, the army commanders, the great governors, the
2040:A nomad horseman spearing a boar, discovered in
14274:Belt buckle, Xiongnu type, 3rd–2nd century B.C.
13353:
12797:
12242:
12230:
12180:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017).
12065:
11970:
11563:
10531:
10529:
10308:
10306:
9823:Turko-Mongol to developing a Turkic royal line.
9796:Neumann, Iver B.; Wigen, Einar (19 July 2018).
8817:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (1998).
8816:
8374:Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (1998).
8373:
7803:. In Lo, Ping-cheung; Twiss, Sumner B. (eds.).
7197:，西有林胡、樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無彊兵之救，是亡社稷，柰何？" translation: "(
6726:
5712:Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations".
3230:clan, rebelled, first killing the Inspector of
2969:should send a hostage prince; and thirdly, the
2911:
2326:In 200 BC, Modu besieged the first Han Dynasty
1572:, the Xiongnu became the dominant power on the
13934:Ancient and Middle Age History of Eastern Asia
13821:(Short History of the Samoyedic peoples). In:
12564:Tibetan Buddhism: History and Future Prospects
11315:
9939:
8203:Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II
8103:
6975:
6311:, p. 488: "Their royal tribes and kings (
6304:
6302:
5603:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
4468:, yet Xianbei were stated to descend from the
3769:Juqu clan and Northern Liang dynasty (401–460)
3346:was in "semicaptivity at the imperial court."
3055:. However, as the eldest son of the preceding
2849:In 104 and 102 BC, the Han fought and won the
18256:
16762:
16294:
16280:
15759:
14313:
13617:
12034:
11994:
11920:
11714:
11050:
10924:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10212:Craig Benjamin (2007, 49), In: Hyun Jin Kim,
9853:
9618:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
9430:Zhou, Yiliang (June 1997). "〈北朝的民族問題與民族政策〉".
8564:
8525:
8523:
8268:(abridged ed.). iUniversе. p. 419.
7624:
7531:
7279:
7277:
6887:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History
6673:
6287:Du You. Tongdian. Vol. 200. "突厥謂駮馬為曷剌，亦名曷剌國。"
6029:
5982:
5579:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
5154:remain (GD1-1) from the later Turkic period.
5107:ancestry), and "early Xiongnu_rest" from the
4950:, R1a1a1b2a-Z94, R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124, Q1a, N1a,
4741:oversaw the excavation of royal tombs at the
4382:. Mongolian archaeologists proposed that the
4307:lists 19 southern Xiongnu tribes who entered
4208:who possibly spoke a language related to the
3821:in 439. There was also the Northern Liang of
3421:
3243:
3166:. It states that this group later became the
2487:In the winter of 200 BC, following a Xiongnu
2148:Ancient China often came in contact with the
2115:commanderies before 265 BCE, just before the
1741:–, Schuessler proposes that 匈奴 Xiongnu < *
1505:
785:
18219:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
14221:]. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Press.
12907:
12665:Indo-Scythian Studies: being Khotanese Texts
11265:
11043:
11016:. Cambridge University Press. 2013. page 31.
10526:
10303:
9828:
9795:
9664:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 104.
9267:
9191:
9091:
7966:
7182:
7180:
5992:Étienne de la Vaissière (15 November 2006).
5707:
5705:
4985:and another to C-M217. Xiongnu remains from
4696:
3850:
3628:Tiefu tribe and Helian Xia dynasty (309–431)
3469:, but it would not be until 304, amidst the
1880:and across Central Asia, and encounter with
14327:
13904:, vol. 26, n. 10, Hong Kong, November 1995.
13534:
13514:
13390:
12798:Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018).
12006:
11973:, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 87-88, 94-96.
11927:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
11400:
10703:. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). pp. 54-55
10481:" quote: "悅般國，…… 其先，匈奴北單于之部落也。…… 其風俗言語與高車同"
10292:(Sinor, 'Legendary Origin': 226). Taşağıl,
9384:
8461:Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations
8237:]. Wunan Publishing. pp. 557–558.
8158:
8113:Records of the Grand Historian: Han dynasty
8110:Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (January 1993).
7679:
7677:
7675:
7362:
7350:
7132:
6794:
6299:
6148:"Northern Dynasties and Southern Dynasties"
5946:
5688:. Cambridge University Press. p. 273.
5553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
4981:. One sample from Duurlig Nars belonged to
4331:being glossed "piebald horse" (Ch. 駁馬 ~ 駮馬
3012:and sent his head as a trophy to Chang'an.
2674:Chanyu) was married to the Xiongnu General
2549:
2499:personally led a military campaign against
18263:
18249:
16769:
16755:
16287:
16273:
15766:
15752:
14320:
14306:
13999:Этнический состав и происхождение алтайцев
13681:
13587:
13309:
12770:"Via Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries"
12053:
11982:
11833:Miller, Bryan (2011). Bemmann, Jan (ed.).
11762:
11731:Miller, Bryan (2011). Bemmann, Jan (ed.).
11579:
11427:
10915:
10701:The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them
10074:"ONCE AGAIN ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TITLE
9003:(Beijing: Zhonghua shuju ed) 94B, p. 3824.
8520:
8295:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
8206:. Columbia University Press. p. 128.
8109:
7471:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set
7274:
7147:
7030:the wild boar hunting plaque "des Iyrques"
6788:
5961:
5685:Early China: A Social and Cultural History
5354:Xiongnu art is harder to distinguish from
4204:sees the Xiongnu as either proto-Turks or
4099:notes that the 7th AD Chinese conpendium,
3841:
3126:fled to the north-west with his subjects.
2996:, famed in Chinese folklore as one of the
2585:Belt plaque with design of wrestling men,
1860:
1512:
1498:
15834:Northern Wei's unification of North China
15631:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
14212:
14189:
14172:
14107:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
13709:Al-Hind: making of the Indo-Islamic World
13447:
13313:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
13278:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
13257:
13199:
12837:
12788:
12392:
12347:
12282:
12156:
12146:
11938:
11888:
11795:Miller, Bryan (2011). Jan Bemmann (ed.).
11332:
11076:
10963:
10147:
10017:
10015:
10013:
9889:
9691:
9585:
9041:Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2 February 2015).
8931:
8636:
8150:. H. Vetch. 2004. p. 81 – via
8096:Aristocratic elites in the Xiongnu empire
8067:
7701:
7177:
7009:
6857:
6593:
6575:
6339:
6242:Jinshu vol. 97 Four Barbarians - Xiongnu"
6123:
6063:
5903:The Historical Evolution of World-Systems
5866:. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from
5702:
5005:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3445:in 317 AD, shortly after the fall of the
3099:. Punu, who became known as the Northern
2724:claimed descent from the Chinese general
2566:; equal status between the states; and a
2185:is a notable example of these campaigns.
1705:pronunciation has been reconstructed as *
14175:"Ancient DNA Tells Tales from the Grave"
13175:History of civilizations of Central Asia
13172:
13069:
13029:
13001:
12897:
12887:
12878:
12747:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
12697:
12688:
12541:
12517:
12179:
11870:
11245:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46.
11239:Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999).
11106:
11019:
10996:
10847:
10584:
10004:
9834:
9707:("Diademed royal portrait of a Yuezhi").
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9524:
9385:Obrusánszky, Borbála (10 October 2006).
9320:
9304:
9216:
9162:
9131:
9115:
9075:
9024:
8885:
8743:Journal of the American Oriental Society
8642:
8291:
8040:
7732:
7683:
7672:
7548:Journal of the American Oriental Society
7502:
7443:
7377:
7338:
7326:
7171:
7072:
7049:https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004216358_00
6949:Marshak, Boris Ilʹich (1 January 2002).
6924:. Oxford University Press. p. 330.
6880:
6800:
6389:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6308:
5976:
5930:
5887:
5369:
5338:, manufactured in China for the Xiongnu.
5325:
5317:
5305:
5161:
5010:
4882:origin, while the rest were East Asian.
4864:
4794:
4728:
4653:. Such archaizing was a common literary
4505:
4364:
4159:
4075:
4044:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
3978:
3961:, who have sometimes been linked to the
3637:
3575:
3436:
3189:
3172:
3091:The rump kingdom under Punu, around the
3030:
2943:
2832:
2761:
2748:by Kyrgyz ambassador Zhuwu Hesu (註吾合素).
2580:
2572:
2399:The ruler of the Xiongnu was called the
2382:
2282:
1913:, or various "Rong" tribes, such as the
18043:
15478:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
14368:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
14025:(The ethnonym "Tele" and the Altaians.
13964:Tongwancheng, city of the southern Huns
13951:Newsletters of the Silk Road Foundation
13944:Newsletters of the Silk Road Foundation
13477:
13464:
13110:
12868:
12731:
12570:, L.L. Abaeva, Respublika, Moscow 1991)
12529:
12505:
12490:
11634:
11548:
11309:
11183:
11148:
10296:, vol. 1: 95, n. 553 identies it with
10223:
9966:
9040:
9012:
8861:Man and environment, Volume 23, Issue 1
8712:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. p. 61.
8502:Man and environment, Volume 23, Issue 1
8164:
7519:
7455:
6978:"A Study on the Bone Plates from Orlat"
6948:
5365:
5131:ancestry, and additional geneflow from
4501:
4428:, possessed the alternative name(s) 大檀
3670:and were related to another tribe, the
3386:The Xiongnu were one of the so-called "
3299:before retreating west as the warlords
3272:. In 195, he died and was succeeded as
2241:and the Xiongnu to flee north into the
1937:and killing the last Western Zhou king
1619:", they founded the dynastic states of
14:
18879:
18705:Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire
15733:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
14131:
14056:
13936:. Vladivostok, 2001, pp. 295–305.
13631:. The Hermitage Museum. Archived from
13150:
12978:
12881:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
12740:
12657:
12469:
12457:
12445:
12433:
12381:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
11832:
11794:
11730:
11461:김운회의 '대쥬신을 찾아서' <23> 금관의 나라, 신라"
11401:Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010).
11082:
10910:Elite Xiongnu Burials at the Periphery
10585:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
10572:
10400:
10214:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
10188:
10129:
10105:
10010:
9933:
9263:
9261:
9103:
8913:
8775:
8740:
8672:
8601:
8457:
8332:
8041:So, Jenny F.; Bunker, Emma C. (1995).
7592:Kradin, Nikolay N. (23 January 2020).
7591:
7467:
7389:
7237:
7235:
7159:
6327:
6262:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe
6017:
5827:
5802:
5800:
5778:
5776:
5740:
5606:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 403.
5099:(formed at 92% by the hybrid Eurasian
4141:, who are more genetically similar to
3914:
3525:was captured in an event known as the
3457:during the mid-3rd century before the
3350:Later Xiongnu states in northern China
3106:In 49 AD, Tsi Yung, a Han governor of
1693:
1537:
941:
889:
252:
228:
18244:
16750:
16268:
15747:
14301:
14291:, Henan Provincial Museum exhibition
14190:Vaissière (2005). "Huns et Xiongnu".
14057:Csányi, B.; et al. (July 2008).
14049:Brosseder, Ursula, and Bryan Miller.
13819:"A szamojéd népek vázlatos története"
13344:
12314:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
12313:
11322:The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly
11304:
11184:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967).
11156:"Об эт нической принадлежности Хунну"
10636:
10627:
10322:quote: "突厥之先，平涼今平涼郡雜胡也，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。"
10130:Wilson, Joseph A. P. (21 July 2023).
10071:
10040:
9765:
9626:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.50
9530:
8984:"Horse Stepping on a Xiongnu Soldier"
8901:
8530:Mayor, Adrienne (22 September 2014).
8529:
8417:
8014:
7932:
6895:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.49
6687:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6413:
6356:
6345:
5599:
5378:script (Mongolia and Inner Mongolia).
4997:
4802:carpet, animal style. 1st century CE.
4708:
4374:, and another dog on top of the cart.
4061:
3987:. This luxury item was imported from
3825:, which existed between 442 and 460.
3310:In 215–216 AD, the warlord-statesman
3027:Southern Xiongnu and Northern Xiongnu
2698:, who also married a daughter of the
1836:
1820:
344:
307:
296:
283:
274:
263:
219:
206:
193:
184:
171:
160:
151:
140:
131:
120:
107:
96:
74:
65:
15819:Fu Jian's unification of North China
15773:
14118:Houle, J. and L.G. Broderick (2011)
13831:Kiuner (Kjuner, Küner) , N.V. 1961.
13706:
13646:
12936:
12736:. New York: Oxford University Press.
12648:
12233:, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 28-32.
12068:, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 20-23.
11871:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017).
11484:경주 사천왕사(寺) 사천왕상(四天王像) 왜 4개가 아니라 3개일까
10737:. University of Helsinki. p. 173-178
10200:
9470:
9458:
9429:
9336:
9292:
9232:
8707:
8261:
8199:
8092:
7939:. X libris Corporation. p. 77.
7903:
7864:
7839:
7545:
6955:. Yale University Press. p. 9.
6490:
6401:
5681:
5416:
5111:Plateau (individuals with primarily
5083:origin (associated with the earlier
4912:
4860:
4354:
4291:was descended from a Xiongnu ruler).
3983:An embroidered rug from the Xiongnu
3755:while attempting a campaign against
3202:Southern Xiongnu under control. The
2782:dispatched the Han Chinese explorer
2372:
331:
318:
241:
85:
18907:Former countries in Chinese history
16681:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
16450:Protectorate of the Western Regions
15688:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
14213:Zhang, Bibo; Dong, Guoyao (2001).
14152:
14037:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13962:Obrusánszky, Borbála. August 2009.
13876:Xiongnu and its eastward Neighbours
13809:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13802:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13792:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13785:Archaeological sites of the Xiongnu
13725:
13685:Macmillan Dictionary of Archaeology
11457:
11345:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
10853:
10535:
10434:(aka Chinese) consider them Gaoche
10266:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks"
9759:
9611:
9477:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 107.
9258:
7786:
7468:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018).
7232:
7003:
6760:. Britannica.com. 11 September 2001
6691:
6502:
6440:
6258:
5817:(in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid.
5797:
5793:(in Chinese). Rearranged by BYVoid.
5773:
4526:and Ashina to the Xiongnu, not all
3968:
3185:
3080:
3073:. This kingdom became known as the
2857:. As a result, the Han gained many
2778:made preparations for war when the
2477:Marriage diplomacy with Han dynasty
2264:united the Xiongnu into a powerful
2217:The first known Xiongnu leader was
2048:, 1st-2nd century CE. According to
1692:The pronunciation of 匈奴 as Xiōngnú
1446:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
24:
15683:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
14684:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
13747:
13233:American Journal of Human Genetics
12910:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
12556:
11702:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
11112:
10844:. University of Helsinki. p. 24-25
10812:"vol. 110: Account of the Xiongnu"
10630:Aspects of Altaic Civilization III
9766:Nehru, Lolita (14 December 2020).
9504:. Getty Publications. p. 55.
7914:. pp. 66, 73, 74 – via
7912:University of California, Berkeley
7798:
7538:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
6678:
5711:
4149:
3607:Liu Yao retained control over the
2751:
2393:Central State Museum of Kazakhstan
2353:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
2212:
2206:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
1642:were once controversial. However,
25:
18943:
15094:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
14237:
14173:Touchette, Nancy (25 July 2003).
13024:Journal of Archaeological Science
11058:History of the Northern Dynasties
10854:Howorth, Henry H. (Henry Hoyle).
10767:Old History of the Five Dynasties
10494:vol. 97 Four Barbarians - Xiongnu
10106:Xumeng, Sun (14 September 2020).
10021:
7288:Vol. 110 "Account of the Xiongnu"
6881:Benjamin, Craig (29 March 2017).
6692:Tse, Wicky W. K. (27 June 2018).
5189:populations to the west combined
4539:History of the Northern Dynasties
4164:Plaque in the shape of a grazing
3686:" (雜胡). In 309, their chieftain,
3529:. In 316, the Jin restoration in
3373:(赤勒), Hanzhi (捍蛭), Heilang (黑狼),
3154:; while the rest fled across the
2702:Chanyu. The Han Chinese diplomat
1658:with that of the Huns and/or the
18735:Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
16417:
15799:Shi Le's conquest of North China
14075:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x
13647:Tang, Changru (December 2010).
13618:Sims-Williams, Nicholas (2004).
12547:
12409:
12368:
12307:
12248:
12236:
12173:
12114:
12071:
12047:
12020:
12000:
11988:
11976:
11914:
11864:
11826:
11788:
11724:
11693:
11683:
11673:
11664:
11654:
11640:
11619:
11608:
11573:
11542:
11511:
11502:
11475:
11451:
11421:
11394:
11374:. Lexington Books. p. 135.
11361:
11347:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 40–41.
11298:
11177:
11002:
10978:
10903:
10885:
10864:
10834:
10818:
10802:
10789:
10776:
10755:
10740:
10706:
10693:
10678:
10662:
10645:
10621:
10608:
10578:
10548:
10513:
10499:
10484:
10468:
10445:
10406:
10379:
10367:
10347:
10325:
10264:Golden, Peter B. (August 2018).
10258:
10243:
10206:
10164:
10123:
10099:
10065:
10034:
9960:
9912:
9789:
9711:
9685:
9651:
9605:
9491:
9464:
9423:
9378:
9362:
9342:
9226:
9185:
9181:from the original on 2009-06-29.
9156:
9141:
9034:
8994:
8975:
8948:
8907:
8851:
8810:
8769:
8734:
8701:
8666:
8595:
8558:
8492:
8367:
8326:
8255:
8220:
7936:Ancient History of the Manchuria
7244:Stratagems of the Warring States
6004:from the original on 2012-01-04.
5511:
5474:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
5459:List of Xiongnu rulers (Chanyus)
5056:), and smaller contributions of
4969:valley belonged to the paternal
4852:Scythians § Archaeogenetics
4836:Rouran Khaganate § Genetics
3747:succeeded him and conquered the
3600:to distinguish it from Shi Le's
3432:
2940:Tributary relations with the Han
2030:
2019:
2010:
1813:
1600:. Their relations with adjacent
1029:
750:
736:
722:
708:
694:
669:
655:
641:
627:
613:
366:of 133 BC – 89 AD): it includes
59:
53:
15789:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
15693:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
14963:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
14269:Gold Headdress from Aluchaideng
14259:The Silk Road Volume 4 Number 1
14249:Encyclopedic Archive on Xiongnu
13888:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
13627:State Hermitage Museum (2007).
11768:
11343:. In S. Frederick Starr (ed.).
11220:, stretches west as far as the
10556:"Belt Buckle LACMA Collections"
10442:), Hulu, Jiepi, Hugu, Yiqijin."
10376:, "vol. 50" "或云突厥之先出於索國，在匈奴之北。"
10082:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
10047:. Global Oriental. p. 16.
10041:Georg, Stefan (22 March 2007).
9967:Jin Kim, Hyun (November 2015).
9705:"Portrait royal diadémé Yuezhi"
9612:Kim, Hyun Jin (29 March 2017),
9412:from the original on 2013-07-18
9351:Sand-covered Hun City Unearthed
8679:. Brill's Inner Asian Library.
8602:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005).
8193:
8138:
8086:
8061:
8034:
7995:"Belt Buckle LACMA Collections"
7987:
7960:
7926:
7897:
7858:
7833:
7792:
7766:
7752:
7738:
7585:
7574:
7525:
7461:
7383:
7267:, our lands border Yan and the
7103:
7078:
7053:
7041:
6969:
6942:
6911:
6874:
6806:
6782:
6771:
6750:
6730:Pazyryk Culture Up in the Altai
6720:
6667:
6610:
6551:
6544:Atwood, Christopher P. (2015).
6538:
6532:10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0041
6496:
6434:
6407:
6259:Kim, Hyun Jin (18 April 2013).
6216:
6196:
6140:
6091:
6023:
5893:
5852:
5821:
5449:were found in a Xiongnu grave.
5240:)), or various combinations of
5217:
5206:
5201:) and Ancient Northeast Asian (
5035:
4856:Pannonian Avars § Genetics
4641:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
4311:'s borders, the 14th being the
3828:
3800:that had intermingled with the
3402:dynasty was established by the
3369:(鮮支), Koutou (寇頭), Wutan (烏譚),
3136:According to the fifth-century
2800:an abortive trap to ambush the
2315:, where his son, Jizhu, made a
2141:, which was a blanket term for
1805:
1757:, which Schuessler compares to
1002:
985:
964:
940:
926:
912:
15728:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
15673:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
14015:Potapov, L.P. 1966. Этнионим
13811:, vol. 6. St Petersburg, 2003.
13804:, vol. 5. St Petersburg, 2003.
13794:, vol. 2. St Petersburg, 1996.
13787:, vol. 1. St Petersburg, 1995.
13682:Whitehouse, Ruth, ed. (2016).
13492:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731391
13365:University of California Press
13363:(1st ed.). Berkeley, CA:
12670:. Cambridge University Press.
12630:Records of the Grand Historian
11715:
11316:Nabijan Tursun (5 July 2023).
11051:
10651:Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000).
10344:, University of Helsinki, 2005
9471:Bell, Alexander Peter (2000).
8173:University of California Press
7532:
7290:. quote: "後秦滅六國，而始皇帝使蒙恬將十萬之眾北擊
7253:Jennifer Dodgson's translation
7241:Compare a parallel passage in
6467:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
6459:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
6265:. Cambridge University Press.
6185:(in French). Larousse Éditions
5734:
5675:
5661:
5647:
5620:
5593:
5567:
5540:
5314:, 2nd-1st century BC, Xiongnu.
5195:
4724:
4585:
4576:
4563:
4031:, corresponding to a name for
3991:, and is thought to represent
3925:Sources: Schuessler (2014:264)
2291:After forging internal unity,
2081:Records of the Grand Historian
888:
874:
858:
844:
830:
816:
786:
13:
1:
14679:Silk Road transmission of art
14115:. (Especially pp. 69–74)
13402:, London: Thames & Hudson
13155:. Stanford University Press.
12902:. Cambridge University Press.
12892:. Cambridge University Press.
12883:. Cambridge University Press.
12765:– via Internet Archive.
9249:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
8914:Qingbo, Duan (January 2023).
8165:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985).
6982:Silk Road Art and Archaeology
6104:Journal of Language Evolution
5682:Feng, Li (30 December 2013).
5528:
5517:This view was put forward to
5236:and Baikal hunter-gatherers (
5179:
5166:Pre-Xiongnu populations. The
5072:A genetic study published in
5024:
4844:Donghu people § Genetics
4228:History of Northern Dynasties
2368:looked upon them very highly.
2085:
44:3rd century BC–1st century AD
15678:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
13773:Resources in other libraries
13008:. Rutgers University Press.
12689:Barfield, Thomas J. (1989).
12417:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
11272:Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008).
11226:Eastern Carpathian Mountains
10270:The Medieval History Journal
10172:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
9950:"Metropolitan Museum of Art"
9772:Encyclopaedia Iranica Online
9177:] (in Russian). Moscow.
8643:Kyzlasov, Leonid R. (2010).
8426:China Intercontinental Press
7904:Chin, Tamara Ta Lun (2005).
7690:The Journal of Asian Studies
7684:Barfield, Thomas J. (1981).
7602:10.14232/sua.2019.53.149-165
7209:is at our heart and belly ,
6644:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.09.041
5906:. Springer. pp. 36–37.
5533:
5263:, or alternatively from the
5244:and Ancient Northeast Asian
5050:
4558:, they were "mixed nomads" (
4516:Albert Terrien de Lacouperie
4015:type. Central Asian scholar
2984:in the north-west of modern
2912:Xiongnu Civil War (60–53 BC)
2430:, a ruler equivalent to the
1775:, which he derives from the
1609:in a centuries-long conflict
7:
16776:
13984:Petkovski, Elizabet. 2006.
13871:, No 1 (21), p. 79–86.
13151:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
13026:(2002) 29, pp. 135–144
12040:
11527:(in Korean). Archived from
9861:Evolutionary Human Sciences
9620:, Oxford University Press,
9268:De Crespigny, Rafe (1984).
8565:Veronika Veit, ed. (2007).
8292:Millward, James A. (2007).
8227:Lin Jianming (林剑鸣) (1992).
7659:
7643:
7630:
7096:, he was a good general at
7063:quote: "匈奴，其先祖夏后氏之苗裔也，曰淳維。"
6778:State Hermitage Museum 2007
6443:確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源
6036:Evolutionary Human Sciences
5998:Encyclopedia Iranica online
5979:, pp. 404–405, notes 51–52.
5452:
4829:
4476:as well as Turkic-speaking
4421:identified as offspring of
3928:& Zhengzhang Shangfang.
2609:even asked for the hand of
2054:this decorative belt buckle
1767:. However, the same medial
10:
18948:
18710:Battle of the Tanais River
16550:against Northwest khanates
14029:): 233–240. Moscow: Nauka.
13440:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5
12709:Princeton University Press
12577:
12332:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
12219:Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2006
12139:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
12092:10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4
11720:(in Chinese) (3): 333–356.
11278:. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3.
10948:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
10720:"vol. 199 section: Shiwei"
10479:Wusun, Shule, & Yueban
10364:quote: "突厥之先，平涼雜胡也，姓阿史那氏。"
10240:quote: "突厥者，蓋匈奴之別種，姓阿史那氏。"
10218:Cambridge University Press
9804:Cambridge University Press
9703:(in French): 26–27, Fig.8
9049:Cambridge University Press
8920:Journal of Chinese History
8538:Princeton University Press
7191:"Hereditary House of Zhao"
6503:Gao, Jingyi (高晶一) (2013).
5718:Cambridge University Press
5479:History of the Han Dynasty
5296:
5281:) genetic ancestry, 51.9%
4833:
4440:"Tartar" and according to
4358:
4153:
4065:
3972:
3854:
3772:
3666:tribe were descendants of
3631:
3425:
3422:Han-Zhao dynasty (304–329)
3084:
2851:War of the Heavenly Horses
2791:to move men and material.
2755:
2696:War of the Heavenly Horses
2682:Chanyu was married to the
2480:
2376:
1798:
1794:
1549:who, according to ancient
18841:Attila in popular culture
18833:
18768:
18697:
18676:
18625:
18594:
18543:
18372:
18304:
18278:
18212:
18164:
17681:
17085:
16784:
16672:
16611:
16578:
16540:
16507:
16465:
16435:
16426:
16415:
16303:
16237:
16161:
16110:
16080:
16059:
16018:
16011:
15979:
15961:
15923:
15905:
15877:
15849:
15842:
15781:
15593:
15561:
15358:
15265:
15207:
15179:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
15044:
14976:
14863:
14845:
14742:
14704:
14697:
14661:
14335:
14146:10.1163/15685209-12341340
13768:Resources in your library
13588:Schuessler, Axel (2014).
13559:10.1017/S0362502800004259
13128:10.1017/S0041977X00083178
13005:The Empire of the Steppes
12904:(First paperback edition)
12898:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004).
12888:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002).
12830:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
12789:Christian, David (1998).
12284:10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.093
12198:10.1163/22105018-12340089
12148:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
12035:
11995:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
11890:10.1163/22105018-12340089
10829:"Vol. 90 section Xianbei"
10420:vol. 103 - section Gaoche
10253:"vol. 99 - section Tujue"
10072:Vovin, Alexander (2007).
9882:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
8820:The Human Record: To 1700
8377:The Human Record: To 1700
8300:Columbia University Press
8118:Columbia University Press
7625:
7061:Ch. 110: Xiongnu liezhuan
6733:. Routledge. p. 69.
6674:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
6357:Tumen D (February 2011).
6125:21.11116/0000-0001-E3E6-B
6056:21.11116/0000-0007-772B-4
5170:people were uniformly of
5002:A study published in the
4697:Language isolate theories
4630:
4522:Chinese sources link the
4255:
4033:Eastern Iranian Scythians
3921:
3863:
3851:Proposed link to the Huns
3398:dynasties, and while the
3244:
3122:, in 89 AD. The northern
2883:, Protector General (都護;
2728:, grandson of the famous
2545:
2272:, it was replaced by the
2078:(arrayed account) of his
1784:
1533:
1013:
995:
978:
971:
957:
950:
933:
919:
905:
898:
881:
867:
851:
837:
823:
809:
802:
797:
793:
779:
775:
770:
592:
588:
578:
568:
564:
554:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
498:
488:
475:
465:
447:
435:
428:Longcheng (later capital)
407:
48:
43:
36:
18897:Ancient peoples of China
18270:
16343:Western Turkic Khaganate
16338:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
15948:Southern Liang (397–414)
15864:Northern Liang (397–460)
15626:Mogao Christian painting
15199:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
14913:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
14903:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
14214:
14153:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
14063:Annals of Human Genetics
14039:, vol. 4. St Petersburg.
13851:Kradin , Nikolay. 2002.
13841:Klyashtorny S.G. 1964.
13648:
13077:; Masson, V. M. (eds.).
12952:Language and Translation
12947:
12939:
12741:Bunker, Emma C. (2002).
12699:Beckwith, Christopher I.
11709:
11519:
11483:
11460:
11433:
11211:De Administrando Imperio
11121:
11117:
10510:vol. 4 quote: "北人呼駮馬為賀蘭"
10300:, which is more likely."
9436:Beijing University Press
9389:[Huns in China]
9240:
9092:Fairbank & Têng 1941
8673:Drompp, Michael (2021).
8458:Higham, Charles (2004).
8229:
7865:Chin, Tamara T. (2020).
7846:. DeepLogic – via
7799:Lo, Ping-cheung (2015).
7390:Rawson, Jessica (2017).
7380:, pp. 892–893, 964.
7217:to the east, Forest Hu,
7109:Theobald, Ulrich (2019)
6624:Quaternary International
6442:
6271:10.1017/cbo9780511920493
5809:
5785:
5504:
5148:Ancient Northeast Asians
5017:Ancient Northeast Asians
4646:De Administrando Imperio
4398:to be two subgroups (or
4182:Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
4072:Para-Yeniseian languages
3787:family that founded the
3471:War of the Eight Princes
3242:, entitled Chizhisizhu (
2722:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
1874:Indo-European migrations
1553:, inhabited the eastern
1249:Second Turkic Khaganates
382:, and parts of northern
16348:Second Turkic Khaganate
15994:Western Liang (400–421)
15723:Saksanokhur gold buckle
15611:Hephthalite silver bowl
15488:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
14528:Second Turkic Khaganate
14329:History of Central Asia
14192:Central Asiatic Journal
14022:Тюркологический сборник
13914:, tome 51, Paris, 1996.
13878:. Seoul, p. 35–51.
13726:Yap, Joseph P. (2009).
13651:(in Chinese). Beijing:
13467:Central Asiatic Journal
13347:Chinese ways in warfare
13002:Grousset, Rene (1970).
12732:Bentley, Jerry (1993).
12642:Other sources consulted
12460:, pp. 29, 101; item 68.
12394:10.47248/hpgg2404010004
11520:자료검색>상세_기사 | 국립중앙도서관
11407:. ABC-CLIO. p. 7.
10575:, pp. 30, 110, item 81.
10538:Central Asiatic Journal
9733:10.3406/arasi.2015.1881
9434:(in Chinese). Beijing:
8708:Veit, Veronika (2007).
7623:Botalov, S. G. (2009).
7251:之境，西有樓煩、秦、韓之邊，而無騎射之備。"
6577:10.1126/science.aat7487
6512:Central Asiatic Journal
6447:Central Asiatic Journal
6416:Central Asiatic Journal
5494:List of largest empires
5310:Belt buckle with three
5279:Ancient Northeast Asian
5172:Ancient Northeast Asian
4840:Xianbei § Genetics
4764:Portraits found in the
4394:considered Xiongnu and
4299:Northern Xiongnu chanyu
4017:Christopher I. Beckwith
3963:Avars of Central Europe
3945:has shown that, in the
3943:Étienne de la Vaissière
3842:Ethnolinguistic origins
2853:against the Kingdom of
2360:Also, according to the
1895:Ancient Northeast Asian
1882:Ancient Northeast Asian
1801:Timeline of the Xiongnu
1687:
18861:Origin of the Székelys
16333:First Turkic Khaganate
16098:Northern Wei (386–535)
15999:Northern Yan (407–436)
15989:Former Liang (318–376)
15953:Southern Yan (398–410)
15814:Huan Wen's Expeditions
15809:Conquest of Wei by Yan
15703:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
15463:Alexandria Prophthasia
14488:First Turkic Khaganate
14423:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
14264:The Silk Road Volume 9
13349:. Harvard Univ. Press.
12937:Geng, Shimin (2005).
12649:Adas, Michael (2001).
11458:김운회 (30 August 2005).
10840:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
10784:The Mongolic Languages
10746:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
10733:Xu Elina-Qian (2005).
9570:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
8776:Lovell, Julia (2007).
8421:Story of the Silk Road
8418:Zhang, Yiping (2005).
8333:Lovell, Julia (2007).
8235:History of Qin and Han
8015:Prior, Daniel (2016).
7641:Gmyrya, L. B. (1993).
7193:quote: "今中山在我腹心，北有燕，東有
6698:. Routledge. pp.
6160:10.2307/j.ctvc77f7s.11
5831:Türk Medeniyeti Tarihi
5600:Fauve, Jeroen (2021).
5576:Atlas of World History
5379:
5339:
5323:
5315:
5301:
5224:
5212:) ancestry, with some
5069:
4870:
4823:
4803:
4734:
4511:
4466:Para-Mongolic-speaking
4456:) associated with the
4375:
4169:
4081:
3996:
3789:Northern Liang dynasty
3662:The chieftains of the
3659:
3634:Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)
3450:
3198:
3182:
3040:
2950:
2865:and Gansu corridor to
2842:
2771:
2644:and another 30,000 to
2598:
2578:
2396:
2370:
2288:
2169:, the armies from the
1122:Munkhkhairkhan culture
746:First Turkic Khaganate
580:• Disestablished
18927:Former confederations
18892:460 disestablishments
18189:Medieval great powers
16475:against Western Turks
16036:Western Yan (384–394)
15943:Western Qin (385–431)
15897:Later Liang (386–403)
15513:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
14888:Karsakpay inscription
14343:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
14103:Hill, John E. (2009)
14005:20 April 2012 at the
13953:, vol. 5, no.1, 2007.
13946:, vol. 4, no.1, 2006.
13536:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
13516:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
13355:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto
12614:Book of the Later Han
11132:Zhonghua Book Company
10893:"Xiongnu Archaeology"
10628:Sinor, Denis (1990).
10560:collections.lacma.org
10149:10.3390/humans3030015
9693:Francfort, Henri-Paul
9175:History of Hun People
8069:Francfort, Henri-Paul
7999:collections.lacma.org
7476:Bloomsbury Publishing
7410:10.15184/aqy.2016.276
7011:Francfort, Henri-Paul
6821:Nature Communications
6204:Book of Zhou, vol. 50
6183:Larousse Rncyclopedie
5828:Gökalp, Ziya (2020).
5373:
5329:
5321:
5309:
5230:Chandman/Uyuk culture
5165:
5014:
4868:
4819:
4798:
4732:
4670:, the founder of the
4509:
4368:
4287:, the founder of the
4163:
4079:
3982:
3783:The Juqu clan were a
3641:
3576:Former Zhao (319–329)
3440:
3410:, the founder of the
3193:
3176:
3034:
2947:
2836:
2765:
2666:(and older sister of
2584:
2576:
2403:. Under him were the
2386:
2358:
2286:
2167:Warring States period
1983:had developed in the
1958:Siberian Ice Princess
1721:(c. 318 BCE) and as *
1469:Democratic Revolution
528:• 174 - 161 BCE
516:• 209 - 174 BCE
504:• 220 - 209 BCE
436:Common languages
18932:Tribal confederacies
18815:North Caucasian Huns
18769:Other Hunnic peoples
18199:European colonialism
18184:Ancient great powers
16687:Greater Central Asia
16238:Histories of the Era
15933:Former Yan (337–370)
15915:Later Zhao (319–351)
15892:Former Qin (351–394)
15829:Liu Yu's Expeditions
15320:Kutlug Timur Minaret
14855:Noin-Ula burial site
14653:Chinese Central Asia
14162:Sino-Platonic Papers
14042:Taskin V.S. . 1984.
13996:Potapov, L.P. 1969.
13884:Liu Mau-tsai. 1958.
13090:. pp. 346–370.
13049:. pp. 485–492.
12269:(13): 2858–2870.e7.
12243:Damgaard et al. 2018
12231:Damgaard et al. 2018
12066:Damgaard et al. 2018
11971:Damgaard et al. 2018
11581:Lebedynsky, Yaroslav
11564:Maenchen-Helfen 1973
10912:(Miller et al. 2009)
10897:depts.washington.edu
10879:depts.washington.edu
10786:. Routledge. p. 393.
9975:Taylor & Francis
9397:(in Hungarian) (3).
9170:История народа Хунну
8981:For a frontal view:
6618:V. (30 April 2020).
6293:Wink 2002, pp. 60–61
6152:Chinese Architecture
5964:, pp. 257, 264.
5741:Shufen, Liu (2002).
5382:The rock art of the
5366:Rock art and writing
4848:Huns § Genetics
4766:Noin-Ula excavations
4743:Noin-Ula burial site
4680:Old Uyghur languages
4502:Multiple ethnicities
4194:Annemarie von Gabain
4190:Gustaf John Ramstedt
4005:Harold Walter Bailey
3985:Noin-Ula burial site
3864:Pronunciation of 匈奴
3819:Northern Wei dynasty
3700:Northern Wei dynasty
3049:fraternal succession
2770:world order in AD 2.
2611:Emperor Gaozu of Han
2497:Emperor Gaozu of Han
1979:. To the south, the
1615:era, as one of the "
980:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
417:(around present-day
18760:Battle of Bassianae
18291:History of the Huns
18194:Modern great powers
15971:Later Qin (384–417)
15938:Later Yan (384–409)
15887:Cheng-Han (304–347)
15824:Battle of Fei River
15794:Disaster of Yongjia
15713:Siberian Ice Maiden
15503:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
14918:Petrovka settlement
14648:Soviet Central Asia
14573:Great Seljuq Empire
14179:Genome News Network
13970:, August 2009, 14.
13690:Macmillan Education
13432:2019NatSR...916569N
12987:. O. Harrassowitz.
12822:2018Natur.557..369D
12508:, pp. 102–103.
12275:2022CBio...32E2858M
11836:Xiongnu Archaeology
11798:Xiongnu Archaeology
11734:Xiongnu Archaeology
10523:. "突厥謂駮馬為曷剌，亦名曷剌國。"
10191:, p. 137, item 109.
9874:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
9701:Journal des Savants
9562:2023SciA....9F3904L
9461:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 二 卢水胡〉.
9371:National Geographic
8988:en.chinaculture.org
8933:10.1017/jch.2022.25
8466:Infobase Publishing
8262:Hong, Yuan (2018).
8200:Sima, Qian (1993).
8077:Journal des Savants
7933:Mosol, Lee (2013).
7840:Qian, Sima (2019).
7505:, pp. 885–966.
7353:, pp. 514–523.
7341:, pp. 892–893.
7302:dispatched general
7199:King Wuling of Zhao
7135:, pp. 518–520.
7019:Journal des Savants
6842:10.1038/ncomms14615
6834:2017NatCo...814615U
6636:2020QuInt.546..216K
6236:Hucker 1975, p. 136
6116:10.1093/jole/lzy007
6048:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
5407:Old Turkic alphabet
4638:emperor and scholar
4560:traditional Chinese
4530:. According to the
4068:Yeniseian languages
3883:Eastern Han Chinese
3736:the previous year.
3730:Eastern Jin dynasty
3692:Shuofang Commandery
3543:Eastern Jin dynasty
3527:Disaster of Yongjia
3447:Western Jin dynasty
3150:and subjugated the
3120:Battle of Ikh Bayan
2560:distilled beverages
2274:Western Han dynasty
2249:became the Xiongnu
2196:, who had lived in
2161:and especially the
1727:Eastern Han Chinese
1684:, or multi-ethnic.
1631:in northern China.
1442:People's Revolution
1412:National Revolution
1367:Oirat Confederation
1152:Deer stones culture
1023:History of Mongolia
570:• Established
18730:Battle of the Utus
18720:Battle of Faesulae
18626:Other notable Huns
18286:Origin of the Huns
16051:Qiao Shu (405–413)
16046:Huan Chu (403–404)
16041:Zhai Wei (388–392)
15859:Han-Zhao (304–329)
15663:Buddhas of Bamiyan
15616:Chilek silver bowl
15483:Buddhas of Bamiyan
15159:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
14948:Talapty Settlement
14734:Filippovka kurgans
14623:Khanate of Bukhara
14583:Khwarazmian Empire
14508:Ikhshids of Sogdia
14353:Afanasievo culture
14254:The Xiongnu Empire
13415:Scientific Reports
13330:10.1002/ajpa.21242
13295:10.1002/ajpa.20429
13033:(1 January 1994).
12894:(original edition)
12693:. Basil Blackwell.
12472:, p. 100, item 67.
12326:(4): 890–904.e29.
12013:(Poster abstracts
11940:10.1002/ajpa.24478
11648:"Hermitage Museum"
10942:(4): 890–904.e29.
10795:Shimunek, Andrew.
10519:Du You. Tongdian.
10022:Vovin, Alexander.
9695:(1 January 2020).
9339:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 四 乌丸〉.
9295:, ch.〈魏晋杂胡考 一 屠各〉.
9106:, p. 104, item 72.
8093:di Cosmo, Nicola,
7638:Chelyabinsk: Рифей
6224:Sims-Williams 2004
5464:Rulers family tree
5380:
5351:, Inner Mongolia.
5340:
5324:
5316:
5261:Slab Grave culture
5225:
5085:Slab-grave culture
5070:
4998:Autosomal ancestry
4871:
4804:
4778:Mongolian Republic
4735:
4709:Geographic origins
4633:) was used by the
4573:simplified Chinese
4512:
4409:According to the "
4402:) of but one same
4384:Slab Grave Culture
4380:Mongolic languages
4376:
4361:Mongolic languages
4170:
4082:
4062:Yeniseian theories
3997:
3857:Origin of the Huns
3718:Helian Xia dynasty
3660:
3648:Helian Xia dynasty
3451:
3199:
3194:Xiongnu cauldron,
3183:
3110:, allied with the
3041:
2951:
2843:
2789:Northern Silk Road
2772:
2599:
2579:
2570:as mutual border.
2456:Arkhangai Province
2397:
2346:, later quoted in
2289:
2105:Hua–Yi distinction
1891:Slab Grave Culture
1432:Chinese occupation
1162:Slab-grave culture
1142:Ulaanzuukh culture
1112:Chemurchek culture
1102:Afanasievo culture
621:Slab Grave Culture
18874:
18873:
18789:
18715:Siege of Florence
18238:
18237:
18160:
18159:
18125:Polish–Lithuanian
17300:Gurjara-Pratihara
16744:
16743:
16720:Chinese Turkestan
16668:
16667:
16489:Mongolian Plateau
16262:
16261:
16162:Key personalities
16106:
16105:
16088:Chouchi (296–580)
16031:Duan Qi (350–356)
16026:Ran Wei (350–352)
16007:
16006:
15741:
15740:
15718:Ai-Khanoum plaque
15589:
15588:
15393:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
14669:Central Asian art
14643:Russian Turkestan
14638:Chinese Turkestan
14538:Abbasid Caliphate
14502:Anxi Protectorate
14448:Kushano-Sasanians
14413:Macedonian Empire
14408:Achaemenid Empire
14378:Andronovo culture
14358:Sintashta culture
14228:978-7-207-03325-3
14113:978-1-4392-2134-1
13817:Helimski, Eugen.
13754:Library resources
13737:978-1-4490-0604-4
13707:Wink, A. (2002).
13374:978-0-520-01596-8
13218:978-90-04-15433-9
13201:Jankowski, Henryk
13097:978-92-3-102719-2
13015:978-0-8135-1304-1
12994:978-3-447-03274-2
12718:978-0-691-13589-2
12701:(16 March 2009).
12659:Bailey, Harold W.
12421:www.metmuseum.org
11846:978-3-936490-14-5
11808:978-3-936490-14-5
11744:978-3-936490-14-5
11464:(in Korean). 프레시안
11414:978-0-313-36540-9
11381:978-0-7391-0767-6
11354:978-0-7656-1318-9
11285:978-1-60520-134-4
11252:978-3-447-04146-1
11216:"Patzinakia, the
11197:978-0-88402-021-9
11141:978-7-101-00258-4
11014:978-1-107-00906-6
10825:Book of Later Han
10220:. 2013. page 176.
10203:, pp. 60–61.
10176:www.metmuseum.org
10054:978-90-04-21350-0
9977:. pp. 6–17.
9954:www.metmuseum.org
9813:978-1-108-42079-2
9671:978-1-78969-407-9
9635:978-0-19-027772-7
9511:978-1-60606-445-0
9484:978-3-8258-5134-7
9395:Amsterdam Studies
9374:(online ed.)
9279:978-0-86784-410-8
9058:978-1-316-27267-1
8968:978-0-520-01596-8
8834:978-0-395-87087-7
8793:978-0-8021-4297-9
8719:978-3-447-05537-6
8659:978-973-27-1962-6
8547:978-1-4008-6513-0
8540:. pp. 422–.
8475:978-0-8160-4640-9
8435:978-7-5085-0832-0
8391:978-0-395-87087-7
8350:978-0-8021-4297-9
8309:978-0-231-13924-3
8244:978-957-11-0574-1
8182:978-0-520-04804-1
8127:978-0-231-08166-5
8120:. pp. 161–.
8079:. p. 37, Fig.16.
8054:978-0-295-97473-6
7980:978-0-87587-100-4
7611:978-963-306-708-6
7544:Translation from
7485:978-1-83860-868-2
7446:, pp. 71–73.
7162:, pp. 27–28.
6962:978-0-300-09038-3
6931:978-0-19-753278-2
6904:978-0-19-027772-7
6740:978-0-429-85153-7
6713:978-1-315-53231-8
6342:, pp. 26–27.
6330:, pp. 21–45.
6280:978-0-511-92049-3
5913:978-1-4039-8052-6
5786:匈 – 上古音系第一三千八百九十字
5727:978-0-521-24327-8
5695:978-0-521-89552-1
5640:978-1-139-78938-7
5613:978-3-8382-1518-1
5586:978-0-19-521921-0
5560:978-1-316-29777-3
5421:According to the
5417:Religion and diet
5411:Eurasian runiform
5336:zoomorphic design
5330:Belt Buckle with
5234:Sintashta culture
5222:
5211:
5200:
5184:
5103:ancestry, and 8%
5055:
5040:
5029:
4913:Paternal lineages
4861:Maternal lineages
4355:Mongolic theories
4219:According to the
4089:Edwin Pulleyblank
4052:Scythian language
3975:Iranian languages
3939:Joseph de Guignes
3935:
3934:
3734:Jin destroyed Qin
3646:, capital of the
3297:Taihang Mountains
3238:himself. His son
2694:, general in the
2651:The Xiongnu also
2552:
2505:Battle of Baideng
2436:Khangai Mountains
2373:Xiongnu hierarchy
2350:'s ninth-century
2270:internal conflict
2243:Mongolian Plateau
2231:military campaign
2124:Edwin Pulleyblank
1948:To the west, the
1845:Ancient Northeast
1602:Chinese dynasties
1582:Mongolian Plateau
1580:, centred on the
1522:
1521:
1487:
1486:
1459:People's Republic
1395:
1394:
1300:
1299:
1272:Tang protectorate
1190:
1189:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
907:Yale Romanization
804:Standard Mandarin
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
682:
681:
419:Khangai Mountains
16:(Redirected from
18939:
18785:
18740:Sack of Aquileia
18648:Eskam's daughter
18373:Military leaders
18265:
18258:
18251:
18242:
18241:
18041:
18040:
17706:Austro-Hungarian
17406:Chagatai Khanate
16771:
16764:
16757:
16748:
16747:
16433:
16432:
16421:
16289:
16282:
16275:
16266:
16265:
16016:
16015:
15847:
15846:
15775:Sixteen Kingdoms
15768:
15761:
15754:
15745:
15744:
15708:Seal of Khingila
15636:Penjikent murals
15257:Kalai Kafirnigan
15144:Koi Krylgan Kala
14953:Turkistan (city)
14938:Steppe Geoglyphs
14702:
14701:
14633:Khanate of Khiva
14593:Chagatai Khanate
14548:Saffarid dynasty
14533:Uyghur Khaganate
14322:
14315:
14308:
14299:
14298:
14294:
14232:
14199:
14186:
14181:. Archived from
14169:
14159:
14149:
14100:
14098:
14097:
14034:
14014:
13995:
13983:
13961:
13931:
13919:
13883:
13850:
13840:
13830:
13816:
13799:
13741:
13722:
13703:
13666:
13653:Commercial Press
13643:
13641:
13640:
13623:
13614:
13612:
13611:
13605:
13594:
13584:
13582:
13581:
13575:
13569:. Archived from
13544:
13531:
13511:
13480:Monumenta Serica
13474:
13461:
13451:
13403:
13386:Internet Archive
13384:
13382:
13381:
13350:
13341:
13306:
13271:
13261:
13222:
13196:
13169:
13147:
13122:(3–4): 601–615.
13107:
13105:
13104:
13085:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13019:
12998:
12986:
12975:
12970:. Archived from
12945:Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi
12933:
12903:
12893:
12884:
12874:
12865:
12863:
12862:
12841:
12794:
12784:
12782:
12781:
12772:. Archived from
12766:
12737:
12728:
12726:
12725:
12694:
12685:
12683:
12682:
12654:
12597:, esp. vol. 94,
12571:
12560:
12554:
12551:
12545:
12544:, p. 166, Fig 6.
12539:
12533:
12527:
12521:
12520:, p. 166, Fig 5.
12515:
12509:
12503:
12494:
12488:
12473:
12467:
12461:
12455:
12449:
12443:
12437:
12431:
12425:
12424:
12413:
12407:
12406:
12396:
12372:
12366:
12365:
12351:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12286:
12252:
12246:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12177:
12171:
12170:
12160:
12150:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12075:
12069:
12063:
12057:
12051:
12045:
12043:
12038:
12037:
12032:
12024:
12018:
12012:
12004:
11998:
11992:
11986:
11980:
11974:
11968:
11962:
11960:
11942:
11918:
11912:
11910:
11892:
11868:
11862:
11861:
11859:
11858:
11849:. Archived from
11830:
11824:
11823:
11821:
11820:
11811:. Archived from
11792:
11786:
11785:
11775:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11757:
11756:
11747:. Archived from
11728:
11722:
11721:
11718:
11717:
11697:
11691:
11687:
11681:
11677:
11671:
11668:
11662:
11658:
11652:
11651:
11644:
11638:
11632:
11626:
11623:
11617:
11612:
11606:
11605:
11589:Éditions Errance
11577:
11571:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11546:
11540:
11539:
11537:
11536:
11515:
11509:
11506:
11500:
11499:
11497:
11496:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11469:
11455:
11449:
11448:
11446:
11445:
11431:(5 March 2004).
11425:
11419:
11418:
11398:
11392:
11391:
11389:
11388:
11365:
11359:
11358:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11313:
11307:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11269:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11259:
11236:
11230:
11207:
11205:
11204:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11162:. Archived from
11160:rudocs.exdat.com
11152:
11146:
11145:
11134:. p. 5401.
11110:
11104:
11103:
11086:
11080:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11054:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11023:
11017:
11006:
11000:
10994:
10988:
10982:
10977:
10967:
10926:
10913:
10907:
10901:
10900:
10889:
10883:
10882:
10876:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10851:
10845:
10838:
10832:
10822:
10816:
10806:
10800:
10793:
10787:
10780:
10774:
10759:
10753:
10744:
10738:
10731:
10722:
10717:Old Book of Tang
10710:
10704:
10697:
10691:
10682:
10676:
10666:
10660:
10649:
10643:
10640:
10634:
10633:
10625:
10619:
10612:
10606:
10605:
10593:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10552:
10546:
10545:
10533:
10524:
10517:
10511:
10503:
10497:
10488:
10482:
10472:
10466:
10455:vol 217A - Huihu
10449:
10443:
10410:
10404:
10398:
10389:
10383:
10377:
10371:
10365:
10351:
10345:
10329:
10323:
10310:
10301:
10262:
10256:
10247:
10241:
10227:
10221:
10210:
10204:
10198:
10192:
10186:
10180:
10179:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10151:
10127:
10121:
10120:
10114:
10103:
10097:
10096:
10094:
10093:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10019:
10008:
10002:
9993:
9992:
9964:
9958:
9957:
9946:
9937:
9931:
9922:
9916:
9911:
9893:
9851:
9838:
9832:
9826:
9825:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9763:
9757:
9756:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9643:
9642:
9609:
9603:
9602:
9589:
9556:(15): eadf3904.
9550:Science Advances
9541:
9528:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9495:
9489:
9488:
9468:
9462:
9456:
9450:
9449:
9427:
9421:
9420:
9418:
9417:
9411:
9392:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9346:
9340:
9334:
9328:
9318:
9312:
9302:
9296:
9290:
9284:
9283:
9265:
9256:
9254:
9251:Commercial Press
9230:
9224:
9214:
9208:
9207:
9189:
9183:
9182:
9160:
9154:
9145:
9139:
9129:
9123:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9073:
9067:
9066:
9038:
9032:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8952:
8946:
8945:
8935:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8855:
8849:
8848:
8842:
8841:
8825:Houghton Mifflin
8814:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8738:
8732:
8731:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8651:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8599:
8593:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8562:
8556:
8555:
8527:
8518:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8496:
8490:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8455:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8442:
8415:
8406:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8382:Houghton Mifflin
8371:
8365:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8330:
8324:
8323:
8317:
8316:
8289:
8280:
8279:
8259:
8253:
8252:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8175:. pp. 41–.
8162:
8156:
8155:
8147:Monumenta Serica
8142:
8136:
8135:
8107:
8101:
8100:
8090:
8084:
8083:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8021:
8012:
8003:
8002:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7770:
7764:
7763:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7705:
7681:
7670:
7666:
7662:
7655:Podushkin, A. N.
7650:
7646:
7637:
7633:
7628:
7627:
7619:
7589:
7583:
7578:
7572:
7571:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7447:
7441:
7430:
7429:
7404:(356): 375–388.
7387:
7381:
7375:
7366:
7363:Pulleyblank 2000
7360:
7354:
7351:Pulleyblank 1994
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7315:
7281:
7272:
7239:
7230:
7184:
7175:
7169:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7136:
7133:Pulleyblank 1994
7130:
7117:
7107:
7101:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6861:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6754:
6748:
6747:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6689:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6597:
6579:
6555:
6549:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6509:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6411:
6405:
6399:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6366:Oriental Studies
6363:
6354:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6325:
6316:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6179:"Turcs ou Turks"
6176:
6175:
6174:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6127:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6067:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6006:
6005:
5989:
5980:
5974:
5965:
5959:
5950:
5947:Pulleyblank 2000
5944:
5938:
5928:
5919:
5917:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5860:"Xiongnu People"
5856:
5850:
5849:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5804:
5795:
5794:
5780:
5771:
5770:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5544:
5522:
5515:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5023:
4971:haplogroups N1c1
4672:Uyghur Khaganate
4632:
4587:
4578:
4570:
4454:New Book of Tang
4446:Old Book of Tang
4289:Uyghur Khaganate
4264:) who fled from
4259:
4240:New Book of Tang
4156:Turkic languages
3969:Iranian theories
3917:
3903:
3890:
3877:
3861:
3860:
3728:region from the
3443:Han-Zhao dynasty
3287:clan as the new
3247:
3246:
3186:Southern Xiongnu
3097:Northern Xiongnu
3081:Northern Xiongnu
3075:Southern Xiongnu
3065:
3010:Battle of Zhizhi
2742:Uyghur Khaganate
2553:
2550:
2547:
2529:
2518:
2432:Emperor of China
2183:Zhao–Xiongnu War
2117:Zhao-Xiongnu War
2090:
2087:
2046:South Tajikistan
2034:
2023:
1927:Wei River valley
1864:
1856:
1854:
1834:
1817:
1786:
1699:Mandarin Chinese
1696:
1613:Sixteen Kingdoms
1541:) were a tribal
1540:
1535:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1408:
1407:
1321:9th–12th century
1313:
1312:
1282:Uyghur Khaganate
1227:Rouran Khaganate
1203:
1202:
1172:Chandman culture
1098:
1097:
1033:
1019:
1018:
1005:
1004:
991:
990:
989:
967:
966:
946:
945:
944:
929:
928:
915:
914:
894:
893:
892:
877:
876:
863:
862:
861:
847:
846:
833:
832:
819:
818:
795:
794:
789:
788:
768:
767:
754:
753:
740:
739:
726:
725:
718:Rouran Khaganate
712:
711:
698:
697:
686:
685:
673:
672:
659:
658:
645:
644:
631:
630:
617:
616:
610:
609:
594:
593:
386:such as western
355:
353:
342:
340:
329:
327:
316:
314:
305:
303:
294:
292:
281:
279:
272:
270:
261:
259:
250:
248:
239:
237:
226:
224:
217:
215:
204:
202:
191:
189:
182:
180:
169:
167:
158:
156:
149:
147:
138:
136:
129:
127:
118:
116:
105:
103:
94:
92:
83:
81:
72:
70:
63:
57:
34:
33:
21:
18:Southern Xiongnu
18947:
18946:
18942:
18941:
18940:
18938:
18937:
18936:
18912:Nomadic empires
18877:
18876:
18875:
18870:
18851:Eurasian nomads
18829:
18764:
18755:Battle of Nedao
18725:Battle of Arles
18693:
18689:Hunnic language
18672:
18621:
18590:
18539:
18368:
18300:
18274:
18269:
18239:
18234:
18223:American Empire
18208:
18204:African empires
18156:
18039:
17731:Central African
17677:
17495:Romano-Germanic
17081:
16815:Middle Assyrian
16788:
16780:
16775:
16745:
16740:
16716:Western Regions
16709:Chinese Tartary
16699:Eurasian nomads
16664:
16621:against Dzungar
16607:
16588:against Mongols
16574:
16536:
16503:
16461:
16445:against Xiongnu
16428:Chinese empires
16422:
16413:
16305:Nomadic empires
16299:
16293:
16263:
16258:
16233:
16157:
16102:
16076:
16055:
16003:
15975:
15957:
15919:
15901:
15873:
15843:The 16 Kingdoms
15838:
15777:
15772:
15742:
15737:
15698:Afrasiab murals
15641:Sampul tapestry
15585:
15581:Shahr-e Sukhteh
15571:Bandian complex
15557:
15533:Musalla Complex
15413:Tapa-i Kafariha
15354:
15275:Cave of Dzhebel
15261:
15203:
15040:
14972:
14968:Araltobe kurgan
14859:
14841:
14767:Kizilgaha caves
14738:
14724:Pazyryk burials
14706:Southern Russia
14693:
14657:
14543:Tahirid dynasty
14513:Tokhara Yabghus
14418:Seleucid Empire
14393:Pazyryk culture
14348:Yamnaya culture
14331:
14326:
14292:
14240:
14235:
14229:
14216:
14157:
14095:
14093:
14032:
14012:
14007:Wayback Machine
13993:
13981:
13959:
13929:
13917:
13912:Arts Asiatiques
13881:
13848:
13838:
13828:
13814:
13797:
13779:
13778:
13777:
13762:
13761:
13757:
13750:
13748:Further reading
13745:
13738:
13730:. AuthorHouse.
13719:
13700:
13663:
13650:
13638:
13636:
13609:
13607:
13603:
13592:
13579:
13577:
13573:
13542:
13424:Nature Research
13396:Mair, Victor H.
13379:
13377:
13375:
13219:
13185:
13163:
13102:
13100:
13098:
13083:
13071:Harmatta, János
13061:
13059:
13057:
13039:Harmatta, János
13031:Harmatta, János
13016:
12995:
12949:
12941:
12922:10.2307/2718006
12860:
12858:
12814:Nature Research
12779:
12777:
12768:
12755:
12723:
12721:
12719:
12680:
12678:
12583:Primary sources
12580:
12575:
12574:
12561:
12557:
12552:
12548:
12540:
12536:
12528:
12524:
12516:
12512:
12504:
12497:
12489:
12476:
12468:
12464:
12456:
12452:
12444:
12440:
12432:
12428:
12415:
12414:
12410:
12373:
12369:
12312:
12308:
12262:Current Biology
12253:
12249:
12241:
12237:
12229:
12225:
12217:
12213:
12178:
12174:
12119:
12115:
12076:
12072:
12064:
12060:
12054:Kim et al. 2010
12052:
12048:
12025:
12021:
12005:
12001:
11993:
11989:
11983:Kim et al. 2010
11981:
11977:
11969:
11965:
11919:
11915:
11869:
11865:
11856:
11854:
11847:
11831:
11827:
11818:
11816:
11809:
11793:
11789:
11773:
11767:
11763:
11754:
11752:
11745:
11729:
11725:
11711:
11698:
11694:
11688:
11684:
11678:
11674:
11669:
11665:
11659:
11655:
11646:
11645:
11641:
11633:
11629:
11624:
11620:
11613:
11609:
11599:
11591:. p. 125.
11578:
11574:
11562:
11558:
11547:
11543:
11534:
11532:
11521:
11517:
11516:
11512:
11507:
11503:
11494:
11492:
11485:
11481:
11480:
11476:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11456:
11452:
11443:
11441:
11435:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11399:
11395:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11366:
11362:
11355:
11337:
11333:
11314:
11310:
11303:
11299:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11270:
11266:
11257:
11255:
11253:
11237:
11233:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11182:
11178:
11169:
11167:
11154:
11153:
11149:
11142:
11123:
11119:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11087:
11083:
11075:
11071:
11065:
11048:
11044:
11038:
11024:
11020:
11007:
11003:
10995:
10991:
10927:
10916:
10908:
10904:
10891:
10890:
10886:
10874:
10870:
10869:
10865:
10852:
10848:
10839:
10835:
10823:
10819:
10807:
10803:
10794:
10790:
10781:
10777:
10760:
10756:
10745:
10741:
10732:
10725:
10711:
10707:
10698:
10694:
10683:
10679:
10667:
10663:
10650:
10646:
10641:
10637:
10626:
10622:
10613:
10609:
10602:
10591:
10583:
10579:
10571:
10567:
10554:
10553:
10549:
10534:
10527:
10518:
10514:
10504:
10500:
10489:
10485:
10473:
10469:
10450:
10446:
10411:
10407:
10399:
10392:
10384:
10380:
10372:
10368:
10352:
10348:
10330:
10326:
10311:
10304:
10263:
10259:
10248:
10244:
10228:
10224:
10211:
10207:
10199:
10195:
10187:
10183:
10170:
10169:
10165:
10128:
10124:
10112:
10104:
10100:
10091:
10089:
10070:
10066:
10055:
10039:
10035:
10020:
10011:
10003:
9996:
9985:
9965:
9961:
9948:
9947:
9940:
9932:
9925:
9852:
9841:
9833:
9829:
9814:
9806:. p. 103.
9794:
9790:
9764:
9760:
9721:Arts Asiatiques
9716:
9712:
9690:
9686:
9672:
9656:
9652:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9610:
9606:
9542:
9531:
9523:
9519:
9512:
9496:
9492:
9485:
9469:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9446:
9428:
9424:
9415:
9413:
9409:
9390:
9387:"Hunok Kínában"
9383:
9379:
9368:
9367:
9363:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9335:
9331:
9319:
9315:
9303:
9299:
9291:
9287:
9280:
9266:
9259:
9242:
9231:
9227:
9215:
9211:
9204:
9190:
9186:
9161:
9157:
9146:
9142:
9130:
9126:
9114:
9110:
9102:
9098:
9090:
9086:
9074:
9070:
9059:
9039:
9035:
9023:
9019:
9011:
9007:
8999:
8995:
8982:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8953:
8949:
8912:
8908:
8900:
8896:
8884:
8880:
8867:
8865:
8856:
8852:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8827:. p. 165.
8815:
8811:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8774:
8770:
8739:
8735:
8720:
8706:
8702:
8691:
8683:. p. 126.
8671:
8667:
8660:
8649:
8641:
8637:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8612:. p. 126.
8600:
8596:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8563:
8559:
8548:
8528:
8521:
8508:
8506:
8497:
8493:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8468:. p. 409.
8456:
8449:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8416:
8409:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8384:. p. 165.
8372:
8368:
8355:
8353:
8351:
8331:
8327:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8260:
8256:
8245:
8231:
8225:
8221:
8214:
8198:
8194:
8183:
8163:
8159:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8128:
8108:
8104:
8091:
8087:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8039:
8035:
8019:
8013:
8006:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7981:
7965:
7961:
7947:
7931:
7927:
7902:
7898:
7883:
7875:. p. 225.
7863:
7859:
7838:
7834:
7819:
7811:. p. 269.
7797:
7793:
7789:, p. liii.
7785:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7703:10.2307/2055601
7682:
7673:
7664:
7648:
7635:
7612:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7575:
7530:
7526:
7518:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7486:
7466:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7442:
7433:
7388:
7384:
7376:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7325:
7318:
7282:
7275:
7240:
7233:
7185:
7178:
7170:
7166:
7158:
7154:
7148:Schuessler 2014
7146:
7139:
7131:
7120:
7108:
7104:
7083:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7008:
7004:
6996:. p. 127:
6974:
6970:
6963:
6947:
6943:
6932:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6879:
6875:
6811:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6789:Whitehouse 2016
6787:
6783:
6776:
6772:
6763:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6725:
6721:
6714:
6690:
6679:
6672:
6668:
6615:
6611:
6556:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6507:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6482:
6444:
6439:
6435:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6376:
6361:
6355:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6326:
6319:
6307:
6300:
6291:
6285:
6281:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6188:
6186:
6177:
6172:
6170:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6096:
6092:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6009:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5968:
5962:Schuessler 2014
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5898:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5873:
5871:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5787:
5781:
5774:
5739:
5735:
5728:
5720:. p. 384.
5710:
5703:
5696:
5680:
5676:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5455:
5419:
5394:Chinese sources
5388:Helan Mountains
5368:
5304:
5299:
5218:
5207:
5196:
5180:
5160:
5097:Altai Mountains
5051:
5036:
5025:
5000:
4915:
4863:
4858:
4832:
4789:dolichocephalic
4727:
4711:
4703:Gerhard Doerfer
4699:
4676:Uyghur language
4504:
4392:Nikita Bichurin
4363:
4357:
4268:(now in modern
4247:and the ruling
4186:Julius Klaproth
4158:
4152:
4150:Turkic theories
4074:
4064:
3977:
3971:
3931:
3909:Modern Mandarin
3859:
3853:
3844:
3831:
3781:
3773:Main articles:
3771:
3652:Jingbian County
3650:in present-day
3636:
3630:
3578:
3560:, a general of
3521:was sacked and
3435:
3430:
3424:
3352:
3318:in the city of
3293:Heishan bandits
3276:by his brother
3208:Xihe Commandery
3188:
3156:Altai mountains
3089:
3087:Northern Chanyu
3083:
3063:
3045:Emperor Guangwu
3029:
2942:
2914:
2875:Western Regions
2859:Ferghana horses
2760:
2758:Han–Xiongnu War
2754:
2752:Han–Xiongnu war
2630:Laoshang Chanyu
2619:Laoshang Chanyu
2595:horse trappings
2523:
2519:, the courtier
2516:
2485:
2479:
2469:area as far as
2381:
2375:
2335:Western Regions
2215:
2213:State formation
2109:Wild Goose Gate
2088:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:horse trappings
2037:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2013:
1969:Altay Mountains
1960:, found in the
1950:Pazyryk culture
1887:
1886:
1885:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1690:
1644:archaeogenetics
1617:Five Barbarians
1555:Eurasian Steppe
1551:Chinese sources
1547:nomadic peoples
1518:
1489:
1488:
1479:Modern Mongolia
1452:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1377:Dzungar Khanate
1317:Mongol khanates
1310:
1309:Medieval period
1302:
1301:
1255:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1182:Pazyryk culture
1095:
869:Tongyong Pinyin
859:
839:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
751:
737:
723:
709:
695:
670:
656:
642:
628:
614:
581:
571:
541:
529:
517:
505:
431:
403:
364:Han–Xiongnu War
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
350:
347:
345:
343:
334:
332:
330:
321:
319:
317:
310:
308:
306:
301:
299:
297:
295:
286:
284:
282:
277:
275:
273:
268:
266:
264:
262:
257:
255:
253:
251:
246:
244:
242:
240:
234:
231:
229:
227:
222:
220:
218:
209:
207:
205:
196:
194:
192:
187:
185:
183:
177:
174:
172:
170:
163:
161:
159:
154:
152:
150:
143:
141:
139:
134:
132:
130:
125:
123:
121:
119:
110:
108:
106:
99:
97:
95:
90:
88:
86:
84:
79:
77:
75:
73:
68:
66:
64:
39:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18945:
18935:
18934:
18929:
18924:
18919:
18914:
18909:
18904:
18899:
18894:
18889:
18872:
18871:
18869:
18868:
18863:
18858:
18856:Nomadic empire
18853:
18848:
18846:Akatziri tribe
18843:
18837:
18835:
18834:Related topics
18831:
18830:
18828:
18827:
18822:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18791:
18790:
18778:
18772:
18770:
18766:
18765:
18763:
18762:
18757:
18752:
18750:Siege of Milan
18747:
18742:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18701:
18699:
18695:
18694:
18692:
18691:
18686:
18680:
18678:
18674:
18673:
18671:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18645:
18640:
18635:
18629:
18627:
18623:
18622:
18620:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18598:
18596:
18592:
18591:
18589:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18547:
18545:
18541:
18540:
18538:
18537:
18532:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18507:
18502:
18497:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18442:
18437:
18432:
18427:
18422:
18417:
18412:
18407:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18376:
18374:
18370:
18369:
18367:
18366:
18361:
18356:
18351:
18346:
18341:
18336:
18331:
18326:
18321:
18316:
18310:
18308:
18302:
18301:
18299:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18282:
18280:
18276:
18275:
18268:
18267:
18260:
18253:
18245:
18236:
18235:
18233:
18232:
18231:
18230:
18225:
18216:
18214:
18210:
18209:
18207:
18206:
18201:
18196:
18191:
18186:
18181:
18180:
18179:
18168:
18166:
18162:
18161:
18158:
18157:
18155:
18154:
18149:
18144:
18139:
18134:
18133:
18132:
18122:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18082:
18077:
18076:
18075:
18070:
18060:
18055:
18049:
18047:
18038:
18037:
18036:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18015:
18005:
18000:
17999:
17998:
17988:
17983:
17982:
17981:
17976:
17971:
17961:
17956:
17955:
17954:
17949:
17939:
17938:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17922:
17917:
17907:
17906:
17905:
17900:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17874:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17843:
17842:
17841:
17836:
17826:
17821:
17820:
17819:
17814:
17804:
17803:
17802:
17797:
17787:
17786:
17785:
17780:
17770:
17765:
17764:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17733:
17728:
17727:
17726:
17721:
17713:
17708:
17703:
17698:
17693:
17687:
17685:
17679:
17678:
17676:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17659:
17658:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17618:
17613:
17612:
17611:
17606:
17601:
17596:
17591:
17586:
17576:
17575:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17549:
17544:
17539:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17508:
17507:
17502:
17492:
17491:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17452:
17447:
17442:
17437:
17436:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17415:
17414:
17413:
17408:
17403:
17398:
17388:
17383:
17378:
17373:
17368:
17363:
17362:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17346:
17336:
17335:
17334:
17329:
17324:
17319:
17309:
17308:
17307:
17302:
17297:
17287:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17267:
17266:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17245:
17240:
17239:
17238:
17233:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17203:
17202:
17201:
17196:
17186:
17185:
17184:
17179:
17174:
17169:
17159:
17154:
17153:
17152:
17142:
17141:
17140:
17135:
17127:
17122:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17091:
17089:
17087:Post-classical
17083:
17082:
17080:
17079:
17078:
17077:
17067:
17062:
17061:
17060:
17055:
17045:
17044:
17043:
17033:
17032:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17016:
17011:
17006:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16985:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16959:
16958:
16957:
16952:
16942:
16937:
16936:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16905:
16900:
16895:
16894:
16893:
16888:
16886:Middle Kingdom
16883:
16873:
16868:
16867:
16866:
16861:
16856:
16846:
16845:
16844:
16842:Neo-Babylonian
16839:
16834:
16832:Old Babylonian
16824:
16823:
16822:
16817:
16807:
16802:
16796:
16794:
16782:
16781:
16774:
16773:
16766:
16759:
16751:
16742:
16741:
16739:
16738:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16713:
16712:
16711:
16701:
16696:
16695:
16694:
16684:
16676:
16674:
16673:Related topics
16670:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16663:
16662:
16657:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16641:
16640:
16630:
16629:
16628:
16617:
16615:
16609:
16608:
16606:
16605:
16600:
16595:
16593:against Turpan
16590:
16584:
16582:
16576:
16575:
16573:
16572:
16567:
16562:
16557:
16552:
16546:
16544:
16538:
16537:
16535:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16513:
16511:
16505:
16504:
16502:
16501:
16496:
16491:
16486:
16481:
16471:
16469:
16463:
16462:
16460:
16459:
16458:
16457:
16455:Chief Official
16447:
16441:
16439:
16430:
16424:
16423:
16416:
16414:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16398:
16397:
16387:
16382:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16351:
16350:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16309:
16307:
16301:
16300:
16298:history series
16292:
16291:
16284:
16277:
16269:
16260:
16259:
16257:
16256:
16249:
16241:
16239:
16235:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16201:
16196:
16191:
16186:
16181:
16176:
16171:
16165:
16163:
16159:
16158:
16156:
16155:
16150:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16130:
16125:
16120:
16114:
16112:
16108:
16107:
16104:
16103:
16101:
16100:
16095:
16090:
16084:
16082:
16078:
16077:
16075:
16074:
16069:
16063:
16061:
16057:
16056:
16054:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16022:
16020:
16013:
16009:
16008:
16005:
16004:
16002:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15985:
15983:
15977:
15976:
15974:
15973:
15967:
15965:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15955:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15929:
15927:
15921:
15920:
15918:
15917:
15911:
15909:
15903:
15902:
15900:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15866:
15861:
15855:
15853:
15844:
15840:
15839:
15837:
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15785:
15783:
15779:
15778:
15771:
15770:
15763:
15756:
15748:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15700:
15695:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15658:Bimaran Casket
15655:
15650:
15647:Sogdian Daēnās
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15621:Gardez Ganesha
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15597:
15595:
15591:
15590:
15587:
15586:
15584:
15583:
15578:
15573:
15567:
15565:
15559:
15558:
15556:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15443:Takht-e Rostam
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15405:
15400:
15395:
15390:
15385:
15380:
15378:Dilberjin Tepe
15375:
15370:
15364:
15362:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15271:
15269:
15263:
15262:
15260:
15259:
15254:
15252:Takht-i Sangin
15249:
15244:
15239:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15213:
15211:
15205:
15204:
15202:
15201:
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15104:Guldursun-Kala
15101:
15096:
15091:
15089:Dalverzin Tepe
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15059:Akchakhan-Kala
15056:
15050:
15048:
15042:
15041:
15039:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14982:
14980:
14974:
14973:
14971:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14940:
14935:
14930:
14925:
14920:
14915:
14910:
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14869:
14867:
14861:
14860:
14858:
14857:
14851:
14849:
14843:
14842:
14840:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14817:Dunhuang Caves
14814:
14812:Bezeklik Caves
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14777:Subashi Temple
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14748:
14746:
14740:
14739:
14737:
14736:
14731:
14726:
14721:
14716:
14710:
14708:
14699:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14665:
14663:
14659:
14658:
14656:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14628:Durrani Empire
14625:
14620:
14618:Timurid Empire
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14420:
14415:
14410:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14363:Vakhsh culture
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14339:
14337:
14333:
14332:
14325:
14324:
14317:
14310:
14302:
14296:
14295:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14261:
14256:
14251:
14246:
14239:
14238:External links
14236:
14234:
14233:
14227:
14210:
14208:978-1792829154
14200:
14187:
14185:on 2006-05-16.
14170:
14150:
14129:
14124:, 137–152. In
14116:
14101:
14069:(4): 519–534.
14054:
14047:
14040:
14030:
14010:
13991:
13979:
13960:(in Hungarian)
13957:
13954:
13947:
13940:
13937:
13927:
13924:
13921:
13915:
13908:
13905:
13898:
13895:
13892:
13889:
13879:
13872:
13863:
13846:
13836:
13826:
13815:(in Hungarian)
13812:
13805:
13795:
13788:
13780:
13776:
13775:
13770:
13764:
13763:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13744:
13743:
13736:
13723:
13717:
13704:
13699:978-1349075898
13698:
13679:
13678:
13677:
13674:
13671:
13661:
13644:
13624:
13615:
13585:
13532:
13512:
13475:
13462:
13405:
13392:Mallory, J. P.
13388:
13373:
13351:
13342:
13307:
13272:
13250:10.1086/377005
13223:
13217:
13197:
13183:
13170:
13161:
13148:
13112:Henning, W. B.
13108:
13096:
13067:
13056:978-9231028465
13055:
13027:
13020:
13014:
12999:
12993:
12976:
12974:on 2012-02-25.
12934:
12916:(2): 135–246.
12905:
12895:
12885:
12876:
12866:
12795:
12786:
12753:
12738:
12729:
12717:
12695:
12686:
12655:
12645:
12644:
12643:
12639:
12638:
12622:
12606:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12576:
12573:
12572:
12555:
12546:
12534:
12522:
12510:
12495:
12474:
12462:
12450:
12438:
12436:, p. 136.
12426:
12408:
12367:
12306:
12247:
12235:
12223:
12221:, p. 272.
12211:
12192:(2): 197–239.
12172:
12133:(4): 890–904.
12113:
12086:(2): 349–359.
12080:Human Genetics
12070:
12058:
12046:
12019:
11999:
11987:
11975:
11963:
11933:(4): 644–657.
11913:
11883:(2): 197–239.
11863:
11845:
11825:
11807:
11787:
11769:Lai, Guolong.
11761:
11743:
11723:
11706:Tongxin County
11692:
11682:
11672:
11663:
11653:
11639:
11627:
11618:
11607:
11597:
11572:
11556:
11541:
11510:
11501:
11474:
11450:
11439:Monthly Chosun
11420:
11413:
11393:
11380:
11360:
11353:
11331:
11308:
11297:
11284:
11264:
11251:
11231:
11218:Pecheneg realm
11196:
11176:
11147:
11140:
11105:
11081:
11079:, p. 249.
11077:Christian 1998
11069:
11042:
11018:
11001:
10999:, p. 165.
10989:
10914:
10902:
10884:
10872:"Sun and Moon"
10863:
10846:
10833:
10817:
10801:
10788:
10775:
10754:
10739:
10723:
10705:
10692:
10677:
10661:
10644:
10635:
10620:
10607:
10601:978-0295974736
10600:
10577:
10565:
10547:
10525:
10512:
10498:
10483:
10467:
10444:
10405:
10403:, p. 155.
10390:
10378:
10366:
10346:
10324:
10302:
10257:
10242:
10222:
10205:
10193:
10181:
10163:
10142:(3): 177–192.
10122:
10098:
10064:
10053:
10033:
10009:
10007:, p. 164.
9994:
9984:978-1317340904
9983:
9959:
9938:
9923:
9839:
9827:
9812:
9788:
9758:
9710:
9684:
9670:
9650:
9634:
9604:
9529:
9517:
9510:
9490:
9483:
9463:
9451:
9444:
9422:
9377:
9361:
9341:
9329:
9313:
9297:
9285:
9278:
9257:
9234:Fang, Xuanling
9225:
9209:
9203:978-1317340904
9202:
9184:
9155:
9140:
9124:
9108:
9096:
9084:
9068:
9057:
9051:. p. 19.
9033:
9017:
9005:
8993:
8974:
8967:
8947:
8906:
8894:
8878:
8850:
8833:
8809:
8792:
8786:. p. 73.
8768:
8755:10.2307/605932
8749:(3): 394–395.
8733:
8718:
8700:
8690:978-9047414780
8689:
8665:
8658:
8635:
8618:
8594:
8578:978-3447055376
8577:
8557:
8546:
8519:
8491:
8474:
8447:
8434:
8428:. p. 22.
8407:
8390:
8366:
8349:
8343:. p. 73.
8325:
8308:
8302:. p. 20.
8281:
8275:978-1532058301
8274:
8254:
8243:
8219:
8212:
8192:
8181:
8157:
8137:
8126:
8102:
8085:
8060:
8053:
8033:
8004:
7986:
7979:
7959:
7946:978-1483667676
7945:
7925:
7896:
7882:978-1684170784
7881:
7857:
7832:
7818:978-1317580973
7817:
7791:
7779:
7765:
7751:
7737:
7725:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7652:
7639:
7631:Gunny i tiurki
7610:
7584:
7573:
7560:10.2307/606008
7554:(3): 360–376.
7524:
7507:
7495:
7484:
7460:
7448:
7431:
7382:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7329:, p. 107.
7316:
7273:
7231:
7213:to the north,
7176:
7174:, p. 129.
7164:
7152:
7150:, p. 264.
7137:
7118:
7102:
7077:
7065:
7052:
7040:
7034:Takht-i Sangin
7026:Takht-i Sangin
7002:
6968:
6961:
6941:
6930:
6910:
6903:
6873:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6770:
6749:
6739:
6719:
6712:
6677:
6666:
6609:
6550:
6537:
6495:
6480:
6453:(1–2): 51–58.
6433:
6406:
6394:
6392:, p. 166.
6382:
6379:on 2013-07-29.
6344:
6340:Jankowski 2006
6332:
6317:
6298:
6279:
6215:
6195:
6139:
6110:(2): 145–162.
6090:
6022:
6020:, p. 136.
6007:
5981:
5966:
5951:
5939:
5920:
5912:
5892:
5890:, p. 186.
5880:
5864:britannica.com
5851:
5840:
5820:
5810:奴 – 上古音系第九千六百字
5796:
5772:
5733:
5726:
5701:
5694:
5674:
5660:
5646:
5639:
5619:
5612:
5592:
5585:
5566:
5559:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5469:Nomadic empire
5466:
5461:
5454:
5451:
5418:
5415:
5367:
5364:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5159:
5156:
4999:
4996:
4914:
4911:
4862:
4859:
4831:
4828:
4814:and Mongolia.
4749:, such as the
4747:Inner Mongolia
4737:In the 1920s,
4726:
4723:
4715:Early Iron Age
4710:
4707:
4698:
4695:
4687:Munmu of Silla
4528:Turkic peoples
4503:
4500:
4496:Soyombo symbol
4423:Proto-Mongolic
4356:
4353:
4341:
4340:
4302:
4292:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4270:Gansu province
4202:Craig Benjamin
4198:Charles Hucker
4151:
4148:
4063:
4060:
4048:János Harmatta
3970:
3967:
3947:Sogdian script
3933:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3896:Middle Chinese
3892:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3830:
3827:
3791:in modern-day
3775:Northern Liang
3770:
3767:
3757:Northern Liang
3632:Main article:
3629:
3626:
3577:
3574:
3572:, and Shi Le.
3434:
3431:
3426:Main article:
3423:
3420:
3400:Northern Liang
3388:Five Babarians
3351:
3348:
3187:
3184:
3082:
3079:
3028:
3025:
3004:officer named
2982:Ganquan Palace
2978:Lunar New Year
2941:
2938:
2913:
2910:
2780:Han Emperor Wu
2756:Main article:
2753:
2750:
2715:Yenisei Kyrgyz
2615:Empress Lü Zhi
2481:Main article:
2478:
2475:
2389:A.N. Podushkin
2374:
2371:
2214:
2211:
2143:nomadic people
2039:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
1989:Inner Mongolia
1878:Pontic steppes
1868:
1867:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1697:is the modern
1689:
1686:
1625:Northern Liang
1590:Inner Mongolia
1563:Xiongnu Empire
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:Bogd Khaganate
1418:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1199:Ancient period
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:Sagsai culture
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
993:
992:
982:
976:
975:
969:
968:
961:
955:
954:
948:
947:
937:
931:
930:
923:
917:
916:
909:
903:
902:
900:Yue: Cantonese
896:
895:
885:
879:
878:
871:
865:
864:
855:
849:
848:
841:
835:
834:
827:
821:
820:
813:
807:
806:
800:
799:
798:Transcriptions
791:
790:
783:
777:
776:
773:
772:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
748:
742:
741:
734:
728:
727:
720:
714:
713:
706:
700:
699:
692:
683:
680:
679:
674:
666:
665:
660:
652:
651:
646:
638:
637:
632:
624:
623:
618:
606:
605:
600:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:1st century AD
582:
579:
576:
575:
574:3rd century BC
572:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
555:Historical era
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
539:
536:
535:
530:
527:
524:
523:
518:
515:
512:
511:
506:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
486:
485:
477:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
449:
445:
444:
437:
433:
432:
430:
429:
426:
411:
409:
405:
404:
396:Inner Mongolia
361:
58:
52:
51:
50:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18944:
18933:
18930:
18928:
18925:
18923:
18920:
18918:
18915:
18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18903:
18900:
18898:
18895:
18893:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18884:
18882:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18838:
18836:
18832:
18826:
18823:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18788:
18784:
18783:
18782:
18779:
18777:
18774:
18773:
18771:
18767:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18751:
18748:
18746:
18745:Sack of Padua
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18702:
18700:
18696:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18681:
18679:
18675:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18644:
18641:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18630:
18628:
18624:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18599:
18597:
18593:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18548:
18546:
18542:
18536:
18533:
18531:
18528:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18486:
18483:
18481:
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18441:
18438:
18436:
18433:
18431:
18428:
18426:
18423:
18421:
18418:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18377:
18375:
18371:
18365:
18362:
18360:
18357:
18355:
18352:
18350:
18347:
18345:
18342:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18311:
18309:
18307:
18303:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18283:
18281:
18277:
18273:
18266:
18261:
18259:
18254:
18252:
18247:
18246:
18243:
18229:
18228:Soviet empire
18226:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18218:
18217:
18215:
18213:Miscellaneous
18211:
18205:
18202:
18200:
18197:
18195:
18192:
18190:
18187:
18185:
18182:
18178:
18175:
18174:
18173:
18170:
18169:
18167:
18163:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18138:
18135:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18074:
18071:
18069:
18066:
18065:
18064:
18061:
18059:
18056:
18054:
18051:
18050:
18048:
18046:
18042:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18014:
18011:
18010:
18009:
18006:
18004:
18001:
17997:
17994:
17993:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17980:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17966:
17965:
17962:
17960:
17957:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17944:
17943:
17940:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17912:
17911:
17908:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17895:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17872:
17869:
17867:
17864:
17862:
17859:
17857:
17854:
17852:
17849:
17848:
17847:
17844:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17831:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17818:
17815:
17813:
17812:German Empire
17810:
17809:
17808:
17805:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17792:
17791:
17788:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17776:
17775:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17738:
17737:
17734:
17732:
17729:
17725:
17722:
17720:
17717:
17716:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17707:
17704:
17702:
17699:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17688:
17686:
17684:
17680:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17623:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17610:
17607:
17605:
17602:
17600:
17597:
17595:
17592:
17590:
17587:
17585:
17582:
17581:
17580:
17577:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17554:
17553:
17552:Turco-Persian
17550:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17540:
17538:
17535:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17498:
17497:
17496:
17493:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17460:
17459:
17456:
17453:
17451:
17448:
17446:
17443:
17441:
17438:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17420:
17419:
17416:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17404:
17402:
17399:
17397:
17394:
17393:
17392:
17389:
17387:
17384:
17382:
17379:
17377:
17374:
17372:
17369:
17367:
17364:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17341:
17340:
17337:
17333:
17330:
17328:
17325:
17323:
17320:
17318:
17315:
17314:
17313:
17310:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17296:
17293:
17292:
17291:
17288:
17286:
17283:
17281:
17278:
17276:
17273:
17271:
17268:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17250:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17237:
17234:
17232:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17208:
17207:
17204:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17192:
17191:
17190:
17187:
17183:
17180:
17178:
17175:
17173:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17164:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17151:
17148:
17147:
17146:
17143:
17139:
17136:
17134:
17131:
17130:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17092:
17090:
17088:
17084:
17076:
17073:
17072:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17050:
17049:
17046:
17042:
17039:
17038:
17037:
17034:
17030:
17027:
17025:
17022:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17001:
17000:
16997:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16964:
16963:
16960:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16947:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16904:
16901:
16899:
16896:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16878:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16855:
16852:
16851:
16850:
16847:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16830:
16829:
16828:
16825:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16812:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16772:
16767:
16765:
16760:
16758:
16753:
16752:
16749:
16737:
16736:Greater China
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16721:
16717:
16714:
16710:
16707:
16706:
16705:
16702:
16700:
16697:
16693:
16690:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16682:
16678:
16677:
16675:
16671:
16661:
16658:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16639:
16636:
16635:
16634:
16631:
16627:
16624:
16623:
16622:
16619:
16618:
16616:
16614:
16610:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16589:
16586:
16585:
16583:
16581:
16577:
16571:
16570:Northern Yuan
16568:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16547:
16545:
16543:
16539:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16522:Northern Liao
16520:
16518:
16515:
16514:
16512:
16510:
16506:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16484:against Tibet
16482:
16480:
16479:Eastern Turks
16476:
16473:
16472:
16470:
16468:
16464:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16451:
16448:
16446:
16443:
16442:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16425:
16420:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16396:
16393:
16392:
16391:
16390:Mongol Empire
16388:
16386:
16385:Khamag Mongol
16383:
16381:
16378:
16377:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16330:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16310:
16308:
16306:
16302:
16297:
16290:
16285:
16283:
16278:
16276:
16271:
16270:
16267:
16255:
16254:
16250:
16248:
16247:
16243:
16242:
16240:
16236:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16166:
16164:
16160:
16154:
16151:
16149:
16146:
16144:
16141:
16139:
16136:
16134:
16131:
16129:
16126:
16124:
16121:
16119:
16116:
16115:
16113:
16109:
16099:
16096:
16094:
16093:Dai (310–376)
16091:
16089:
16086:
16085:
16083:
16079:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16064:
16062:
16058:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16023:
16021:
16017:
16014:
16010:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15982:
15978:
15972:
15969:
15968:
15966:
15964:
15960:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15930:
15928:
15926:
15922:
15916:
15913:
15912:
15910:
15908:
15904:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15876:
15870:
15869:Xia (407–431)
15867:
15865:
15862:
15860:
15857:
15856:
15854:
15852:
15848:
15845:
15841:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15786:
15784:
15780:
15776:
15769:
15764:
15762:
15757:
15755:
15750:
15749:
15746:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15699:
15696:
15694:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15654:
15653:Oxus Treasure
15651:
15649:
15648:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15606:Orlat plaques
15604:
15602:
15599:
15598:
15596:
15592:
15582:
15579:
15577:
15574:
15572:
15569:
15568:
15566:
15564:
15560:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15498:Dasht-e Nawar
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15365:
15363:
15361:
15357:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15330:Monjukli Depe
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15315:Konye-Urgench
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15272:
15270:
15268:
15264:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15248:
15247:Takht-i Kuwad
15245:
15243:
15240:
15238:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15212:
15210:
15206:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15051:
15049:
15047:
15043:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15006:Koshoy Korgon
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14983:
14981:
14979:
14975:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14870:
14868:
14866:
14862:
14856:
14853:
14852:
14850:
14848:
14844:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14772:Kumtura Caves
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14749:
14747:
14745:
14744:Western China
14741:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14729:Salbyk kurgan
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14719:Arzhan kurgan
14717:
14715:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14703:
14700:
14696:
14690:
14689:Serindian art
14687:
14685:
14682:
14680:
14677:
14675:
14672:
14670:
14667:
14666:
14664:
14660:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14588:Mongol Empire
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14578:Ghurid Empire
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14503:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14493:Western Turks
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14443:Kushan Empire
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14428:Guiyi Circuit
14426:
14424:
14421:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14404:
14403:Median Empire
14401:
14399:
14396:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14383:Tagar culture
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14334:
14330:
14323:
14318:
14316:
14311:
14309:
14304:
14303:
14300:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14250:
14247:
14245:
14242:
14241:
14230:
14224:
14220:
14211:
14209:
14205:
14201:
14197:
14194:(in French).
14193:
14188:
14184:
14180:
14176:
14171:
14167:
14163:
14156:
14151:
14147:
14143:
14139:
14135:
14130:
14127:
14123:
14122:
14117:
14114:
14110:
14106:
14102:
14092:
14088:
14084:
14080:
14076:
14072:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14055:
14052:
14048:
14045:
14041:
14038:
14031:
14028:
14024:
14023:
14018:
14011:
14008:
14004:
14001:
14000:
13992:
13989:
13988:
13980:
13977:
13973:
13969:
13965:
13958:
13955:
13952:
13948:
13945:
13941:
13938:
13935:
13928:
13925:
13922:
13916:
13913:
13909:
13906:
13903:
13899:
13896:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13880:
13877:
13873:
13870:
13869:
13864:
13862:
13861:5-94010-124-0
13858:
13854:
13847:
13844:
13837:
13834:
13827:
13824:
13820:
13813:
13810:
13806:
13803:
13796:
13793:
13789:
13786:
13782:
13781:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13766:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13739:
13733:
13729:
13724:
13720:
13718:0-391-04174-6
13714:
13710:
13705:
13701:
13695:
13691:
13687:
13686:
13680:
13676:〈魏晋杂胡考 二 卢水胡〉
13675:
13672:
13669:
13668:
13664:
13662:9787100074513
13658:
13654:
13645:
13635:on 2007-06-22
13634:
13630:
13625:
13621:
13616:
13606:on 2021-06-07
13602:
13598:
13591:
13586:
13576:on 2017-11-18
13572:
13568:
13564:
13560:
13556:
13552:
13548:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13509:
13505:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13485:
13481:
13476:
13472:
13469:(in German).
13468:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13417:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13397:
13393:
13389:
13387:
13376:
13370:
13366:
13362:
13361:
13356:
13352:
13348:
13343:
13339:
13335:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13314:
13308:
13304:
13300:
13296:
13292:
13288:
13284:
13280:
13279:
13273:
13269:
13265:
13260:
13255:
13251:
13247:
13243:
13239:
13235:
13234:
13229:
13224:
13220:
13214:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13190:
13186:
13184:92-3-102846-4
13180:
13176:
13171:
13168:
13164:
13162:0-8047-2353-2
13158:
13154:
13149:
13145:
13141:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13113:
13109:
13099:
13093:
13089:
13082:
13081:
13076:
13072:
13068:
13058:
13052:
13048:
13044:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13025:
13021:
13017:
13011:
13007:
13006:
13000:
12996:
12990:
12985:
12984:
12977:
12973:
12969:
12965:
12961:
12957:
12953:
12946:
12942:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12915:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12857:
12853:
12849:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12831:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12792:
12787:
12776:on 2013-12-03
12775:
12771:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12754:9780300096880
12750:
12746:
12745:
12739:
12735:
12730:
12720:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12705:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12687:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12668:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12647:
12646:
12641:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12626:
12623:
12620:
12616:
12615:
12610:
12607:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12595:
12590:
12587:
12586:
12582:
12581:
12569:
12565:
12559:
12550:
12543:
12542:Ishjamts 1996
12538:
12531:
12526:
12519:
12518:Ishjamts 1996
12514:
12507:
12502:
12500:
12492:
12487:
12485:
12483:
12481:
12479:
12471:
12466:
12459:
12454:
12448:, p. 30.
12447:
12442:
12435:
12430:
12422:
12418:
12412:
12404:
12400:
12395:
12390:
12386:
12382:
12378:
12371:
12364:
12359:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12341:
12337:
12333:
12329:
12325:
12321:
12317:
12310:
12302:
12298:
12294:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12263:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12239:
12232:
12227:
12220:
12215:
12207:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12176:
12168:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12124:
12117:
12109:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12074:
12067:
12062:
12056:, p. 429
12055:
12050:
12042:
12030:
12023:
12016:
12010:
12003:
11996:
11991:
11985:, p. 429
11984:
11979:
11972:
11967:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11917:
11908:
11904:
11900:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11867:
11853:on 2013-07-29
11852:
11848:
11842:
11838:
11837:
11829:
11815:on 2013-07-29
11814:
11810:
11804:
11800:
11799:
11791:
11783:
11779:
11778:The Silk Road
11772:
11765:
11751:on 2013-07-29
11750:
11746:
11740:
11736:
11735:
11727:
11719:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11686:
11676:
11667:
11657:
11649:
11643:
11637:, p. 69.
11636:
11631:
11622:
11616:
11611:
11604:
11600:
11598:9782877723466
11594:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11576:
11569:
11565:
11560:
11552:
11545:
11531:on 2018-10-02
11530:
11526:
11522:
11514:
11505:
11491:on 2014-12-30
11490:
11486:
11478:
11463:
11454:
11440:
11437:(in Korean).
11436:
11430:
11424:
11416:
11410:
11406:
11405:
11397:
11383:
11377:
11373:
11372:
11364:
11356:
11350:
11346:
11342:
11335:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11312:
11306:
11301:
11287:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11268:
11254:
11248:
11244:
11243:
11235:
11229:
11227:
11224:(or even the
11223:
11219:
11214:(ca. 950 AD)
11213:
11212:
11199:
11193:
11189:
11188:
11180:
11166:on 2018-09-14
11165:
11161:
11157:
11151:
11143:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11128:
11115:
11109:
11100:
11096:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11078:
11073:
11064:
11060:
11059:
11046:
11037:
11033:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11015:
11011:
11005:
10998:
10997:Di Cosmo 2004
10993:
10986:
10981:
10975:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10957:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10933:
10925:
10923:
10921:
10919:
10911:
10906:
10898:
10894:
10888:
10880:
10873:
10867:
10859:
10858:
10850:
10843:
10837:
10830:
10826:
10821:
10813:
10810:
10805:
10798:
10792:
10785:
10779:
10772:
10769:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10751:
10750:
10743:
10736:
10730:
10728:
10721:
10718:
10714:
10709:
10702:
10696:
10689:
10686:
10681:
10674:
10670:
10665:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10639:
10631:
10624:
10617:
10611:
10603:
10597:
10590:
10589:
10581:
10574:
10569:
10561:
10557:
10551:
10543:
10539:
10532:
10530:
10522:
10516:
10509:
10508:
10502:
10495:
10492:
10487:
10480:
10476:
10471:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10453:
10448:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10409:
10402:
10397:
10395:
10387:
10382:
10375:
10370:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10350:
10343:
10342:
10337:
10333:
10328:
10321:
10318:
10314:
10309:
10307:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10274:Mediterranean
10271:
10267:
10261:
10254:
10251:
10246:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10226:
10219:
10215:
10209:
10202:
10197:
10190:
10185:
10177:
10173:
10167:
10159:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10126:
10118:
10111:
10110:
10102:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10077:
10068:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10046:
10045:
10037:
10029:
10025:
10018:
10016:
10014:
10006:
10005:Di Cosmo 2004
10001:
9999:
9990:
9986:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9971:
9963:
9955:
9951:
9945:
9943:
9936:, p. 29.
9935:
9930:
9928:
9920:
9915:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9850:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9836:
9835:Beckwith 2009
9831:
9824:
9819:
9815:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9800:
9792:
9785:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9769:
9762:
9755:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9714:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9681:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9654:
9647:
9637:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9614:"The Xiongnu"
9608:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9526:
9525:Barfield 1989
9521:
9513:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9494:
9486:
9480:
9476:
9475:
9467:
9460:
9455:
9447:
9445:9787301031919
9441:
9437:
9433:
9426:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9396:
9388:
9381:
9373:
9372:
9365:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9333:
9326:
9322:
9321:Grousset 1970
9317:
9310:
9306:
9305:Grousset 1970
9301:
9294:
9289:
9281:
9275:
9271:
9264:
9262:
9252:
9248:
9247:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9222:
9218:
9217:Grousset 1970
9213:
9205:
9199:
9196:. Routledge.
9195:
9188:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9163:Gumilev L.N.
9159:
9152:
9149:
9144:
9137:
9133:
9132:Grousset 1970
9128:
9121:
9117:
9116:Grousset 1970
9112:
9105:
9100:
9093:
9088:
9081:
9077:
9076:Grousset 1970
9072:
9064:
9060:
9054:
9050:
9046:
9045:
9037:
9030:
9026:
9025:Grousset 1970
9021:
9015:, p. 37.
9014:
9009:
9002:
8997:
8989:
8985:
8978:
8970:
8964:
8960:
8959:
8951:
8943:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8898:
8891:
8887:
8886:Grousset 1970
8882:
8874:
8863:
8862:
8854:
8846:
8836:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8813:
8805:
8795:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8780:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8737:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8715:
8711:
8704:
8696:
8692:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8677:
8669:
8661:
8655:
8648:
8647:
8639:
8631:
8621:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8598:
8590:
8580:
8574:
8570:
8569:
8561:
8553:
8549:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8534:
8526:
8524:
8515:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8487:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8462:
8454:
8452:
8437:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8422:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8393:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8378:
8370:
8362:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8329:
8321:
8311:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8288:
8286:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8258:
8250:
8246:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8223:
8215:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8148:
8141:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8119:
8116:. Renditions-
8115:
8114:
8106:
8098:
8097:
8089:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8064:
8056:
8050:
8046:
8045:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8024:The Silk Road
8018:
8011:
8009:
8000:
7996:
7990:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7963:
7956:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7938:
7937:
7929:
7922:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7900:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7869:
7861:
7854:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7836:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7783:
7775:
7769:
7761:
7755:
7747:
7741:
7734:
7733:Grousset 1970
7729:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7661:
7656:
7653:
7645:
7640:
7632:
7626:Гунны и турки
7622:
7621:
7618:
7613:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7595:
7588:
7582:
7581:Museum notice
7577:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7528:
7522:, p. 36.
7521:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7504:
7503:Di Cosmo 1999
7499:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7478:. p. 4.
7477:
7473:
7472:
7464:
7458:, p. 38.
7457:
7452:
7445:
7444:Beckwith 2009
7440:
7438:
7436:
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7386:
7379:
7378:Di Cosmo 1999
7374:
7372:
7365:, p. 20.
7364:
7359:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7339:Di Cosmo 1999
7335:
7328:
7327:Di Cosmo 2002
7323:
7321:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7300:First Emperor
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7173:
7172:Di Cosmo 2002
7168:
7161:
7156:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7081:
7074:
7073:Di Cosmo 2002
7069:
7062:
7056:
7050:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7006:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6954:
6953:
6945:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6914:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6809:
6802:
6801:Harmatta 1992
6797:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6774:
6759:
6753:
6746:
6742:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6723:
6715:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6675:
6670:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6437:
6429:
6425:
6422:(1): 87–104.
6421:
6417:
6410:
6404:, p. 88.
6403:
6398:
6391:
6390:Di Cosmo 2004
6386:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6341:
6336:
6329:
6324:
6322:
6314:
6310:
6309:Harmatta 1994
6305:
6303:
6294:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6184:
6180:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5986:
5978:
5977:Beckwith 2009
5973:
5971:
5963:
5958:
5956:
5949:, p. 17.
5948:
5943:
5936:
5932:
5931:Grousset 1970
5927:
5925:
5915:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5888:Di Cosmo 2004
5884:
5870:on 2020-03-11
5869:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5847:
5843:
5841:9786054369461
5837:
5833:
5832:
5824:
5816:
5812:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5788:
5779:
5777:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5723:
5719:
5716:. Cambridge:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5642:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5615:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5543:
5539:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5500:
5499:Ordos culture
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5242:Chandman/Uyuk
5239:
5235:
5231:
5215:
5204:
5192:
5188:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5048:
5044:
5033:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4921:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Transbaikalia
4809:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4780:and southern
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4759:Transbaikalia
4756:
4752:
4751:Ordos culture
4748:
4744:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4615:". The Greek
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:Book of Liang
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4426:Donghu people
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4373:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4206:proto-Mongols
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4059:
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4046:, its editor
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3835:Central Plain
3826:
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3808:
3803:
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3798:Lesser Yuezhi
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3433:Han (304–319)
3429:
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3409:
3405:
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3397:
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3355:Fang Xuanling
3347:
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3333:
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3234:and then the
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3232:Bing province
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3053:heir-apparent
3050:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3024:
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3018:
3013:
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2999:
2998:Four Beauties
2995:
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2987:
2983:
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2937:
2935:
2934:Lake Balkhash
2931:
2930:Zhizhi Chanyu
2927:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2876:
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2871:Qiang peoples
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
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2847:
2840:
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2797:
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2743:
2740:(阿熱) invaded
2739:
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2723:
2719:
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2709:
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2662:
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2654:
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2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:boundary wall
2565:
2561:
2557:
2543:
2539:
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2527:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
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2394:
2390:
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2367:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:Duan Chengshi
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2328:Emperor Gaozu
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Hexi Corridor
2306:
2302:
2301:Donghu people
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2266:confederation
2263:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:sent General
2224:
2223:Qin Shi Huang
2220:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:group called
2191:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2022:
2011:Early history
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:) during the
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Ordos culture
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1883:
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1863:
1855:
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1847:
1844:
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1828:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:and Sanskrit
1760:
1756:
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1744:
1740:
1736:
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1728:
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1599:
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1583:
1579:
1575:
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1566:
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1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:confederation
1539:
1531:
1527:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1482:
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1477:
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1470:
1467:
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1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1443:
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1439:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1404:Modern period
1401:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1357:Northern Yuan
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:Mongol Empire
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1327:Khamag Mongol
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:Xianbei state
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1000:
998:
994:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
962:
960:
956:
953:
949:
943:
938:
936:
932:
924:
922:
918:
910:
908:
904:
901:
897:
891:
886:
884:
880:
872:
870:
866:
856:
854:
850:
842:
840:
836:
828:
826:
822:
814:
812:
808:
805:
801:
796:
792:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
749:
747:
744:
743:
735:
733:
730:
729:
721:
719:
716:
715:
707:
705:
704:Xianbei state
702:
701:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:Ordos culture
675:
668:
667:
664:
661:
654:
653:
650:
647:
640:
639:
636:
635:Donghu people
633:
626:
625:
622:
619:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
587:
583:
577:
573:
567:
563:
560:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
540:• 46 AD
537:
534:
531:
525:
522:
519:
513:
510:
507:
501:
497:
493:
491:
487:
484:
483:confederation
481:
478:
474:
470:
468:
464:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
434:
427:
424:
420:
416:
413:
412:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
354:
352:
341:
339:
338:
328:
326:
325:
315:
313:
304:
293:
291:
290:
280:
271:
260:
249:
238:
236:
225:
216:
214:
213:
203:
201:
200:
190:
181:
179:
168:
166:
157:
148:
146:
137:
128:
117:
115:
114:
104:
102:
93:
82:
71:
62:
56:
47:
42:
35:
32:
27:
19:
18865:
18800:Iranian Huns
18781:Hephthalites
18296:List of Huns
17979:Contemporary
17829:Indo-Persian
17817:Nazi Germany
17761:Contemporary
17663:Vijayanagara
17562:Great Seljuk
17473:Thessalonica
17401:Golden Horde
17041:Carthaginian
16954:
16820:Neo-Assyrian
16805:Neo-Sumerian
16726:China proper
16692:Central Asia
16679:
16527:Eastern Liao
16517:Western Liao
16312:
16251:
16244:
16127:
16012:Other states
15850:
15804:Wei–Zhao War
15645:
15576:Mount Khajeh
15543:Qala-i-Jangi
15523:Khair Khaneh
15428:Khair Khaneh
15335:Namazga-Tepe
15290:Anau culture
15267:Turkmenistan
15184:Tavka Kurgan
15079:Balalyk Tepe
14996:Burana Tower
14986:Aigyr-Zhal 2
14878:Issyk kurgan
14613:Kart dynasty
14608:Sufi dynasty
14598:Golden Horde
14523:Oghuz Yabgus
14498:Tang dynasty
14463:Hephthalites
14437:
14388:Uyuk culture
14293:(in Chinese)
14218:
14195:
14191:
14183:the original
14178:
14165:
14161:
14137:
14133:
14125:
14119:
14104:
14094:. Retrieved
14066:
14062:
14050:
14043:
14036:
14033:(in Russian)
14026:
14021:
14016:
14013:(in Russian)
13998:
13994:(in Russian)
13986:
13967:
13950:
13943:
13933:
13930:(in Russian)
13918:(in Russian)
13911:
13902:Orientations
13901:
13885:
13875:
13866:
13853:"Hun Empire"
13852:
13849:(in Russian)
13842:
13839:(in Russian)
13832:
13829:(in Russian)
13822:
13808:
13801:
13798:(in Russian)
13791:
13784:
13758:
13742:AuthorHouse.
13727:
13708:
13684:
13673:〈魏晋杂胡考 四 乌丸〉
13670:〈魏晋杂胡考 一 屠各〉
13637:. Retrieved
13633:the original
13608:. Retrieved
13601:the original
13596:
13578:. Retrieved
13571:the original
13553:(25): 1–27.
13550:
13546:
13527:
13523:
13483:
13479:
13470:
13466:
13419:
13413:
13399:
13378:. Retrieved
13359:
13346:
13317:
13311:
13282:
13276:
13237:
13231:
13204:
13174:
13166:
13152:
13119:
13115:
13101:. Retrieved
13079:
13060:. Retrieved
13042:
13035:"Conclusion"
13023:
13004:
12982:
12972:the original
12951:
12944:
12940:阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨
12913:
12909:
12899:
12889:
12880:
12870:
12859:. Retrieved
12839:1887/3202709
12809:
12803:
12793:. Blackwell.
12790:
12778:. Retrieved
12774:the original
12743:
12733:
12722:. Retrieved
12703:
12690:
12679:. Retrieved
12666:
12663:
12650:
12628:
12612:
12592:
12567:
12563:
12558:
12549:
12537:
12530:Demattè 2006
12525:
12513:
12506:Psarras 2003
12491:Psarras 2003
12465:
12453:
12441:
12429:
12420:
12411:
12384:
12380:
12370:
12363:populations.
12361:
12323:
12319:
12309:
12266:
12260:
12250:
12238:
12226:
12214:
12189:
12185:
12175:
12130:
12126:
12116:
12083:
12079:
12073:
12061:
12049:
12028:
12022:
12008:
12002:
11990:
11978:
11966:
11930:
11926:
11916:
11880:
11876:
11866:
11855:. Retrieved
11851:the original
11835:
11828:
11817:. Retrieved
11813:the original
11797:
11790:
11781:
11777:
11764:
11753:. Retrieved
11749:the original
11733:
11726:
11713:
11695:
11685:
11675:
11666:
11656:
11642:
11635:Psarras 2003
11630:
11621:
11610:
11602:
11584:
11575:
11559:
11550:
11544:
11533:. Retrieved
11529:the original
11525:www.nl.go.kr
11524:
11513:
11504:
11493:. Retrieved
11489:the original
11477:
11466:. Retrieved
11453:
11442:. Retrieved
11423:
11403:
11396:
11385:. Retrieved
11370:
11363:
11344:
11334:
11328:(3): 87–100.
11325:
11321:
11311:
11305:Sinor (1990)
11300:
11289:. Retrieved
11274:
11267:
11256:. Retrieved
11241:
11234:
11215:
11209:
11201:. Retrieved
11186:
11179:
11168:. Retrieved
11164:the original
11159:
11150:
11125:
11118:辺防13 北狄4 突厥上
11108:
11102:(in Chinese)
11092:
11084:
11072:
11066:(in Chinese)
11056:
11049:Li Yanshou (
11045:
11039:(in Chinese)
11031:Book of Zhou
11029:
11026:Linghu Defen
11021:
11004:
10992:
10939:
10935:
10905:
10896:
10887:
10878:
10866:
10856:
10849:
10841:
10836:
10824:
10820:
10808:
10804:
10791:
10783:
10778:
10765:
10757:
10747:
10742:
10734:
10716:
10708:
10700:
10695:
10684:
10680:
10672:
10664:
10656:
10647:
10638:
10629:
10623:
10615:
10610:
10587:
10580:
10568:
10559:
10550:
10541:
10537:
10515:
10505:
10501:
10490:
10486:
10477:, "vol. 102
10474:
10470:
10451:
10447:
10408:
10385:
10381:
10373:
10369:
10357:
10349:
10340:
10331:
10327:
10316:
10293:
10269:
10260:
10249:
10245:
10233:
10230:Linghu Defen
10225:
10208:
10196:
10184:
10175:
10166:
10139:
10135:
10125:
10116:
10108:
10101:
10090:. Retrieved
10085:
10081:
10075:
10067:
10059:Google Books
10057:– via
10043:
10036:
10027:
9989:Google Books
9987:– via
9969:
9962:
9953:
9865:
9859:
9830:
9821:
9818:Google Books
9816:– via
9798:
9791:
9775:
9771:
9768:"KHALCHAYAN"
9761:
9752:
9724:
9720:
9713:
9704:
9700:
9687:
9675:
9660:
9653:
9645:
9639:, retrieved
9617:
9607:
9599:
9553:
9549:
9520:
9500:
9493:
9473:
9466:
9454:
9431:
9425:
9414:. Retrieved
9394:
9380:
9370:
9364:
9350:
9344:
9332:
9316:
9300:
9288:
9269:
9244:
9237:
9228:
9212:
9193:
9187:
9174:
9169:
9158:
9153:(in Chinese)
9147:
9143:
9127:
9111:
9099:
9087:
9071:
9063:Google Books
9061:– via
9043:
9036:
9020:
9013:Bentley 1993
9008:
9000:
8996:
8987:
8977:
8957:
8950:
8923:
8919:
8909:
8897:
8881:
8873:Google Books
8871:– via
8866:. Retrieved
8860:
8853:
8845:Google Books
8843:– via
8838:. Retrieved
8819:
8812:
8804:Google Books
8802:– via
8797:. Retrieved
8778:
8771:
8746:
8742:
8736:
8709:
8703:
8695:Google Books
8693:– via
8675:
8668:
8645:
8638:
8630:Google Books
8628:– via
8623:. Retrieved
8604:
8597:
8589:Google Books
8587:– via
8582:. Retrieved
8567:
8560:
8552:Google Books
8550:– via
8532:
8514:Google Books
8512:– via
8507:. Retrieved
8501:
8494:
8486:Google Books
8484:– via
8479:. Retrieved
8460:
8439:. Retrieved
8420:
8402:Google Books
8400:– via
8395:. Retrieved
8376:
8369:
8361:Google Books
8359:– via
8354:. Retrieved
8335:
8328:
8320:Google Books
8318:– via
8313:. Retrieved
8294:
8264:
8257:
8249:Google Books
8247:– via
8234:
8222:
8202:
8195:
8187:Google Books
8185:– via
8167:
8160:
8152:Google Books
8146:
8140:
8132:Google Books
8130:– via
8112:
8105:
8099:, p. 31
8095:
8088:
8080:
8076:
8063:
8043:
8036:
8027:
8023:
7998:
7989:
7969:
7962:
7954:
7951:Google Books
7949:– via
7935:
7928:
7919:
7916:Google Books
7906:
7899:
7890:
7887:Google Books
7885:– via
7867:
7860:
7851:
7848:Google Books
7842:
7835:
7826:
7823:Google Books
7821:– via
7804:
7794:
7782:
7768:
7754:
7740:
7728:
7696:(1): 45–61.
7693:
7689:
7665:(in Russian)
7649:(in Russian)
7636:(in Russian)
7615:
7593:
7587:
7576:
7551:
7547:
7537:
7527:
7520:Bentley 1993
7498:
7490:Google Books
7488:– via
7470:
7463:
7456:Bentley 1993
7451:
7401:
7395:
7385:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7311:
7307:
7295:
7291:
7283:
7268:
7248:
7242:
7214:
7194:
7186:
7167:
7155:
7114:
7105:
7084:
7080:
7075:, p. 2.
7068:
7055:
7043:
7022:
7018:
7005:
6997:
6985:
6981:
6971:
6951:
6944:
6936:Google Books
6934:– via
6920:
6913:
6886:
6883:"The Yuezhi"
6876:
6825:
6819:
6808:
6796:
6784:
6773:
6762:. Retrieved
6752:
6744:
6729:
6722:
6694:
6669:
6627:
6623:
6612:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6540:
6515:
6511:
6498:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6374:the original
6369:
6365:
6335:
6312:
6292:
6286:
6261:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6230:Pritsak 1959
6229:
6223:
6218:
6210:Henning 1948
6209:
6203:
6198:
6187:. Retrieved
6182:
6171:, retrieved
6151:
6142:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6085:
6039:
6035:
6025:
5997:
5942:
5902:
5895:
5883:
5872:. Retrieved
5868:the original
5863:
5854:
5846:Google Books
5844:– via
5830:
5823:
5814:
5790:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5713:
5684:
5677:
5663:
5649:
5629:
5622:
5602:
5595:
5575:
5569:
5549:
5542:
5513:
5447:prayer beads
5420:
5410:
5392:
5381:
5360:Scythian art
5353:
5341:
5293:) ancestry.
5268:
5254:
5226:
5145:
5093:
5073:
5071:
5003:
5001:
4964:
4925:
4916:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4805:
4786:
4763:
4739:Pyotr Kozlov
4736:
4712:
4701:Turkologist
4700:
4684:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4643:in his book
4620:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4553:
4547:
4537:
4533:Book of Zhou
4531:
4524:Tiele people
4521:
4513:
4488:Genghis Khan
4486:
4437:
4436:" and/or 檀檀
4429:
4411:Book of Song
4408:
4377:
4342:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4282:
4261:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4222:Book of Zhou
4220:
4214:
4175:
4171:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4110:
4100:
4097:Hyun Jin Kim
4085:Lajos Ligeti
4083:
4056:
4043:
4038:In the 1994
4037:
4007:proposed an
3998:
3957:people, the
3955:proto-Mongol
3950:
3936:
3845:
3832:
3829:Significance
3782:
3763:Tongwancheng
3761:
3741:Helian Chang
3738:
3704:
3683:
3661:
3644:Tongwancheng
3642:Remnants of
3613:Former Liang
3606:
3579:
3550:consort kins
3547:
3533:, headed by
3523:Emperor Huai
3512:
3492:
3484:
3475:
3452:
3385:
3382:
3353:
3343:
3336:
3323:
3309:
3288:
3282:
3273:
3268:, a city in
3261:
3235:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3168:Hephthalites
3137:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3042:
3014:
3002:
2994:Wang Zhaojun
2990:Emperor Yuan
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2915:
2906:Tang dynasty
2884:
2879:
2848:
2844:
2812:
2801:
2793:
2773:
2712:
2650:
2627:
2600:
2535:
2531:
2509:
2486:
2460:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2321:Yellow River
2290:
2255:
2216:
2187:
2147:
2136:
2097:Yu the Great
2079:
2075:
2066:
1947:
1931:Siwa culture
1903:Western Zhou
1900:
1888:
1884:populations.
1841:
1840:
1806:Predecessors
1772:
1768:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1691:
1659:
1651:
1633:
1567:
1562:
1525:
1523:
1483:1990–present
1387:Qing dynasty
1347:Yuan dynasty
1292:Liao dynasty
1211:209 BC–93 AD
1206:
1146:1450–1150 BC
1136:1500–1000 BC
1126:1800–1600 BC
1116:2750–1900 BC
1106:3300–2500 BC
952:Southern Min
811:Hanyu Pinyin
603:Succeeded by
602:
597:
439:
348:
336:
335:
323:
322:
311:
288:
287:
276:
232:
211:
210:
198:
197:
175:
164:
144:
112:
111:
100:
31:
26:
18902:Han dynasty
17567:Khwarezmian
17500:Carolingian
17305:Rashtrakuta
17009:Shaishunaga
16908:Hellenistic
16891:New Kingdom
16881:Old Kingdom
16499:Tarim Basin
16253:Book of Jin
16209:Murong Chui
16118:Jin dynasty
16019:Short-lived
15668:Kabul hoard
15601:Sokh snakes
15553:Surkh Kotal
15518:Haji Piyada
15493:Darra-e Kur
15458:Yemshi Tepe
15453:Tillya Tepe
15448:Tepe Fullol
15438:Tepe Narenj
15433:Tapa Sardar
15423:Fondukistan
15388:Tapa Shotor
15368:Tepe Fullol
15360:Afghanistan
15189:Toprak-Kala
15174:Shahrukhiya
15124:Kampir Tepe
15114:Itchan Kala
15069:Ancient Pap
15026:Shakh Fazil
14898:Krasnyi Yar
14802:Mogao Caves
14762:Kizil Caves
14698:Archaeology
14563:Farighunids
14518:Turk Shahis
14458:Alchon Huns
14215:中国古代北方民族文化史
14140:(1): 1–43.
14027:Turcologica
14019:и Алтайцы.
13982:(in French)
13968:Transoxiana
13882:(in German)
13547:Early China
13324:: 429–440.
13289:: 272–281.
13244:: 247–260.
13075:Dani, A. H.
12954:] (2).
12816:: 369–373.
12594:Book of Han
12493:, p. .
12470:Bunker 2002
12458:Bunker 2002
12446:Bunker 2002
12434:Bunker 2002
12387:(1): 1–11.
11784:(1): 34–43.
11710:寧夏同心倒墩子匈奴墓地
11585:Les nomades
11566:, pp.
11222:Siret River
11094:Book of Sui
10815:livestock."
10762:Xue Juzheng
10673:Book of Wei
10657:Early China
10632:. p. .
10573:Bunker 2002
10544:(1–2): 105.
10452:Xin Tangshu
10432:various Xia
10417:Book of Wei
10401:Golden 1992
10332:Xin Tangshu
10294:Gök-Türkler
10189:Bunker 2002
9934:Bunker 2002
9527:, p. .
9323:, pp.
9307:, pp.
9246:Book of Jin
9148:Book of Wei
9104:Bunker 2002
9078:, pp.
9027:, pp.
8904:, p. .
8784:Grove Press
8341:Grove Press
7735:, p. .
7257:Mount Chang
7160:Bunker 2002
6630:: 216–228.
6328:Bailey 1985
6018:Hucker 1975
5933:, pp.
5753:(1): 1–21.
5423:Book of Han
5137:Han Chinese
4774:Ashina clan
4725:Archaeology
4549:Book of Sui
4450:Book of Sui
4419:Book of Wei
4305:Book of Jin
4295:Book of Wei
4178:E.H. Parker
4042:-published
3870:Old Chinese
3749:Western Qin
3745:Helian Ding
3722:Xia dynasty
3598:Former Zhao
3586:Modu Chanyu
3535:Emperor Min
3489:Han dynasty
3463:Western Jin
3359:Book of Jin
3196:Eastern Han
3179:Han Dynasty
3164:Transoxania
3146:(悅般), near
3139:Book of Wei
3017:Xin Dynasty
2949:characters.
2828:Gobi Desert
2796:Emperor Wen
2776:Han dynasty
2768:Han dynasty
2730:Han dynasty
2684:Han Chinese
2670:Chanyu and
2623:Emperor Wen
2524: [
2501:Modu Chanyu
2343:Book of Han
2293:Modu Chanyu
2262:Modu Chanyu
2258:Qin dynasty
2202:Qin dynasty
2119:; however,
2068:Western Han
2042:Saksanokhur
1975:and nearby
1901:During the
1719:Old Chinese
1703:Old Chinese
1606:Han dynasty
1559:Modu Chanyu
1166:1100–300 BC
1156:1400–700 BC
1092:Prehistoric
973:Old Chinese
690:Han dynasty
598:Preceded by
18881:Categories
18820:White Huns
18684:Hunnic art
18510:Thraustila
18460:Laudaricus
18137:Portuguese
18018:Revival Le
18008:Vietnamese
17651:Later Tran
17621:Vietnamese
17517:Singhasari
17505:Holy Roman
17129:Bulgarian
17065:Satavahana
17036:Phoenician
16972:Achaemenid
16933:Indo-Greek
16913:Macedonian
16827:Babylonian
16731:Sinosphere
16633:Lifan Yuan
16532:Later Liao
16296:Inner Asia
15548:Rag-i-Bibi
15373:Ai-Khanoum
15305:Gonur Depe
15300:Dev-Kesken
15237:Kafir-kala
15227:Ajina tepe
15209:Tajikistan
15169:Sarmishsay
15154:Kyzyl-Kala
15134:Khalchayan
15119:Kafir-kala
15099:Fayaz Tepe
15084:Burchmulla
15046:Uzbekistan
15036:Tash Rabat
15011:Manas Ordo
14978:Kyrgyzstan
14865:Kazakhstan
14568:Ghaznavids
14473:Ustrushana
14468:Tocharians
14398:Massagetae
14198:(1): 3–26.
14096:2022-04-06
13667:Chapters:
13649:《魏晋南北朝史论丛》
13639:2007-07-31
13610:2021-12-27
13580:2017-12-01
13530:: 499–531.
13486:: 55–236.
13380:2015-02-18
13242:Cell Press
13103:2015-05-29
13062:2015-05-29
12948:语言与翻译（汉文版）
12861:2020-04-11
12780:2021-12-27
12724:2015-05-30
12681:2015-05-30
12186:Inner Asia
12041:Xibu kaogu
12033:(Journal:
12031:: 252–290.
12029:Xibu Kaogu
11877:Inner Asia
11857:2012-12-13
11819:2012-12-13
11755:2012-12-13
11535:2019-04-15
11495:2016-09-25
11468:2016-09-25
11444:2016-09-25
11429:Cho Gab-je
11387:2011-09-09
11291:2013-06-15
11258:2013-02-09
11203:2013-08-28
11170:2014-06-21
10092:2022-04-06
9778:Khalchayan
9678:Khalchayan
9641:2024-02-29
9432:《魏晋南北朝史论集》
9416:2008-08-18
9219:, p.
9134:, p.
9118:, p.
8902:Loewe 1974
8888:, p.
8868:2011-04-17
8840:2011-04-17
8799:2011-04-17
8625:2012-02-08
8619:9004141294
8584:2012-02-08
8509:2011-04-17
8481:2011-04-17
8441:2011-04-17
8397:2011-04-17
8356:2011-04-17
8315:2011-04-17
8213:0231081677
7294:，悉收河南地。……
7111:"Li Mu 李牧"
6764:2019-03-05
6704:63 note 40
6189:2023-04-01
6173:2023-04-01
5874:2015-07-25
5815:ytenx.org
5791:ytenx.org
5747:Asia Major
5529:References
5435:horse meat
5345:Maoqinggou
5334:-inspired
5275:Slab Grave
5257:Ulaanzuukh
5252:profiles.
5250:Slab Grave
5246:Ulaanzuukh
5238:Baikal EBA
5223:component.
5203:Baikal EBA
5168:Slab-grave
5129:Slab Grave
5125:Ulaanzuukh
5117:Slab Grave
5113:Ulaanzuukh
5081:East Asian
4992:Jie people
4920:Slab Grave
4879:Slab Grave
4834:See also:
4755:Sinologist
4359:See also:
4337:Old Turkic
4309:Former Yan
4154:See also:
4139:Ket people
4066:See also:
3973:See also:
3872:(318 BCE):
3855:See also:
3811:Tiantishan
3696:Ordos Loop
3602:Later Zhao
3467:Great Wall
3412:Later Zhao
3396:Helian Xia
3085:See also:
2839:Huo Qubing
2823:Huo Qubing
2808:Emperor Wu
2784:Zhang Qian
2708:Zhang Qian
2692:Li Guangli
2467:Ordos Loop
2454:District,
2405:Tuqi Kings
2377:See also:
2237:, forcing
2235:Ordos loop
2121:sinologist
2089: 100
2070:historian
1999:and early
1985:Ordos Loop
1973:Kazakhstan
1965:permafrost
1826:Afanasievo
1799:See also:
1777:Ongi River
1640:Sarmatians
1629:Helian Xia
1186:600–300 BC
1176:700–300 BC
997:Zhengzhang
853:Wade–Giles
732:Tocharians
476:Government
467:Demonym(s)
376:Kyrgyzstan
372:Kazakhstan
324:Sarmatians
18805:Kidarites
18663:Vadamerca
18595:Diplomats
18586:Ultzindur
18581:Onegesius
18576:Oebarsius
18395:Ambazuces
18354:Dengizich
18130:Couronian
17768:Ethiopian
17756:Manchukuo
17711:Brazilian
17557:Ghaznavid
17527:Srivijaya
17478:Trebizond
17463:Byzantine
17445:North Sea
17440:Norwegian
17428:Almoravid
17411:Ilkhanate
17381:Majapahit
17354:Muromachi
17263:Solomonic
17248:Ethiopian
17162:Caliphate
17095:Aragonese
16923:Ptolemaic
16645:Manchuria
16598:Manchuria
16555:Manchuria
16224:Tuoba Tao
16219:Tuoba Gui
16204:Wang Meng
15594:Artifacts
15468:Aq Kupruk
15418:Mes Aynak
15350:Ulug Depe
15285:Altyndepe
15232:Cyropolis
15222:Penjikent
15194:Varakhsha
15129:Kara Tepe
15074:Ayaz-Kala
15064:Akhsikath
15054:Afrasiyab
15001:Issyk-Kul
14991:Balasagun
14837:Beshbalik
14714:Sintashta
14674:Silk Road
14603:Ilkhanate
14558:Ma'munids
14453:Kidarites
13976:1666-7050
13711:. Brill.
13567:162159081
13508:156676644
13426:: 16569.
13422:(16569).
13193:928730707
13144:161867825
12968:123501525
12960:1001-0823
12763:819761397
12625:Sima Qian
12403:2770-5005
12340:0092-8674
12301:249050620
12206:2210-5018
12108:220881540
11957:246508594
11949:2692-7691
11907:165623743
11899:1464-8172
11116:(1988).
11089:Wei Zheng
10956:0092-8674
10616:Mongolica
10354:Wei Zheng
10336:vol. 215A
10298:Etsin-Gol
10290:Byzantium
10201:Wink 2002
10158:2673-9461
10119:(Thesis).
9908:218935871
9774:. Brill.
9741:0004-3958
9578:2375-2548
9459:Tang 2010
9403:1873-3042
9337:Tang 2010
9293:Tang 2010
8942:251690411
8926:(1): 52.
8728:182731462
7921:princess.
7809:Routledge
7720:145078285
7426:165092308
7418:0003-598X
7397:Antiquity
7304:Meng Tian
7265:Shangdang
7207:Zhongshan
7021:: 35–39.
6994:0917-1614
6850:2041-1723
6828:: 14615.
6660:210787385
6652:1040-6182
6586:0036-8075
6524:0008-9192
6491:Geng 2005
6475:165893686
6402:Adas 2001
6168:243720017
6134:2058-4571
6082:218935871
5994:"Xiongnu"
5935:19, 26–27
5759:0004-4482
5534:Citations
5521:in AD 14.
5519:Wang Mang
5191:Sintashta
5185:), while
5133:Sarmatian
5109:Mongolian
5066:Sarmatian
5045:culture (
4967:Egiin Gol
4635:Byzantine
4613:Scythians
4591:Pingliang
4492:Qiu Chuji
4462:Mongolic-
4404:ethnicity
4400:dynasties
4372:reindeers
4266:Pingliang
4143:Samoyedic
3902:*hɨoŋ-nuo
3726:Guanzhong
3714:Later Qin
3609:Guanzhong
3330:brother,
3328:Yufuluo's
3316:Huchuquan
3314:detained
3305:Yuan Shao
3278:Huchuquan
3258:Dong Zhuo
3037:Stockholm
3006:Chen Tang
2959:Han China
2953:In 53 BC
2922:Woyanqudi
2889:Silk Road
2642:Shangdang
2591:Frankfort
2513:Pingcheng
2503:. At the
2461:North of
2458:in 2017.
2448:Mongolian
2391:, in the
2317:skull cup
2227:Meng Tian
2132:Hu people
2128:Hu people
2072:Sima Qian
2050:Francfort
1967:, in the
1943:Qin state
1876:from the
1781:Mongolian
1682:Yeniseian
1578:East Asia
1463:1924–1992
1453:1921–1924
1436:1919–1921
1426:1911–1919
1391:1691–1911
1381:1634–1757
1371:1399–1634
1361:1368–1635
1351:1271–1368
1341:1206–1368
1331:1130–1206
1262:Xueyantuo
1071:Geography
913:Hūng-nòuh
860:Hsiung-nu
559:Antiquity
545:Wudadihou
452:Shamanism
448:Religion
423:Arkhangai
388:Manchuria
145:Korgantas
80:BACTRIANS
18825:Xionites
18787:Cadiseni
18602:Berichus
18556:Emnetzur
18544:Noblemen
18485:Sanoeces
18480:Ragnaris
18450:Hormidac
18440:Elmingir
18430:Chelchal
18425:Chalazar
18364:Zilgibis
18329:Charaton
18314:Balamber
18110:Japanese
18073:Scottish
18053:American
18045:Colonial
17974:Imperial
17942:Moroccan
17878:Japanese
17856:Afsharid
17715:Burmese
17701:Austrian
17656:Later Le
17631:Early Le
17616:Venetian
17542:Tiwanaku
17455:Hellenic
17418:Moroccan
17349:Kamakura
17339:Japanese
17322:Saffarid
17275:Georgian
17189:Chalukya
17167:Rashidun
17157:Calakmul
17125:Bruneian
17004:Haryanka
16982:Sasanian
16977:Parthian
16928:Bactrian
16918:Seleucid
16898:Goguryeo
16876:Egyptian
16810:Assyrian
16800:Akkadian
16791:Colonies
16660:Xinjiang
16650:Mongolia
16626:genocide
16560:Mongolia
16395:Chagatai
16328:Göktürks
16214:Yao Xing
16194:Huan Wen
16174:Liu Cong
16169:Liu Yuan
16153:Goguryeo
16148:Dingling
16111:Involved
15528:Mundigak
15508:Firozkoh
15398:Shotorak
15217:Bunjikat
15109:Hazorasp
14933:Shilikty
14923:Boralday
14847:Mongolia
14782:Dunhuang
14553:Samanids
14483:Farghana
14336:Polities
14091:13217908
14083:18373723
14003:Archived
13538:(2000).
13518:(1994).
13500:40727370
13473:: 27–34.
13458:31719606
13398:(2000),
13357:(1973).
13338:20091844
13303:16596591
13268:12858290
13203:(2006).
12856:13670282
12848:29743675
12812:(7705).
12661:(1985).
12635:vol. 110
12627:et al.,
12611:et al.,
12591:et al.,
12568:Buddhism
12358:33157037
12293:35617951
12167:33157037
12100:32734383
12017:; 2041F)
11583:(2007).
11127:Tongdian
11099:Vol. 84.
11091:et al.,
11063:Vol. 99.
11036:Vol. 50.
11028:et al.,
10974:33157037
10771:vol. 137
10685:Liangshu
10669:Wei Shou
10521:Vol. 200
10459:Yuan Wei
10436:Dingling
10415:et al.,
10413:Wei Shou
10356:et al.,
10320:vol. 197
10317:Tongdian
10286:Kuku-nor
10284:Seas to
10232:et al.,
10088:. Kraków
10028:Academia
9970:The Huns
9900:35663512
9749:26358181
9727:: 3–32.
9596:37058560
9587:10104459
9407:Archived
9236:(1958).
9194:The Huns
9179:Archived
9165:"Ch. 15"
9151:Vol. 102
8071:(2020).
7787:Yap 2009
7620:Citing:
7542:Scroll 8
7255:: "From
7203:Lou Huan
7013:(2020).
6868:28256537
6604:31488661
6570:(6457).
6428:41928223
6074:35663512
6002:Archived
5767:41649858
5484:Ban Yong
5453:See also
5349:Xigoupan
5291:Chandman
5174:origin (
5121:Chandman
5101:Chandman
5047:Chandman
5032:Khövsgöl
4830:Genetics
4800:Noin-Ula
4719:mortuary
4691:Koreanic
4555:Tongdian
4552:and the
4536:and the
4478:Göktürks
4315:(Ch. 賀賴
4245:Göktürks
4234:Tongdian
4210:Dingling
4021:Scythian
3995:figures.
3889:*hɨoŋ-nɑ
3823:Gaochang
3807:Buddhism
3785:Lushuihu
3779:Lushuihu
3706:Liu Bobo
3702:in 392.
3594:Han-Zhao
3590:Liu Cong
3566:Jin Zhun
3539:Jiankang
3531:Chang'an
3515:Liu Cong
3477:Liu Yuan
3428:Han-Zhao
3404:Lushuihu
3392:Han-Zhao
3266:Pingyang
3228:Xiuchuge
3158:towards
3108:Liaodong
2918:tanistry
2893:Gan Ying
2881:Ban Chao
2819:Wei Qing
2746:Chang'an
2734:Li Guang
2732:general
2686:General
2680:Qiedihou
2676:Zhao Xin
2672:Yizhixie
2661:Laoshang
2646:Yunzhong
2634:Chang'an
2534:(called
2521:Liu Jing
2415:and the
2297:Dingling
2198:Shaanbei
2152:and the
2076:liezhuan
2001:Iron Age
1987:(modern
1977:Mongolia
1962:Siberian
1954:Scythian
1923:Quanrong
1919:Shanrong
1789:Mongolia
1785:Онги гол
1717:in Late
1707:xiuoŋ-na
1674:Mongolic
1621:Han-Zhao
1598:Xinjiang
1296:907–1125
1237:Göktürks
1081:Religion
1076:Language
1066:Politics
1056:Nobility
1041:Timeline
1003:qʰoŋ.na:
988:qʰoŋ.nˤa
965:Hing-lôo
927:Hung-nou
921:Jyutping
875:Syong-nú
845:Shiongnu
825:Bopomofo
533:Laoshang
460:Buddhism
456:Tengrism
392:Xinjiang
378:, south
368:Mongolia
245:SELEUCID
18887:Xiongnu
18866:Xiongnu
18776:Alchons
18677:Culture
18638:Donatus
18617:Scottas
18571:Mundzuk
18515:Tuldila
18505:Tarrach
18500:Sunicas
18490:Sigizan
18470:Odolgan
18455:Kursich
18390:Althias
18385:Alathar
18279:History
18177:largest
18172:Empires
18152:Swedish
18147:Spanish
18142:Russian
18105:Italian
18080:Chinese
18068:English
18063:British
18058:Belgian
18033:Vietnam
18023:Tay son
17969:Tsarist
17964:Russian
17959:Ottoman
17925:Dzungar
17920:Khoshut
17893:Mexican
17888:Maratha
17871:Pahlavi
17851:Safavid
17846:Iranian
17773:Haitian
17736:Chinese
17696:Ashanti
17668:Wagadou
17594:Eastern
17589:Western
17572:Timurid
17532:Tibetan
17522:Songhai
17512:Serbian
17433:Almohad
17423:Idrisid
17327:Samanid
17317:Tahirid
17312:Iranian
17290:Kannauj
17270:Genoese
17206:Chinese
17199:Eastern
17194:Western
17182:Fatimid
17177:Abbasid
17172:Umayyad
17145:Burmese
17105:Ayyubid
17100:Angevin
17070:Xianbei
17058:Eastern
17053:Western
16999:Magadha
16962:Iranian
16955:Xiongnu
16940:Hittite
16849:Chinese
16837:Kassite
16786:Ancient
16778:Empires
16704:Tartary
16494:Beiting
16409:Dzungar
16404:Timurid
16355:Tibetan
16318:Xianbei
16313:Xiongnu
16199:Fu Jian
16189:Ran Min
16138:Xianbei
16128:Xiongnu
15925:Xianbei
15851:Xiongnu
15782:History
15473:Asqalan
15408:Bimaran
15403:Paitava
15345:Togolok
15280:Abiward
15164:Poykent
15149:Koktepe
15016:Navekat
14893:Kerderi
14883:Jankent
14832:Kashgar
14807:Tumshuq
14752:Bulayïq
14662:Culture
14478:Khuttal
14438:Xiongnu
13759:Xiongnu
13449:6851379
13428:Bibcode
13259:1180365
13041:(ed.).
12930:2718006
12818:Bibcode
12633:, esp.
12619:vol. 89
12617:, esp.
12578:Sources
12349:7664836
12271:Bibcode
12158:7664836
11680:82–100.
11114:Du, You
10965:7664836
10764:et al.
10715:et al.
10688:Vol. 54
10659:. p. 20
10618:, pp.40
10440:Uyghurs
10374:Zhoushu
10362:vol. 84
10278:Caspian
10238:vol. 50
10234:Zhoushu
9891:7612788
9868:(E20).
9782:Sampula
9776:About "
9558:Bibcode
9358:: China
9255:Vol. 97
9001:Han Shu
7712:2055601
7312:Xiongnu
7205::) Now
6859:5337992
6830:Bibcode
6632:Bibcode
6595:6822619
6564:Science
6313:shan-yü
6065:7612788
5443:Khitans
5439:Xianbei
5376:Xianbei
5332:nomadic
5297:Culture
5265:Xianbei
5219:
5208:
5197:
5181:
5152:Göktürk
5141:Mongols
5052:
5037:
5026:
4960:E1b1b1a
4903:D4b2b2b
4782:Siberia
4770:kurgans
4662:Uyghurs
4651:Magyars
4631:Τουρκία
4622:Tourkia
4617:cognate
4589:) from
4474:Kumo Xi
4458:Khitans
4417:, whom
4415:Rourans
4413:", the
4396:Xianbei
4388:Mongols
4349:Khitans
4345:Kumo Xi
4101:Jin Shu
4013:Iranian
4009:Iranian
4001:Sogdian
3989:Bactria
3876:*hoŋ-nâ
3753:Tuyuhun
3694:in the
3676:Xianbei
3656:Shaanxi
3621:Luoyang
3617:Chouchi
3582:Liu Yao
3570:Liu Yao
3554:eunuchs
3541:as the
3519:Luoyang
3500:Xianbei
3485:chanyus
3459:Cao Wei
3455:Liu Bao
3367:Xianzhi
3312:Cao Cao
3301:Cao Cao
3295:of the
3250:Luoyang
3240:Yufuluo
3131:Xianbei
3116:Xianbei
2955:Huhanye
2926:Huhanye
2901:Luoyang
2867:Lop Nor
2815:cavalry
2804:at Mayi
2726:Li Ling
2720:of the
2718:khagans
2688:Li Ling
2668:Junchen
2542:Chinese
2493:Taiyuan
2444:Chinese
2362:Han shu
2307:in the
2150:Xianyun
2093:Chunwei
1935:Haojing
1911:Guifang
1907:Xianyun
1829:culture
1795:History
1743:hɨoŋ-nɑ
1723:hɨoŋ-nɑ
1670:Iranian
1656:cognate
1654:may be
1652:Xiongnu
1586:Siberia
1574:steppes
1530:Chinese
1526:Xiongnu
1286:744–840
1276:647–682
1266:628–646
1256:682–744
1254:555–630
1245:Eastern
1231:330–555
1207:Xiongnu
1061:Culture
831:ㄒㄩㄥ ㄋㄨˊ
817:Xiōngnú
781:Chinese
771:Xiongnu
471:Xiongnu
441:various
408:Capital
380:Siberia
374:, east
370:, east
278:XIONGNU
269:DYNASTY
235:culture
178:culture
165:SABEANS
38:Xiongnu
18653:Ildico
18633:Adamis
18561:Gordas
18551:Atakam
18535:Zolban
18530:Uldach
18525:Tyranx
18520:Turgun
18495:Simmas
18475:Optila
18465:Mundus
18420:Bochas
18415:Basich
18400:Apsich
18344:Attila
18334:Rugila
18306:Rulers
18115:Mongol
18100:German
18095:French
18085:Danish
18028:Dainam
18003:Tongan
17991:Somali
17986:Sokoto
17952:'Alawi
17930:Kalmyk
17910:Mongol
17903:Second
17883:Korean
17834:Mughal
17824:Indian
17807:German
17800:Second
17790:French
17783:Second
17719:Second
17691:Afghan
17683:Modern
17609:Kyrgyz
17604:Uighur
17599:Second
17579:Turkic
17547:Toltec
17483:Epirus
17468:Nicaea
17391:Mongol
17344:Yamato
17280:Huetar
17138:Second
17075:Rouran
17024:Shunga
17019:Maurya
16994:Kushan
16967:Median
16945:Hunnic
16903:Harsha
16375:Mongol
16370:Kyrgyz
16365:Uyghur
16323:Rouran
16229:Liu Yu
16184:Shi Hu
16179:Shi Le
16081:States
16060:Tribes
15538:Nagara
15310:Jeitun
15242:Sarazm
14928:Sawran
14873:Begash
14827:Khotan
14822:Loulan
14433:Yuezhi
14225:
14206:
14111:
14089:
14081:
13974:
13859:
13756:about
13734:
13715:
13696:
13659:
13565:
13506:
13498:
13456:
13446:
13371:
13336:
13301:
13266:
13256:
13215:
13191:
13181:
13159:
13142:
13136:608717
13134:
13094:
13088:UNESCO
13053:
13047:UNESCO
13012:
12991:
12966:
12958:
12928:
12854:
12846:
12805:Nature
12761:
12751:
12715:
12676:312539
12674:
12609:Fan Ye
12603:part 2
12599:part 1
12589:Ban Gu
12401:
12356:
12346:
12338:
12299:
12291:
12204:
12165:
12155:
12106:
12098:
12015:p. 235
11955:
11947:
11905:
11897:
11843:
11805:
11741:
11661:1996).
11595:
11411:
11378:
11351:
11282:
11249:
11194:
11138:
11012:
10972:
10962:
10954:
10713:Liu Xu
10598:
10491:Jinshu
10475:Weishu
10430:. The
10386:Beishi
10358:Suishu
10313:Du You
10250:Beishi
10156:
10136:Humans
10051:
9981:
9906:
9898:
9888:
9810:
9747:
9739:
9668:
9632:
9594:
9584:
9576:
9508:
9481:
9442:
9401:
9276:
9238:Jìnshū
9200:
9055:
8965:
8940:
8831:
8790:
8763:605932
8761:
8726:
8716:
8687:
8656:
8616:
8575:
8544:
8472:
8432:
8388:
8347:
8306:
8272:
8241:
8210:
8179:
8124:
8051:
8030:: 191.
7977:
7943:
7879:
7815:
7718:
7710:
7608:
7568:606008
7566:
7482:
7424:
7416:
7269:Donghu
7219:Loufan
7059:Shiji
6992:
6959:
6928:
6901:
6866:
6856:
6848:
6737:
6710:
6658:
6650:
6602:
6592:
6584:
6530:
6522:
6518:: 41.
6473:
6465:
6426:
6277:
6166:
6132:
6080:
6072:
6062:
5910:
5838:
5765:
5757:
5724:
5692:
5637:
5610:
5583:
5557:
5441:, and
5431:mutton
5427:Tengri
5398:Shanyu
5312:Ibexes
5270:chanyu
5075:Nature
4987:Barkol
4979:C-M217
4977:, and
4975:Q-M242
4948:O3a3b2
4905:. and
4887:D4b2b4
4854:, and
4808:Ivolga
4667:Weishu
4597:; see
4583::
4581:pinyin
4575::
4562::
4544:Ashina
4542:, the
4470:Donghu
4438:Tántán
4284:Weishu
4249:Ashina
4243:, the
4196:, and
4121:kaghan
4113:tarqan
4040:UNESCO
4029:Sogdia
3993:Yuezhi
3959:Rouran
3732:after
3688:Liu Hu
3680:Wuhuan
3558:Shi Le
3504:Wuhuan
3408:Shi Le
3375:Chisha
3365:(屠各),
3344:chanyu
3339:Luanti
3324:chanyu
3289:chanyu
3274:chanyu
3270:Shanxi
3262:chanyu
3260:. The
3254:He Jin
3236:chanyu
3220:chanyu
3204:chanyu
3160:Kangju
3144:Yueban
3124:chanyu
3112:Wuhuan
3101:Chanyu
3093:Orkhon
3071:chanyu
3061:chanyu
3057:chanyu
3021:Wuhuan
2986:Shanxi
2971:Chanyu
2967:Chanyu
2963:Chanyu
2855:Dayuan
2802:chanyu
2700:Hulugu
2664:Chanyu
2657:Chanyu
2638:Anding
2613:widow
2544::
2532:chanyu
2517:
2463:Shanxi
2452:Ulziit
2446:: 龍城;
2440:Otuken
2428:shanyu
2424:chanyu
2413:danghu
2401:Chanyu
2379:Chanyu
2366:Shanyu
2305:Yuezhi
2251:Chanyu
2239:Touman
2219:Touman
2190:Xirong
2154:Xirong
2139:people
2101:Huaxia
2005:Yuezhi
1997:Bronze
1915:Xirong
1872:Early
1848:Asians
1747:hoŋ-nâ
1745:< *
1715:hoŋ-nâ
1711:qhoŋna
1678:Uralic
1666:Turkic
1570:Yuezhi
1532::
1247:, and
1221:93–234
1094:period
1051:Rulers
1046:States
959:Tâi-lô
649:Yuezhi
509:Touman
494:
490:Chanyu
480:Tribal
415:Otuken
300:PTOLE-
289:Khotan
258:EMPIRE
256:MAURYA
247:EMPIRE
155:YUEZHI
126:GREEKS
101:Sargat
18810:Nezak
18795:Hunas
18668:Zerco
18658:Kreka
18643:Eskam
18612:Eslas
18607:Edeko
18566:Mamas
18435:Cours
18410:Ascum
18405:Ascan
18380:Aigan
18359:Ernak
18349:Ellac
18339:Bleda
18324:Octar
18319:Uldin
18165:Lists
18120:Omani
18090:Dutch
17996:Isaaq
17947:Saadi
17915:Oirat
17898:First
17866:Qajar
17795:First
17778:First
17751:China
17724:Third
17584:First
17537:Tikal
17488:Morea
17458:Roman
17376:Latin
17371:Khmer
17366:Kanem
17332:Buyid
17258:Zagwe
17253:Aksum
17243:Chola
17150:First
17133:First
17120:Bornu
17115:Benin
17110:Aztec
17048:Roman
17029:Gupta
17014:Nanda
16950:White
16655:Tibet
16638:Amban
16603:Tibet
16565:Tibet
16380:Tatar
16133:Qiang
16067:Yuwen
15963:Qiang
15383:Hadda
15139:Khiva
15031:Suyab
15021:Özgön
14958:Urpek
14943:Sumbe
14908:Otrar
14797:Rawak
14787:Miran
14757:Kucha
14217:[
14158:(PDF)
14087:S2CID
13604:(PDF)
13593:(PDF)
13574:(PDF)
13563:S2CID
13543:(PDF)
13504:S2CID
13496:JSTOR
13320:(3).
13285:(2).
13240:(2).
13209:Brill
13140:S2CID
13132:JSTOR
13084:(PDF)
13037:. In
12950:[
12926:JSTOR
12852:S2CID
12672:JSTOR
12667:, VII
12297:S2CID
12104:S2CID
11953:S2CID
11903:S2CID
11774:(PDF)
11690:6–17.
11570:–371.
11553:: 47.
11124:[
10875:(JPG)
10809:Shiji
10592:(PDF)
10463:Tiele
10428:Chile
10113:(PDF)
10076:qaγan
9904:S2CID
9745:JSTOR
9410:(PDF)
9391:(PDF)
9325:57–58
9309:56–57
9243:[
9173:[
9080:37–38
9029:42–47
8938:S2CID
8759:JSTOR
8681:BRILL
8650:(PDF)
8610:BRILL
8233:[
8020:(PDF)
7873:BRILL
7716:S2CID
7708:JSTOR
7564:JSTOR
7536:from
7422:S2CID
7284:Shiji
7187:Shiji
7094:Li Mu
7086:Shiji
6700:45–46
6656:S2CID
6528:JSTOR
6508:(PDF)
6471:S2CID
6463:JSTOR
6424:JSTOR
6377:(PDF)
6362:(PDF)
6164:S2CID
6078:S2CID
5763:JSTOR
5505:Notes
4891:N9a2a
4660:Some
4655:topos
4627:Greek
4605:Avars
4600:Wu Hu
4586:zá hú
4482:Tiele
4434:Tatar
4430:Dàtán
4335:) in
4323:~ 曷剌
4321:Helan
4319:~ 賀蘭
4317:Helai
4274:China
4166:kulan
4125:tɨŋVr
4117:tegin
4105:Vovin
3815:Mogao
3802:Qiang
3793:Gansu
3712:-led
3710:Qiang
3668:Qubei
3664:Tiefu
3494:heqin
3481:Chuge
3379:Helai
3371:Chile
3363:Chuge
3332:Qubei
3245:持至尸逐侯
3224:Hebei
3152:Wusun
3148:Kucha
3064:'
2897:Daqin
2863:Ordos
2704:Su Wu
2607:Modun
2587:Ordos
2537:heqin
2528:]
2489:siege
2483:Heqin
2471:Gansu
2313:Gansu
2229:on a
2159:Shang
1993:China
1787:) in
1773:Xoŋai
1636:Sakas
1594:Gansu
1241:First
663:Sakas
400:Gansu
384:China
337:Alans
312:MEROË
223:WUSUN
212:Sagly
199:Tagar
176:Ordos
135:SAKAS
124:INDO-
113:Shule
78:GRECO
18698:Wars
18445:Glom
18272:Huns
17935:Bogd
17861:Zand
17839:Sikh
17746:Qing
17741:Ming
17673:Wari
17641:Tran
17626:Dinh
17396:Yuan
17386:Mali
17295:Pala
17285:Inca
17236:Yuan
17226:Song
17221:Liao
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