Indo-Greek Kingdom

12361:"These little balusters are of considerable interest, as their sculptured statues are much superior in artistic design and execution to those of the railing pillars. They are further remarkable in having Arian letters engraved on their bases or capitals, a peculiarity which points unmistakably to the employment of Western artists, and which fully accounts for the superiority of their execution. The letters found are p, s, a, and b, of which the first three occur twice. Now, if the same sculptors had been employed on the railings, we might confidently expect to find the same alphabetical letters used as private marks. But the fact is just the reverse, for the whole of the 27 marks found on any portions of the railing are Indian letters. The only conclusion that I can come to from these facts is that the foreign artists who were employed on the sculptures of the gateways were certainly not engaged on any part of the railing. I conclude, therefore, that the Raja of 3638: 14408: 10673:, (Brepols 2005) discusses an inscription dedicated to Euthydemus, "Greatest of all kings" and his son Demetrius, who is not called king but "Victorious" (Kallinikos). This is taken to indicate that Demetrius was his father's general during the first conquests. It is uncertain whether the Kabul valley or Arachosia were conquered first, and whether the latter province was taken from the Seleucids after their defeat by the Romans in 190 BC. Peculiar enough, more coins of Euthydemus I than of Demetrius I have been found in the mentioned provinces. The calendar of the "Yonas" is proven by an inscription giving a triple synchronism to have begun in 186/5 BC; what event is commemorated is itself uncertain. Richard Salomon "The Indo-Greek era of 186/5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription", in 6466: 3763: 6937: 4162: 5163: 1033: 4493: 5806: 49: 5355: 6138: 1421: 5842: 6196: 395: 7201: 6922: 13918:"It is noteworthy that the dress of the Gandharan Bodhisattva statues has no resemblance whatever to that of the Kushan royal portrait statues, which has many affiliations with Parthian costume. The finery of the Gandhara images must be modeled on the dress of local native nobility, princes of Indian or Indo-Greek race, who had no blood connection with the Scythian rulers. It is also evident that the facial types are unrelated to the features of the Kushans as we know them from their coins and fragmentary portrait statues.", Benjamin Rowland JR, foreword to "The Dyasntic art of the Kushan", John Rosenfield, 1967. 11030:

Buddhism in the Pali book the Milindapanha. Early Life – Menander (not to be confused with the more famous Greek dramatist of the same name) was born somewhere in the fertile area to the south of the Paropaisadae or present Hindu Kush Mountains of Afghanistan. The only reference to this location is in the semilegendary Milindapanha (first or second century A.D.), which says that he was born in a village called Kalasi near Alasanda, some two hundred yojanas (about eighteen miles) from the town of Sagala (probably Sialkot in the Punjab). The Alasanda refers to the Alexandria in Afghanistan and not the one in Egypt.

8288: 7300: 2909: 4791: 5734: 5830: 5818: 4477: 7609: 3618: 4670: 14071:"Since the merchants of Alexandria are already sailing with fleets by way of the Nile and of the Persian Gulf as far as India, these regions also have become far better known to us of today than to our predecessors. At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Ethiopia, and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos for India, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise." 7121: 5508: 4444: 4432: 5896: 8252: 8235: 2841: 8579: 8189: 8993:. Should this far-reaching suggestion be well founded, it would not only throw light on the good relations between the Seleucid and Maurya dynasties, but would mean that the Maurya dynasty was descended from, or anyhow connected with, Seleucus... when the Mauryan line became extinct, he (Demetrius) may well have regarded himself, if not as the next heir, at any rate as the heir nearest at hand". Also: "The Seleucid and Maurya lines were connected by the marriage of Seleucus' daughter (or niece) either to Chandragupta or his son Bindusara" 8104: 4509: 8626: 8461: 4269: 4462: 3335: 388: 67: 4539: 13387:, apparently a Mauryan king, "loved the Greeks": "Iambulus, having found his way to a certain village, was then brought by the natives into the presence of the king of Palibothra, a city which was distant a journey of many days from the sea. And since the king loved the Greeks ("Philhellenos") and devoted to learning he considered Iambulus worthy of cordial welcome; and at length, upon receiving a permission of safe-conduct, he passed over first of all into Persia and later arrived safe in Greece" Diodorus ii,60. 6418: 8039: 8417: 7272: 9204:

p. 393). "We have to look for the beginnings of Gandharan Buddhist art in the residual Indo-Greek tradition, and in the early Buddhist stone sculpture to the South (Bharhut etc...)" (Boardman, 1993, p. 124). "Depending on how the dates are worked out, the spread of Gandhari Buddhism to the north may have been stimulated by Menander's royal patronage, as may the development and spread of the Gandharan sculpture, which seems to have accompanied it" McEvilley, 2002, "The shape of ancient thought", p. 378.

4293: 2610: 2151: 1938: 6907: 11302:: "Beyond is Arachosia. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians." "Parthians stations", 1st century BC. Mentioned in Bopearachchi, "Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p. 52. Original text in paragraph 19 of 6763: 5887: 8344: 6497: 3088: 10749:, p. 7; see also Senior, Indo-Scythian coins, p. xii. No undisputed coins of Demetrius I himself use this title, but it is employed on one of the pedigree coins issued by Agathocles, which bear on the reverse the classical profile of Demetrius crowned by the elephant scalp, with the legend DEMETRIOS ANIKETOS, and on the reverse Herakles crowning himself, with the legend "Of king Agathocles" (Boppearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 179 and Pl 8). Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India, Chap IV. 10376:, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon......The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: the astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages......In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer"......The 9863:"The treaty between the two kings was settled with a marriage agreement by which a daughter of Seleucus Nicator entered the house of Chandragupta. Since she hardly had become the wife of any lesser person than the Indian emperor himself or his son and heir Bindusāra, the fascinating possibility arises that Aśoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, may in fact, have been half or at least a quarter Greek." Vassiliades, 2016, p. 21, quoting Woodcock, "The Greeks in India", p. 17 733: 5794: 8589: 8325: 4575: 8679: 8515: 8384: 2445: 5928: 5923: 5637: 5632: 5531: 5526: 8562: 8505: 8199: 7911: 4014: 12140:"P.Bernard thinks that these emissions were destined to commercial exchanges with Bactria, then controlled by the Yuezhi, and were post-Greek coins remained faithful to Greco-Bactrian coinage. In a slightly different perspective (...) G. Le Rider considers that these emission were used to pay tribute to the nomads of the north, who were thus incentivized not to pursue their forays in the direction of the Indo-Greek realm", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 76. 8316: 8271: 6103: 3076: 7038: 5371: 11705:"Soldier heads. During the Mauryan period, the military activity was more evidenced in the public life. Possibly, foreign soldiers frequently visited India and attracted Indian modellers with their ethnic features and uncommon uniform. From Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and Basarh in Bihar, some terracotta heads have been reported, which represent soldiers. Artistically, the Basarh terracotta soldier-heads are better, executed than those from Mathura." in 8758: 8700: 8444: 4119: 1796: 6952: 3015: 8997:, Taxila, p20. This thesis originally appeared in "The Cambridge Shorter History of India": "If the usual oriental practice was followed and if we regard Chandragupta as the victor, then it would mean that a daughter or other female relative of Seleucus was given to the Indian ruler or to one of his sons, so that Ashoka may have had Greek blood in his veins." The Cambridge Shorter History of India, J. Allan, H. H. Dodwell, T. Wolseley Haig, p33. 14215:"Evidence of the conquest of Saurastra during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the chaitya with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p. cli 8138: 8599: 8434: 8375: 8121: 3966: 5148: 4131: 11235:"The statement of Plutarch that when Menander died "the cities celebrated (...) agreeing that they should divide ashes equally and go away and should erect monuments to him in all their cities", is significant and reminds one of the story of the Buddha", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 123, "This is unmistakably Buddhist and recalls the similar situation at the time of the Buddha's passing away", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 269. 8216: 8488: 2132: 7085: 7758: 9976:"Within Ashoka's domain Greeks may have had special privileges, perhaps ones established by the terms of the Seleucid alliance. Rock Edict Thirteen indicates the existence of a Greek principality in the northwest of Ashoka's empire—perhaps Kandahar, or Alexandria-of-the-Arachosians—which was not ruled by him and for which he troubled to send Buddhist missionaries and published at least some of his edicts in Greek", McEvilley, p. 368 8783: 4412: 7463: 3541: 8807: 8669: 1554: 10970:"There is certainly some truth in Apollodorus and Strabo when they attribute to Menander the advances made by the Greeks of Bactria beyond the Hypanis and even as far as the Ganges and Palibothra (...) That the Yavanas advanced even beyond in the east, to the Ganges-Jamuna valley, about the middle of the second century BC is supported by the cumulative evidence provided by Indian sources", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" p. 267. 8471: 5614: 11340:, 2000, p. 65: "In line with the above discussion, therefore, we may infer that such an event (the incursions to Pataliputra) took place, after the reign of Shalishuka Maurya (c.200 BC) and before that of Pushyamitra Shunga (187 BC). This would accordingly place the Yavana incursions during the reign of the Indo-Greek kings Euthydemus (c. 230–190 BC) or Demetrios (c. 205–190 as co-regent, and 190–171 BC as supreme ruler". 7813: 6438: 3951: 8525: 5259: 5243: 8552: 2714: 964:, being the most well known amongst the Indo-Greek kings, is often referred to simply as "Menander," despite the fact that there was indeed another Indo-Greek King known as Menander II. Menander I's capital was at Sagala in the Punjab (present-day Sialkot). Following the death of Menander, most of his empire splintered and Indo-Greek influence was considerably reduced. Many new kingdoms and republics east of the 1293: 8172: 8710: 8334: 8155: 6529: 1690: 8616: 8737: 8542: 13580:"De l'Indus à l'Oxus: archéologie de l'Asie Centrale", Pierfrancesco Callieri, p212: "The diffusion, from the second century BC, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of Swat is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of Butkara I, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from Hellenistic architecture". 5642: 5938: 5933: 5647: 5541: 5536: 10537:'s diplomatic missions before the history was written (Justin 43.5.11), Senior's date in the following quotation is too early: "The Western sources for accounts of Bactrian and Indo-Greek history are: Polybius, a Greek born c.200 BC; Strabo, a Roman who drew on the lost history of Apollodoros of Artemita (c. 130–87 BC), and Justin, who drew on Trogus, a post 87 BC writer", Senior, 8365: 8407: 3135:"After having conquered Saketa, the country of the Panchala and the Mathuras, the Yavanas, wicked and valiant, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", Pataliputra). The thick mud-fortifications at Pataliputra being reached, all the provinces will be in disorder, without doubt. Ultimately, a great battle will follow, with tree-like engines (siege engines)." 10025:"The Mahavamsa tells that "the celebrated Greek teacher Mahadharmaraksita in the second century BC led a delegation of 30,000 monks from Alexandria-of-the-Caucasus (Alexandra-of-the-Yonas, or of-the-Greeks, the Ceylonese text actually says) to the opening of the great Ruanvalli Stupa at Anuradhapura"", McEvilley, p. 370, quoting Woodcock, "The Greeks in India", p. 55 11669:"Iranian Heads From Mathura, some terracotta male-heads were recovered, which portray the Iranian people with whom the Indians came into closer contact during the fourth and third centuries B.C. Agrawala calls them the representatives of Iranian people because their facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." 7069:) and artistic proficiency of the Indo-Greek world would suggest a rich sculptural tradition as well, but traditionally very few sculptural remains have been attributed to them. On the contrary, most Gandharan Hellenistic works of art are usually attributed to the direct successors of the Indo-Greeks in India in the 1st century AD, such as the nomadic 12365:, the donor of the gateways, must have sent his own party of workmen to make them, while the smaller gifts of pillars and rails were executed by the local artists." in The stūpa of Bharhut: a Buddhist monument ornamented with numerous sculptures illustrative of Buddhist legend and history in the third century B. C, by Alexander Cunningham 13874:) at the Indus-mouth. It has been proposed that one of the embassies from Indian kings to Roman emperors may have brought back a master sculptorto oversee work in the emerging Mahayana Buddhist sensibility (in which the Buddha came to be seen as a kind of deity), and that "bands of foreign workmen from the eastern centres of the 12253:"The railing of Sanchi Stupa No.2, which represents the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence, (and) dates from about the second century B.C.E" Constituting Communities: Theravada Buddhism and the Religious Cultures of South and Southeast Asia, John Clifford Holt, Jacob N. Kinnard, Jonathan S. Walters, SUNY Press, 2012 10277:"The things which China received from the Graeco-Iranian world-the pomegranate and other "Chang-Kien" plants, the heavy equipment of the cataphract, the traces of Greeks influence on Han art (such as) the famous white bronze mirror of the Han period with Graeco-Bactrian designs (...) in the Victoria and Albert Museum" (Tarn, 14083:"It is curious that on his copper Zoilos used a Bow and quiver as a type. A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians (Scythians) and had been used previously by Diodotos, who we know had made a treaty with them. Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps?" Senior, Indo-Scythian coins, p. xxvii 13414:"We can now, I think, see what the Greek 'conquest' meant and how the Greeks were able to traverse such extraordinary distances. To parts of India, perhaps to large parts, they came, not as conquerors, but as friends or 'saviours'; to the Buddhist world in particular they appeared to be its champions" (Tarn, p. 180) 3475: 8935:"When the Greeks of Bactria and India lost their kingdom they were not all killed, nor did they return to Greece. They merged with the people of the area and worked for the new masters; contributing considerably to the culture and civilization in southern and central Asia." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 278 5571:, particularly in the west of the country, were artistically hewn between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. Numerous donors provided the funds for the building of these caves and left donatory inscriptions, including laity, members of the clergy, government officials. Foreigners, mostly self-declared 7255:, and an important monetary economy. The Indo-Greek did strike bilingual coins both in the Greek "round" standard and in the Indian "square" standard, suggesting that monetary circulation extended to all parts of society. The adoption of Indo-Greek monetary conventions by neighbouring kingdoms, such as the 10958:

Menander, also spelled Minedra or Menadra, Pali Milinda (flourished 160 BCE?–135 BCE?), the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings and the one best known to Western and Indian classical authors. He is believed to have been a patron of the Buddhist religion and the subject of an important Buddhist work, the

10257:

On the image of the Greek kneeling warrior: "A bronze figurine of a kneeling warrior, not Greek work, but wearing a version of the Greek Phrygian helmet.. From a burial, said to be of the 4th century BC, just north of the Tien Shan range". Ürümqi Xinjiang Museum. (Boardman "The diffusion of Classical

9188:

1) "It is necessary to considerably push back the start of Gandharan art, to the first half of the first century BC, or even, very probably, to the preceding century.(...) The origins of Gandharan art... go back to the Greek presence. (...) Gandharan iconography was already fully formed before, or at

6806:

script on the obverse of their coins. The corresponding legend in Greek is "Dikaios" ("The Just"), a rather usual attribute on Greek coins. The expression "Follower of the Dharma" would of course resonate strongly with Indian subjects, used to this expression being employed by pious kings, especially

6731:

But when one Menander, who had reigned graciously over the Bactrians, died afterwards in the camp, the cities indeed by common consent celebrated his funerals; but coming to a contest about his relics, they were difficultly at last brought to this agreement, that his ashes being distributed, everyone

3029:

who is considered to have been the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, and who expanded the kingdom to its greatest extent by means of his various conquests. The finds of his coins are the most numerous and occur across the greatest geographical area, more than any of the other Indo-Greek kings.

1743:

Soon after, relieved by the death of Diodotus, Arsaces made peace and concluded an alliance with his son, also by the name of Diodotus; some time later he fought against Seleucos who came to punish the rebels, and he prevailed: the Parthians celebrated this day as the one that marked the beginning of

11878:. Also "The text of the Yuga Purana, as we have shown, gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo-Greeks took part, for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra", Narain, p. 112 10267:

Notice of the British Museum on the Zhou vase (2005, attached image): "Red earthenware bowl, decorated with a slip and inlaid with glass paste. Eastern Zhou period, 4th–3rd century BC. This bowl was probably intended to copy a more precious and possibly foreign vessel in bronze or even silver. Glass

9203:

4) On the Indo-Greeks and Greco-Buddhist art: "It was about this time (100 BC) that something took place which is without parallel in Hellenistic history: Greeks of themselves placed their artistic skill at the service of a foreign religion, and created for it a new form of expression in art" (Tarn,

7116:

in the Punjab. Also, Foucher, Tarn, and more recently, Boardman, Bussagli and McEvilley have taken the view that some of the most purely Hellenistic works of northwestern India and Afghanistan, may actually be wrongly attributed to later centuries, and instead belong to a period one or two centuries

5298:

inscription attests that they adopted the Buddhist faith, as do the depictions of deities forming the vitarka mudra on their coins. Greek communities, far from being exterminated, probably persisted under Indo-Scythian rule. There is a possibility that a fusion, rather than a confrontation, occurred

1611:

of Bactria (and probably the surrounding provinces) seceded from the Seleucid Empire around 250 BC. The preserved ancient sources (see below) are somewhat contradictory and the exact date of Bactrian independence has not been settled. Somewhat simplified, there is a high chronology (c. 255 BC) and a

10661:

The first conquests of Demetrius have usually been held to be during his father's lifetime; the difference has been over the actual date. Tarn and Narain agreed on having them begin around 180; Bopearachchi moved this back to 200, and has been followed by much of the more recent literature, but see

8954:

G.K. Jenkins, using overstrikes and monograms, showed that, contrary to what Narai would write two years later, Apollodotus II and Hippostratus were posterior, by far, to Maues. (...) He reveals an overstike if Azes I over Hippostratus. (...) Apollodotus and Hippostratus are thus posterior to Maues

7942:

There is an important evolution of coin shape (round to square) and material (from gold to silver to brass) across the territories and the periods, and from Greek type to Indian type over a period of nearly 3 centuries. Also, the quality of coinage illustration decreases down to the 1st century AD.

5293:

Although the Indo-Scythians clearly ruled militarily and politically, they remained surprisingly respectful of Greek and Indian cultures. Their coins were minted in Greek mints, continued using proper Greek and Kharoshthi legends, and incorporated depictions of Greek deities, particularly Zeus. The

3664:

from the 4th to the 2nd century BCE, which are either described simply as "foreigners" or Persian or Iranian because of their foreign features. These figurines might reflect the increased contacts of Indians with foreigners during this period. Several of these seem to represent foreign soldiers who

4240:

which have been found in Bactria. The later kings probably struck these coins as some kind of payment to the Scythian or Yuezhi tribes who now ruled there, though if as tribute or payment for mercenaries remains unknown. For some decades after the Bactrian invasion, relationships seem to have been

13589:

Tarn, p. 391: "Somewhere I have met with the zhole-hearted statement that every Greek in India ended by becoming a Buddhist (...) Heliodorus the ambassador was a Bhagavatta, a worshiper of Vshnu-Krishna as the supreme deity (...) Theodorus the meridrarch, who established some relics of the Buddha

11934:

Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was

9493:

It is unclear whether the Hellenistic street plan found by Sir John Marshall's excavations dates from the Indo-Greeks or from the Kushans, who would have encountered it in Bactria; Tarn (1951, pp. 137, 179) ascribes the initial move of Taxila to the hill of Sirkap to Demetrius I, but sees this as

7290:

hoard in northern Afghanistan, which have yielded quantities of Indo-Greek coins in the Hellenistic standard (Greek weights, Greek language), although none of the kings represented in the hoard are known to have ruled so far north. Conversely, none of these coins have ever been found south of the

11199:"As Bopearachchi has shown, Menander was able to regroup and take back the territory that Eucratides I had conquered, perhaps after Eucratides had died (1991, pp. 84–6). Bopearachchi demonstrates that the transition in Menander's coin designs were in response to changes introduced by Eucratides". 3921:

But while this inscription may be interpreted as an indication that Demetrius I was the king who made conquests in Punjab, it is still true that he never issued any Indian-standard coins, only numerous coins with elephant symbolism, and the restoration of his name in Kharosthi on the Hathigumpha

3891:

during the 1st century BCE. Although, the name of the king has been omitted and undeciphered. The remaining syllables has been disputed. It has been argued by Tarn to be referencing the ruler Demetrius. However this interpretation is disputed by other historians like Narain, which point out the

1237:

The details of the marriage agreement are not known, but since the extensive sources available on Seleucus never mention an Indian princess, it is thought that the marital alliance went the other way, with Chandragupta himself or his son Bindusara marrying a Seleucid princess, in accordance with

3283:

There are however no historical recordings of events in the Indo-Greek kingdom after Menander's death around 130 BC, since the Indo-Greeks had now become very isolated from the rest of the Graeco-Roman world. The later history of the Indo-Greek states, which lasted to around the shift BC/AD, is

11029:

MENANDER Born: c. 210 B.C.; probably Kalasi, Afghanistan Died: c. 135 B.C.; probably in northwest India Areas of Achievement: Government and religion Contribution: Menander extended the Greco-Bactrian domains in India more than any other ruler. He became a legendary figure as a great patron of

3988:

Menander is considered to have been probably the most successful Indo-Greek king, and the conqueror of the largest territory. The finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings. Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature, where he is called

9901:

to Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters as to make people more amorous. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in

9192:

2) "The beginnings of the Gandhara school have been dated everywhere from the first century B.C. (which was M.Foucher's view) to the Kushan period and even after it" (Tarn, p. 394). Foucher's views can be found in "La vieille route de l'Inde, de Bactres a Taxila", pp340–341). The view is also

7828:

It is unclear how much longer the Greeks managed to maintain a distinct presence in the Indian sub-continent. The legacy of the Indo-Greeks was felt however for several centuries, from the usage of the Greek language and calendrical methods, to the influences on the numismatics of the Indian

9125:

the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to

7155:, Boardman explains that both figures "might at first (and even second) glance, pass as, say, from Asia Minor or Syria of the first or second century BC (...) these are essentially Greek figures, executed by artists fully conversant with far more than the externals of the Classical style". 9762:

2. Sanskrit original: "asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika parbhutibhih Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama". From the French translation, in "Le Ministre et la marque de l'anneau",

2998:(from c. 180/175 BC) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside 12507:"The scene shows musicians playing a variety of instruments, some of them quite extraordinary such as the Greek double flute and wind instruments with dragon head from West Asia" in The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray, Cambridge University Press, 2003 11954:"The text of the Yuga Purana, as we have shown, gives an explicit clue to the period and nature of the invasion of Pataliputra in which the Indo-Greeks took part, for it says that the Pancalas and the Mathuras were the other powers who attacked Saketa and destroyed Pataliputra", Narain, 9985:"Thirteen, the longest and most important of the edicts, contains the claim, seemingly outlandish at first glance, that Ashoka had sent missions to the lands of the Greek monarchs—not only those of Asia, such as the Seleucids, but those back in the Mediterranean also", McEvilley, p. 368 9650:"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire -Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas- began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India 3160:

to have routed a demoralized Indo-Greek army back to Mathura. It is not known which Indo-Greek was leading the army at the time, however it is presumed to be Menander I or perhaps even a later ruler. Then during his twelfth year in power, Kharavela is recorded to have battled the

1842:

around 206 BC. Classical accounts also relate that Euthydemus negotiated peace with Antiochus III by suggesting that he deserved credit for overthrowing the original rebel Diodotus, and that he was protecting Central Asia from nomadic invasions thanks to his defensive efforts:

13839:"The survival into the 1st century AD of a Greek administration and presumably some elements of Greek culture in the Punjab has now to be taken into account in any discussion of the role of Greek influence in the development of Gandharan sculpture", The Crossroads of Asia, p14 9528:

in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." McEvilley, p. 377. However, "Even if Sagala proves to be a city, it does not seem to be Menander's capital for the Milindapanha states that Menander came down to Sagala to meet Nagasena, just as the Ganges flows to the

2352:

Greco-Bactrians probably received these Buddhist emissaries (At least Maharakkhita, lit. "The Great Saved One", who was "sent to the country of the Yona") and somehow tolerated the Buddhist faith, although little proof remains. In the 2nd century AD, the Christian dogmatist

6329:, around 80 BC, Kharosthi letters started to be used as mintmarks on coins in combination with Greek monograms and mintmarks, suggesting the participation of local technicians to the minting process. Incidentally, these bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks were the key in the 9346:

Three phases must be distinguished, (a) The Greek rulers of Bactria (the Oxus region) expand their power to the south, conquer Afghanistan and considerable parts of north-western India, and establish an Indo-Greek kingdom in the Panjab where they rule as 'kings of India';

13423:

Tarn p. 175. Also: "The people to be 'saved' were in fact usually Buddhists, and the common enmity of Greek and Buddhists to the Sunga king threw them into each other's arms", Tarn p. 175. "Menander was coming to save them from the oppression of the Sunga kings", Tarn p.

10959:

Milinda-panha ("The Questions of Milinda"). Menander was born in the Caucasus, but the Greek biographer Plutarch calls him a king of Bactria, and the Greek geographer and historian Strabo includes him among the Bactrian Greeks "who conquered more tribes than Alexander ."

4158:. These rulers may have been relatives of either the Eucratid or the Euthydemid dynasties. The names of later kings were often new (members of Hellenistic dynasties usually inherited family names) but old reverses and titles were frequently repeated by the later rulers. 9473:

The existence of Greek kingdoms in Central Asia and northwestern India after Alexander's conquests had been known for a long time from a few fragmentary texts from Greek and Latin classical sources and from allusions in contemporary Chinese chronicles and later Indian

8944:

Justin refers to an incident in which Eucratides with a small force of 300 was besieged for four months by "Demetrius, king of the Indians" with a large army of 60,000. The numbers are obviously an exaggeration. Eucratides managed to break out and went on to conquer

2804:; he struck no Indian coins, so either his conquests did not penetrate that far into India or he died before he could consolidate them. On his coins, Demetrius I always carries the elephant-helmet worn by Alexander, which seems to be a token of his Indian conquests. 10933:"Numismats and historians are unanimous in considering that Menander was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, and the most famous of the Indo-Greek kings. The coins to the name of Menander are incomparably more abundant than those of any other Indo-Greek king" 3181:"Then in the eighth year, (Kharavela) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha (Rajagriha). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army." 12498:"The Greeks evidently introduced the himation and the chiton seen in the terracottas from Taxila and the short kilt worn by the soldier on the Sanchi relief." in Foreign influence on Indian culture: from c. 600 B.C. to 320 A.D., Manjari Ukil Originals, 2006, p. 162 11993:

appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen—the later being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river

2056:)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." 3194:

The important Bactrian king Eucratides seems to have attacked the Indo-Greek kingdom during the mid 2nd century BC. A Demetrius, called "King of the Indians", seems to have confronted Eucratides in a four-month siege, reported by Justin, but he ultimately lost.

12842:"Most of the people east of the Ravi already noticed as within Menander's empire—Audumbaras, Trigartas, Kunindas, Yaudheyas, Arjunayanas—began to coins in the first century BC, which means that they had become independent kingdoms or republics.", Tarn, p. 324. 6243:

Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek kings, and their rule, especially that of Menander, has been remembered as benevolent. It has been suggested, although direct evidence is lacking, that their invasion of India was intended to show their support for the

4660:

between the architraves of the gateway, but none on the railings which all had Indian markings, summarizing that the gateways, which are artistically more refined, must have been made by artists from the North, whereas the railings were made by local artists.

7938:

and sequencing of their rule is still a matter of scholarly inquiry, with adjustments regular being made with new analysis and coin finds (overstrikes of one king over another's coins being the most critical element in establishing chronological sequences).

9035:. And Phylarchus confirms him, by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus, the king of the Indians, sent to Seleucus; which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love" 8968:

used a bow and quiver as a type. A quiver was a badge used by the Parthians (Scythians) and had been used previously by Diodotos, who we know had made a treaty with them. Did Zoilos use Scythian mercenaries in his quest against Menander perhaps?" Senior,

11000:

Demetrius died in 166 B.C., and Apollodotus, who was a near relation of the King died in 161 B.C. After his death, Menander carved out a kingdom in the Punjab. Thus from 161 B.C. onward Menander was the ruler of Punjab till his death in 145 B.C. or 130

9000:

Description of the 302 BC marital alliance in: "The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But

2646:

about the shape of Eurasia. Most of these are purely geographical claims, but he does mention that Eratosthenes' sources say that some of the Greek kings conquered further than Alexander; Strabo does not believe them on this, nor does he believe that

12833:"We get two Greeks of the Parthian period, the first half of the first century AD, who used the Indian form of their names, King Theodamas on his signet-ring found in Bajaur, and Thedorus son of Theoros on two silver bowls from Taxila." Tarn, p. 389. 10406:"General Pushyamitra, who is at the origin of the Shunga dynasty. He was supported by the Brahmins and even became the symbol of the Brahmanical turnover against the Buddhism of the Mauryas. The capital was then transferred to Pataliputra (today's 7345:

was going through northern India. Zhang Qian explains that he found Chinese products in the Bactrian markets, and that they were transiting through northwestern India, which he incidentally describes as a civilization similar to that of Bactria:

2321:

When the thera (elder) Moggaliputta, the illuminator of the religion of the Conqueror (Ashoka), had brought the (third) council to an end… he sent forth theras, one here and one there: …and to Aparantaka (the "Western countries" corresponding to

1847:...for if he did not yield to this demand, neither of them would be safe: seeing that great hordes of Nomads were close at hand, who were a danger to both; and that if they admitted them into the country, it would certainly be utterly barbarised. 3669:, is also known, and dated to the 1st century BCE, now in the Mathura Museum. One of the terracotta statuettes, usually nicknamed the "Persian nobleman" and dated to the 2nd century BCE, can be seen wearing a coat, scarf, trousers and a turban. 7401:

Maritime relations across the Indian Ocean started in the 3rd century BC, and further developed during the time of the Indo-Greeks together with their territorial expansion along the western coast of India. The first contacts started when the

13602:– appear extensively on the Indo-Greek coinage of the Western kings. This Zeus-Mithra is also the one represented seated (with the gloriole around the head, and a small protrusion on the top of the head representing the cap) on many coins of 13830:, the Indo-Scythian Kanishka had no direct influence on that of Indo-Greek Art; and besides, we have now the certain proofs that during his reign this art was already stereotyped, of not decadent" Hellenism in Ancient India, Banerjee, p147 12860:

The Kunindas must have been included in the Greek empire, not only because of their geographical position, but because they started coining at the time which saw the end of Greek rule and the establishment of their independence", Tarn, p.

1616:

issued very few coins in Bactria, as Diodotos would have become independent there early in Antiochus' reign. On the other hand, the low chronology, from the mid-240s BC, has the advantage of connecting the secession of Diodotus I with the

7943:

Coinage evolution is an important point of Indo-Greek history, and actually one of the most important since most of these kings are only known by their coins, and their chronology is mainly established by the evolution of the coin types.

9579:"A vast hoard of coins, with a mixture of Greek profiles and Indian symbols, along with interesting sculptures and some monumental remains from Taxila, Sirkap and Sirsukh, point to a rich fusion of Indian and Hellenistic influences", 3198:

It is uncertain who this Demetrius was, and when the siege happened. Some scholars believe that it was Demetrius I."(Demetrius I) was probably the Demetrius who besieged Eucratides for four months", D.W. Mac Dowall, pp. 201–202,

6753:

suggesting a period of additional constructions during the reign of Menander. It is thought that Menander was the builder of the second oldest layer of the Butkara stupa, following its initial construction during the Mauryan Empire.

6718:

also presents Menander as an example of benevolent rule, and explains that upon his death, the honour of sharing his remains was claimed by the various cities under his rule, and they were enshrined in "monuments" (μνημεία, probably

5986:, who had ruled over the area where these inscriptions were made, c. AD 130. This victory is known from the fact that Gautamiputra Satakarni restruck many of Nahapana's coins, and that he is claimed to have defeated a confederacy of 3030:

Coins stamped with Menander's likeness can be found as far away as Eastern Punjab over 600 miles distant. Menander seems to have begun a second wave of conquests, and it seems likely that the easternmost conquests were made by him.

13940:"No doubt the Greeks of Bactria and India presided over a flourishing economy. This is clearly indicated by their coinage and the monetary exchange they had established with other currencies." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 275. 1062:. When Greek villages rebelled under the Persian yoke, they were sometimes ethnically cleansed, by relocation to the far side of the empire. Thus there came to be many Greek communities in the Indian parts of the Persian empire. 7513:, suggesting strong interactions (and apparently an alliance) with nomadic peoples, either the Yuezhi or the Scythians. The recurve bow becomes a standard feature of Indo-Greek horsemen by 90 BC, as seen on some of the coins of 13049: 9931:

refer to a state department run and maintained specifically for the purpose of looking after foreigners, who were mostly Yavanas and Persians, testifies to the impact created by these contacts.", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks", p.

9239:

name=Indo-Greek: 30em">Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1966), "Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa", The Greeks in Bactria and India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–462, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511707353.019, ISBN 978051170735

7884:. Mahayana Buddhism has been described as "the form of Buddhism which (regardless of how Hinduized its later forms became) seems to have originated in the Greco-Buddhist communities of India, through a conflation of the Greek 12911:"Around 10 AD, with the joint rule of Straton II and his son Straton in the area of Sagala, the last Greek kingdom succumbed to the attacks of Rajuvula, the Indo-Scythian satrap of Mathura.", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 125 12527:

A reference to a Yona in the Sanchi inscriptions is also of immense value.(...) One of the inscriptions announces the gift of a Setapathia Yona, "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" i.e the gift of a Yona, inhabitant of Setapatha.

12477:

Sculptures showing Greeks or the Greek type of human figures are not lacking in ancient India. Apart from the proverbial Gandhara, Sanchi and Mathura have also yielded many sculptures that betray a close observation of the

2979:, but Greek deities remained prevalent. Indian animals however, such as the elephant, the bull or the lion, possibly with religious overtones, were used extensively in their Indian-standard square coinage. Buddhist wheels ( 12901:

The Sanskrit inscription reads "Yavanarajyasya sodasuttare varsasate 100 10 6". R.Salomon, "The Indo-Greek era of 186/5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription", in "Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest",

6302:. The title was also inscribed in Pali as ("Tratarasa") on the reverse of their coins. Menander and Apollodotus may indeed have been saviours to the Greek populations residing in India, and to some of the Indians as well. 13810:"The extraordinary realism of their portraiture. The portraits of Demetrius, Antimachus and of Eucratides are among the most remarkable that have come down to us from antiquity" Hellenism in Ancient India, Banerjee, p134 923:, as seen on their coins, and blended Greek and Indian ideas, as seen in the archaeological remains. The diffusion of Indo-Greek culture had consequences which are still felt today, particularly through the influence of 5282:, possibly a general in the service of the Indo-Greeks, ruled for a few years in northwestern India before the Indo-Greeks again took control. He seems to have been married to an Indo-Greek princess named Machene. King 5605:

in 120 AD, although they seem to have adopted Buddhist names. In total, the Yavanas account for nearly half of the known dedicatory inscriptions on the pillars of the Great Chaitya. To this day, Nasik is known as the

3583:). The extent of Indo-Greek rule in Mathura has been disputed, but it is also known that no remains of Sunga rule have been found in Mathura, and their territorial control is only proved as far as the central city of 6683:

And afterwards, taking delight in the wisdom of the Elder, he (Menander) handed over his kingdom to his son, and abandoning the household life for the house-less state, grew great in insight, and himself attained to

3461:

Narain however dismisses the account of the Periplus as "just a sailor's story", and holds that coin finds are not necessarily indicators of occupation. Coin hoards further suggest that in Central India, the area of

2108:) are large countries, full of rare things, with a population living in fixed abodes and given to occupations somewhat identical with those of the Chinese people, and placing great value on the rich produce of China 13866:"Others, dating the work to the first two centuries A.D., after the waning of Greek autonomy on the Northwest, connect it instead with the Roman Imperial trade, which was just then getting a foothold at sites like 13490:"These Indo-Greeks were called Yavanas in ancient Indian literature" p. 9 + note 1 "The term had a precise meaning until well into the Christian era, when gradually its original meaning was lost and, like the word 3637: 48: 11865:, foreigner from the Graeco-Roman world." in Early Sculptural Art in the Indian Coastlands: A Study in Cultural Transmission and Syncretism (300 BCE-CE 500), by Sunil Gupta, D K Printworld (P) Limited, 2008, p. 85 4352:. This would indicate that relations between the Indo-Greeks and the Sungas had improved by that time, that people traveled between the two realms, and also that the Indo-Greeks readily followed Indian religions. 3792:

describes events in the form of a prophecy, which may have been historical, relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the capital Pataliputra, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to

12948:

Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajataka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in astrology, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting

4381:), are dated to 115 BC, while the more extensive pillar carvings are dated to 80 BC. These reliefs have been described as "the oldest extensive stupa decoration in existence". They are considered the origin of 2884:

struck the first bilingual coins with Indian inscriptions found as far east as Taxila so in their time (c. 185–170 BC) the Bactrian kingdom seems to have included Gandhara. These first bilingual coins used the

13521:"Of the Sanskrit Yavana, there are other forms and derivatives, viz. Yona, Yonaka, Javana, Yavana, Jonon or Jononka, Ya-ba-na etc... Yona is a normal Prakrit form from Yavana", Narain "The Indo-Greeks", p. 228 10055:"A number of foreign artisans, such as the Persians or even the Greeks, worked alongside the local craftsmen, and some of their skills were copied with avidity" Burjor Avari, "India, The ancient past", p. 118 12851:"The coinage of the former (the Audumbaras) to whom their trade was of importance, starts somewhere in the first century BC; they occasionally imitate the types of Demetrius and Apollodotus I", Tarn, p. 325. 10669:(Boston, 2006) "Demetrius" §10, which places the invasion "probably in 184". D.H. MacDowall, "The Role of Demetrius in Arachosia and the Kabul Valley", published in the volume: O. Bopearachchi, Landes (ed), 7139:, an area which "might indeed be the cradle of incipient Buddhist sculpture in Indo-Greek style". Referring to one of the Buddha triads in Hadda, in which the Buddha is sided by very Classical depictions of 14033:"The Mausoleum of China's First Emperor Partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to Reveal Groundbreaking Evidence That China Was in Contact with the West During the Reign of the First Emperor" 13512:"The term Yavana may well have been first applied by the Indians to the Greeks of various cities of Asia Minor who were settled in the areas contiguous to north-west India" Narain "The Indo-Greeks", p. 227 4376:

script. This seems to imply that these foreign workers were responsible for some of the earliest motifs and figures that can be found on the railings of the stupa. These early reliefs at Sanchi, (those of

1215:

The Indians occupy in part some of the countries situated along the Indus, which formerly belonged to the Persians: Alexander deprived the Ariani of them, and established there settlements of his own. But

1199:, Greek: Ἐπιγαμία), meaning either a dynastic marriage or an agreement for intermarriage between Indians and Greeks. Accordingly, Seleucus ceded his eastern territories to Chandragupta, possibly as far as 12074:"Menander, the probable conqueror of Pataliputra, seems to have been a Buddhist, and his name belongs in the list of important royal patrons of Buddhism along with Ashoka and Kanishka", McEvilley, p. 375. 3203:. This analysis goes against Bopearachchi, who has suggested that Demetrius I died long before Eucratides came to power.</ref> In any case, Eucratides seems to have occupied territory as far as the 13405:"Obviously, for the Greeks who survived in India and suffered from the oppression of the Shunga (for whom they were aliens and heretics), Demetrios must have appeared as a saviour" Mario Bussagli, p. 101 4690: 3892:

discrepancies in chronology and the fact Demetrius didn't venture past Punjab. Instead most historians now theorize it to be the Indo-Greek ruler Menander I, or perhaps a later Yavana king from Mathura.

11256:

Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all Kshatriyas. — Junagadh rock inscription

10541:, p. x; the extent to which Strabo is citing Apollodorus is disputed, beyond the three places he names Apollodorus (and he may have those through Eratosthenes). Polybius speaks of Bactria, not of India. 7212:

Uncertainties in dating make it unclear whether these works of art actually depict Greeks of the period of Indo-Greek rule up to the 1st century BC, or remaining Greek communities under the rule of the

3131:, however this text was written as a forthcoming prophecy of an impending conflict. It is not known if the expedition was carried out, or if the Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) were successful in this campaign. 6749:

was "monumentalized" by the addition of Hellenistic architectural decorations during Indo-Greek rule in the 2nd century BC. A coin of Menander I was found in the second oldest stratum (GSt 2) of the

7158:

Alternatively, it has been suggested that these works of art may have been executed by itinerant Greek artists during the time of maritime contacts with the West from the 1st to the 3rd century AD.

7593:

Now one day Milinda the king proceeded forth out of the city to pass in review the innumerable host of his mighty army in its fourfold array (of elephants, cavalry, bowmen, and soldiers on foot).

7481:

The coins of the Indo-Greeks provide rich clues on their uniforms and weapons. Typical Hellenistic uniforms are depicted, with helmets being either round in the Greco-Bactrian style, or the flat

12015:"The name Dimita is almost certainly an adaptation of "Demetrios", and the inscription thus indicates a Yavana presence in Magadha, probably around the middle of the 1st century BC." Mitchener, 7358:. When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied: "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (northwestern India). Shendu, they told me, lies several thousand 12986:* Inscription no.7: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Sihadhaya from Dhenukataka" in Problems of Ancient Indian History: New Perspectives and Perceptions, Shankar Goyal - 2001, p. 104 2773:

There is an inscription from his father's reign already officially hailing Demetrius as victorious. He also has one of the few absolute dates in Indo-Greek history: after his father held off

5398:

Republic mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"). These entities would remain independent until being conquered by the Saka King

5109:, after that the territories fragmented again between smaller Indo-Greek kings. Throughout the 1st century BC, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground to the Indians in the east, and the 14206:"The use of the Greek months by the Sakas and later rulers points to the conclusion that they employed a system of dating started by their predecessors." Narain, "Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 190 13672:"It is not unlikely that "Dikaios", which is translated Dhramaika in the Kharosthi legend, may be connected with his adoption of the Buddhist faith." Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 124 7334:

was able to produce cupro-nickel at that time, and as the alloy ratios are exclusively similar, it has been suggested that the metal was the result of exchanges between China and Bactria.

1527:

the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving

13185:

Nasik cave inscription No 1. "( Of him) the Kshatriya, who flaming like the god of love, subdued the Sakas, Yavavas and Palhavas" in Parsis of ancient India by Hodivala, Shapurji Kavasji

11874:"But the real story of the Indo-Greek invasion becomes clear only on the analysis of the material contained in the historical section of the Gargi Samhita, the Yuga Purana" Narain, p110, 11323:"When Strabo mentions that "Those who after Alexander advanced beyond the Hypanis to the Ganges and Polibothra (Pataliputra)" this can only refer to the conquests of Menander.", Senior, 13623:

The Contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the Development of the Humanitarian Ideal in Warfare 30-04-1995 Article, International Review of the Red Cross, No. 305, by Gerald Draper

10088:"Antiochos III, after having made peace with Euthydemus I after the aborted siege of Bactra, renewed with Sophagasenus the alliance concluded by his ancestor Seleucos I", Bopearachchi, 787: 10046:"The finest of the pillars were executed by Greek or Perso-Greek sculptors; others by local craftsmen, with or without foreign supervision" Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", p4 2626:

Some narrative history has survived for most of the Hellenistic world, at least of the kings and the wars; this is lacking for India. The main Greco-Roman source on the Indo-Greeks is

13878:" were brought to India" (Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", quoting Benjamin Rowland "The art and architecture of India" p. 121 and A. C. Soper "The Roman Style in Gandhara" 14143: 11998:: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central Indiaeither the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the 11939: 11908:"..further weight to the likelihood that this account of a Yavana incursion to Saketa and Pataliputra-in alliance with the Pancalas and the Mathuras—is indeed historical" Mitchener, 2579:(sacrifice). (...) They kept Ashoka under their control and annihilated all the Buddhists. It is said there were 4 million Buddhists and all of them were killed by uncommon weapons". 17716: 17711: 12065:"Numismats and historians all consider that Menander was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, and the most illustrious of the Indo-Greek kings", Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 76 9967:"It is also in Kandahar that were found the fragments of a Greek translation of Edicts XII and XIII, as well as the Aramean translation of another edict of Ashoka", Bussagli, p. 89 6936: 6248:

with which they may have had a long history of marital alliances, exchange of presents, demonstrations of friendship, exchange of ambassadors and religious missions. The historian

12416:"There is evidence of Hellensitic sculptors being in touch with Sanchi and Bharhut" in The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development, Yuvraj Krishan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1996, 12241:

Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, by Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013

11223:"Plutarch, who talks of the burial of Menander's relics under monuments or stupas, had obviously read or heard some Buddhist account of the Greek king's death", McEvilley, p. 377. 3327:) in eastern India. Senior considers that these conquests can only refer to Menander: Against this, John Mitchener considers that the Greeks probably raided the Indian capital of 1357:

court. Presents continued to be exchanged between the two rulers. The intensity of these contacts is testified by the existence of a dedicated Mauryan state department for Greek (

7065:) are directly attributed to them. The coinage of the Indo-Greeks however is generally considered some of the most artistically brilliant of Antiquity. The Hellenistic heritage ( 13780:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia, Andrea L. Stanton, Edward Ramsamy, Peter J. Seybolt, Carolyn M. Elliott, SAGE Publications, 2012 p. 28

13048:

The Greek-Indians of Western India: A Study of the Yavana and Yonaka Buddhist Cave Temple Inscriptions, 'The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies', NS 1 (1999-2000)

6255:

The Greek expansion into Indian territory may have been intended to protect Greek populations in India, and to protect the Buddhist faith from the religious persecutions of the

5290:, who established an Indo-Scythian dynasty in 48/47 BC. Various coins seem to suggest that some sort of alliance may have taken place between the Indo-Greeks and the Scythians. 2221:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, he sent Buddhist emissaries to the Greek lands in Asia and as far as the Mediterranean. The edicts name each of the rulers of the 12277:

Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013

7169:, beyond the omnipresence of Greek style and stylistic elements which might be simply considered an enduring artistic tradition, offers numerous depictions of people in Greek 4689:

rule circa 50–1 BC, one frieze can be observed which shows devotees in Greek attire making a dedication to the Great Stupa of Sanchi. The official notice at Sanchi describes "

2822:, which Alexander had assumed; the later Indo-Greek kings Lysias, Philoxenus, and Artemidorus also took it. Finally, Demetrius may have been the founder of a newly discovered 1651:"The extremely prosperous Bactrian empire of the thousand cities" Justin, XLI,1), was to further grow in power and engage into territorial expansion to the east and the west: 12892:"Later, in the first century a ruler of the Kunindas, Amogabhuti, issued a silver coinage "which would compete in the market with the later Indo-Greek silver"", Tarn, p. 325. 2975:

wheel. These first attempts at incorporating Indian culture were only partly preserved by later kings: they all continued to struck bilingual coins, sometimes in addition to

2808:

believes that Demetrius received the title of "King of India" following his victories south of the Hindu Kush. He was also given, though perhaps only posthumously, the title

6599:

to spread Buddhism and the 'Law of Piety' throughout his dominion. In one of his edicts, Ashoka claims to have converted his Greek population along with others to Buddhism.

3233:

Following the death of Menander his empire was greatly reduced due to the emergence of new kingdoms and republics within India. The most eminent entities to reform were the

13346: 9911: 7729:, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his rule 4443: 7696:

The royal city of the Calingae (Kalinga) is called Parthalis. Over their king 60,000 foot-soldiers, 1,000 horsemen, 700 elephants keep watch and ward in "procinct of war."

5878:, on the central flat surface of the lotus over the entrance: it mentions the erection of the hall-front (façade) for the Buddhist Samgha, by a Yavana donor named Chanda: 942:, founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom, was therefore of Greek ethnicity at least by his father. A marriage treaty was arranged for the same Demetrius with a daughter of the 9407:

They are referred to as 'Indo-Greeks' and there were about forty such kings and rulers who controlled large areas of northwestern India and Afghanistan. Their history ...

12768:"Kujula Kadphises, founder of the Kushan Empire, succeeded there (in the Paropamisadae) to the nomads who minted imitations of Hermaeus" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 117 1781:"And they also held Sogdiana, situated above Bactriana towards the east between the Oxus River, which forms the boundary between the Bactrians and the Sogdians, and the 12156: 2006:

were in copper-nickel alloy). The practice of exporting Chinese metals, in particular iron, for trade is attested around that period. Kings Euthydemus, Euthydemus II,

334: 320: 295: 281: 12319:

Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions : Investigating History's Intriguing Questions, Steven L. Danver, ABC-CLIO, 2010

9994:"When Ashoka was converted to Buddhism, his first thought was to despatch missionaries to his friends, the Greek monarchs of Egypt, Syria, and Macedonia", Rawlinson, 11797:"Because the Ionians were either the first or the most dominant group among the Greeks with whom people in the east came in contact, the Persians called all of them 6062:

Buddhist complex in southern India again mention the involvement of the Yavanas with Buddhism: an inscription in a monastery (Site No.38) describes its residents as

3665:

visited India during the Mauryan period and influenced modellers in Mathura with their peculiar ethnic features and uniforms. A helmeted head of a soldier, probably

2080:

of the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Ferghana, Bactria and Parthia, who became interested in developing commercial relationships with them:

15005: 5410:

Rudradaman (...) who by force destroyed the Yaudheyas who were loath to submit, rendered proud as they were by having manifested their' title of' heroes among all

4657: 3127:

in northern India. However, the nature of this expedition is a matter of controversy. The only recorded primary account regarding this campaign was written in the

3041:, where the Yavnarajya inscription was recorded. However, it is not known if this was a contiguous empire, or ruled through key city centers or polis. Soon after, 12870:"Further evidence of the commercial success of the Greek drachms is seen in the fact that they influenced the coinage of the Audumbaras and the Kunindas", Narain 13357: 9958:"The second Kandahar edict (the purely Greek one) of Ashoka is a part of the "corpus" known as the "Fourteen-Rock-Edicts"" Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 452 6607:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in 3148:

However the claim that the Yavanas held Pataliputra is not supported by numismatic or historical accounts, and is even contradicted by some inscriptions. King

6274:

bear the mention "Saviour king" (ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ), a title with high value in the Greek world which indicated an important deflective victory. For instance,

4492: 2777:

for two years, 208–6 BC, the peace treaty included the offer of a marriage between Demetrius and Antiochus' daughter. Coins of Demetrius I have been found in

2365:

Thus philosophy, a thing of the highest utility, flourished in antiquity among the barbarians, shedding its light over the nations. And afterwards it came to

14032: 11349:

According to Tarn, the word used for "advance" (Proelonthes) can only mean a military expedition. The word generally means "going forward"; according to the

7632:

that during the 8th year of his reign he led a large army in the direction of a Yavana King, and that he forced their demoralized army to retreat to Mathura.

7221:

in the 1st and 2nd century AD. Benjamin Rowland thinks that the Indo-Greeks, rather than the Indo-Scythians or the Kushans, may have been the models for the

5178:

Around eight "western" Indo-Greek kings are known; most of them are distinguished by their issues of Attic coins for circulation in the neighbouring region.

3245:. These republics began to mint new coins mentioning military victories, that were reminiscent of Indo-Greek type coins. Along with numismatic evidence, the 1476:, and more generally to the blossoming of Mauryan art. Some Greeks (Yavanas) may have played an administrative role in the territories ruled by Ashoka: the 13794:"A "Blessing" Hand Gesture in Images of Deities and Kings in the Arts of Bactria and Gandhāra (2nd Century B.C.E.–1st Century C.E.): The Sign of the Horns" 7564:-Then you set to work, I suppose, to have moats dug, and ramparts thrown up, and watch towers erected, and strongholds built, and stores of food collected? 7112:

has been reaffirmed recently as the dating of the rule of Indo-Greek kings has been extended to the first decades of the 1st century AD, with the reign of

9326:

The invasion of India by a Greco-Bactrian army in ... led to the creation of an Indo-Greek kingdom in northwestern India (present-day India and Pakistan).

9117:, went to India in 209 BC, he is said to have renewed his friendship with the Indian king there and received presents from him: "He crossed the Caucasus ( 4209:) who had invaded Greco-Bactria. This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo-Greek queen 4079:) who had invaded Greco-Bactria. This bow can be contrasted to the traditional Hellenistic long bow depicted on the coins of the eastern Indo-Greek queen 14197:"Though the Indo-Greek monarchies seem to have ended in the first century BC, the Greek presence in India and Bactria remained strong", McEvilley, p. 379 12543: 10384:

with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.

9087:; and that Antiochus wrote to him in answer, "The dry figs and the sweet wine we will send you; but it is not lawful for a sophist to be sold in Greece" 12028:"The Hathigumpha inscription seems to have nothing to do with the history of the Indo-Greeks; certainly it has nothing to do with Demetrius I", Narain, 10016:"One of the most famous of these emissaries, Dharmaraksita, who was said to have converted thousands, was a Greek (Mhv.XII.5 and 34)", McEvilley, p. 370 2785:; the latter would be the first entry of the Greeks into India, as they defined it. There is also literary evidence for a campaign eastward against the 15209: 13313: 13301: 13289: 12392:

Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000

12265:

Didactic Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000

9617: 3871:"The Yavanas (Greeks) will command, the Kings will disappear. (But ultimately) the Yavanas, intoxicated with fighting, will not stay in Madhadesa (the 10632:

in the Punjab, which he seemed to have called Euthydemia, after his father ("the city of Sagala, also called Euthydemia" (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1))

5212:

After the death of Hermaeus, the Yuezhi or Saka nomads became the new rulers of the Paropamisadae, and minted vast quantities of posthumous issues of

2694:; the identification of places and peoples behind transcriptions into Chinese is difficult, and several alternate interpretations have been proposed. 1105:. After 321 BC Eudemus toppled Taxiles, until he left India in 316 BC. To the south, another general also ruled over the Greek colonies of the Indus: 17185: 13086:

The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy and the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia and India, Raoul McLaughlin, Pen and Sword, 2014

12806: 10145:

J. D. Lerner, The Impact of Seleucid Decline on the Eastern Iranian Plateau: the Foundations of Arsacid Parthia and Graeco-Bactria, (Stuttgart 1999)

7930:

Today 36 Indo-Greek kings are known. Several of them are also recorded in Western and Indian historical sources, but the majority are known through

7568:-Or you had yourself trained in the management of war elephants, and in horsemanship, and in the use of the war chariot, and in archery and fencing? 14894: 11473:"A distinctive series of Indo-Greek coins has been found at several places in central India: including at Dewas, some 22 miles to the east of 4431: 9897:

Classical sources have recorded that following their treaty, Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents, such as when Chandragupta sent various

8985:

Discussion on the dynastic alliance in Tarn, pp. 152–153: "It has been recently suggested that Ashoka was grandson of the Seleucid princess, whom

5228:, ruled around 20 BC, and minted in Greek and in the same style as the western Indo-Greek kings, probably depending on Greek mints and chelators. 3595:(coin issuers who did not name themselves "kings" on their coins) in Mathura sometime between 150 BC to 20 BC. Additionally, coins belonging to a 1368:

On these occasions, Greek populations apparently remained in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent under Mauryan rule. Chandragupta's grandson

10575:

For a list of classical testimonia, see Tarn's Index II; but this covers India, Bactria, and several sources for the Hellenistic East as a whole.

9949:

regions of terra-cotta pieces of distinctive Hellenistic or with definite Hellenistic motifs and designs", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 363

6131: 4649:

have been found on several elements of the Bharhut remains, indicating that some of the builders at least came from the north, particularly from

3817:). Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud-walls cast down, all the realm will be in disorder. 10318: 9702: 10103: 6134:

which has gained wide acceptance, that it is dated in the Yavana era beginning in 186 BC, and gives a date for the Buddha statue of c. AD 143.

16183: 13396:"Diodorus testifies to the great love of the king of Palibothra, apparently a Mauryan king, for the Greeks" Narain, "The Indo-Greeks", p. 362. 11975: 3351:, and also any parts beyond the Hypanis of which an account has been added by those who, after Alexander, advanced beyond the Hypanis, to the 17442: 9524:

McEvilley supports Tarn on both points, citing Woodcock: "Menander was a Bactrian Greek king of the Euthydemid dynasty. His capital (was) at

6819:. The seven kings using "Dharmakasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", are late Indo-Greek kings, from around 150 BC, right after the reign of 5667:. One of the inscriptions mentions the donation of a tank by the Yavana named Irila, while the other mentions the gift of a refectory to the 5483:

Fleeing the Sakas in the west, the Indo-Greeks continued to rule a territory in the eastern Punjab. The kingdom of the last Indo-Greek kings

794: 12790:"The Indo-Scythian conquerors, who, also they adopted the Greek types, minted money with their own names". Bopearachchci, "Monnaies", p. 121 11826:, when gradually its original meaning was lost and, like the word Mleccha, it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner" Narain, p. 18 11068: 6384:

explains that in the lands of the Yavanas and Kambojas, in contrast with the numerous Indian castes, there were only two classes of people,

4790: 16249: 14998: 14147: 13655:

Strong, John S. (1989). The Legend of King Aśoka : a study and translation of the Aśokāvadāna. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

11936: 11935:

crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates." Arr. Ind. 10. "Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians.", quoting Megasthenes

9495: 9443:

Since parts of their territories comprised northwestern India, these later rulers of Greek origin are generally referred to as Indo-Greeks.

7383:, dating back to the 3rd century BCE, also suggest Greek influence in the artworks found there, including in the manufacture of the famous 7286:, may have been used to pay some form of tribute to the Yuezhi tribes north of the Hindu-Kush. This is indicated by the coins finds of the 1998:

also suggest that some technology exchanges may have occurred on these occasions: the Greco-Bactrians were the first in the world to issue

703: 12750:"During the century that followed Menander more than twenty rulers are known to have struck coins", Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 270 10708:"We think that the conquests of these regions south of the Hindu Kush brought to Demetrius I the title of "King of India" given to him by 6126:

has an inscription mentioning "the year 318". The era in question is not specified, but it is now thought, following the discovery of the

5310:

The last known mention of an Indo-Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century AD in the name of a king

2014:

made these coin issues around 170 BC and it has alternatively been suggested that a nickeliferous copper ore was the source from mines at

1720:

cut off the Greco-Bactrians from direct contact with the Greek world. Overland trade continued at a reduced rate, while sea trade between

1655:

The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of

15033: 14958:

Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language.

14161: 13762:

The Crossroads of Asia, Elizabeth Errington, Ancient India and Iran Trust, Fitzwilliam Museum, Ancient India and Iran Trust, 1992, p. 16

13335: 11477:. These therefore add further definite support to the likelihood of an Indo-Greek presence in Malwa" Mitchener, "The Yuga Purana", p. 64 11358: 10199: 10174: 10163: 9792: 6921: 6183:, is inscribed from the year 384, also probably in the Yavana era, which is thought to be AD 209. Only the pedestal is preserved in the 1452:

The Greeks in India even seem to have played an active role in the propagation of Buddhism, as some of the emissaries of Ashoka such as

1058:

conquered the area, but along with his successors also conquered much of the Greek world, which at the time included all of the western

15048: 1769:, overthrew Diodotus II around 230 BC and started his own dynasty. Euthydemus's control extended to Sogdiana, going beyond the city of 13168:

Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India.

10007:"In Rock Edict Two Ashoka even claims to have established hospitals for men and beasts in the Hellenistic kingdoms", McEvilley, p. 368 7946:

The system used here is adapted from Osmund Bopearachchi, supplemented by the views of R C Senior and occasionally other authorities.

6906: 4796: 11687:"Mathura has also yielded a special class of terracotta heads in which the facial features present foreign ethnic affinities." 10311: 4103:

The extent of Indo-Greek rule is still uncertain and disputed. Probable members of the dynasty of Menander include the ruling queen

2198:, a dynastic alliance or the recognition of intermarriage between Greeks and Indians were established (described as an agreement on 2002:(75/25 ratio) coins, an alloy technology only known by the Chinese at the time under the name "White copper" (some weapons from the 14848:

Second edition, with addenda and corrigenda, (1951). Reissued, with updating preface by Frank Lee Holt (1985), Ares Press, Chicago

14776: 14407: 5086: 14957: 12086:

Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare, Saikat K Bose, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2015, p. 226

10695:"It would be impossible to explain otherwise why in all his portraits Demetrios is crowned with an elephant scalp", Bopearachchi, 9841:. Original Sanskrit of the first two verses: "Chandragupta Sutah Paursadhipateh Sutam. Suluvasya Tathodwahya Yavani Baudhtatapar". 6896:. As centuries passed, the exact shapes taken by the hand becomes less clear. This blessing gesture was also often adopted by the 2994:

Several Bactrian kings followed after Demetrius' death, and it seems likely that the civil wars between them made it possible for

1633:), defected and proclaimed himself king; all the other people of the Orient followed his example and seceded from the Macedonians. 17676: 15450: 15408: 14991: 14354:

History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

11861:. The aggressive stance of the figure and its western dress (short kilt and boots) indicates that the sculpture may be that of a 11268:"By about 130 BC nomadic people from the Jaxartes region had overrun the northern boundary of Bactria itself", McEvilley, p. 372. 5419: 5162: 3246: 2651:

and Demetrius son of Euthydemus conquered more tribes than Alexander There is half a story about Menander in one of the books of

1477: 14806: 13976:

Fussman, JA 1993, p. 127 and Bopearachchi, "Graeco-Bactrian issues of the later Indo-Greek kings", Num. Chron. 1990, pp. 79–104)

13751:

Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to C. 300 A.D.) Satyendra Nath Naskar, Abhinav Publications, 1996, p. 69

10520:. Justin, who will be discussed shortly, provides a summary of the histories of Hellenistic Macedonia, Egypt, Asia, and Parthia. 6951: 5916:, according to the inscription on the central flat surface of the lotus (right). Detail of the "Ya-va-na-sa" inscription in old 17721: 15202: 14708:

reprinted by Oxford, 1962, 1967, 1980; reissued (2003), "revised and supplemented", by B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

14286:

O. Bopearachchi, "Monnaies gréco-bactriennes et indo-grecques, Catalogue raisonné", Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, 1991, p. 453

9639: 8034: 2317:

sources, some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek Buddhist monks, indicating close religious exchanges between the two cultures:

1861:

Following the departure of the Seleucid army, the Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded. In the west, areas in north-eastern

1070: 14962: 6560:...), the Indo-Greeks were involved with local faiths, particularly with Buddhism, but also with Hinduism and Zoroastrianism. 5805: 5201:

took over his areas from neighbouring Bactria. When Hermaeus is depicted on his coins riding a horse, he is equipped with the

3599:

have also been excavated in Mathura. Whether these dynasties ruled independently or as satraps to larger kingdoms is unknown.

1612:

low chronology (c. 246 BC) for Diodotos' secession. The high chronology has the advantage of explaining why the Seleucid king

14930: 14911: 14869: 14825: 14764: 14745: 14726: 14685: 14666: 14632: 14610: 14591: 14568: 14537: 14514: 14491: 14448: 14426: 14399: 14377: 14343: 14320: 14127: 13466: 13173: 12676: 12649: 12623: 12186: 10609: 10482: 9550: 9466: 9436: 9400: 9370: 9319: 9200:

confirm that "Gandharan art descended directly from Hellenized Bactrian art" (Chaibi Nustamandy, "Crossroads of Asia", 1992).

7387:. It is also suggested that Greek artists may have come to China at that time to train local artisans in making sculptures. 6187:, the statue itself, with folds of clothing having more relief than those of the Loriyan Tangai Buddha, having disappeared. 3579:)". The "Yavanarajya" probably refers to the rule of the Indo-Greeks in Mathura as late as around 70–60 BC (year 116 of the 2616:(180–160 BC), the first king who ruled in the subcontinent only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom. 66: 17696: 10293: 6889:, circa 100 BC, kings and divinities are regularly show on coins making blessing gestures, which often seem similar to the 863:

The term "Indo-Greek Kingdom" loosely describes a number of various Hellenistic states, ruling from regional capitals like

7880:

The Indo-Greeks may also have had some influence on the religious plane as well, especially in relation to the developing

6536:, a large part of which occurred during the Indo-Greek period, through the addition of Hellenistic architectural elements. 5699:

Dharmadeva, a northerner from Dattamittri", in the 2nd century AD. The city of "Dattamittri" is thought to be the city of

5390:

The Indo-Greek kingdoms lost most of their eastern territories in the 1st century BC following the death of Menander. The

4476: 15166: 11887:"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the 9049:

claims he introduced herbal medicine in the territories of the Greeks, for the welfare of humans and animals (Edict No2).

8886: 7450:. By the time Indo-Greek rule was ending, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India (Strabo 7028: 4197:, illustrating interaction with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future 4067:, illustrating interaction with horse-mounted people originating from the steppes, possibly either the Scythians (future 3437:, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, 2752:

realm. The true intents of the Greek kings in occupying India are unknown, but it is thought that the elimination of the

1296: 13101:

Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, BRILL, 2013

9888:

son Bindusara; and Dyonisius, whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent to the court of Ashoka, Bindusara's son", McEvilley, p. 367

7251:

The abundance of their coins would tend to suggest large mining operations, particularly in the mountainous area of the

6587:

would then establish the largest empire in the Indian Subcontinent through an aggressive expansion. Ashoka converted to

5286:(65–55 BC) seems to have been one of the most successful subsequent Indo-Greek kings until he lost to the Indo-Scythian 4185:(130–120 BC), successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories, combined the club of Herakles with a 4055:(130–120 BC), successor of Menander in the western part of the Indian territories, combined the club of Herakles with a 999:, although pockets of Greek populations probably remained for several centuries longer under the subsequent rule of the 15053: 5769:. By him, inspired by true religion, this cave has been caused to be excavated in mount Tiranhu, and inside the cave a 2361:

among the Bactrians ("Bactrians" meaning "Oriental Greeks" in that period), and even their influence on Greek thought:

2021:

The presence of Chinese people in the Indian subcontinent from ancient times is also suggested by the accounts of the "

1376:, set in stone, some of them written in Greek, that Greek populations within his realm also had converted to Buddhism: 12974:

World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 ʻAlī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, 2008

10268:

was little used in China. Its popularity at the end of the Eastern Zhou period was probably due to foreign influence."

6465: 3699:

is thought to be a transliteration of "Ionians" and is known to have designated Hellenistic Greeks (starting with the

2419:

are also in the number, and the other barbarian philosophers. And of these there are two classes, some of them called

1838:), before Antiochus finally decided to recognize the new ruler, and to offer one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son 15195: 14853: 14361: 14246: 13771:

Mentioned throughout "Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", Osmund Bopearachchi, Bibliothèque Nationale, 1991

13660: 13542: 13265: 13221: 13030: 12470: 12440: 11857:"The taut posture and location at the entrance of the cave (Rani Gumpha) suggests that the male figure is a guard or 11735: 11651: 11619: 11519: 11132: 11022: 10902: 10875: 10834: 9768: 9674: 5841: 4706: 3173:

and treasures that had been plundered from Kalinga and taken to Pataliputra. Based on the chronology and date during

2599: 743: 12612:

Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).

10952: 7061:

In general, the art of the Indo-Greeks is poorly documented, and few works of art (apart from their coins and a few

4161: 3762: 3372:

The seriousness of the attack is in some doubt: Menander may merely have joined a raid led by Indian Kings down the

16242: 14978: 14972: 13732:"King Menander, who built the penultimate layer of the Butkara stupa in the first century BCE, was an Indo-Greek." 12777:"Maues himself issued joint coins with Machene, (...) probably a daughter of one of the Indo-Greek houses" Senior, 12334:

Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh, Up to 8th Century A.D., Omacanda Hāṇḍā, Indus Publishing, 1994

7710:

gives another hint of the size of Indo-Greek armies, which, in the case of the conflict between the Greco-Bactrian

7242: 4453: 2902: 2835: 2217:

Buddhism, directing his efforts towards the Indian and the Hellenistic worlds from around 250 BC. According to the

696: 11534:"Coin-moulds of the Indo-Greeks have also been recovered from Ghuram and Naurangabad." Punjab History Conference, 5468:", which corresponds to circa 70 BC. In the 1st century BC, however, they lost the area of Mathura, either to the 17701: 17691: 12304:

Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics, Andrew Stewart, University of California Press, 1993

11493:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, pp. 8–10

9754:

and Chandragupta: Shakas, Yavanas, Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas, Bahlikas and others, assembled on the advice of

9075:

says, "There's really nothing nicer than dried figs"), that even Amitrochates, the king of the Indians, wrote to

8901: 7282:

It would also seem that some of the coins emitted by the Indo-Greek kings, particularly those in the monolingual

6485: 6263:

founded by Demetrius combines Greek and Indian influences without signs of segregation between the two cultures.

3319:

as important Indo-Greek kings. It is theorized that Greek advances temporarily went as far as the Shunga capital

1405:

In his edicts, Ashoka mentions that he had sent Buddhist emissaries to Greek rulers as far as the Mediterranean (

2674:

represents "Demetrius" or is an Indian prince with that name. There was also a Chinese expedition to Bactria by

1101:

in 321 BC, and the remaining Greek troops in these satrapies were left under the command of Alexander's general

17706: 17366: 17258: 16047: 15400: 15014: 13458:

Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages

10809:"The only thing that seems reasonably sure is that Taxila was part of the domain of Agathocles", Bopearachchi, 10785: 9032: 7560:-(Nagasena) Has it ever happened to you, O king, that rival kings rose up against you as enemies and opponents? 7396: 5121:

in the West. About 20 Indo-Greek kings are known during this period, down to the last known Indo-Greek rulers,

4005:

Alkidemos ("Protector of the people") on the reverse, which was adopted by most of his successors in the East.

3775: 3396: 3230:

Alkidemos ("Protector of the people") on the reverse, which was adopted by most of his successors in the East.

2683: 2527:

were in competition during this time, with the Shungas preferring the former to the latter, historians such as

17447: 11788:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p. 170

11070:

A framework for Gandharan chronology based on relic inscriptions, in "Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art"

10758:"It now seems most likely that Demetrios was the founder of the newly discovered Greek Era of 186/5", Senior, 9884:"Three Greek ambassadors are known by name: Megasthenes, ambassador to Chandragupta; Deimachus, ambassador to 7856:

call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the

7658:

The name of the Yavana king is not clear, but it contains three letters, and the middle letter can be read as

7081:

In general, Gandharan sculpture cannot be dated exactly, leaving the exact chronology open to interpretation.

6667:

as his capital due to the Buddhist presence there. Menander I, is stated to have converted to Buddhism in the

5464:, from a village near Mathura, records the dedication of a well "in the one hundred and sixteenth year of the 3347:

Of the eastern parts of India, then, there have become known to us all those parts which lie this side of the

1148:

work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, often identified with

17507: 17493: 17361: 17346: 16501: 14642: 14620: 14295:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE, Sonya Rhie Quintanilla, BRILL, 2007, p. 9

14175: 12883:"The wealthy Audumbaras (...) some of their coins after Greek rule ended imitated Greek types", Tarn, p. 239. 12803: 11750:"The figure of a Persian youth (35.2556) wearing coat, scarf, trousers and turban is a rare item." 11416:

Strabo on the extent of the conquests of the Greco-Bactrians/Indo-Greeks: "They took possession, not only of

7541: 3588: 2213:

converted to the Buddhist faith and became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of

1988:

flowers, geometric lines, and glass inlays, suggestive of Hellenistic influences, can be found on some early

748: 13927:"Those tiny territories of the Indo-Greek kings must have been lively and commercially flourishing places", 12290: 5817: 4001:

whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of the Buddha. He also introduced a new coin type, with

2901:

bull) and symbols, some of them Buddhist such as the tree-in-railing. These symbols can also be seen in the

1152:, and according to these accounts, this alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army made up of 1032: 17651: 17356: 17341: 17316: 17293: 17273: 15903: 15517: 15340: 14878: 14525: 13646:

Lahiri, Bela (1974). Indigenous states of northern India, circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D. University of Calcutta

12489:

These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p. 100

11921:"The advance of the Greek to Pataliputra is recorded from the Indian side in the Yuga-purana", Tarn, p. 145 11390:"Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of 6401: 6127: 4360:

Also around the same period, circa 115 BC, decorative reliefs were introduced for the first time at nearby

1338:, as Woodcock and other scholars have suggested, "may in fact have been half or at least a quarter Greek." 780: 7608: 7233:

Very little is known about the economy of the Indo-Greeks, although it seems to have been rather vibrant.

3226:

whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of a Buddha. He also introduced a new coin type, with

17686: 17555: 17540: 17351: 17336: 17321: 17306: 17263: 17235: 16446: 16235: 15038: 14530:

The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan

14058: 13566:

The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p. 50 and Pl. XII-7

10395: 7621: 6984: 6639:... Pushyamitra equipped a fourfold army, and intending to destroy the Buddhist religion, he went to the 6428: 6325:), a tremendous concession to another culture never before made in the Hellenic world. From the reign of 6305:

Also, most of the coins of the Greek kings in India were bilingual, written in Greek on the front and in

5354: 4296: 4277: 3153: 1709: 995:

The Indo-Greeks ultimately disappeared as a political entity around 10 AD following the invasions of the

689: 17: 16022: 11084:

The coins of the Greek and Scythic kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, p.50 and Pl. XII-7

9850:"A minor rock edict, recently discovered at Kandahar, was inscribed in two scripts, Greek and Aramaic", 6137: 3429:

further explains ancient Indo-Greek rule and continued circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:

2283:

Some of the Greek populations that had remained in northwestern India apparently converted to Buddhism:

2206:, resided at the Mauryan court. Subsequently, each Mauryan emperor had a Greek ambassador at his court. 1326:, however, followed Jainism until the end of his life. He got in his court for marriage the daughter of 17371: 17326: 17301: 17278: 17248: 17069: 11727:

Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.

11643:

Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C.

8881: 7653:

Hathigumpha inscription, lines 7–8, probably in the 1st century BCE. Original text is in Brahmi script.

7054: 5829: 4606:

circa 100 BC. The warrior has the flowing head band of a Greek king, a northern tunic with Hellenistic

3214:

Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature, where he is called Milinda. He is described in the

2893:. They also went as far as incorporating Indian deities, variously interpreted as Hindu deities or the 2374: 2105: 1588: 1445: 1420: 876: 732: 82: 14072: 9009:

in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants." The ambassador

4508: 4364:, 6 km away from Vidisha, by craftsmen from the northwest. These craftsmen left mason's marks in 2670:. Names in these sources are consistently Indianized, and there is some dispute whether, for example, 968:

began to mint new coinage depicting military victories. The most prominent entities to form were the

17283: 17268: 17171: 17128: 16954: 16707: 16351: 15322: 14225: 10741:). Tarn, p. 132, argues that Alexander did not assume as a title, but was only hailed by it, but see 9250:

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.".

8456: 7752: 7263:

to the south, would also suggest that Indo-Greek coins were used extensively for cross-border trade.

6632: 6195: 3930:

is a reconstruction, and it may be noted that the name of another Indo-Greek king, Amyntas, is spelt

3308:. He describes Greek cities there, one of them called Demetrias, probably in honour of the conqueror 1047:

Greeks first began to settle the Northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent during the time of the

767: 531: 394: 14774:

Salomon, Richard (January–March 1982). "The "Avaca" Inscription and the Origin of the Vikrama Era".

13503:"All Greeks in India were however known as Yavanas", Burjor Avari, "India, the ancient past", p. 130 11583:

Published in "L'Indo-Grec Menandre ou Paul Demieville revisite," Journal Asiatique 281 (1993) p. 113

11559:

Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India, Volume 1, Manohar Sajnani, Gyan Publishing House, 2001

11441: 11054: 10431:

E. Lamotte: History of Indian Buddhism, Institut Orientaliste, Louvain-la-Neuve 1988 (1958), p. 109.

10224: 10188: 9031:

to Seleucus: "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters

7200: 6655:, and proclaimed that he would give a ... reward to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk. 5559:("Saying of the Greeks"), an astrological treatise and India's earliest Sanskrit work in horoscopy. 5205:

and bow-case of the steppes and RC Senior believes him to be of partly nomad origin. The later king

2721:(reigned c. 200–180 BC), wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquests of areas in what is now 1908:, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BC. The Greek historian 17726: 17598: 17530: 17516: 17511: 17502: 17488: 17474: 17464: 17331: 17253: 17181: 17166: 17133: 17123: 16999: 16712: 15985: 15723: 15639: 15483: 15436: 15346: 15218: 10461: 9838: 9713:

Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, pp. 26-27

8574: 8068: 7897: 6927: 5773:

and cisterns. This cave made for the sake of his father and mother has been, in order to honor all

5449:

also started to mint their own coins, usually in a style highly reminiscent of Indo-Greek coinage.

4112: 4044:

was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist. The

3280:

also probably played a role in the downfall of the Bactrian kingdom, and supplanted the Scythians.

3276:

was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist. The

2222: 1540: 591: 11930:"The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians 7797:, which was to prosper for several centuries. In the south, the Greeks were under the rule of the 7644:). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to 6712:

of Ksemendra, mentions in the form of a prophecy that Menander will build a stupa in Pataliputra.

3904:). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi retreated to 3056:, quoted by Strabo, the Indo-Greek territory for a while included the Indian coastal provinces of 3021:(155–130 BC) is one of the few Indo-Greek kings mentioned in both Graeco-Roman and Indian sources. 2705:, a term which is derived from "Ionians", and which at that time most likely means "Indo-Greeks". 2535:

argue that Buddhist accounts of persecution of Buddhists by Shungas are largely exaggerated. Some

2048:

visited Bactria in 126 BC, and reported the presence of Chinese products in the Bactrian markets:

17578: 17545: 17498: 17484: 17376: 17243: 17190: 17156: 17148: 17097: 17092: 16778: 16602: 16481: 16415: 16323: 16290: 16185:

Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"

16043: 14835: 14583: 14466: 13781: 12320: 12289:

An Indian Statuette From Pompeii, Mirella Levi D'Ancona, in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 13, No. 3 (1950)

11971: 11571:

The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, James C. Harle, Yale University Press, 1994

11398:. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101) 11303: 10865: 10742: 10709: 10132: 8388: 7629: 7093: 6469: 5568: 5469: 5461: 4461: 3913: 3884: 3779: 3673: 3592: 3572: 3479: 3186: 3157: 3053: 2737: 2698: 2242: 2077: 1827: 1664: 1528: 1504: 985: 897:

in the south of the Indo-Greek sphere of influence may also have been a royal seat at one time.

14523: 14093: 13368: 13198: 13066: 11593:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999, p. 169

10947: 10686:"Demetrius occupied a large part of the Indus delta, Saurashtra and Kutch", Burjor Avari, p. 130 10246: 10235: 10213: 9605: 9294: 7620:

The armed forces of the Indo-Greeks engaged in battles with other Indian kingdoms. The ruler of

7299: 5745:

Cave No.17 has one inscription, mentioning the gift of the cave by Indragnidatta the son of the

3867:

According to the Yuga Purana, the Yavanas thereafter will retreat following internal conflicts:

2908: 1826:

around 210 BC. Although he commanded 10,000 horsemen, Euthydemus initially lost a battle on the

17681: 17613: 17479: 17311: 17200: 17195: 17161: 17118: 17087: 16959: 16884: 16821: 16798: 16717: 16702: 16692: 16687: 16672: 16612: 16607: 16592: 16461: 16366: 16356: 16318: 15125: 9903: 9724:

Chandragupta Maurya and His Times, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1966, p. 27

9566: 9252: 9149: 9080: 9036: 8836: 8466: 8150: 8095: 7675: 7032: 6287: 6015: 5975: 5453: 5382:, here on a joint coin (25 BC-10 AD), were the last Indo-Greek king in eastern territories of 3840: 3810: 3331:

during the time of Demetrius, though Mitchener's analysis is not based on numismatic evidence.

3309: 3207:, between ca. 170 BC and 150 BC. His advances were ultimately reclaimed by the Indo-Greek king 3177:, it is postulated that Menander was the one leading the Indo-Greeks during Kharavela's reign. 3064:. With archaeological methods, the Indo-Greek territory can however only be confirmed from the 3046: 2733: 2718: 2687: 2516: 2254: 2175: 1950: 1839: 1736: 1671:(also called Zariaspa, through which flows a river bearing the same name and emptying into the 1580: 1570: 1350: 1106: 1098: 1082: 939: 913: 905: 535: 405: 286: 183: 143: 55: 14647:

Taxila. An illustrated account of archaeological excavations carried out at Taxila (3 volumes)

13988: 13681:"It is probable that the wheel on some coins of Menander is connected with Buddhism", Narain, 13532: 13456: 13211: 13087: 13020: 12694:"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians" 12666: 12613: 12508: 12430: 12405: 12349:

The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, Princeton University Press, p. 115

12305: 12254: 12225: 12202: 12101: 12087: 11641: 11592: 11548: 11097: 10599: 10065: 9664: 9360: 3813:, the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", 1830:

and had to retreat. He then successfully resisted a three-year siege in the fortified city of

1124:

in Indian sources) may then have participated, together with other groups, in the uprising of

17639: 17634: 17618: 17588: 17454: 17220: 17176: 17113: 16909: 16899: 16846: 16841: 16697: 16677: 16667: 16662: 16647: 16637: 16597: 16476: 16471: 16451: 16441: 16425: 16420: 16285: 15805: 15689: 15660: 15560: 15135: 14273:, ONS179 Supplement (2004), whereas the comments (down to the time of Hippostratos) are from 14117: 13752: 13721: 13255: 13102: 12991: 12975: 12963: 12639: 12576: 12393: 12335: 12278: 12266: 12242: 12176: 11725: 11572: 11560: 10853: 10824: 10641: 10077: 9902:

producing a wonderful degree of affection, while some, on the contrary, were to banish love"

9828: 9827:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India, Krishna Chandra Sagar, Northern Book Centre, 1992, p. 83

9736: 9725: 9714: 9456: 9428: 9390: 9309: 8876: 8287: 8247: 8184: 7790: 7726: 7715: 7415: 7327: 6338: 6322: 6158:"In year 318, the day 27 of Prausthapada, gift of Buddhaghosa, the companion of Samghavarma" 5999: 4669: 4237: 3277: 2881: 2845: 2691: 2621: 2567:, Kanyakubja, performed sacrifice on the top of a mountain named Arbuda. By the influence of 2354: 2124:

A number of Chinese envoys were then sent to Central Asia, triggering the development of the

2007: 2003: 449: 415: 14296: 12417: 11509: 11494: 11113:. It is unique in its description of the invasion and retirement of the Yavanas in Magadha." 10775: 7120: 5507: 3617: 17671: 17624: 17603: 17406: 17225: 17077: 16652: 16632: 16549: 16539: 16506: 16456: 16361: 16333: 16313: 16275: 14678:

The Yuga Purana: critically edited, with an English translation and a detailed introduction

14625:

The Buddhist art of Gandhara: the story of the early school, its birth, growth, and decline

13590:"for the purpose of the security of many people", was undoubtedly Buddhist". Images of the 12988:* Inscription no.4: "(This) pillar (is) the gift of the Yavana Dhammadhya from Dhenukataka" 12615:

Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History

10664: 10111: 8911: 7845: 7362:

southeast of Bactria. The people cultivate land, and live much like the people of Bactria".

7246: 7124: 6802:

Several Indo-Greek kings use the title "Dharmikasa", i.e. "Follower of the Dharma", in the

6154:

sa 1 1 1 100 10 4 4 Prothavadasa di 20 4 1 1 1 Budhagosa danamu(khe) Saghorumasa sadaviyasa

6006:(Indo-Greeks), in the inscription of his mother Queen Gotami Balasiri at Cave No. 3 of the 5295: 4222: 4092: 3530: 3296:, where Greek populations had been living since before the acquisition of the territory by 2916: 2697:

Other evidence of the broader and longer influence of Indo-Greeks is possibly suggested by

2246: 2167: 1732: 889: 757: 13238: 12100:

On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World, Doris Srinivasan, BRILL, 2007, p. 101

11105:

is important primarily as a historical document. It is a matter-of-fact chronicle of the

10987: 10440:

Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press,1960 p. 200

10076:

The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology by Upinder Singh

7520:

Generally, Indo-Greek kings are often represented riding horses, as early as the reign of

3879:), there will be a terrible and ferocious war." (Gargi-Samhita, Yuga Purana chapter, No7). 3715:"), but may have sometimes referred to other foreigners as well after the 1st century AD. 3591:. Archeological excavations of cast die-struck coins have also revealed the presence of a 1085:; he turned south when his troops refused to go further east. The Indian satrapies of the 8: 17573: 17525: 17520: 17411: 17215: 17108: 17102: 16964: 16682: 16617: 16559: 16486: 16466: 16430: 16376: 16371: 16280: 16068: 16006: 15458: 15253: 15028: 14313:

India: The ancient past. A history of the Indian sub-continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200

13534:

India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from C. 7000 BCE to CE 1200

12821: 12201:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization, Sailendra Nath Sen, New Age International, 1999

12152: 11547:

History and Historians in Ancient India, Dilip Kumar Ganguly, Abhinav Publications, 1984

10452:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Traditions and Cultural Heritage, Anmol Publications, 2009, p. 18

10308: 9885: 8990: 8483: 8251: 7782: 7762: 7170: 6568: 6455: 5793: 5733: 4709:. The musical instruments are also quite characteristic, such as the double flute called 4135: 3727: 3643:"Persian Nobleman clad in coat dupatta trouser and turban", Mathura, c. 2nd century BCE. 3297: 2191: 2183: 2163: 1323: 1259: 1192: 1125: 1066: 1059: 1036: 545: 13186: 13007: 12728: 12693: 12045: 10852:

Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p. 22

10126: 8234: 4225:

seems to claim on his coins that he is the son of Maues, although this is now disputed.

4095:

seems to claim on his coins that he is the son of Maues, although this is now disputed.

2609: 1254:") princess, daughter of Seleucus, before accurately detailing early Mauryan genealogy: 17593: 17024: 16587: 16577: 16544: 16381: 16300: 16258: 15817: 15644: 15588: 15544: 14952: 14888: 14793: 14332: 13130: 12456: 12172: 11990: 11535: 11453: 11291: 11173: 9907: 9269: 9040: 8986: 8861: 8664: 8578: 8188: 7837: 7798: 7682:, this identification results in "chronological impossibilities". The Greek ambassador 7431: 7193:, "kantaros" Greek drinking cups), in situations which can range from festive (such as 7162: 7132: 7109: 7097: 7042: 6620: 6576: 6318: 6271: 5991: 5895: 5054: 4948: 4040:, started to invade Bactria from the north. Around 130 BC the last Greco-Bactrian king 3712: 3392: 3272:, started to invade Bactria from the north. Around 130 BC the last Greco-Bactrian king 3166: 2840: 2627: 2471: 2463: 2238: 2159: 1893: 1770: 1613: 1600: 1263: 924: 828: 623: 124: 14839: 13003: 12921: 12600: 12588: 12555: 9288: 9083:

who tells this story) to buy and send him some sweet wine, and some dried figs, and a

7725:

led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by

7442: II.3.4) to have made a successful voyage to India and returned with a cargo of 6168:

This would make it one of the earliest known representations of the Buddha, after the

5610:

capital of India, using grapes that were probably originally imported by the Greeks.

2923:

The Hinduist coinage of Agathocles is few but spectacular. Six Indian-standard silver

2491:, mention that Pushyamitra was hostile towards Buddhists and allegedly persecuted the 2295:

and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in

1961:

Several statuettes and representations of Greek soldiers have been found north of the

1937: 1388:

and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in

980:. The Yaudheyas and Arjunayanas both are said to have won "victory by the sword". The 17629: 17608: 17563: 17210: 17138: 16984: 16622: 16582: 16397: 16343: 16328: 16056: 16052: 16010: 15999: 15977: 15945: 15931: 15616: 14926: 14907: 14865: 14849: 14821: 14760: 14741: 14722: 14681: 14662: 14628: 14606: 14587: 14564: 14533: 14510: 14487: 14470: 14444: 14422: 14395: 14373: 14357: 14339: 14316: 14242: 14169: 14123: 14006: 13656: 13538: 13494:, it degenerated into a general term for a foreigner" p. 18, Narain "The Indo-Greeks" 13462: 13261: 13217: 13169: 13026: 12733: 12715: 12672: 12645: 12619: 12572: 12466: 12436: 12182: 11731: 11647: 11615: 11606:"Helmeted head of a soldier, probably Indo-Greek, 1st century bc, Mathura Museum" in 11515: 11165: 11138: 11128: 11018: 10991: 10898: 10871: 10830: 10781: 10605: 10478: 10359: 9764: 9670: 9546: 9462: 9432: 9421: 9396: 9366: 9315: 9076: 8871: 8537: 8103: 7881: 7707: 7679: 7359: 7046: 6968: 6840: 6762: 6424: 5708: 5668: 4397: 4378: 4345: 4312: 4273: 4263: 4255: 3755: 3305: 3169:. Kharavela is then stated to have sacked the capital Pataliputra, and reclaimed the 2972: 2679: 2155: 1721: 1639: 1473: 1457: 1224:

in consequence of a marriage contract, and received in return five hundred elephants.

1102: 1051: 894: 573: 14879:東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan); 兵庫県立美術館 (Hyogo Kenritsu Bijutsukan) (2003). 14271:

The Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian king sequences in the second and first centuries BC

13324: 12800: 11985:"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", 11835:"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", 10864:

Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012).

10642:

A Journey Through India's Past Chandra Mauli Mani, Northern Book Centre, 2005, p. 39

10419:

Pushyamitra is described as a "senapati" (Commander-in-chief) of Brihadratha in the

10342: 9189:

least at the very beginning of our era" Mario Bussagli "L'art du Gandhara", p331–332

8955:

and anterior to Azes I, whose era we now starts in 57 BC." Bopearachchi, p. 126-127.

8625: 8460: 6595:, abandoning further conquests in favor of humanitarian reforms. Ashoka erected the 3937:

Therefore, Menander remains the likeliest candidate for any advance east of Punjab.

2770:

to have converted to Buddhism, also possibly received the help of Indian Buddhists.

1785:

River. And the Iaxartes forms also the boundary between the Sogdians and the nomads.

1531:

the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.

17386: 17205: 16856: 16740: 16642: 16435: 16410: 15941: 15926: 15922: 15875: 15871: 15831: 15797: 15793: 15612: 14785: 14654: 13633: 12723: 12705: 12221: 10381: 9503: 9261: 9167: 9002: 8906: 8320: 7545: 7174: 7011:, the God of Gods". Historically, it is the first known inscription related to the 6816: 6787: 6596: 6208: 5719: 5688: 5438: 5221: 5023: 4871: 4697:

of the type commonly seen on Greek coins. The clothing too is Greek, complete with

4268: 4236:) coins for circulation in their own territories, several of them also struck rare 3875:); there will be undoubtedly a civil war among them, arising in their own country ( 3861: 3771: 3700: 3684: 3545: 3529:), belonging to as many as 14 different Indo-Greek kings, as well as coin molds in 3521:

Slightly northwest of Mathura, numerous Indo-Greek coins were found in the city of

3083:

containing Buddhist relics was dedicated "in the reign of the Great King Menander".

2585: 2555: 2549: 2305: 2275: 2218: 1985: 1878: 1693: 1647:

The new kingdom, highly urbanized and considered one of the richest of the Orient (

1618: 1414: 1406: 1397: 1373: 1327: 1247: 1243: 1217: 1055: 14659:

The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

14239:

The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

10777:

Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia

6145:

Buddha statue, with Year 384 inscription, probably of the Yavana era, i.e. AD 209.

6118:

Buddha statues with dated inscriptions, are now thought to have been dated in the

5671:

by the Yavana named Cita. On this second inscription, the Buddhist symbols of the

4142:

Other kings emerged, usually in the western part of the Indo-Greek realm, such as

3334: 3037:

as his capital. Menander subsequently made an expedition across northern India to

1667:

says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexander... Their cities were

387: 17082: 17039: 16974: 16934: 16750: 16627: 16569: 16534: 16526: 16405: 16179: 16060: 16018: 16014: 15981: 15953: 15949: 15895: 15801: 15733: 15695: 15501: 14983: 13827: 13114: 12810: 12520: 12460: 11943: 11892: 11753: 11708: 11690: 11672: 11609: 11295: 10981: 10892: 10315: 10297: 9751: 9540: 9339: 9092: 8851: 8705: 8510: 8416: 8402: 8064: 8052: 8038: 7873: 7853: 7836:

The Greeks may also have maintained a presence in their cities until quite late.

7555:

to king Menander, provides a rare glimpse of the military methods of the period:

7525: 7384: 7256: 6912: 6580: 6541: 6381: 6035: 5598: 5492: 5403: 5118: 5034: 5012: 4538: 4499: 4155: 3316: 3254: 2924: 2635: 2631: 2528: 2378: 2250: 2195: 2187: 2171: 1977: 1942: 1717: 1604: 1500: 1472:, XII). It is also thought that Greeks contributed to the sculptural work of the 1410: 1274:. Thus, he mixed the Buddhists and the Yavanas. He ruled for 60 years. From him, 1208: 1195:. The confrontation ended with a peace treaty, and "an intermarriage agreement" ( 1149: 1090: 1012: 950:. The ethnicity of later Indo-Greek rulers is sometimes less clear. For example, 943: 909: 901: 641: 559: 503: 211: 14699: 14506: 14463:

Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian Institution

11770: 10729:, Vol. 79. (1948), pp. 254–267, p. 262; for Artemidorus, see K. Walton Dobbins " 10290: 9418: 9229:. University of Chicl.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182. 7271: 6417: 5303:

seems to present himself as "son of Maues" ( but this is now disputed), and the

3510:

during the period between 185 BCE and 85 BCE, and especially during the rule of

17459: 17029: 16969: 16657: 16267: 15915: 15788: 15685: 15286: 15161: 15074: 13591: 13567: 13147: 13022:

The World of Wine and Food: A Guide to Varieties, Tastes, History, and Pairings

12157:

Emergence of Viṣṇu and Śiva Images in India: Numismatic and Sculptural Evidence

11432:

as a whole; and, more than that, they extended their empire even as far as the

11110: 11085: 8896: 8866: 8856: 8846: 8674: 8500: 7967: 7923: 7806: 7770: 7740: 7342: 7283: 7214: 7182: 7074: 7070: 6897: 6724: 6572: 6521: 6407: 6326: 6245: 6184: 6169: 6123: 6059: 5979: 5750: 5664: 5651: 5237: 5167: 4926: 4913: 4825: 4618:, a Guardian of the entrance of the Stupa. The warrior has been described as a 4595: 4543: 4533: 4292: 4241:

peaceful between the Indo-Greeks and these relatively hellenised nomad tribes.

4198: 4068: 4029: 3975: 3872: 3848:

which is thought to describe an encounter between a Greek cavalry squadron and

3644: 3628: 3495: 3438: 3261: 3174: 3112: 3080: 2741: 2675: 2544: 2408: 2143: 1889: 1808: 1800: 1626: 1519:

He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus (the Caucasus Indicus or Paropamisus: mod.

1385: 1300: 1271: 1169: 1040: 1008: 920: 831: 762: 627: 555: 327: 313: 147: 101: 97: 15335: 12366: 9174:

claims to have sent Buddhist emissaries to the Hellenistic west around 250 BC.

7718:, he numbers at 60,000 (although they allegedly lost to 300 Greco-Bactrians): 7189:, hairstyle), holding contraptions which are characteristic of Greek culture ( 6364:". In the Harivamsa the "Yavana" Indo-Greeks are qualified, together with the 4550:, with the flowing head band of a Greek king, northern tunic with Hellenistic 2150: 17665: 17427: 17416: 16914: 16904: 16861: 16826: 16554: 16064: 15867: 15827: 15728: 15711: 15664: 15649: 15635: 15608: 15604: 15564: 15549: 15538: 15490: 15140: 14556: 13734: 12950: 12719: 12168: 12003: 11823: 11169: 11142: 10534: 10533:

on "Trogus" and Yardley/Develin, p. 2; since Trogus' father was in charge of

10035: 9759: 9735:

History Of The Chamar Dynasty, Raj Kumar, Gyan Publishing House, 2008, p. 51

9110: 8994: 8891: 8647: 8343: 8311: 8266: 8230: 8167: 8014: 7861: 7821: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7671: 7667: 7581: 7537: 7521: 7514: 7486: 7474: 7380: 7319: 7275: 7062: 7050: 6996: 6893: 6862: 6750: 6746: 6732:

should carry away an equal share, and they should all erect monuments to him.

6693: 6668: 6628: 6533: 6481: 6451: 6334: 6256: 5917: 5905: 5863: 5766: 5700: 5520: 5477: 5473: 5335: 5304: 5275: 5263: 5217: 5182: 5155: 5130: 5102: 4957: 4935: 4891: 4836: 4752:, a place where other dedications by Yavanas are known, in cave No.17 of the 4563: 4284:

in India. Heliodurus was one of the earliest recorded Indo-Greek converts to

4229: 3990: 3887:

indicates the presence of the Indo-Greeks led by a ruler listed as "ta" from

3845: 3835: 3681: 3677: 3596: 3564: 3284:

reconstructed almost entirely from archaeological and numismatical analyses.

3242: 3215: 3162: 3120: 3069: 3014: 2999: 2995: 2886: 2849: 2774: 2753: 2659: 2613: 2532: 2479: 2475: 2457: 2370: 2335: 2135: 1870: 1823: 1592: 1453: 1429: 1354: 1137: 1129: 1086: 1000: 996: 981: 955: 947: 459: 439: 300: 14967: 14474: 11464:"the account of the Periplus is just a sailor's story", Narain (pp. 118–119) 9593: 9071:: "But dried figs were so very much sought after by all men (for really, as 7953:

Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kings, their coins, territories and chronology

7007:. In the dedication, the Indo-Greek ambassador explains he is a devotee of " 6496: 4748:

of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city, possibly a location near

4249: 3916:, line 8, probably in the 1st century BC. Original text is in Brahmi script. 3722: 3680:

during the 1st century BC. In any case Mathura was under the control of the

3087: 2194:

around 322 BC. However, contacts were kept with his Greek neighbours in the

927:. The ethnicity of the Indo-Greek may also have been hybrid to some degree. 17469: 17432: 17396: 17049: 17034: 16949: 16889: 16851: 16831: 16816: 16491: 15783: 15656: 15556: 15426: 15364: 15329: 15311: 15303: 15247: 15187: 15104: 15089: 15043: 14458: 14436: 14414: 14387: 13875: 13611: 13599: 13442: 12737: 11986: 11836: 10995: 10934: 10377: 9810: 9122: 9114: 9072: 9006: 8753: 8695: 8588: 8439: 8324: 8283: 8211: 8133: 7998: 7957: 7915: 7830: 7778: 7640:) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha ( 7315: 7303: 6836: 6795: 6702: 6651:, killed the monks there, and departed. ... After some time, he arrived in 6473: 6330: 6228: 6087: 6071: 5886: 5556: 5548:

Some Greek nuclei may have continued to survive until the 2nd century AD.

5431: 5427: 5399: 5283: 5247: 5206: 5045: 4718: 4642: 4181:

Immediately after the fall of Bactria, the bronze coins of Indo-Greek king

4051:

Immediately after the fall of Bactria, the bronze coins of Indo-Greek king

3978: 3971: 3900:) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha ( 3373: 3339: 3324: 3250: 3092: 3042: 3033:

Thus from 165 BCE until his death in 130 BCE, Menander I ruled Punjab with

3003: 2980: 2976: 2805: 2782: 2766: 2643: 2487: 2416: 2018:. Copper-nickel would not be used again in coinage until the 19th century. 1999: 1819: 1804: 1754: 1524: 1512: 1433: 1278:

was born and ruled for the same number of years as his father. His son was

1221: 1204: 1141: 1016: 935: 928: 872: 661: 637: 521: 469: 429: 12710: 12571:

The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology,

12056:

P.L.Gupta: Kushâna Coins and History, D.K.Printworld, 1994, p. 184, note 5

11989:, p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5.15.14–24) that 11970:

The Sungas, Kanvas, Republican Kingdoms and Monarchies, Mahameghavahanas,

9701::"To the colonies settled in India, Python, the son of Agenor, was sent." 8678: 8514: 8383: 7844:

described an "Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia", thought to be

5927: 5922: 5636: 5631: 5530: 5525: 4693:". The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a 4574: 3474: 1873:. These territories possibly are identical with the Bactrian satrapies of 908:

invaded India from Bactria in about 200 BC. The Greeks to the east of the

17009: 17004: 16944: 16929: 16866: 16811: 16788: 16783: 16758: 16496: 16204:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

15972: 15965: 15848: 15822: 15630: 15600: 15261: 15171: 15099: 14714: 14695: 14356:, pp. 99–129. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 13607: 13384: 12383:"The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, John Boardman, 1993, p. 112 11995: 11211:"(In the Milindapanha) Menander is declared an arhat", McEvilley, p. 378. 11102: 10513: 9924: 9898: 9747: 9141: 9056: 9028: 9010: 8594: 8584: 8561: 8504: 8429: 8370: 8329: 8198: 8116: 8019: 7869: 7841: 7688: 7683: 7502: 7498: 7419: 7411: 7355: 7260: 7222: 7136: 7000: 6992: 6882: 6866: 6844: 6771: 6767: 6644: 6640: 6616: 6592: 6291: 6252:

even wrote that the king of Pataliputra had "great love for the Greeks".

6236: 6224: 6216: 6051: 6047: 6007: 5594: 5589:

are mentioned as donors for six structural pillars in the Great Buddhist

5552: 5512: 5359: 5322:, in modern Pakistan. No coins of him are known, but the signet bears in 5300: 5299:

between the Greeks and the Indo-Scythians: in a recently published coin,

5202: 5098: 5065: 4805: 4757: 4753: 4633:

area are known to have been involved in the construction of the Buddhist

4599: 4337: 4329: 4308: 4281: 4210: 4190: 4151: 4147: 4123: 4104: 4080: 4060: 3857: 3853: 3814: 3794: 3788: 3661: 3655: 3553: 3503: 3486:, mentions its carving on "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony" ( 3356: 3328: 3320: 3238: 3204: 3140: 3128: 3124: 2988: 2948: 2852:

and several deities from India, which have been variously interpreted as

2722: 2444: 2434:

Clement of Alexandria, "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV

2292: 2203: 2041: 2033: 2027: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1901: 1728: 1676: 1511:

valley, where he received war elephants and presents from the local king

1362: 1342: 1316: 1177: 1133: 973: 951: 835: 599: 595: 517: 493: 352: 14947: 13257:

The Idea of Ancient India: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Archaeology

12937:

Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries

11891:

is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary,

11177: 10867:

Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

10396:

Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV

8315: 8270: 7910: 7812: 7008: 6635:, likely in attempt to further remove the legacy of the Mauryan Empire. 5679:(reversed) are positioned on both sides of the first word "Yavana(sa)". 4349: 4013: 1599:). After Alexander's death in 323 BC, Bactria came under the control of 17568: 17535: 17401: 17059: 16919: 16806: 16773: 16735: 16727: 16034: 15844: 15176: 15109: 14603:

The vision of the Buddha: Buddhism, the path to spiritual enlightenment

14224:"Parthians stations", 1st century AD. Original text in paragraph 19 of 13867: 11602: 11600: 11420:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of 11045:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of 10731:

The Commerce of Kapisene and Gandhāra after the Fall of Indo-Greek Rule

10730: 9273: 9197: 9193:

supported by Sir John Marshall ("The Buddhist art of Gandhara", pp5–6).

9118: 8841: 8798: 8778: 8757: 8699: 8443: 8339: 8306: 8099: 8081: 7973: 7935: 7931: 7893: 7885: 7865: 7809:

claim to be descendants of the Indo-Greeks; although this is disputed.

7722: 7711: 7350:"When I was in Bactria", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from 7338: 7252: 7186: 7066: 7037: 6988: 6820: 6779: 6701:

The wheel he represented on some of his coins was most likely Buddhist

6648: 6513: 6501: 6443: 6377: 6295: 6267: 6211:") on Indo-Greek coinage: from the Classical motif of Nike handing the 6180: 6142: 6119: 6107: 6102: 6039: 6019: 5971: 5754: 5488: 5465: 5457: 5442: 5411: 5391: 5379: 5370: 5323: 5242: 5225: 5186: 5126: 4999: 4686: 4623: 4619: 4547: 4365: 4325: 3956: 3666: 3624: 3580: 3511: 3491: 3448: 3407:, but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of 3348: 3301: 3208: 3104: 3075: 3026: 3018: 2984: 2928: 2912: 2890: 2823: 2761: 2749: 2667: 2648: 2540: 2266: 2139: 2045: 1697: 1584: 1558: 1520: 1184: 1074: 977: 965: 961: 675: 479: 196: 110: 27:

Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom in northwestern South Asia (200 BC–10 AD)

14797: 14007:"Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say" 10722: 8598: 8433: 8374: 8137: 8120: 7341:, who visited Bactria around 128 BC, suggests that intense trade with 6454:. After his conversion, he became noted for being a leading patron of 6172:(1st century AD), and at about the same time as the Buddhist coins of 4736:

is known from three inscriptions made by self-declared Yavana donors:

4118: 3072:, so Greek presence outside was probably short-lived or non-existent. 1941:

Possible statuette of a Greek soldier, wearing a version of the Greek

1795: 916:

and the Indo-Greek Kingdoms in the North Western Indian Subcontinent.

17437: 17421: 17054: 17044: 17019: 16989: 16894: 16836: 16768: 16763: 16516: 16511: 16386: 16308: 16227: 15777: 15156: 15094: 14881:

Alexander the Great: East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan

14481: 13793: 13290:

Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art, Juhyung Rhi, pp. 35–51, 2017

11858: 11421: 11391: 11299: 11046: 10727:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

10373: 9515:"Menander had his capital in Sagala" Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 83. 9088: 9052: 8802: 8774: 8732: 8621: 8547: 8487: 8470: 8215: 8194: 8004: 7637: 7625: 7423: 7403: 7367: 7323: 7307: 7194: 7144: 7113: 7012: 6852: 6848: 6803: 6310: 6275: 6091: 5704: 5484: 5375: 5311: 5147: 5122: 4646: 4615: 4611: 4587: 4583: 4555: 4417: 4233: 4130: 4115:, though it is uncertain whether they ruled directly after Menander. 4048:

also probably played a role in the downfall of the Bactrian kingdom.

4041: 4017: 3897: 3849: 3718: 3522: 3502:

From numismatic, literary and epigraphic evidence, it seems that the

3408: 3391:), conquests also attested by coins dating from the Indo-Greek ruler 3293: 3273: 3170: 3149: 2877: 2829: 2797: 2778: 2666:

and Indianized names that may be related to Indo-Greek kings such as

2572: 2396: 2344: 2214: 2125: 2068: 2011: 1962: 1946: 1485: 1469: 1468:", i.e., Ionian) Buddhist monks, active in Buddhist proselytism (the 1437: 1425: 1346: 1275: 1200: 671: 651: 613: 577: 419: 13990:

Science and civilisation in China: Chemistry and chemical technology

13722:

Handbuch der Orientalistik, Kurt A. Behrendt, BRILL, 2004, p. 49 sig

12990:

Description in Hellenism in Ancient India by Gauranga Nath Banerjee

12936: 12167: 11597: 9265: 8782: 7757: 7674:

read the name of the Yavana king as "Dimita", and identify him with

7127:

engraved in the northwest of India (2nd century BCE-2nd century CE).

7084: 6671:, which records the dialogue between Menander and the Buddhist monk 5953: 5307:

show Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians reveling in a Buddhist context.

5154:(90–70 BC) was the last Indo-Greek king in the Western territories ( 3965: 3099:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander" around wheel. 2338:... and the thera Maharakkhita he sent into the country of the Yona. 2131: 1027: 17014: 16939: 16924: 15855: 15738: 15596: 15422: 15414: 15368: 15359: 15084: 14789: 13823: 13603: 13380: 11425: 11417: 11156:

Sahu, N. K. (1959). "Bahasatimita of the Hathigumpha Inscription".

11109:

empire, down to the breakdown of the Sungas and the arrival of the

11050: 11042: 10517: 10501: 10229: 9928: 9755: 9145: 8820: 8806: 8668: 8611: 8412: 8360: 8171: 8009: 7919: 7876:. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians. 7613: 7589:

The Milinda Panha also describes the structure of Menander's army:

7552: 7533: 7529: 7510: 7470: 7462: 7447: 7178: 7166: 7140: 7117:

earlier, to the time of the Indo-Greeks in the 2nd–1st century BC:

7108:

The possibility of a direct connection between the Indo-Greeks and

7101: 6980: 6942: 6890: 6886: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6737: 6715: 6672: 6624: 6604: 6588: 6575:, conquered the Greek satraps left by Alexander, which belonged to 6549: 6447: 6369: 6349: 6249: 6232: 6220: 6173: 6115: 6079: 6031: 5995: 5983: 5676: 5672: 5622: 5618: 5602: 5496: 5395: 5319: 5213: 5190: 5151: 5110: 4986: 4849: 4816: 4694: 4650: 4630: 4567: 4421: 4411: 4369: 4285: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4143: 4108: 4056: 4052: 3994: 3806: 3732: 3549: 3540: 3434: 3412: 3404: 3234: 3219: 2956: 2940: 2865: 2861: 2819: 2801: 2726: 2663: 2652: 2564: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2492: 2426: 2288: 2199: 2085: 1966: 1905: 1885: 1853: 1782: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1536: 1381: 1312: 1238:

contemporary Greek practices to form dynastic alliances. An Indian

1196: 1173: 1157: 1048: 969: 932: 839: 609: 507: 489: 356: 164: 157: 139: 135: 115: 14551:. Rome: IsMEO (Istituto Italiano Per Il Medio Ed Estremo Oriente). 9806: 8524: 7524:

around 160 BC. The equestrian tradition probably goes back to the

7131:

This is particularly the case of some purely Hellenistic works in

5741:" inscription on the back wall of the veranda, Cave No.17, Nashik. 5613: 5555:("Lord of the Greeks"), who translated from Greek to Sanskrit the 4860: 3241:, which were military confederations that had been annexed by the 3119:

Some sources also claim that the Indo-Greeks may have reached the

3049:

began warring with the Indo-Greeks in the north western frontier.

2760:

greatly encouraged this expansion. The Indo-Greeks, in particular

2642:

mentions India a few times in the course of his long dispute with

2474:. Pushyamitra Shunga then ascended the throne and established the 1553: 17583: 16979: 15936: 15862: 15763: 15744: 15592: 15465: 15418: 15380: 15373: 14973:

Some new hypotheses on the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

13871: 11896: 11511:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE

11395: 11243: 11241: 11106: 10601:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE

10420: 10369: 10319:

A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period.

9942: 9084: 9068: 8551: 8541: 8520: 8024: 7993: 7987: 7889: 7766: 7645: 7548:, depicts a helmetted Greek combatant on an Indian war elephant. 7506: 7443: 7427: 7407: 7370:, "Records of the Great Historian", trans. Burton Watson, p. 236. 7218: 7190: 7089: 7078: 6976: 6861:

was again used a century later by a known Buddhist practitioner,

6660: 6631:. Pushyamitra is alleged to have persecuted Buddhism in favor of 6477: 6361: 6314: 6075: 6027: 5909: 5875: 5770: 5590: 5573: 5446: 5258: 5076: 4725: 4638: 4603: 4579: 4559: 4529: 4483: 4467: 4449: 4341: 4304: 4244: 4206: 4076: 4045: 4021: 3905: 3888: 3876: 3584: 3561: 3557: 3534: 3515: 3507: 3483: 3388: 3384: 3061: 3038: 2968: 2960: 2702: 2536: 2512: 2504: 2467: 2449: 2421: 2391: 2358: 2323: 2291:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the 2101: 2093: 1897: 1874: 1866: 1713: 1705: 1576: 1562: 1493: 1384:, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the 1304: 1239: 1165: 1110: 1094: 1004: 989: 884: 824: 563: 119: 8709: 8333: 8154: 6437: 6306: 5101:(100–95 BC) briefly occupied the whole Greek territory from the 4344:, is recorded. In the Sunga capital, Heliodorus established the 3950: 2713: 2314: 1575:

Alexander had also established several colonies in neighbouring

1496:, mentioning his role in the construction of a water reservoir. 1292: 958:

descent, although he is now seen as a regular Indo-Greek king.

16994: 15899: 15470: 15385: 15317: 15243: 15079: 14883:. Tokyo: 東京国立博物館 (Tokyo Kokuritsu Hakubutsukan). OCLC 53886263. 14561:

Religions of the Silk Road: premodern patterns of globalization

14392:

Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné

14352:

Bernard, Paul (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia." In:

14263:

Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné

13820: 13595: 12362: 11999: 11862: 11474: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11428:. In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of 10629: 10625: 10505: 10489:

Apollodotus, founder of the Graeco- Indian kingdom (c. 160 BC).

9525: 9388: 9171: 9046: 9027:

Classical sources have recorded that Chandragupta sent various

8965: 8736: 8726: 8637: 8615: 8557: 8354: 8300: 7817: 7789:

branch of the Yuezhi, apart from a short-lived invasion of the

7641: 7482: 7466: 7435: 7287: 7205: 7152: 7088:

Hellenistic culture in the Indian subcontinent: Greek clothes,

7004: 6857: 6812: 6808: 6791: 6775: 6664: 6652: 6608: 6584: 6557: 6553: 6528: 6345: 6283: 6260: 6212: 6122:(originating c. 186 BC). One of the statues of the Buddha from 6106:

Statue with inscription mentioning "year 318", probably of the

6083: 6063: 6003: 5987: 5957: 5913: 5871: 5867: 5778: 5774: 5762: 5746: 5738: 5723: 5696: 5692: 5626: 5586: 5516: 5383: 5363: 5334:

being explained as the Greek transliteration of the ubiquitous

5315: 5287: 5267: 5251: 5194: 5142: 5114: 5106: 4977: 4968: 4733: 4714: 4682: 4674: 4634: 4393: 4382: 4373: 4361: 4333: 4300: 4259: 4218: 4202: 4194: 4088: 4072: 4064: 4033: 4002: 3901: 3802: 3767: 3744: 3704: 3526: 3376:, as Indo-Greek presence has not been confirmed this far east. 3364: 3352: 3265: 3227: 3034: 2964: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2894: 2869: 2853: 2790: 2786: 2639: 2496: 2462:

In India, the Maurya dynasty was overthrown around 185 BC when

2382: 2366: 2296: 2262: 2234: 2230: 2210: 2202:

in Ancient sources), and several Greeks, such as the historian

2115: 2089: 2022: 2015: 1970: 1954: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1831: 1689: 1668: 1656: 1608: 1596: 1489: 1481: 1389: 1369: 1358: 1335: 1334:), and thus, he mixed the Indians and the Greeks. His grandson 1308: 1279: 1267: 1251: 1229: 1153: 1121: 1078: 880: 868: 864: 581: 86: 11353:

this can, but need not, imply a military expedition. See LSJ,

11238: 10124: 9454: 8364: 7896:

tradition with the rudimentary and unformalized empirical and

5761:"Success! (The gift) of Indragnidatta, son of Dhammadeva, the 3797:, and describes the ultimate destruction of the city's walls: 3518:

mentioned that Menander's ruler extended to Mathura (Μόδυρα).

2411:, who foretold the Saviour's birth, and came into the land of 1607:. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was founded when Diodotus I, the 14953:

Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms

14925:. Athens: Indo-Hellenic Society for Culture and Development. 14904:

The Greeks in India – A Survey in Philosophical Understanding

14261:

Under each king, information from Bopearachchi is taken from

11822:"The term (Yavana) had a precise meaning until well into the 10738: 10407: 9946: 8643: 8406: 7857: 7701:

Megasthenes fragm. LVI. in Plin. Hist. Nat. VI. 21. 8–23. 11.

7686:

took special note of the military strength of Kalinga in his

7376: 7351: 7331: 7314:

The Indo-Greek kings in Southern Asia issued the first known

7148: 7016: 6972: 6869:, to extoll on his coins the virtues of his predecessor king 6720: 6685: 6676: 6365: 6341:(1836). Kharoshthi became extinct around the 3rd century AD. 6299: 6067: 6023: 5279: 5209:

may however also have held territories in the Paropamisadae.

5198: 5171: 4904: 4882: 4749: 4729: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4607: 4551: 4214: 4084: 4037: 3998: 3494:, suggesting the Greeks ruled over Mathura as late as 60 BC. 3463: 3380: 3269: 3223: 3065: 3057: 2897:. They also included various Indian devices (lion, elephant, 2857: 2809: 2757: 2745: 2576: 2568: 2500: 2412: 2400: 2386: 2327: 2258: 2097: 2076:

Upon his return, Zhang Qian informed the Chinese emperor Han

2063: 2053: 1835: 1660: 1508: 1413:

in their territories, for the welfare of humans and animals (

1188: 919:

During the two centuries of their rule, the Indo-Greek kings

843: 360: 10863: 10064:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar

9377:

There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ...

9341:

Buddhism: its origin and spread in words, maps, and pictures

7497:

Their weapons were spears, swords, longbow (on the coins of

7173:

realistic style, attitudes and fashion (clothes such as the

6971:

is a stone column that was erected around 113 BC in central

6957:

Various blessing gestures: divinities (top), kings (bottom).

5663:

Two more Buddhist inscriptions by Yavanas were found in the

5641: 5216:

up to around 40 AD, when they blend with the coinage of the

4774:

The third inscription, on two adjacent pavement slabs reads

4437:

Foreigner on a horse. The medallions are dated circa 115 BC.

3379:

To the south, the Greeks may have occupied the areas of the

3257:

over the Yaudheya Republic, reaffirming their independence.

2793:; but the order and dating of these conquests is uncertain. 1965:, on the doorstep to China, and are today on display in the 15430: 15271: 15069: 12799:

Described in R. C. Senior "The Decline of the Indo-Greeks"

12611: 10894:

Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism

10509: 9419:

Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pratapaditya Pal (1986).

9064: 9060: 6870: 6783: 6545: 6489: 6389: 6385: 6357: 6353: 6204: 5937: 5932: 5646: 5607: 5540: 5535: 5426:

They would again win independence until being conquered by

5343: 4768: 4745: 4452:

with lotus and two child attendants, probably derived from

3660:

Several figures of foreigners appear in the terracottas of

2952: 2898: 2404: 2331: 1862: 1672: 1465: 1461: 1441: 1161: 1145: 1117: 1069:

defeated and conquered the Persian empire. In 326 BC, this

893:

and the nomenclature of later kings suggest that a certain

820: 106: 14968:

The impact of Greco-Indian Culture on Western Civilisation

14906:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Limited. 9640:

Was Indo-Greek Artemidoros the son of Indo-Sctythian Maues

7848:, which he said was still Greek even at such a late time: 5250:, reigned circa 65–55 BC, was the last Indo-Greek king in 5136: 4721:. They are all celebrating at the entrance of the stupa. 3731:, the invasion in two examples using the imperfect tense 2466:, the commander-in-chief of Mauryan Imperial forces and a 1976:

Greek influences on Chinese art have also been suggested (

1625:

Diodotus, the governor of the thousand cities of Bactria (

1372:, who had converted to the Buddhist faith declared in the 14482:

Bussagli, Mario; Francine Tissot; Béatrice Arnal (1996).

11350: 10897:. Global Vision Publishing House. pp. 351, 608–609. 7616:

in combat gear, making a blessing gesture, circa 100 BCE.

7509:

box started to appear for the first time on the coins of

5695:

was built and dedicated by "Indragnidatta the son of the

5231: 5193:, who ruled until around 80 BC; soon after his death the 4250:

Indo-Greeks in the regions of Vidisha and Sanchi (115 BC)

4213:. It is now known that 50 years later, the Indo-Scythian 4083:. It is now known that 50 years later, the Indo-Scythian 3834:

Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Shunga in

3575:, mentions "The last day of year 116 of Yavana hegemony ( 3443: 17717:

States and territories disestablished in the 1st century

17712:

States and territories established in the 2nd century BC

14759:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 14443:(in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. 13077:

Hellenism in Ancient India, Gauranga Nath Banerjee p. 20

10735:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

9594:"Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world" 9121:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with 6945:

in combat gear, making a blessing gesture, circa 100 BC.

6627:

or "army lord" of the Mauryan Empire and founder of the

4622:, Some have suggested that he might even represent king 4036:

who were completing a long migration from the border of

4008: 3268:

who were completing a long migration from the border of

2634:, who in turn wrote, from Greek sources, at the time of 2630:, who wrote an anthology drawn from the Roman historian 2547:, and the killing of millions of Buddhists, such as the 2233:

has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred

2190:, had re-conquered northwestern India upon the death of 1523:) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with 1250:, described the marriage of Chandragupta with a Greek (" 14979:

Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms in Ancient Texts

14115: 13694:

Stupavadana, Chapter 57, v15. Quotes in E.Seldeslachts.

12530:

The word Yona can't be here anything, but a Greek donor

12002:, or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the 10937:, "Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p. 76. 10472: 7208:, Gandhara, 2nd century (Ostasiatisches Museum, Berlin) 6675:. Menander is claimed to have obtained the title of an 6508:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ ΜΕΝΑΝΔΡΟΥ "Of Saviour King Menander". 6344:

In Indian literature, the Indo-Greeks are described as

4324:

It is around this time, in 115 BC, that the embassy of

4098: 2638:. In addition to these dozen sentences, the geographer 1896:

the Greco-Bactrians may have led expeditions as far as

10597: 9458:

Afghanistan: Forging Civilizations Along the Silk Road

7322:, dating from 180 to 170 BC, and his younger brothers 6757: 6266:

The first Greek coins to be minted in India, those of

6074:

school, "who had gladdened the heart of the people of

5349: 4523: 3156:, during his forth year reigning, was recorded in the 2796:

Demetrius I seems to have conquered the Kabul valley,

1207:(which played a key role in Seleucus's victory at the 14524:

Errington, Elizabeth; Joe Cribb; Maggie Claringbull;

14372:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13006:

and Epigraphia Indica Vol.7 [Epigraphia Indica Vol.7

12962:

Buddhist architecture, Lee Huu Phuoc, Grafikol 2009,

11931: 11372:

McEvilley, 2002, The Shape of Ancient Thought, p. 371

11127:(Second ed.). New Delhi: New Age International. 10983:

Buddhism in the Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh

9307: 6018:(....) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the 3774:, from the Rani Gumpha or "Cave of the Queen" in the 3602: 2931:

in 1970, which depict Hindu deities. These are early

2084:

The Son of Heaven on hearing all this reasoned thus:

1649:

opulentissimum illud mille urbium Bactrianum imperium

1365:

pottery that can be found throughout northern India.

14862:

Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest

12525:. Indian Archaeological Society. 1975. p. 188. 12404:

Buddhist Architecture, Huu Phuoc Le, Grafikol, 2010

11784: 11782: 11264: 11262: 11231: 11229: 11219: 11217: 11207: 11205: 11122: 9013:

was also sent to the Mauryan court on this occasion.

6058:

Inscriptions of the 3rd century (AD 210–325) at the

6050:

inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri, circa AD 170,

4424:) for the earliest reliefs at Sanchi, circa 115 BC. 3981:

dynasty, and attacked the Indo-Greeks from the west.

3433:"To the present day ancient drachmae are current in 3201:

Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest

2708: 2658:

There are Indian literary sources, ranging from the

2399:("Σαρμαναίοι Βάκτρων"); and the philosophers of the 1675:), and Darapsa, and several others. Among these was 1557:

Greco-Bactrian statue of an old man or philosopher,

16197:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 14441:

De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale

13240:

The Great Stupa at Nagarjunakonda in Southern India

11755:

Mathura Museum Introduction: A Pictorial Guide Book

11184: 10671:

Afghanistan Ancien Carrefour Entre L'Est Et L'Ouest

10118: 9750:was besieged from every direction by the forces of 7566:-Not at all. All that had been prepared beforehand. 7278:

depicting a mythological scene, 2nd–1st century BC.

6097: 4582:, the gateways were made by northwestern (probably 3959:

became the most important of the Indo-Greek rulers.

2915:legend on the reverse of a coin of Indo-Greek king 1621:, a catastrophic conflict for the Seleucid Empire. 921:

combined the Greek and Indian languages and symbols

15013: 14549:Butkara I (Swāt, Pakistan) 1956–1962, Volume III 1 14486:(in French). Paris: Librairie générale française. 14331: 13576: 13574: 10929: 10927: 10737:, Vol. 14, No. 3. (Dec., 1971), pp. 286–302 (Both 9420: 9382: 7829:subcontinent, traceable down to the period of the 7777:From the 1st century AD, the Greek communities of 7536:invasion in 210 BC with 10,000 horsemen. Although 7181:, similar in form and style to the 2nd century BC 4610:, he hold a grape in his hand, and has a Buddhist 4420:point to craftsmen from the north-west (region of 3571:An inscription in Mathura discovered in 1988, the 3165:and defeated the emperor Brhaspatimitra, known as 2830:First bilingual and multi-religion monetary system 2519:. While it is established by secular sources that 14864:(in French and English). Belgium: Brepols. 2005. 13774: 13675: 13135:. Government Central Press. 1879. pp. 43–44. 11779: 11368: 11366: 11259: 11226: 11214: 11202: 10209: 10207: 10184: 10182: 9809:. Vol. 2. U of Nebraska Press, 2005. pp13-15 via 7540:are never represented on coins, a harness plate ( 5965:Inscription on the façade of the Manmodi Chaitya. 5519:. Below: detail of the word "Ya-va-na-sa" in old 5452:The Yavanas may have ruled as far as the area of 4673:Foreigners on the Northern Gateway of Stupa I at 4658:the Kharosthi letters were found on the balusters 3315:Apollodotus I (and Menander I) were mentioned by 2876:After the death of Demetrius, the Bactrian kings 2744:king who first launched the Greek expansion into 1945:, from a 3rd-century BC burial site north of the 1136:for the capture of the city from the Nandas. The 1028:Initial Greek presence in the Indian subcontinent 17663: 14661:. Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts. 14164:. Archived from the original on August 28, 2003. 12379: 12377: 12375: 12345: 12343: 12148: 12146: 12059: 11193: 10822: 7544:) dated to the 3rd–2nd century BC, today in the 6915:(c. 100 BC), unarmed, making a blessing gesture. 6740:, "Political Precepts" Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6). 6603:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 5970:These contributions seem to have ended when the 4767:, with probably the same meaning, ("Gift of the 4763:A second similar inscription on a pillar reads: 4641:, which are dated to 100–75 BC: this is because 2539:sources however also describe the resurgence of 2478:, which extended its control as far west as the 2470:, assassinated the last of the Mauryan emperors 2287:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 1865:may have been absorbed, possibly as far as into 1380:Here in the king's domain among the Greeks, the 14923:Greeks and Buddhism: An Intercultural Encounter 14394:(in French). Bibliothèque Nationale de France. 13984: 13982: 13571: 10924: 10823:Krishan, Yuvraj; Tadikonda, Kalpana K. (1996). 10364:Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture 9996:Intercourse between India and the Western world 7574:-With the object of warding off future danger. 7501:) and arrows. Around 130 BC, the Central Asian 5781:by monks together with his son Dhammarakhita." 5551:Nahapana had at his court a Greek writer named 3387:, including the strategic harbour of Barygaza ( 2439: 2241:rules, beyond there where the four kings named 1631:Theodotus, mille urbium Bactrianarum praefectus 15034:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) 14675: 14465:. Washington: National Numismatic Collection, 14109: 12668:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies 12136: 12134: 11966: 11964: 11363: 10218: 10204: 10179: 9941:"It also explains (...) random finds from the 7337:An indirect testimony by the Chinese explorer 7003:. The pillar originally supported a statue of 6149:The inscription at the base of the statue is: 5687:One of the Buddhist caves (Cave No.17) in the 4245:Interactions with Indian culture and religions 2369:. First in its ranks were the prophets of the 1916:they extended their empire even as far as the 16243: 15203: 14999: 13461:. Oxford University Press. pp. 210–211. 12644:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. 12372: 12340: 12143: 12096: 12094: 12082: 12080: 12040: 12038: 10368:The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the 10114:(translator). Macmillan, Reprint Bloomington. 9542:The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources 9301: 7900:elements already present in early Buddhism". 6563: 4217:was in alliance with the Indo-Greek kings in 4087:was in alliance with the Indo-Greek kings in 1708:, the former satrap and self-proclaimed king 1039:, showing Greek and Persian influence, early 834:kingdom covering various parts of modern-day 788: 697: 15217: 14893:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14804: 14457: 14435: 14413: 14386: 13979: 13116:Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India 12428: 11298:ruling over Greek populations and cities in 11041:"The Greeks... took possession, not only of 11006: 10826:The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development 9634: 9632: 9630: 9448: 9337: 9224: 9185:On the Indo-Greeks and the Gandhara school: 7739:The Indo-Greek armies would be conquered by 7603: 7045:leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside 6540:In addition to the worship of the Classical 6163:Inscription of the Buddha of Loriyan Tangai. 5625:(reversed) around the word "Ya-va-ṇa-sa" in 5577:, represented about 8% of all inscriptions. 5460:until the middle of the 1st century BC: the 4280:, is the first known inscription related to 3672:Mathura may then have been conquered by the 1361:) and Persian foreigners, or the remains of 16178: 14963:Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies 14920: 14901: 14532:. Cambridge: Ancient India and Iran Trust. 14370:The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity 13260:. SAGE Publications India. pp. 45–55. 13044: 13042: 12618:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. 12237: 12235: 12233: 12220:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, by 12131: 11961: 11507: 11447: 10890: 10154:F. L. Holt, Thundering Zeus (Berkeley 1999) 9358: 9308:Jackson J. Spielvogel (14 September 2016). 9243: 6647:). ... Pushyamitra therefore destroyed the 6544:of the Greek deities found on their coins ( 4664: 3687:from the 1st century of the Christian era. 3403:The Greeks... took possession, not only of 3395:and by several ancient writers (Strabo 11; 3342:riding a horse, circa 100 BC (coin detail). 3091:Indian-standard coinage of Menander I with 2701:, dated to the 1st-century BC. It mentions 1341:Also several Greeks, such as the historian 1081:and founded several settlements, including 254:1,100,000 km (420,000 sq mi) 54:The Elephant and the Caduceus on a coin of 16250: 16236: 15210: 15196: 15006: 14992: 14818:Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV 14754: 14600: 13739:Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River 12091: 12077: 12035: 11706: 11688: 11670: 11158:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 10973: 10891:Singh, Nagendra Kr; Mishra, A. P. (2007). 10584:Tarn, App. 20; Narain (1957) pp. 136, 156 10475:Foreign influence in ancient Indo-Pakistan 9658: 9656: 9618:"Notes on Hellenism in Bactria and India". 9545:. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. 9461:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 42. 9427:. University of California Press. p. 9389:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 9331: 7840:in his 1st century AD "Parthian stations" 7570:-Not at all. I had learnt all that before. 7354:and cloth (silk?) made in the province of 6376:i.e. foremost among the Warrior caste, or 6360:) both thought to be transliterations of " 6215:of victory to Zeus himself (left, coin of 4629:Also around that time, craftsmen from the 4614:symbol on his sword. He has the role of a 2889:, whereas later kings would generally use 2495:. A large number of Buddhist monasteries ( 2158:of Ashoka, which mentions the Greek kings 1480:records that during the rule of Ashoka, a 883:). Other centers are only hinted at; e.g. 795: 781: 704: 690: 72:Territory of the Indo-Greeks circa 150 BC. 65: 14653: 14421:. New York: American Numismatic Society. 14236: 13791: 13557:Hinüber (2000), pp. 83–86, para. 173–179. 13236: 13145: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13025:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 133. 12727: 12709: 12567: 12565: 12563: 11635: 11633: 11631: 10125:Polybius; Friedrich Otto Hultsch (1889). 9799: 9627: 9538: 9455:Joan Aruz; Elisabetta Valtz Fino (2012). 9423:Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700 9412: 9249: 8035:Campaigns of Alexander the Great in India 7375:Recent excavations at the burial site of 6823:, and mainly associated with the area of 2237:(4,000 miles) away, where the Greek king 1073:of the Indian subcontinent as far as the 16192: 14808:The end of the road for the Indo-Greeks? 14777:Journal of the American Oriental Society 14641: 14619: 14546: 14367: 14329: 13792:Francfort, Henri-Paul (1 January 2022). 13312:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art 13300:Problems of Chronology in Gandharan Art 13148:"Yonas and Yavanas In Indian Literature" 13039: 13018: 12462:Graeco-Indica, India's cultural contacts 12271: 12259: 12247: 12230: 11503: 11501: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 10101: 9823: 9821: 9352: 7909: 7811: 7756: 7648:having extricated his demoralized army." 7607: 7461: 7298: 7270: 7199: 7119: 7083: 7036: 6761: 6527: 6495: 6464: 6427:, commissioned by Indo-Greek ambassador 6194: 6179:Another statue of Buddha, the Buddha of 6136: 6101: 5874:donor appears on the façade of the main 5732: 5716: 5612: 5506: 5369: 5353: 5257: 5241: 5161: 5146: 4685:, but this time dating to the period of 4668: 4653:where the Kharoshti script was in use. 4573: 4537: 4291: 4276:, commissioned by Indo-Greek ambassador 4267: 4169:(130–120 BC) showing on the reverse the 4160: 4129: 4117: 4020:(145–130 BC) was the last Greek king in 4012: 3908:having extricated his demoralized army." 3825:, Paragraph 47–48, quoted in Mitchener, 3761: 3539: 3473: 3333: 3086: 3074: 3013: 2907: 2839: 2712: 2608: 2443: 2178:by name, as recipients of his teachings. 2149: 2130: 1936: 1794: 1688: 1552: 1548: 1419: 1291: 1116:Around 322 BC, the Greeks (described as 1031: 58:, the founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom. 14773: 14719:The coin types of the Indo-Greeks kings 14122:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 44–50. 13733: 13712:Plutarch "Political precepts", p147–148 13454: 11772:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum 11752:Museum, Mathura Archaeological (1971). 11665: 11663: 11125:Ancient Indian history and civilization 11015:Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1 10986:. Maha Bodhi Society of India. p. 10848: 10846: 10628:(archaeological excavations), and also 10291:Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria. 9663:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (2010-06-24). 9653: 9586: 9362:Teaching World History: A Resource Book 9311:Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500 7551:The Milinda Panha, in the questions of 7310:point to a Chinese origin of the metal. 7077:and, in an already decadent state, the 6321:, which was used only once on coins of 5420:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 5181:One of the last important kings in the 5137:Loss of Hindu Kush territories (70 BC–) 3735:, denoting a recent or ongoing events: 3587:in northern central India, through the 3249:details the conquests of the Saka King 3247:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 3025:The next important Indo-Greek king was 1731:, who allied himself with the Parthian 1478:Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman 14: 17664: 16257: 16201: 15767:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism 14815: 14713: 14694: 14500: 13992:by Joseph Needham, Gwei-Djen Lu p. 237 13448: 13433:Whitehead, "Indo-Greek coins", pp. 3–8 13285: 13283: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13209: 13132:Archaeological Survey of Western India 13097: 13095: 13054: 13050:S._1_1999-2000_pp._83-109 {{p.|87–88}} 12953:"The Yavanajataka of Sphujidhvaja" p5) 12931: 12929: 12599:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi 12587:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi 12560: 12554:John Mashall, The Monuments of Sanchi 12357: 12355: 12330: 12328: 12315: 12313: 12300: 12298: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12044:Translation in Epigraphia Indica 1920 12006:." The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.)" 11768: 11751: 11723: 11639: 11628: 11611:Ancient India: an introductory outline 11314:Pompeius Trogus, Prologue to Book XLI. 11290:In the 1st century BC, the geographer 11012: 10829:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 22. 10769: 10767: 10448: 10446: 10357: 9286: 7492: 5502: 5434:, and would disintegrate soon after. 5232:Loss of Central territories (48/47 BC) 5224:. The first documented Yuezhi prince, 5052: 5043: 4732:(Greek donors) to the construction of 4032:, in turn being pushed forward by the 3782:was also found. 2nd or 1st century BC. 3778:on the east coast of India, where the 3623:Helmeted head of a soldier, "probably 3533:, suggesting Indo-Greek occupation of 3264:, in turn being pushed forward by the 3002:, likely the son of the Bactrian king 2971:(a pear-shaped case or conch) and the 2655:which has not come down to us intact. 2257:rule, likewise in the south among the 1892:, and there are indications that from 17182:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 16231: 16169: 15964: 15781: 15710: 15683: 15634: 15629: 15191: 14987: 14577: 14555: 14310: 14094:"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius" 13530: 13253: 12824:, Catalogue raisonné, p. 172-175 12691: 12664: 12465:. Ramanand Vidya Bhawan. p. 12. 12455: 11538:, 1990, Proceedings, Volume 23, p. 45 11498: 11480: 11066: 11017:. Taylor & Francis. p. 717. 10721:For Heracles, see Lillian B. Lawler " 9818: 9599: 7743:, a nomadic tribe from Central Asia. 7692:in the middle of the 3rd century BC: 7390: 6282:(saviour) because he had helped save 5074: 5063: 5021: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4955: 4946: 4933: 4924: 4911: 4902: 4889: 4880: 4869: 4858: 4847: 4834: 4823: 4803: 4794: 4009:Fall of Bactria and death of Menander 3009: 2748:. He is therefore the founder of the 2662:, a dialogue between a Buddhist sage 2357:recognized the existence of Buddhist 2142:were located at the very doorstep of 1015:state lingered on encompassing local 954:(80 BC) was supposed to have been of 17650:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 14834: 14735: 14680:. Calcutta, India: Asiatic Society. 14269:(1998). Senior's chronology is from 13243:. The Indian Antiquary. p. 186. 12513: 11758:. Archaeological Museum. p. 14. 11689:Dhavalikar, Madhukar Keshav (1977). 11660: 11454:Full text, Schoff's 1912 translation 11155: 10979: 10843: 10773: 10667:: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World 10604:. BRILL Academic. pp. 254–255. 10360:"Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology" 9998:, p. 39, quoted in McEvilley, p. 368 9662: 6876: 6663:Soter or the "Saviour king", choose 6038:race; who restored the glory of the 5166:Hermaeus posthumous issue struck by 5032: 5010: 4997: 4814: 4099:Preservation of the Indo-Greek realm 3856:, during the latter's reign, by the 3770:/ Indo-Greek warrior with boots and 2128:from the end of the 2nd century BC. 1884:To the north, Euthydemus also ruled 1440:, was dedicated by a 30,000-strong " 15167:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature 14820:. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 14627:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. 14241:. Simon and Schuster. p. 503. 14119:Some Early Dynasties of South India 13715: 13358:Athenaeus, "Deipnosophistae" XIV.67 13274: 13247: 13092: 12968: 12926: 12815: 12352: 12325: 12310: 12295: 12207: 11713:. Parimal Publications. p. 82. 11707:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996). 11677:. Parimal Publications. p. 81. 11671:Srivastava, Surendra Kumar (1996). 11614:. People's Pub. House. p. xi. 11607: 11586: 11060: 10940: 10764: 10443: 10347:, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham 10236:Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius 8887:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 7294: 7266: 7029:Hellenistic influence on Indian art 6723:), in a parallel with the historic 6696:, Translation by T. W. Rhys Davids. 5350:Loss of Eastern territories (10 AD) 4756:complex, and on the pillars of the 4524:Indo-Greeks and Bharhut (100-75 BC) 4232:mainly issued bilingual (Greek and 3287: 1869:, whose ruler had been defeated by 1822:was attacked by the Seleucid ruler 1297:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 24: 14811:. Iranica Antica, Vol XXXIX, 2004. 14676:Mitchiner, John E.; Garga (1986). 14503:Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés 13826:had no part in the development of 12126:Indo-Scythian coins and history IV 11692:Masterpieces of Indian Terracottas 11646:Mittal Publications. p. 141. 11279:Indo-Scythian coins and history IV 10624:Demetrius is said to have founded 9196:3) Also the recent discoveries at 8964:"It is curious that on his copper 5091:Main polities in Asia, circa -100. 4778:("Two slabs of Cuda, the Yonaka"). 3725:, around 150 BC, describes in the 3721:, a grammarian and commentator on 3610:Figurines of foreigners in Mathura 3603:Figurines of foreigners in Mathura 3469: 2947:with attributes consisting of the 2690:, with additional evidence in the 1773:founded by Alexander the Great in 1727:Diodotus was succeeded by his son 1679:, which was named after its ruler. 1097:, who were confirmed again at the 25: 17738: 14941: 14721:. Chicago, USA: Ares Publishing. 14338:. Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal. 13216:. Sarup & Sons. p. 311. 13119:. The Society. 1994. pp. iv. 11730:Mittal Publications. p. XV. 10870:. SAGE Publications. p. 28. 10131:. Macmillan and Company. p. 9344:. St Martin's Press. p. 45. 9293:. Times of India Office. p. 9280: 7041:Greek Buddhist devotees, holding 6480:, and making a blessing gesture. 5784:Inscription of Cave No.17, Nashik 5718:The "Yavana cave", Cave No.17 of 5562: 5262:Hippostratos was replaced by the 4546:, a possible Indian depiction of 4368:, mainly used in the area around 4228:While all Indo-Greek kings after 4028:From the mid-2nd century BC, the 3989:Milinda, and is described in the 3690: 3260:From the mid-2nd century BC, the 2983:) still appear in the coinage of 2709:Expansion of Demetrius into India 2600:History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom 912:were eventually divided from the 900:The kingdom was founded when the 819:(also Yavanarajya after the word 16150: 16141: 16132: 16123: 16114: 16105: 16096: 16087: 16077:References and sources for table 14757:The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans 14563:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 14406: 14330:Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (1961). 14289: 14280: 14255: 14230: 14218: 14209: 14200: 14191: 14182: 14154: 14136: 14116:Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). 14100: 14086: 14077: 14065: 14051: 14025: 13999: 13970: 13967:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 75. 13961: 13952: 13943: 13934: 13921: 13912: 13903: 13894: 13885: 13860: 13851: 13842: 13833: 13813: 13804: 13785: 13765: 13756: 13745: 13726: 13706: 13697: 13688: 13666: 13649: 13640: 13626: 13617: 13583: 13560: 13551: 13524: 13515: 13506: 13497: 13484: 13475: 13436: 13427: 13417: 13408: 13399: 13390: 13373: 13362: 13351: 13340: 13329: 13318: 13306: 13294: 13230: 13203: 13191: 13179: 13162: 13139: 13123: 13107: 13080: 13071: 13012: 12996: 12980: 12956: 12942: 12914: 12905: 12895: 12886: 12877: 12864: 12854: 12845: 12836: 12827: 12793: 12784: 12771: 12762: 12753: 12744: 12685: 12658: 12632: 12605: 12593: 12581: 12548: 12536: 12501: 12492: 12483: 12449: 12422: 12410: 12398: 12386: 12283: 12195: 12161: 12118: 12105: 12068: 12050: 12022: 12009: 11979: 11948: 11924: 11915: 11902: 11881: 11868: 11851: 11842: 11829: 11816: 11791: 11762: 11744: 11717: 11710:Terracotta art in northern India 11699: 11681: 11674:Terracotta art in northern India 11577: 11565: 11553: 11541: 11528: 11508:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). 11467: 11458: 11410: 11401: 11384: 11375: 11343: 11330: 11317: 11308: 11284: 11271: 11250: 11247:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 86. 11149: 11116: 11089: 11078: 11035: 10964: 10911: 10884: 10857: 10816: 10803: 10794: 10562:, "tribes" is Jones' version of 10529:For the date of Trogus, see the 10477:. Sind Book House. p. 100. 10473:Jairazbhoy, Rafique Ali (1995). 10372:people who lived in the land of 9914:. Mentioned in McEvilley, p. 367 9395:. Psychology Press. p. 74. 9314:. Cengage Learning. p. 96. 9227:A Historical atlas of South Asia 9225:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 9179: 9157: 9131: 9100: 9018: 8976: 8958: 8948: 8938: 8805: 8781: 8756: 8735: 8708: 8698: 8677: 8667: 8624: 8614: 8597: 8587: 8577: 8560: 8550: 8540: 8523: 8513: 8503: 8486: 8469: 8459: 8442: 8432: 8415: 8405: 8382: 8373: 8363: 8342: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8286: 8269: 8250: 8233: 8214: 8197: 8187: 8170: 8153: 8136: 8119: 8102: 8037: 7243:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara 7197:scenes) to Buddhist-devotional. 6950: 6935: 6920: 6905: 6436: 6416: 6098:Yavana era for Buddha sculptures 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5894: 5885: 5840: 5828: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5374:The last known Indo-Greek kings 4789: 4602:on the railings of the stupa of 4507: 4491: 4475: 4460: 4442: 4430: 4410: 3964: 3949: 3940: 3747:(Greeks) were besieging Saketa") 3676:, or ruled independently by the 3636: 3616: 2903:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara 2848:(circa 180 BC) incorporated the 2836:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara 731: 393: 386: 332: 318: 293: 279: 47: 14921:Vassiliades, Demetrios (2016). 14902:Vassiliades, Demetrios (2000). 14841:The Greeks in Bactria and India 13949:Bopearachchi, "Monnaies", p. 27 13880:American Journal of Archaeology 11769:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994). 11608:Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (1977). 11325:Indo-Scythian coins and history 10752: 10715: 10702: 10689: 10680: 10655: 10646: 10635: 10618: 10598:Sonya Rhie Quintanilla (2007). 10591: 10578: 10569: 10544: 10523: 10494: 10466: 10455: 10434: 10425: 10413: 10400: 10389: 10351: 10336: 10323: 10302: 10284: 10279:The Greeks in Bactria and India 10271: 10261: 10251: 10240: 10193: 10168: 10157: 10148: 10139: 10095: 10082: 10070: 10058: 10049: 10040: 10028: 10019: 10010: 10001: 9988: 9979: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9935: 9917: 9891: 9878: 9866: 9857: 9844: 9832: 9785: 9773: 9740: 9729: 9718: 9707: 9695: 9683: 9666:The Greeks in Bactria and India 9644: 9624:, Vol. 22 (1902), pp. 268–293). 9610: 9573: 9559: 9539:Thonemann, Peter (2016-01-14). 9532: 9518: 9509: 9479: 9140:Known ambassadors to India are 9113:, after having made peace with 8929: 8902:Timeline of Indo-Greek Kingdoms 7785:lived under the control of the 7706:An account by the Roman writer 7457: 6962: 6518:Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa 6486:National Museum of Oriental Art 6317:, rather than the more eastern 5515:, mentioning its donation by a 5511:Pillar of the Great Chaitya at 5437:During the 1st century BC, the 3754:" ("The Yavanas were besieging 3109:Māhārajasa trātadasa Menandrāsa 2563:"At this time the best of the 2308:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika) 2278:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika) 1704:When the ruler of neighbouring 17677:Ancient history of Afghanistan 15015:Ancient India and Central Asia 14740:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 14303: 14275:The decline of the Indo-Greeks 13798:Bulletin of the Asia Institute 11775:. D.K. Printworld. p. 58. 11013:Magill, Frank Northen (2003). 10953:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10247:Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra 9807:The State at War in South Asia 9669:. Cambridge University Press. 9596:. Ancient History Encyclopedia 9233: 9218: 9033:as to make people more amorous 7765:uses the Macedonian month of " 7397:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 4705:, and sandals, typical of the 3801:Then, after having approached 3466:may also have been conquered. 3397:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2684:Records of the Grand Historian 2499:) were allegedly converted to 2485:Buddhist sources, such as the 1071:included the northwestern part 931:was, according to Polybius, a 13: 1: 17722:1st-century disestablishments 17654:in most of their territories. 16452:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 14844:. Cambridge University Press. 14649:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 14528:; Fitzwilliam Museum (1992). 14237:McEvilley, Thomas C. (2012). 12671:. Ibidem Press. p. 403. 11123:Sen, Sailendra Nath. (1999). 10675:Afghanistan, Ancien Carrefour 8918: 7905: 7852:Beyond is Arachosia. And the 7485:of the Macedonians (coins of 6855:(c. 90 BC). The attribute of 6694:The Questions of King Milinda 6472:representing a man wearing a 5952:"The meritorious gift of the 4740:The clearest of these reads " 4177:bow, inside a victory wreath. 3934:in Kharosthi and may fit in. 3589:Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription 3537:in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. 2415:guided by a star. The Indian 1488:was in charge in the area of 1353:, were sent to reside at the 1022: 854: 847: 16206:, Cambridge University Press 16174:, Cambridge University Press 15904:Decline of Buddhism in India 15341:Northern Black Polished Ware 15063:Historical peoples and clans 15049:Genetics and archaeogenetics 14948:Indo-Greek history and coins 14755:Rosenfield, John M. (1967). 14526:Ancient India and Iran Trust 14059:"Strabo II.3.4‑5 on Eudoxus" 9359:Heidi Roupp (4 March 2015). 9212: 7872:, and by it flows the river 7769:" for calendrical purposes ( 7092:, wine and music (Detail of 6987:, a Greek ambassador of the 6402:Religions of the Indo-Greeks 6333:of the Kharoshthi script by 6227:115–95 BC), and then to the 6219:145–130 BC), then to a baby 6128:Bajaur reliquary inscription 5956:of the (gharba) hall by the 5617:The Buddhist symbols of the 4765:"etapathasa (Yona?)sa danam" 4724:The actual participation of 4598:, appeared prominently on a 3883:According to Mitchener, the 3786:The Brahmanical text of the 3143:(Gargi-Samhita, Paragraph 5) 2740:is generally considered the 2440:Rise of the Shungas (185 BC) 7: 17697:Ancient peoples of Pakistan 16447:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 16172:An Introduction to Hinduism 15039:Indo-Aryan migration theory 14547:Faccenna, Domenico (1980). 13598:– depicted with a radiated 13210:Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). 12575:India, Upinder Singh, 2016 11695:. Taraporevala. p. 23. 10034:Full text of the Mahavamsa 9875:, Burjor Avari, pp. 108-109 9782:, Burjor Avari, pp. 106-107 9622:Journal of Hellenic Studies 8829: 7918:was depicted in the art of 7864:; then Alexandropolis, the 7636:"Then in the eighth year, ( 7562:-(Menander) Yes, certainly. 6500:Indian-standard coinage of 6395: 6190: 5949:"yavanasa camdānam gabhadā" 5585:Yavanas from the region of 4691:Foreigners worshiping Stupa 3896:"Then in the eighth year, ( 2503:temples, in such places as 1464:sources as leading Greek (" 1444:" (Greek) delegation from " 1262:married with a daughter of 10: 17743: 16195:Hinduism. Past and present 16065:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 16023:Chera Perumals of Makkotai 15415:Rise of Shramana movements 15022:Archaeology and prehistory 14704:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 14334:Hellenism in ancient India 13537:. Routledge. p. 167. 12692:Török, Tibor (July 2023). 11942:December 10, 2008, at the 9498:but an Indian one"; not a 9365:. Routledge. p. 171. 8882:Kandahar Greek Inscription 7951: 7793:. The Kushans founded the 7750: 7394: 7240: 7236: 7228: 7055:Victoria and Albert Museum 7026: 6930:making a blessing gesture. 6591:following the destructive 6564:Interactions with Buddhism 6405: 6399: 6372:, Pahlavas and Paradas as 5777:bestowed on the universal 5235: 5140: 4782: 4742:Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam 4656:Cunningham explained that 4527: 4372:, as opposed to the local 4253: 4221:, and one of those kings, 4091:, and one of those kings, 3758:" (the "Middle country")). 3653: 2833: 2810: 2619: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2455: 2313:Furthermore, according to 1589:Alexandria of the Caucasus 1568: 1109:, until his departure for 1065:In the fourth century BC, 1037:Pataliputra Palace capital 877:Alexandria in the Caucasus 83:Alexandria in the Caucasus 17648: 17554: 17385: 17292: 17234: 17147: 17068: 16875: 16797: 16749: 16726: 16568: 16525: 16396: 16352:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 16342: 16299: 16266: 16202:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 16074: 15971: 15950:Pandyan kingdom (revival) 15935: 15914: 15889: 15861: 15821: 15816: 15757: 15643: 15578: 15536: 15515: 15499: 15488: 15481: 15464: 15448: 15434: 15405: 15398: 15344: 15326: 15323:Painted Grey Ware culture 15308: 15300: 15284: 15260: 15257: 15252: 15239: 15234: 15225: 15149: 15118: 15062: 15021: 14805:Seldeslachts, E. (2003). 14621:Marshall, Sir John Hubert 14174:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 13455:Salomon, Richard (1998). 13237:Longhurst, A. H. (1932). 13146:Karttunen, Klaus (2015). 13002:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 12920:Epigraphia Indica Vol.18 12601:p. 345 inscription No.433 12556:p. 348 inscription No.475 12435:. Grafikol. p. 161. 12181:. Routledge. p. 73. 11381:A.K. Narain and Keay 2000 10128:The Histories of Polybius 9923:"The very fact that both 9692:, Burjor Avari, pp. 92-93 8819: 8817: 8815: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8771: 8769: 8750: 8748: 8723: 8721: 8692: 8690: 8673: 8661: 8659: 8652: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8620: 8608: 8583: 8571: 8546: 8534: 8509: 8497: 8482: 8480: 8465: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8411: 8401: 8399: 8381: 8379: 8369: 8359: 8353: 8338: 8292: 8282: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8256: 8246: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8220: 8210: 8203: 8193: 8183: 8176: 8166: 8159: 8149: 8142: 8132: 8125: 8115: 8108: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8072: 8063: 8056: 8050: 8043: 8033: 7972: 7966: 7934:evidence only. The exact 7753:Legacy of the Indo-Greeks 7746: 7604:Size of Indo-Greek armies 6758:"Followers of the Dharma" 6708:Another Indian text, the 6615:The last Mauryan Emperor 4498:Lotus within Hellenistic 4390: 4385:illustrations in India. 4307:as an ambassador of king 3752:Arunad Yavano Madhyamikām 2425:("Σαρμάναι"), and others 2092:) and the possessions of 1815:– "(of) King Euthydemus". 1409:), and that he developed 1089:were left to the rule of 348: 258: 250: 245: 241: 231: 221: 217: 207: 203: 190: 177: 173: 163: 153: 131: 93: 78: 64: 44: 39: 32: 16713:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 16512:Cleopatra VII Philopator 16170:Flood, Gavin D. (1996), 15759:"Golden Age of Hinduism" 15724:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom 15640:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty 15401:Persian-Greek influences 15219:Middle kingdoms of India 15150:Mythology and literature 14738:Buddhism in Central Asia 14736:Puri, Baij Nath (2000). 14605:. London: Duncan Baird. 14601:Lowenstein, Tom (2002). 14580:A Dictionary of Buddhism 13213:Tribal Roots of Hinduism 12759:Bernard (1994), p. 126. 12589:p. 308 inscription No.89 12542:Epigraphia Indica Vol.2 10774:Holt, Frank Lee (1988). 10358:Viglas, Katelis (2016). 9489:(London, 1968). Pp. 112 9106:Treaties of friendship: 9079:, entreating him (it is 8923: 7816:Hellenistic couple from 7678:. However, according to 7505:of the steppes with its 5912:(left) was donated by a 5362:and Strato II's capital 4707:Greek travelling costume 4665:Sanchi Yavanas (50–1 BC) 4189:-type bowcase and short 4059:-type bowcase and short 3926:, has been doubted. The 3490:), or 116th year if the 2826:, starting in 186/5 BC. 2209:Chandragupta's grandson 2052:"When I was in Bactria ( 2044:explorer and ambassador 1077:. Alexander established 17510:'s attempted rule with 17191:Mithridates V Euergetes 16603:Antiochus III the Great 16416:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 16357:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 16281:Alexander III the Great 16193:Michaels, Axel (2004), 15891:Late-Classical Hinduism 14584:Oxford University Press 14501:Cambon, Pierre (2007). 14467:Smithsonian Institution 14368:Boardman, John (1994). 14265:(1991) or occasionally 13929:India: The ancient past 13383:wrote that the king of 13254:Singh, Upinder (2016). 12922:p. 328 Inscription No10 11972:Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti 11801:, and the Indians used 10710:Apollodorus of Artemita 10309:Ancient Chinese weapons 10175:Justin XLI, paragraph 1 10164:Justin XLI, paragraph 4 9873:India, the Ancient Past 9852:India, the Ancient Past 9814:(subscription required) 9780:India, the Ancient Past 9690:India, the Ancient Past 9592:Ghose, Sanujit (2011). 9581:India, the Ancient Past 9059:to send him some sweet 7630:Hathigumpha inscription 7598:(Milinda Panha, Book I) 7418:, with destination the 7330:around 170 BC. As only 7094:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa 6470:Indo-Corinthian capital 5597:built and dedicated by 5569:Buddhist caves in India 5326:script the inscription 4776:"Cuda yokasa bo silayo" 4454:similar images of Venus 3914:Hathigumpha inscription 3885:Hathigumpha inscription 3780:Hathigumpha inscription 3573:Yavanarajya inscription 3480:Yavanarajya inscription 3187:Hathigumpha inscription 3158:Hathigumpha inscription 3054:Apollodorus of Artemita 2699:Yavanarajya inscription 2071:, trans. Burton Watson) 1765:and possibly satrap of 1724:and Bactria developed. 1665:Apollodorus of Artemita 1529:Androsthenes of Cyzicus 1191:, where he encountered 1043:period, 3rd century BC. 914:Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom 719:Part of a series on the 17702:180s BC establishments 17692:Ethnic groups in India 17294:Monarchs of Cappadocia 17196:Mithridates VI Eupator 16718:Philip II Philoromaeus 16703:Antiochus XII Dionysus 16693:Demetrius III Eucaerus 16688:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 16673:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 16613:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 16608:Seleucus IV Philopator 16593:Seleucus II Callinicus 16492:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 16367:Demetrius II Aetolicus 15277:Middle Gangetic Plain 15126:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 14816:Senior, R. C. (2006). 14578:Keown, Damien (2003). 14311:Avari, Burjor (2007). 13931:, Burjor Avari, p. 130 13900:McEvilley, pp. 388-390 13882:55 (1951) pp. 301–319) 13531:Avari, Burjor (2016). 13019:Philpott, Don (2016). 12665:Fauve, Jeroen (2021). 12641:Atlas of World History 12544:p. 395 inscription 364 11067:Baums, Stefan (2017). 10760:Indo-Scythian coins IV 10712:." Bopearachchi, p. 52 10539:Indo-Scythian coins IV 10462:Pratisarga Parva p. 18 10345:Silk Road, North China 9904:Athenaeus of Naucratis 9854:, Burjor Avari, p. 112 9839:Pratisarga Parva p. 18 9583:, Burjor Avari, p. 130 9567:"Indo-Greek Campaigns" 9487:Flames over Persepolis 9253:Social Science History 9037:Athenaeus of Naucratis 9024:Exchange of presents: 8837:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 8096:Greco-Bactrian kingdom 7927: 7878: 7825: 7774: 7737: 7704: 7676:Demetrius I of Bactria 7656: 7617: 7601: 7587: 7478: 7373: 7311: 7279: 7209: 7128: 7105: 7058: 7033:Art of the Indo-Greeks 7022: 6799: 6790:, who holds a victory 6743: 6699: 6657: 6613: 6583:. The Mauryan Emperor 6537: 6525: 6493: 6450:, as described in the 6392:(masters and slaves). 6288:Demetrius the Besieger 6240: 6166: 6146: 6111: 6056: 5976:Gautamiputra Satakarni 5968: 5870:, an inscription by a 5742: 5655: 5545: 5491:was conquered by the 5424: 5387: 5367: 5358:Approximate region of 5271: 5255: 5175: 5159: 4678: 4594:A warrior figure, the 4591: 4571: 4316: 4289: 4178: 4139: 4127: 4025: 3919: 3881: 3838:are also found in the 3832: 3783: 3741:Arunad Yavanah Sāketam 3568: 3506:also had control over 3499: 3459: 3423: 3370: 3343: 3222:and that he became an 3192: 3146: 3116: 3084: 3068:Valley to the eastern 3047:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 3022: 2920: 2873: 2730: 2719:Demetrius I of Bactria 2717:Silver coin depicting 2688:Book of the Former Han 2617: 2591: 2453: 2437: 2350: 2311: 2281: 2179: 2147: 2122: 2074: 1958: 1951:Xinjiang Region Museum 1935: 1859: 1816: 1793: 1752: 1701: 1687: 1645: 1630: 1581:Alexandria on the Oxus 1571:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1566: 1546: 1449: 1403: 1320: 1290: 1235: 1107:Peithon, son of Agenor 1099:Treaty of Triparadisus 1044: 906:Demetrius I of Bactria 287:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 233:• Disestablished 17707:10s disestablishments 17236:Monarchs of Commagene 17157:Mithridates I Ctistes 16698:Philip I Philadelphus 16678:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 16668:Antiochus VIII Grypus 16663:Seleucus V Philometor 16648:Antiochus VII Sidetes 16638:Antiochus VI Dionysus 16598:Seleucus III Ceraunus 16497:Berenice IV Epiphanea 16442:Ptolemy VI Philometor 16426:Ptolemy IV Philopator 16421:Ptolemy III Euergetes 16286:Philip III Arrhidaeus 15806:Western Ganga Dynasty 15673: 1st century BCE 15661:Early Pandyan kingdom 15626: 2nd century BCE 15586:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE) 15580:Preclassical Hinduism 15561:Early Pandyan kingdom 15533: 3rd century BCE 15478: 4th century BCE 15445: 5th century BCE 15355: 6th century BCE 15280:Lower Gangetic Plain 15268:Upper Gangetic Plain 15136:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 14150:on December 10, 2008. 12711:10.3390/genes14071345 12432:Buddhist Architecture 12429:Huu Phuoc Le (2010). 11724:Vishnu, Asha (1993). 11640:Vishnu, Asha (1993). 11095:Rocher, Ludo (1986), 9910:" Book I, chapter 32 9338:Erik Zürcher (1962). 9287:Wilson, John (1877). 9043:" Book I, chapter 32 8877:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 7913: 7850: 7815: 7791:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 7781:and the northwestern 7760: 7720: 7694: 7634: 7611: 7591: 7557: 7465: 7348: 7302: 7274: 7241:Further information: 7203: 7123: 7087: 7040: 6765: 6729: 6681: 6637: 6601: 6571:, the founder of the 6531: 6499: 6468: 6339:Carl Ludwig Grotefend 6323:Agathocles of Bactria 6313:script, derived from 6294:because he had saved 6198: 6151: 6140: 6105: 6034:; who rooted out the 6012: 5946: 5736: 5616: 5510: 5408: 5373: 5357: 5261: 5245: 5165: 5150: 4672: 4577: 4558:symbol on his sword. 4541: 4295: 4271: 4164: 4133: 4121: 4016: 3894: 3869: 3799: 3766:Possible statue of a 3765: 3543: 3477: 3431: 3401: 3345: 3337: 3179: 3133: 3090: 3078: 3017: 2911: 2843: 2716: 2692:Book of the Later Han 2622:Indo-Greeks (sources) 2612: 2561: 2447: 2363: 2355:Clement of Alexandria 2330:) he sent the Greek ( 2319: 2285: 2227: 2153: 2134: 2119:, Former Han History) 2082: 2050: 2004:Warring States period 1940: 1914: 1845: 1798: 1779: 1741: 1735:in his fight against 1692: 1653: 1623: 1556: 1549:Greek rule in Bactria 1517: 1499:Again in 206 BC, the 1484:King/ Governor named 1423: 1378: 1295: 1256: 1213: 1176:(Bactrians) who took 1132:, and gone as far as 1035: 813:Graeco-Indian Kingdom 192:• 25 BC – 10 AD 94:Common languages 17070:Monarchs of Bithynia 16653:Alexander II Zabinas 16633:Demetrius II Nicator 16550:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 16517:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 16482:Ptolemy XI Alexander 16457:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 16362:Antigonus II Gonatas 16156:Michaels (2004) p.41 16147:Michaels (2004) p.40 16129:Michaels (2004) p.39 16111:Michaels (2004) p.39 16048:Kamboja-Pala dynasty 15680: 1st century CE 15054:History of the horse 14459:Bopearachchi, Osmund 14437:Bopearachchi, Osmund 14415:Bopearachchi, Osmund 14388:Bopearachchi, Osmund 14144:"Megasthenes Indica" 12522:Purātattva, Number 8 11514:. BRILL. p. 9. 10980:Ahir, D. C. (1971). 10331:Numismatic Chronicle 10329:A.A. Moss pp317-318 10112:Evelyn S. Shuckburgh 9638:Osmund Bopearachchi 9163:Religious missions: 8989:gave in marriage to 8912:Partition of Babylon 7868:of Arachosia; it is 7846:Alexandria Arachosia 7833:in the 4th century. 7259:to the east and the 7247:Post-Mauryan coinage 7225:statues of Gandhara 6995:to the court of the 6659:It is possible that 6619:was assassinated by 6309:on the back (in the 6130:and a suggestion by 6022:; who destroyed the 5908:, the facade of the 5765:, a northerner from 5466:reign of the Yavanas 5430:(350-375 CE) of the 5296:Mathura lion capital 5133:until around 10 AD. 5087:class=notpageimage| 4332:to the court of the 3627:", 1st century BCE, 2917:Artemidoros Aniketos 1712:, was eliminated by 815:, also known as the 179:• 200 – 180 BC 17652:Hellenistic satraps 16683:Antiochus X Eusebes 16618:Antiochus V Eupator 16560:Cleopatra Selene II 16487:Ptolemy XII Auletes 16472:Ptolemy X Alexander 16467:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 16431:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 16372:Antigonus III Doson 16007:Rashtrakuta dynasty 15459:Shaishunaga dynasty 15409:Second Urbanisation 15254:Indo-Gangetic Plain 15029:Proto-Indo-Iranians 12822:Osmund Bopearachchi 12457:Arora, Udai Prakash 12153:Osmund Bopearachchi 11893:The Asiatic Society 11809:for them", Narain, 11440:." Strabo 11.11.1 ( 11190:Bopearachchi, p. 72 11053:." Strabo 11.11.1 ( 10747:The Hellenistic Age 10723:Orchesis Kallinikos 10410:)", Bussagli, p. 99 8982:Marital alliances: 8971:Indo-Scythian coins 8093:Independence of the 7783:Indian subcontinent 7763:Taxila copper plate 7714:and the Indo-Greek 7584:, Book III, Chap 7) 7493:Military technology 7473:, displayed at the 6569:Chandragupta Maurya 6016:Satakani Gotamiputa 5503:Later contributions 5462:Maghera inscription 5129:, who ruled in the 4713:. Also visible are 4348:in a dedication to 2927:were discovered at 2764:who is said in the 2225:world at the time. 2192:Alexander the Great 2182:The Indian emperor 1871:Antiochus the Great 1811:inscription reads: 1799:Coin depicting the 1761:Greek according to 1507:led an army to the 1460:, are described in 1187:led an army to the 1126:Chandragupta Maurya 1067:Alexander the Great 1060:Anatolian peninsula 823:, which comes from 223:• Established 17687:Hellenistic states 17556:Monarchs of Epirus 17389:Cimmerian Bosporus 17149:Monarchs of Pontus 16708:Cleopatra Selene I 16588:Antiochus II Theos 16578:Seleucus I Nicator 16545:Demetrius the Fair 16527:Monarchs of Cyrene 16138:Hiltebeitel (2002) 16120:Hiltebeitel (2002) 15818:Hephthalite Empire 15654:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 15645:Satavahana dynasty 15631:Indo-Greek Kingdom 15554:(300 BCE – 200 CE) 15545:Satavahana dynasty 15518:Spread of Buddhism 15240:Northwestern India 15131:Indo-Greek Kingdom 14975:by Antoine Simonin 13197:Epigraphia Indica 13065:Epigraphia Indica 12809:2007-10-15 at the 12178:A History of India 12173:Dietmar Rothermund 11536:Punjabi University 11292:Isidorus of Charax 10314:2005-03-07 at the 10296:2005-03-06 at the 10258:Art in Antiquity") 10102:Polybius (1962) . 9908:The deipnosophists 9793:"Strabo 15.2.1(9)" 9392:A History of India 9041:The deipnosophists 8862:Gandharan Buddhism 7928: 7838:Isidorus of Charax 7826: 7799:Western Kshatrapas 7775: 7761:The Indo-Scythian 7618: 7528:, who are said by 7479: 7432:Eudoxus of Cyzicus 7391:Indian Ocean trade 7312: 7280: 7210: 7163:Greco-Buddhist art 7129: 7110:Greco-Buddhist art 7106: 7104:, 1st century AD). 7059: 7047:Corinthian columns 6811:who advocated the 6807:since the time of 6800: 6796:Eight-spoked wheel 6774:, follower of the 6770:(90–85 BC). "King 6621:Pushyamitra Shunga 6577:Seleucus I Nicator 6538: 6526: 6494: 6241: 6147: 6112: 5992:Western Kshatrapas 5743: 5656: 5567:A large number of 5546: 5388: 5368: 5272: 5256: 5176: 5160: 4679: 4592: 4572: 4407:Sanchi, Stupa No 2 4317: 4311:, and erected the 4290: 4179: 4140: 4128: 4026: 3852:, the grandson of 3805:together with the 3784: 3707:writes about "the 3569: 3500: 3344: 3304:, is mentioned by 3292:Greek presence in 3167:Pushyamitra Shunga 3117: 3085: 3023: 3010:Rule of Menander I 2967:attributes of the 2921: 2874: 2818:) a cult title of 2814:("Aniketos", lit. 2731: 2682:, recorded in the 2618: 2575:appeared from the 2464:Pushyamitra Shunga 2454: 2180: 2148: 1959: 1920:(Chinese) and the 1894:Alexandria Eschate 1817: 1813:ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΕΥΘΥΔΗΜΟΥ 1771:Alexandria Eschate 1716:, the rise of the 1702: 1696:capital, found at 1603:, who founded the 1601:Seleucus I Nicator 1567: 1450: 1321: 1045: 925:Greco-Buddhist art 846:. It existed from 809:Indo-Greek Kingdom 725:Indo-Greek Kingdom 372:Indo-Greek Kingdom 34:Indo-Greek Kingdom 17659: 17658: 17139:Socrates Chrestus 16628:Alexander I Balas 16623:Demetrius I Soter 16583:Antiochus I Soter 16329:Antipater Etesias 16225: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16216: 16215: 16057:Eastern Chalukyas 16053:Kalyani Chalukyas 16011:Eastern Chalukyas 16000:Gurjara-Pratihara 15993: 9th century 15978:Eastern Chalukyas 15961: 8th century 15946:Eastern Chalukyas 15932:Mlechchha dynasty 15911: 7th century 15893:(ca. CE 650-1100) 15840: 6th century 15813: 5th century 15773: 4th century 15719: 3rd century 15707: 2nd century 15617:Mahayana Buddhism 15584:"Hindu Synthesis" 15451:Persian conquests 15336:Shramanic culture 15272:Ganga-Yamuna doab 15185: 15184: 14932:978-618-82624-0-9 14913:978-81-215-0921-3 14871:978-2-503-51681-3 14827:978-0-9709268-6-9 14766:978-81-215-0579-6 14747:978-81-208-0372-5 14728:978-0-89005-109-2 14687:978-81-7236-124-2 14668:978-1-58115-203-6 14655:McEvilley, Thomas 14634:978-81-215-0967-1 14612:978-1-903296-91-2 14593:978-0-19-860560-7 14570:978-0-230-62125-1 14539:978-0-9518399-1-1 14516:978-2-7118-5218-5 14493:978-2-253-13055-0 14484:L'art du Gandhara 14450:978-2-9516679-2-1 14428:978-0-89722-273-0 14401:978-2-7177-1825-6 14379:978-0-691-03680-9 14345:978-0-8364-2910-7 14322:978-0-415-35616-9 14226:Parthian stations 14129:978-81-208-2941-1 14039:. 12 October 2016 14013:. 12 October 2016 13909:Boardman, 109–153 13857:Boardman, p. 143. 13703:McEvilley, p. 377 13481:Whitehead, p. vi. 13468:978-0-19-535666-3 13174:978-81-317-1120-0 13152:Studia Orientalia 12678:978-3-8382-1518-1 12651:978-0-19-521921-0 12625:978-1-316-29777-3 12573:SAGE Publications 12188:978-0-415-32920-0 11848:Tarn, pp. 145–146 11304:Parthian stations 10780:. Brill Archive. 10665:Brill's New Pauly 10611:978-90-04-15537-4 10558:. 15.1.2, p. 686 10484:978-969-8281-00-7 10343:C.Michael Hogan, 10036:Click chapter XII 9552:978-1-316-43229-7 9485:Mortimer Wheeler 9468:978-1-58839-452-1 9438:978-0-520-05991-7 9402:978-0-415-32919-4 9372:978-1-317-45893-7 9321:978-1-305-95281-2 8872:India (Herodotus) 8827: 8826: 7914:The story of the 7882:Mahayana Buddhism 7680:Ramaprasad Chanda 7430:. Around 130 BC, 7379:'s first Emperor 6969:Heliodorus pillar 6881:From the time of 6877:Blessing gestures 6532:Evolution of the 6512:Palm of victory, 6476:-style coat with 6425:Heliodorus pillar 6374:Kshatriya-pungava 6223:(middle, coin of 6141:Piedestal of the 5855: 5854: 5709:Isidore of Charax 5456:from the time of 5274:Around 80 BC, an 5270:(r. c. 35–12 BC). 5174:, circa 80–75 BC. 4521: 4520: 4416:Mason's marks in 4392:Early reliefs at 4379:Sanchi Stupa No.2 4346:Heliodorus pillar 4313:Heliodorus pillar 4274:Heliodorus pillar 4264:Sanchi Stupa No.2 4256:Heliodorus pillar 3841:Mālavikāgnimitram 3456:Periplus Chap. 47 3306:Isidore of Charax 3103:Palm of victory, 2973:Sudarshana Chakra 2680:Emperor Wu of Han 2448:Shunga horseman, 2186:, founder of the 2156:Khalsi rock edict 1912:too writes that: 1906:Chinese Turkestan 1684:(Strabo, XI.XI.I) 1474:Pillars of Ashoka 1458:Mahadharmaraksita 1456:, or the teacher 1424:According to the 1203:and received 500 1052:Achaemenid empire 988:soon followed in 842:and northwestern 805: 804: 714: 713: 681: 680: 366: 365: 344: 343: 340: 339: 306: 305: 16:(Redirected from 17734: 17451: 17367:Ariobarzanes III 16741:Ptolemy Epigonos 16643:Diodotus Tryphon 16436:Cleopatra I Syra 16411:Ptolemy Keraunos 16252: 16245: 16238: 16229: 16228: 16207: 16198: 16189: 16180:Hiltebeitel, Alf 16175: 16157: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16139: 16136: 16130: 16127: 16121: 16118: 16112: 16109: 16103: 16100: 16094: 16091: 15942:Badami Chalukyas 15937:Adivasi (tribes) 15927:Empire of Harsha 15923:Vakataka dynasty 15876:Kalabhra dynasty 15872:Badami Chalukyas 15863:Adivasi (tribes) 15832:Kalabhra dynasty 15798:Kalabhra dynasty 15794:Andhra Ikshvakus 15761:(ca. CE 320-650) 15745:Adivasi (tribes) 15613:Smarta Tradition 15466:Adivasi (tribes) 15381:Adivasi (tribes) 15237:cultural period 15232: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15212: 15205: 15198: 15189: 15188: 15008: 15001: 14994: 14985: 14984: 14936: 14917: 14898: 14892: 14884: 14875: 14845: 14831: 14812: 14801: 14770: 14751: 14732: 14705: 14691: 14690:. OCLC 15211914. 14672: 14650: 14638: 14616: 14597: 14574: 14552: 14543: 14520: 14497: 14478: 14454: 14432: 14410: 14405: 14383: 14349: 14337: 14326: 14298: 14293: 14287: 14284: 14278: 14259: 14253: 14252: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14213: 14207: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14189: 14186: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14165: 14158: 14152: 14151: 14146:. Archived from 14140: 14134: 14133: 14113: 14107: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14090: 14084: 14081: 14075: 14069: 14063: 14062: 14055: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14037:businesswire.com 14029: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14003: 13997: 13986: 13977: 13974: 13968: 13965: 13959: 13958:Rapson, clxxxvi- 13956: 13950: 13947: 13941: 13938: 13932: 13925: 13919: 13916: 13910: 13907: 13901: 13898: 13892: 13891:Boardman, p. 115 13889: 13883: 13864: 13858: 13855: 13849: 13848:Boardman, p. 141 13846: 13840: 13837: 13831: 13817: 13811: 13808: 13802: 13801: 13789: 13783: 13778: 13772: 13769: 13763: 13760: 13754: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13730: 13724: 13719: 13713: 13710: 13704: 13701: 13695: 13692: 13686: 13679: 13673: 13670: 13664: 13653: 13647: 13644: 13638: 13630: 13624: 13621: 13615: 13587: 13581: 13578: 13569: 13564: 13558: 13555: 13549: 13548: 13528: 13522: 13519: 13513: 13510: 13504: 13501: 13495: 13488: 13482: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13452: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13431: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13412: 13406: 13403: 13397: 13394: 13388: 13377: 13371: 13366: 13360: 13355: 13349: 13344: 13338: 13336:Strabo 15.2.1(9) 13333: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13287: 13272: 13271: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13234: 13228: 13227: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13177: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13143: 13137: 13136: 13127: 13121: 13120: 13111: 13105: 13099: 13090: 13084: 13078: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13052: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13016: 13010: 13000: 12994: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12946: 12940: 12939:2016, p. p. 210 12933: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12909: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12890: 12884: 12881: 12875: 12868: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12849: 12843: 12840: 12834: 12831: 12825: 12819: 12813: 12797: 12791: 12788: 12782: 12775: 12769: 12766: 12760: 12757: 12751: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12713: 12689: 12683: 12682: 12662: 12656: 12655: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12569: 12558: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12496: 12490: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12453: 12447: 12446: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12381: 12370: 12359: 12350: 12347: 12338: 12332: 12323: 12317: 12308: 12302: 12293: 12287: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12257: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12228: 12222:Amalananda Ghosh 12218: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12165: 12159: 12150: 12141: 12138: 12129: 12122: 12116: 12109: 12103: 12098: 12089: 12084: 12075: 12072: 12066: 12063: 12057: 12054: 12048: 12042: 12033: 12026: 12020: 12013: 12007: 11983: 11977: 11968: 11959: 11952: 11946: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11913: 11906: 11900: 11885: 11879: 11872: 11866: 11855: 11849: 11846: 11840: 11833: 11827: 11820: 11814: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11777: 11776: 11766: 11760: 11759: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11667: 11658: 11657: 11637: 11626: 11625: 11604: 11595: 11590: 11584: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11505: 11496: 11491: 11478: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11456: 11451: 11445: 11414: 11408: 11407:Tarn, pp.147–149 11405: 11399: 11394:and the harbour 11388: 11382: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11361: 11347: 11341: 11334: 11328: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11306: 11288: 11282: 11275: 11269: 11266: 11257: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11236: 11233: 11224: 11221: 11212: 11209: 11200: 11197: 11191: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11120: 11114: 11093: 11087: 11082: 11076: 11074: 11064: 11058: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11010: 11004: 11003: 10977: 10971: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10944: 10938: 10931: 10922: 10915: 10909: 10908: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10861: 10855: 10850: 10841: 10840: 10820: 10814: 10807: 10801: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10771: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10719: 10713: 10706: 10700: 10693: 10687: 10684: 10678: 10659: 10653: 10650: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10595: 10589: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10567: 10548: 10542: 10527: 10521: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10470: 10464: 10459: 10453: 10450: 10441: 10438: 10432: 10429: 10423: 10417: 10411: 10404: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10382:Chaldean Oracles 10355: 10349: 10340: 10334: 10327: 10321: 10306: 10300: 10288: 10282: 10275: 10269: 10265: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10244: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10222: 10216: 10211: 10202: 10197: 10191: 10186: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10161: 10155: 10152: 10146: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10099: 10093: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10047: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10023: 10017: 10014: 10008: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9986: 9983: 9977: 9974: 9968: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9950: 9939: 9933: 9921: 9915: 9895: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9861: 9855: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9825: 9816: 9815: 9805:Barua, Pradeep. 9803: 9797: 9796: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9771: 9744: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9660: 9651: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9625: 9614: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9590: 9584: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9536: 9530: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9507: 9504:Hippodamian plan 9483: 9477: 9476: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9426: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9356: 9350: 9349: 9335: 9329: 9328: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9247: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9222: 9207: 9183: 9177: 9168:Edicts of Ashoka 9161: 9155: 9135: 9129: 9104: 9098: 9022: 9016: 9003:Seleucus Nicator 8980: 8974: 8962: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8907:Gandhara Kingdom 8823:(Indo-Scythian) 8809: 8785: 8760: 8739: 8729:(Indo-Scythian) 8712: 8702: 8681: 8671: 8628: 8618: 8601: 8591: 8581: 8564: 8554: 8544: 8527: 8517: 8507: 8490: 8473: 8463: 8446: 8436: 8419: 8409: 8386: 8377: 8367: 8346: 8336: 8327: 8318: 8290: 8273: 8254: 8237: 8218: 8201: 8191: 8174: 8157: 8140: 8123: 8106: 8051:Creation of the 8041: 7949: 7948: 7735: 7702: 7654: 7628:, states in the 7599: 7585: 7546:Hermitage Museum 7532:to have faced a 7406:constructed the 7371: 7295:Trade with China 7267:Tribute payments 6954: 6939: 6924: 6909: 6843:(130 or 90 BC), 6741: 6697: 6597:Edicts of Ashoka 6440: 6420: 6235:(right, coin of 6229:Wheel of the Law 6164: 6054: 5966: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5898: 5889: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5811:Entrance pillars 5808: 5796: 5726:(2nd century AD) 5720:Pandavleni Caves 5714: 5713: 5689:Pandavleni Caves 5683:Pandavleni Caves 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5445:and finally the 5422: 5222:Kujula Kadphises 5081: 5079: 5072: 5070: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5048: 5041: 5039: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4995: 4993: 4982: 4980: 4973: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4944: 4942: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4909: 4907: 4900: 4898: 4887: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4832: 4830: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4744:" ("Gift of the 4590:marks 100-75 BC. 4511: 4495: 4482:Female riding a 4479: 4464: 4446: 4434: 4414: 4388: 4387: 3993:as a convert to 3968: 3953: 3917: 3862:Kali Sindh River 3830: 3701:Edicts of Ashoka 3685:Northern Satraps 3640: 3620: 3546:Mathura Herakles 3457: 3421: 3399:, Chap. 41/47): 3368: 3288:Western accounts 3218:as a convert to 3190: 3144: 2813: 2812: 2589: 2586:Pratisarga Parva 2556:Bhavishya Purana 2550:Pratisarga Parva 2435: 2348: 2309: 2306:Edicts of Ashoka 2279: 2276:Edicts of Ashoka 2265:, and as far as 2229:The conquest by 2219:Edicts of Ashoka 2138:and the city of 2120: 2072: 1992:bronze mirrors. 1984:). Designs with 1933: 1857: 1807:230–200 BC. The 1791: 1750: 1700:, 2nd century BC 1685: 1643: 1619:Third Syrian War 1565:, 2nd century BC 1544: 1448:" around 130 BC. 1401: 1374:Edicts of Ashoka 1328:Seleucus Nicator 1288: 1287:Pratisarga Parva 1248:Bhavishya Purana 1244:Pratisarga Parva 1233: 1218:Seleucus Nicator 1056:Darius the Great 1019:, up to 415 CE. 962:Menander I Soter 859: 856: 852: 849: 797: 790: 783: 735: 716: 715: 706: 699: 692: 397: 390: 383: 382: 377: 368: 367: 336: 335: 322: 321: 310: 309: 297: 296: 283: 282: 276: 275: 260: 259: 69: 51: 30: 29: 21: 17742: 17741: 17737: 17736: 17735: 17733: 17732: 17731: 17727:Former kingdoms 17662: 17661: 17660: 17655: 17644: 17550: 17541:Mithridates III 17445: 17388: 17387:Monarchs of the 17381: 17362:Ariobarzanes II 17347:Ariarathes VIII 17288: 17274:Mithridates III 17230: 17172:Mithridates III 17143: 17064: 16871: 16799:Greco-Bactrians 16793: 16745: 16722: 16564: 16521: 16406:Ptolemy I Soter 16392: 16338: 16295: 16262: 16256: 16226: 16221: 16212: 16211: 16210: 16160: 16155: 16151: 16146: 16142: 16137: 16133: 16128: 16124: 16119: 16115: 16110: 16106: 16101: 16097: 16092: 16088: 16078: 16067: 16063: 16061:Medieval Cholas 16059: 16055: 16046: 16021: 16019:Medieval Cholas 16017: 16015:Pandyan kingdom 16013: 16009: 15984: 15982:Pandyan kingdom 15980: 15952: 15948: 15944: 15925: 15902: 15896:Advaita Vedanta 15894: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15847: 15834: 15830: 15804: 15802:Kadamba Dynasty 15800: 15796: 15787: 15766: 15762: 15734:Western Satraps 15696:Kuninda Kingdom 15688: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15655: 15653: 15647: 15638: 15615: 15587: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15553: 15547: 15484:Greek conquests 15417: 15413: 15339: 15333: 15321: 15315: 15269: 15241: 15236: 15221: 15216: 15186: 15181: 15145: 15114: 15058: 15017: 15012: 14944: 14939: 14933: 14914: 14886: 14885: 14872: 14860: 14828: 14767: 14748: 14729: 14701:The Indo-Greeks 14688: 14669: 14635: 14613: 14594: 14571: 14540: 14517: 14494: 14451: 14429: 14402: 14380: 14348:. OCLC 1837954. 14346: 14323: 14306: 14301: 14294: 14290: 14285: 14281: 14260: 14256: 14249: 14235: 14231: 14223: 14219: 14214: 14210: 14205: 14201: 14196: 14192: 14187: 14183: 14167: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14155: 14142: 14141: 14137: 14130: 14114: 14110: 14105: 14101: 14092: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14078: 14070: 14066: 14057: 14056: 14052: 14042: 14040: 14031: 14030: 14026: 14016: 14014: 14005: 14004: 14000: 13987: 13980: 13975: 13971: 13966: 13962: 13957: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13939: 13935: 13926: 13922: 13917: 13913: 13908: 13904: 13899: 13895: 13890: 13886: 13865: 13861: 13856: 13852: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13834: 13828:Gallo-Roman art 13818: 13814: 13809: 13805: 13790: 13786: 13779: 13775: 13770: 13766: 13761: 13757: 13750: 13746: 13731: 13727: 13720: 13716: 13711: 13707: 13702: 13698: 13693: 13689: 13683:The Indo-Greeks 13680: 13676: 13671: 13667: 13654: 13650: 13645: 13641: 13634:Rock Edict Nb13 13631: 13627: 13622: 13618: 13588: 13584: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13561: 13556: 13552: 13545: 13529: 13525: 13520: 13516: 13511: 13507: 13502: 13498: 13489: 13485: 13480: 13476: 13469: 13453: 13449: 13441: 13437: 13432: 13428: 13422: 13418: 13413: 13409: 13404: 13400: 13395: 13391: 13378: 13374: 13367: 13363: 13356: 13352: 13347:Ath. Deip. I.32 13345: 13341: 13334: 13330: 13323: 13319: 13311: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13288: 13275: 13268: 13252: 13248: 13235: 13231: 13224: 13208: 13204: 13196: 13192: 13184: 13180: 13167: 13163: 13144: 13140: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13113: 13112: 13108: 13100: 13093: 13085: 13081: 13076: 13072: 13064: 13055: 13047: 13040: 13033: 13017: 13013: 13001: 12997: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12981: 12973: 12969: 12961: 12957: 12947: 12943: 12934: 12927: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12906: 12900: 12896: 12891: 12887: 12882: 12878: 12872:The Indo-Greeks 12869: 12865: 12859: 12855: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12837: 12832: 12828: 12820: 12816: 12811:Wayback Machine 12798: 12794: 12789: 12785: 12776: 12772: 12767: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12749: 12745: 12704:(7): Figure 1. 12690: 12686: 12679: 12663: 12659: 12652: 12638: 12637: 12633: 12626: 12610: 12606: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12570: 12561: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12519: 12518: 12514: 12506: 12502: 12497: 12493: 12488: 12484: 12473: 12454: 12450: 12443: 12427: 12423: 12415: 12411: 12403: 12399: 12391: 12387: 12382: 12373: 12369:(Public Domain) 12360: 12353: 12348: 12341: 12333: 12326: 12318: 12311: 12303: 12296: 12288: 12284: 12276: 12272: 12264: 12260: 12252: 12248: 12240: 12231: 12219: 12208: 12200: 12196: 12189: 12166: 12162: 12151: 12144: 12139: 12132: 12123: 12119: 12110: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12073: 12069: 12064: 12060: 12055: 12051: 12043: 12036: 12030:The Indo-Greeks 12027: 12023: 12017:The Yuga Purana 12014: 12010: 11984: 11980: 11969: 11962: 11956:The Indo-Greeks 11953: 11949: 11944:Wayback Machine 11929: 11925: 11920: 11916: 11910:The Yuga Purana 11907: 11903: 11886: 11882: 11876:The Indo-Greeks 11873: 11869: 11856: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11834: 11830: 11821: 11817: 11811:The Indo-Greeks 11796: 11792: 11787: 11780: 11767: 11763: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11704: 11700: 11686: 11682: 11668: 11661: 11654: 11638: 11629: 11622: 11605: 11598: 11591: 11587: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11566: 11558: 11554: 11546: 11542: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11481: 11472: 11468: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11448: 11415: 11411: 11406: 11402: 11389: 11385: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11364: 11348: 11344: 11338:The Yuga Purana 11335: 11331: 11322: 11318: 11313: 11309: 11289: 11285: 11276: 11272: 11267: 11260: 11255: 11251: 11246: 11239: 11234: 11227: 11222: 11215: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11194: 11189: 11185: 11154: 11150: 11135: 11121: 11117: 11101:, p. 254: "The 11094: 11090: 11083: 11079: 11073:. Archaeopress. 11065: 11061: 11040: 11036: 11025: 11011: 11007: 10978: 10974: 10969: 10965: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10932: 10925: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10821: 10817: 10808: 10804: 10800:MacDowall, 2004 10799: 10795: 10788: 10772: 10765: 10757: 10753: 10720: 10716: 10707: 10703: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10681: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10636: 10623: 10619: 10612: 10596: 10592: 10583: 10579: 10574: 10570: 10554:11.11.1 p. 516 10549: 10545: 10528: 10524: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10471: 10467: 10460: 10456: 10451: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10426: 10418: 10414: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10390: 10366:(14): 171–189. 10356: 10352: 10341: 10337: 10328: 10324: 10316:Wayback Machine 10307: 10303: 10298:Wayback Machine 10289: 10285: 10276: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10144: 10140: 10123: 10119: 10100: 10096: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10071: 10063: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9945:, Basarth, and 9940: 9936: 9922: 9918: 9912:Ath. Deip. I.32 9896: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9858: 9849: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9813: 9804: 9800: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9730: 9723: 9719: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9661: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9628: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9600: 9591: 9587: 9578: 9574: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9537: 9533: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9510: 9484: 9480: 9469: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9417: 9413: 9403: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9336: 9332: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9285: 9281: 9266:10.2307/1170959 9248: 9244: 9238: 9234: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9210: 9184: 9180: 9162: 9158: 9136: 9132: 9105: 9101: 9093:Deipnosophistae 9023: 9019: 8981: 8977: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8852:Seleucid Empire 8832: 8390: 8387: 8328: 8319: 8304: 8098: 8094: 8065:Seleucid Empire 8053:Seleucid Empire 8001: 7982: 7955: 7908: 7755: 7749: 7736: 7733: 7703: 7700: 7655: 7652: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7586: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7526:Greco-Bactrians 7495: 7460: 7399: 7393: 7385:Terracotta army 7372: 7366: 7297: 7269: 7249: 7239: 7231: 7035: 7027:Main articles: 7025: 6965: 6958: 6955: 6946: 6940: 6931: 6925: 6916: 6910: 6879: 6851:(90–80 BC) and 6760: 6742: 6736: 6698: 6692: 6581:Seleucid Empire 6566: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6441: 6433: 6432: 6421: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6382:Majjhima Nikaya 6201:Zeus Nikephoros 6193: 6165: 6162: 6132:Richard Salomon 6100: 6055: 6046: 5978:vanquished the 5967: 5964: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5851: 5848: 5847:Standing Buddha 5845: 5836: 5833: 5824: 5821: 5812: 5809: 5800: 5797: 5707:, mentioned by 5654:1st century AD. 5599:Western Satraps 5565: 5544:, circa AD 120. 5505: 5493:Northern Satrap 5423: 5418: 5404:Western Satraps 5352: 5328:"Su Theodamasa" 5246:Tetradrachm of 5240: 5234: 5145: 5139: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4771:of Setapatha"). 4667: 4586:) masons using 4554:, and Buddhist 4536: 4526: 4515: 4512: 4503: 4500:beads and reels 4496: 4487: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4435: 4415: 4409: 4299:travelled from 4266: 4252: 4247: 4101: 4011: 3997:: he became an 3986: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3969: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3918: 3912: 3831: 3827:The Yuga Purana 3821: 3776:Udayagiri Caves 3693: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3560:. Today in the 3552:strangling the 3472: 3470:Rule in Mathura 3458: 3455: 3422: 3419: 3369: 3363: 3317:Pompeius Trogus 3290: 3255:Western Satraps 3191: 3185: 3145: 3139: 3012: 2844:The coinage of 2838: 2832: 2711: 2636:Augustus Caesar 2632:Pompeius Trogus 2624: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2529:Etienne Lamotte 2460: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2349: 2342: 2310: 2303: 2280: 2273: 2196:Seleucid Empire 2188:Mauryan dynasty 2121: 2112: 2073: 2060: 1943:Phrygian helmet 1934: 1927: 1858: 1851: 1792: 1789: 1751: 1749:(Justin, XLI,4) 1748: 1718:Parthian Empire 1686: 1683: 1644: 1637: 1605:Seleucid Empire 1573: 1551: 1545: 1535: 1411:herbal medicine 1402: 1398:Rock Edict Nb13 1396: 1289: 1286: 1234: 1228: 1209:Battle of Ipsus 1172:(Persians) and 1144:as well as the 1030: 1025: 1013:Western Satraps 910:Seleucid Empire 902:Graeco-Bactrian 857: 850: 829:Hellenistic-era 801: 772: 749:Ancient sources 710: 376:(200 BCE–10 CE) 375: 374: 359: 355: 333: 319: 294: 280: 234: 224: 193: 180: 146: 142: 138: 122: 118: 114: 105: 74: 73: 60: 59: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17740: 17730: 17729: 17724: 17719: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17657: 17656: 17649: 17646: 17645: 17643: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17599:Neoptolemus II 17596: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17560: 17558: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17514: 17505: 17496: 17494:Mithridates II 17491: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17460:Paerisades III 17457: 17452: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17393: 17391: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17357:Ariobarzanes I 17354: 17349: 17344: 17342:Ariarathes VII 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17317:Ariarathes III 17314: 17309: 17304: 17298: 17296: 17290: 17289: 17287: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17264:Mithridates II 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17240: 17238: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17198: 17193: 17188: 17179: 17174: 17169: 17167:Mithridates II 17164: 17159: 17153: 17151: 17145: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17074: 17072: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17030:Apollodotus II 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16887: 16881: 16879: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16803: 16801: 16795: 16794: 16792: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16755: 16753: 16747: 16746: 16744: 16743: 16738: 16732: 16730: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16658:Cleopatra Thea 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16574: 16572: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16531: 16529: 16523: 16522: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16484: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16402: 16400: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16390: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16348: 16346: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16272: 16270: 16264: 16263: 16255: 16254: 16247: 16240: 16232: 16223: 16222: 16218: 16217: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16199: 16190: 16176: 16166: 16159: 16158: 16149: 16140: 16131: 16122: 16113: 16104: 16095: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16072: 16071: 16050: 16041: 16039: 16037: 16032: 16026: 16025: 16004: 16002: 15997: 15995: 15989: 15988: 15975: 15970: 15968: 15963: 15957: 15956: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15920: 15918: 15916:Indo-Sassanids 15913: 15907: 15906: 15888: 15880: 15879: 15865: 15860: 15858: 15853: 15851: 15842: 15836: 15835: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15809: 15808: 15791: 15789:Varman dynasty 15780: 15775: 15769: 15768: 15756: 15748: 15747: 15742: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15715: 15714: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15693: 15690:Indo-Parthians 15686:Indo-Scythians 15682: 15676: 15675: 15669: 15668: 15642: 15633: 15628: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15577: 15569: 15568: 15542: 15535: 15529: 15528: 15526: 15521: 15514: 15506: 15505: 15502:HISTORICAL AGE 15497: 15496: 15494: 15487: 15480: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15461: 15456: 15454: 15447: 15441: 15440: 15433: 15404: 15397: 15389: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15376: 15371: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15350: 15343: 15325: 15307: 15299: 15291: 15290: 15282: 15281: 15278: 15275: 15265: 15264: 15262:Southern India 15259: 15258:Central India 15256: 15251: 15238: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15215: 15214: 15207: 15200: 15192: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15153: 15151: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15075:Indo-Scythians 15072: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15025: 15023: 15019: 15018: 15011: 15010: 15003: 14996: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14976: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14943: 14942:External links 14940: 14938: 14937: 14931: 14918: 14912: 14899: 14876: 14870: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14832: 14826: 14813: 14802: 14790:10.2307/601111 14771: 14765: 14752: 14746: 14733: 14727: 14711: 14710: 14709: 14692: 14686: 14673: 14667: 14651: 14643:Marshall, John 14639: 14633: 14617: 14611: 14598: 14592: 14575: 14569: 14557:Foltz, Richard 14553: 14544: 14538: 14521: 14515: 14498: 14492: 14479: 14455: 14449: 14433: 14427: 14411: 14400: 14384: 14378: 14365: 14350: 14344: 14327: 14321: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14299: 14288: 14279: 14254: 14247: 14229: 14217: 14208: 14199: 14190: 14181: 14153: 14135: 14128: 14108: 14099: 14085: 14076: 14073:Strabo II.5.12 14064: 14050: 14024: 13998: 13978: 13969: 13960: 13951: 13942: 13933: 13920: 13911: 13902: 13893: 13884: 13859: 13850: 13841: 13832: 13812: 13803: 13784: 13773: 13764: 13755: 13744: 13735:Albinia, Alice 13725: 13714: 13705: 13696: 13687: 13674: 13665: 13648: 13639: 13625: 13616: 13582: 13570: 13559: 13550: 13543: 13523: 13514: 13505: 13496: 13483: 13474: 13467: 13447: 13435: 13426: 13416: 13407: 13398: 13389: 13379:The historian 13372: 13369:Polybius 11.39 13361: 13350: 13339: 13328: 13317: 13305: 13293: 13273: 13266: 13246: 13229: 13222: 13202: 13190: 13178: 13161: 13138: 13122: 13106: 13091: 13079: 13070: 13053: 13038: 13031: 13011: 12995: 12979: 12967: 12955: 12941: 12935:Shane Wallace 12925: 12913: 12904: 12894: 12885: 12876: 12863: 12853: 12844: 12835: 12826: 12814: 12792: 12783: 12779:Indo-Scythians 12770: 12761: 12752: 12743: 12684: 12677: 12657: 12650: 12631: 12624: 12604: 12592: 12580: 12559: 12547: 12535: 12512: 12500: 12491: 12482: 12471: 12448: 12441: 12421: 12409: 12397: 12385: 12371: 12351: 12339: 12324: 12309: 12294: 12282: 12270: 12258: 12246: 12229: 12206: 12194: 12187: 12160: 12142: 12130: 12117: 12111:Bopearachchi, 12104: 12090: 12076: 12067: 12058: 12049: 12034: 12021: 12008: 11978: 11960: 11947: 11923: 11914: 11901: 11880: 11867: 11850: 11841: 11828: 11815: 11790: 11778: 11761: 11743: 11736: 11716: 11698: 11680: 11659: 11652: 11627: 11620: 11596: 11585: 11576: 11564: 11552: 11540: 11527: 11520: 11497: 11479: 11466: 11457: 11446: 11442:Strabo 11.11.1 11409: 11400: 11383: 11374: 11362: 11359:Strabo 15-1-27 11342: 11329: 11316: 11307: 11283: 11270: 11258: 11249: 11237: 11225: 11213: 11201: 11192: 11183: 11148: 11133: 11115: 11088: 11077: 11059: 11055:Strabo 11.11.1 11034: 11023: 11005: 10972: 10963: 10939: 10923: 10917:Bopearachchi, 10910: 10903: 10883: 10876: 10856: 10842: 10835: 10815: 10802: 10793: 10786: 10763: 10751: 10714: 10701: 10688: 10679: 10654: 10652:Polybius 11.34 10645: 10634: 10617: 10610: 10590: 10577: 10568: 10543: 10522: 10493: 10483: 10465: 10454: 10442: 10433: 10424: 10412: 10399: 10388: 10380:connected the 10378:Neo-Platonists 10350: 10335: 10322: 10301: 10283: 10281:, pp. 363–364) 10270: 10260: 10250: 10239: 10228: 10225:Strabo 11.11.2 10217: 10214:Polybius 11.34 10203: 10192: 10189:Strabo XI.XI.I 10178: 10167: 10156: 10147: 10138: 10117: 10094: 10081: 10069: 10057: 10048: 10039: 10027: 10018: 10009: 10000: 9987: 9978: 9969: 9960: 9951: 9934: 9916: 9890: 9886:Chandragupta's 9877: 9865: 9856: 9843: 9831: 9817: 9798: 9784: 9772: 9739: 9728: 9717: 9706: 9694: 9682: 9675: 9652: 9643: 9626: 9609: 9598: 9585: 9572: 9558: 9551: 9531: 9517: 9508: 9478: 9467: 9447: 9437: 9411: 9401: 9381: 9371: 9351: 9330: 9320: 9300: 9279: 9242: 9232: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9190: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9156: 9154: 9153: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9050: 9044: 9017: 9015: 9014: 8998: 8975: 8957: 8947: 8937: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8897:Roman commerce 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8867:Indo-Scythians 8864: 8859: 8857:Greco-Buddhism 8854: 8849: 8847:Yavana Kingdom 8844: 8839: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8767:25 BC – AD 10 8764: 8763: 8761: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8703: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8675:Apollodotus II 8672: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8619: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8602: 8592: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8565: 8555: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8518: 8508: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8437: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8380: 8378: 8368: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8337: 8309: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8192: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080:Foundation of 8078: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8022: 8020:Eastern Punjab 8017: 8015:Western Punjab 8012: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7971: 7968:Greco-Bactrian 7965: 7962: 7961: 7924:British Museum 7907: 7904: 7807:Chitral Valley 7771:British Museum 7751:Main article: 7748: 7745: 7741:Indo-Scythians 7731: 7698: 7650: 7605: 7602: 7595: 7577: 7558: 7494: 7491: 7469:in the art of 7459: 7456: 7392: 7389: 7364: 7343:Southern China 7306:coins of king 7296: 7293: 7284:Attic standard 7268: 7265: 7238: 7235: 7230: 7227: 7215:Indo-Parthians 7183:Greco-Bactrian 7075:Indo-Parthians 7071:Indo-Scythians 7063:stone palettes 7024: 7021: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898:Indo-Scythians 6878: 6875: 6835:(130–110 BC), 6831:(130–120 BC), 6759: 6756: 6734: 6690: 6573:Mauryan Empire 6565: 6562: 6522:British Museum 6442: 6435: 6434: 6422: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6408:Greco-Buddhism 6400:Main article: 6397: 6394: 6327:Apollodotus II 6259:. The city of 6246:Mauryan empire 6192: 6189: 6185:British Museum 6170:Bimaran casket 6160: 6124:Loriyan Tangai 6110:, i.e. AD 143. 6099: 6096: 6092:Tambapamnidipa 6060:Nagarjunakonda 6044: 6000:Indo-Parthians 5980:Western Satrap 5962: 5903: 5902: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5827: 5825: 5823:Pillar capital 5822: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5757:) Dharmadeva: 5729: 5728: 5685: 5684: 5665:Shivneri Caves 5661: 5660: 5659:Shivneri Caves 5652:Shivneri Caves 5583: 5582: 5564: 5563:Buddhist caves 5561: 5504: 5501: 5499:around 10 AD. 5416: 5384:Eastern Punjab 5351: 5348: 5252:Western Punjab 5238:Indo-Scythians 5236:Main article: 5233: 5230: 5168:Indo-Scythians 5141:Main article: 5138: 5135: 5090: 5085: 5084: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4772: 4761: 4666: 4663: 4596:Bharhut Yavana 4544:Bharhut Yavana 4534:Bharhut Yavana 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4457: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4429: 4425: 4403: 4402: 4400:(circa 115 BC) 4358: 4357: 4322: 4321: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4199:Indo-Scythians 4195:victory wreath 4173:club with the 4100: 4097: 4069:Indo-Scythians 4065:victory wreath 4010: 4007: 3976:Greco-Bactrian 3970: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3910: 3873:Middle Country 3829:, 2002 edition 3819: 3760: 3759: 3748: 3692: 3691:Indian sources 3689: 3645:Mathura Museum 3642: 3635: 3634: 3629:Mathura Museum 3622: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3548:. A statue of 3514:(165–135 BC). 3496:Mathura Museum 3482:discovered in 3471: 3468: 3453: 3420:Strabo 11.11.1 3417: 3361: 3289: 3286: 3183: 3175:1st century BC 3137: 3113:British Museum 3081:Shinkot casket 3011: 3008: 2831: 2828: 2742:Greco-Bactrian 2710: 2707: 2620:Main article: 2606: 2603: 2598:Main article: 2595: 2592: 2581: 2571:mantras, four 2545:Maurya dynasty 2543:following the 2493:Buddhist faith 2456:Main article: 2441: 2438: 2431: 2429:("Βραφμαναι"). 2340: 2336:Dhammarakkhita 2301: 2271: 2110: 2058: 1925: 1849: 1801:Greco-Bactrian 1790:Strabo XI.11.2 1787: 1746: 1681: 1659:, but also of 1635: 1569:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1533: 1400:(S. Dhammika). 1394: 1345:, followed by 1284: 1226: 1075:Hyphasis River 1041:Mauryan Empire 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1009:Indo-Scythians 1001:Indo-Parthians 997:Indo-Scythians 817:Yavana Kingdom 803: 802: 800: 799: 792: 785: 777: 774: 773: 771: 770: 765: 760: 754: 753: 752: 751: 740: 737: 736: 728: 727: 721: 720: 712: 711: 709: 708: 701: 694: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 654: 649: 645: 644: 635: 631: 630: 628:Apollodotus II 621: 617: 616: 607: 603: 602: 589: 585: 584: 571: 567: 566: 553: 549: 548: 543: 539: 538: 529: 525: 524: 515: 511: 510: 501: 497: 496: 487: 483: 482: 477: 473: 472: 467: 463: 462: 457: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 422: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 398: 391: 379: 378: 364: 363: 350: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 330: 328:Indo-Parthians 324: 323: 316: 314:Indo-Scythians 307: 304: 303: 298: 290: 289: 284: 272: 271: 266: 256: 255: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 208:Historical era 205: 204: 201: 200: 194: 191: 188: 187: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 148:Zoroastrianism 133: 129: 128: 102:Greek alphabet 95: 91: 90: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 53: 46: 45: 42: 41: 37: 36: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17739: 17728: 17725: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17682:Ancient India 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17667: 17653: 17647: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17579:Neoptolemus I 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17561: 17559: 17557: 17553: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17475:Mithridates I 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17465:Paerisades IV 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17449: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17428:Paerisades II 17426: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17417:Spartokos III 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17390: 17384: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17352:Ariarathes IX 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17337:Ariarathes VI 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17322:Ariarathes IV 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17307:Ariarathes II 17305: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17295: 17291: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17279:Antiochus III 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17254:Mithridates I 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17237: 17233: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17178: 17175: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17165: 17163: 17160: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17129:Nicomedes III 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16960:Demetrius III 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16915:Antimachus II 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16905:Apollodotus I 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16886: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16878: 16874: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16862:Eucratides II 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16827:Euthydemus II 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16796: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16756: 16754: 16752: 16748: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16571: 16567: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16555:Ptolemy Apion 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16462:Cleopatra III 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16401: 16399: 16395: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16302: 16298: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16273: 16271: 16269: 16265: 16260: 16253: 16248: 16246: 16241: 16239: 16234: 16233: 16230: 16205: 16200: 16196: 16191: 16187: 16186: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16168: 16167: 16165: 16164: 16153: 16144: 16135: 16126: 16117: 16108: 16099: 16090: 16086: 16084: 16083: 16073: 16070: 16066: 16062: 16058: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16027: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15987: 15983: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15969: 15967: 15962: 15959: 15958: 15955: 15951: 15947: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15912: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15886: 15882: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15869: 15868:Vishnukundina 15866: 15864: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15850: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15828:Vishnukundina 15826: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15807: 15803: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15754: 15750: 15749: 15746: 15743: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15729:Kushan Empire 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15713: 15712:Kushan Empire 15708: 15705: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15691: 15687: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15674: 15671: 15670: 15666: 15662: 15658: 15652: 15651: 15650:Sangam period 15646: 15641: 15637: 15636:Shunga Empire 15632: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15609:Brahma Sutras 15606: 15605:Bhagavad Gita 15602: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15585: 15581: 15576: 15575: 15571: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15550:Sangam period 15546: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15539:Maurya Empire 15534: 15531: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15519: 15513: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15492: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15432: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15410: 15403: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15349: 15348: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15331: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15313: 15306: 15305: 15298: 15297: 15293: 15292: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15273: 15267: 15266: 15263: 15255: 15249: 15245: 15233: 15230: 15229: 15224: 15220: 15213: 15208: 15206: 15201: 15199: 15194: 15193: 15190: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15148: 15142: 15141:Kushan Empire 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15061: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15026: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15009: 15004: 15002: 14997: 14995: 14990: 14989: 14986: 14980: 14977: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14934: 14928: 14924: 14919: 14915: 14909: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14867: 14863: 14859: 14855: 14854:0-89005-524-6 14851: 14847: 14846: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14819: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14779: 14778: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14758: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14734: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14707: 14706: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14604: 14599: 14595: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14572: 14566: 14562: 14558: 14554: 14550: 14545: 14541: 14535: 14531: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14508: 14505:(in French). 14504: 14499: 14495: 14489: 14485: 14480: 14476: 14472: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14452: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14409: 14403: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14371: 14366: 14363: 14362:92-3-102846-4 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14341: 14336: 14335: 14328: 14324: 14318: 14315:. Routledge. 14314: 14309: 14308: 14297: 14292: 14283: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14250: 14248:9781581159332 14244: 14240: 14233: 14227: 14221: 14212: 14203: 14194: 14188:Tarn, p. 494. 14185: 14177: 14171: 14163: 14157: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14131: 14125: 14121: 14120: 14112: 14106:PL Gupta 1994 14103: 14095: 14089: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14060: 14054: 14038: 14034: 14028: 14012: 14008: 14002: 13996: 13995: 13991: 13985: 13983: 13973: 13964: 13955: 13946: 13937: 13930: 13924: 13915: 13906: 13897: 13888: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13854: 13845: 13836: 13829: 13825: 13822: 13819:"Just as the 13816: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13788: 13782: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13753: 13748: 13740: 13736: 13729: 13723: 13718: 13709: 13700: 13691: 13684: 13678: 13669: 13662: 13661:0-691-01459-0 13658: 13652: 13643: 13637:(S. Dhammika) 13636: 13635: 13629: 13620: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13586: 13577: 13575: 13568: 13563: 13554: 13546: 13544:9781317236733 13540: 13536: 13535: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13493: 13487: 13478: 13470: 13464: 13460: 13459: 13451: 13444: 13439: 13430: 13420: 13411: 13402: 13393: 13386: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13365: 13359: 13354: 13348: 13343: 13337: 13332: 13326: 13321: 13315: 13309: 13303: 13297: 13291: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13269: 13267:9789351506478 13263: 13259: 13258: 13250: 13242: 13241: 13233: 13225: 13223:9788176252997 13219: 13215: 13214: 13206: 13200: 13194: 13188: 13182: 13175: 13171: 13165: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13142: 13134: 13133: 13126: 13118: 13117: 13110: 13104: 13103:p. 97 Note 97 13098: 13096: 13089: 13083: 13074: 13068: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13051: 13045: 13043: 13034: 13032:9781442268043 13028: 13024: 13023: 13015: 13009: 13005: 12999: 12993: 12983: 12977: 12971: 12965: 12959: 12952: 12951:David Pingree 12945: 12938: 12932: 12930: 12923: 12917: 12908: 12898: 12889: 12880: 12873: 12867: 12857: 12848: 12839: 12830: 12823: 12818: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12801: 12796: 12787: 12780: 12774: 12765: 12756: 12747: 12739: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12688: 12680: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12661: 12653: 12647: 12643: 12642: 12635: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12616: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12532: 12531: 12524: 12523: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12495: 12486: 12479: 12474: 12472:9788185205533 12468: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12452: 12444: 12442:9780984404308 12438: 12434: 12433: 12425: 12419: 12413: 12407: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12356: 12346: 12344: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12307: 12301: 12299: 12292: 12286: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12244: 12238: 12236: 12234: 12227: 12223: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12204: 12198: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12179: 12174: 12170: 12169:Hermann Kulke 12164: 12158: 12154: 12149: 12147: 12137: 12135: 12127: 12121: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12097: 12095: 12088: 12083: 12081: 12071: 12062: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12039: 12031: 12025: 12018: 12012: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11938: 11933: 11927: 11918: 11911: 11905: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11877: 11871: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11845: 11838: 11832: 11825: 11824:Christian era 11819: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11785: 11783: 11774: 11773: 11765: 11757: 11756: 11747: 11739: 11737:9788170994107 11733: 11729: 11728: 11720: 11712: 11711: 11702: 11694: 11693: 11684: 11676: 11675: 11666: 11664: 11655: 11653:9788170994107 11649: 11645: 11644: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11623: 11621:9788170070399 11617: 11613: 11612: 11603: 11601: 11594: 11589: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11537: 11531: 11523: 11521:9789004155374 11517: 11513: 11512: 11504: 11502: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11476: 11470: 11461: 11455: 11450: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11404: 11397: 11393: 11387: 11378: 11369: 11367: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11339: 11333: 11326: 11320: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11287: 11280: 11274: 11265: 11263: 11253: 11244: 11242: 11232: 11230: 11220: 11218: 11208: 11206: 11196: 11187: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11152: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11134:81-224-1198-3 11130: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11086: 11081: 11072: 11071: 11063: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11038: 11031: 11026: 11024:9781579580407 11020: 11016: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10976: 10967: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10936: 10930: 10928: 10920: 10914: 10906: 10904:9788182201156 10900: 10896: 10895: 10887: 10879: 10877:9781452266626 10873: 10869: 10868: 10860: 10854: 10849: 10847: 10838: 10836:9788121505659 10832: 10828: 10827: 10819: 10812: 10806: 10797: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10770: 10768: 10761: 10755: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10711: 10705: 10698: 10692: 10683: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10658: 10649: 10643: 10638: 10631: 10627: 10621: 10613: 10607: 10603: 10602: 10594: 10587: 10581: 10572: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10547: 10540: 10536: 10535:Julius Caesar 10532: 10526: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10490: 10486: 10480: 10476: 10469: 10463: 10458: 10449: 10447: 10437: 10428: 10422: 10416: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10392: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10317: 10313: 10310: 10305: 10299: 10295: 10292: 10287: 10280: 10274: 10264: 10254: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10232: 10226: 10221: 10215: 10210: 10208: 10201: 10196: 10190: 10185: 10183: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10160: 10151: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10129: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10052: 10043: 10037: 10031: 10022: 10013: 10004: 9997: 9991: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9860: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9824: 9822: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9794: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9769:2-7475-5135-0 9766: 9761: 9760:Mudrarakshasa 9757: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9732: 9726: 9721: 9715: 9710: 9704: 9703:Justin XIII.4 9698: 9691: 9686: 9678: 9676:9781108009416 9672: 9668: 9667: 9659: 9657: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9602: 9595: 9589: 9582: 9576: 9568: 9562: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9521: 9512: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9459: 9451: 9444: 9440: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9424: 9415: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9385: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9355: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9334: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9304: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9236: 9228: 9221: 9217: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9137:Ambassadors: 9134: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9111:Antiochos III 9108: 9107: 9103: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9021: 9012: 9008: 9005:gave them to 9004: 8999: 8996: 8995:John Marshall 8992: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8951: 8941: 8932: 8928: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Kushan Empire 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8822: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8663: 8656: 8655: 8649: 8648:Indo-Scythian 8645: 8639: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8467:Demetrius III 8462: 8458: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8395: 8392: 8385: 8376: 8372: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8312:Eucratides II 8310: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8267:Antimachus II 8260: 8259: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8231:Apollodotus I 8224: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8168:Euthydemus II 8163: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7823: 7822:Guimet Museum 7819: 7814: 7810: 7808: 7805:tribe of the 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795:Kushan Empire 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7734:Justin, XLI,6 7730: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7697: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7672:K.P. Jayaswal 7669: 7668:R. D. Banerji 7665: 7661: 7649: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7615: 7610: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7582:Milinda Panha 7575: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7538:war elephants 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7522:Antimachus II 7518: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7487:Apollodotus I 7484: 7476: 7475:Lahore Museum 7472: 7468: 7464: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7434:is reported ( 7433: 7429: 7426:peninsula or 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7381:Qin Shi Huang 7378: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320:Euthydemus II 7317: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7276:Stone palette 7273: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7226: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7125:Intaglio gems 7122: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894:Vitarka mudra 6892: 6888: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6863:Indo-Scythian 6860: 6859: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6782:script, with 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6764: 6755: 6752: 6751:Butkara stupa 6748: 6747:Butkara stupa 6739: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6669:Milinda Panha 6666: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629:Shunga Empire 6626: 6623:, the former 6622: 6618: 6612: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6534:Butkara stupa 6530: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482:Butkara Stupa 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6453: 6452:Milinda Panha 6449: 6446:converted to 6445: 6439: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6409: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335:James Prinsep 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272:Apollodotus I 6269: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199:Evolution of 6197: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6104: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5918:Brahmi script 5915: 5911: 5907: 5906:Manmodi Caves 5897: 5888: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5864:Manmodi Caves 5858:Manmodi Caves 5857: 5856: 5843: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5691:complex near 5690: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5521:Brahmi script 5518: 5514: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5478:Datta dynasty 5475: 5474:Shunga Empire 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5305:Buner reliefs 5302: 5297: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276:Indo-Scythian 5269: 5265: 5264:Indo-Scythian 5260: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185:(part of the 5184: 5183:Paropamisadae 5179: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5156:Paropamisadae 5153: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5131:Punjab region 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5103:Paropamisadae 5100: 5088: 5080: 5071: 5060: 5049: 5040: 5029: 5018: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4941: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4800: 4792: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4760:not far away. 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4564:Indian Museum 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4514:Floral motif. 4510: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230:Apollodotus I 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4132: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991:Milinda Panha 3980: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3941:Consolidation 3938: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922:inscription: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3836:Central India 3828: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3791: 3790: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682:Indo-Scythian 3679: 3678:Datta dynasty 3675: 3674:Mitra dynasty 3670: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3646: 3639: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3600: 3598: 3597:Datta dynasty 3594: 3593:Mitra dynasty 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3565:Indian Museum 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3467: 3465: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3428: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3393:Apollodotus I 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:Maurya Empire 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3216:Milinda Panha 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3163:Shunga Empire 3159: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3060:and possibly 3059: 3055: 3052:According to 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3007: 3005: 3001: 3000:Antimachus II 2997: 2996:Apollodotus I 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981:Dharmachakras 2978: 2977:Attic coinage 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2951:mace and the 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Brahmi script 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850:Brahmi script 2847: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:Antiochus III 2771: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754:Maurya Empire 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2736:, the son of 2735: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Milinda Panha 2656: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2615: 2614:Apollodotus I 2611: 2601: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Romila Thapar 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2476:Shunga Empire 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2458:Shunga Empire 2451: 2446: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2417:gymnosophists 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2136:Greco-Bactria 2133: 2129: 2127: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1931: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Antiochus III 1821: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1786: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1744:their freedom 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1650: 1641: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Dharmaraksita 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1225: 1223: 1220:gave them to 1219: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1205:war elephants 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164:(Scythians), 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1138:Mudrarakshasa 1135: 1131: 1130:Nanda dynasty 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 986:Mitra dynasty 983: 982:Datta dynasty 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 956:Indo-Scythian 953: 949: 948:Antiochus III 945: 941: 937: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 891: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 851: 200 BC 845: 841: 837: 833: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 798: 793: 791: 786: 784: 779: 778: 776: 775: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 741: 739: 738: 734: 730: 729: 726: 723: 722: 718: 717: 707: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 673: 670: 667: 666: 663: 660: 657: 656: 653: 650: 647: 646: 643: 639: 636: 633: 632: 629: 625: 622: 619: 618: 615: 611: 608: 605: 604: 601: 597: 593: 590: 587: 586: 583: 579: 575: 572: 569: 568: 565: 561: 557: 554: 551: 550: 547: 544: 541: 540: 537: 536:Demetrius III 533: 530: 527: 526: 523: 519: 516: 513: 512: 509: 505: 502: 499: 498: 495: 491: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460:Antimachus II 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440:Apollodotus I 438: 435: 434: 431: 428: 425: 424: 421: 417: 414: 411: 410: 407: 404: 401: 400: 396: 392: 389: 385: 384: 381: 380: 373: 370: 369: 362: 358: 354: 351: 349:Today part of 347: 331: 329: 326: 325: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 302: 301:Maurya Empire 299: 292: 291: 288: 285: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 230: 226: 220: 216: 213: 210: 206: 202: 198: 195: 189: 185: 182: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 134: 130: 126: 121: 117: 112: 108: 103: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 68: 63: 57: 50: 43: 38: 31: 19: 17614:Alexander II 17470:Paerisades V 17433:Spartokos IV 17397:Paerisades I 17372:Ariarathes X 17327:Ariarathes V 17302:Ariarathes I 17284:Antiochus IV 17269:Antiochus II 17201:Pharnaces II 17162:Ariobarzanes 17134:Nicomedes IV 17124:Nicomedes II 17050:Apollophanes 17035:Hippostratos 16950:Heliokles II 16910:Demetrius II 16890:Antimachus I 16876: 16852:Eucratides I 16847:Demetrius II 16832:Antimachus I 16817:Euthydemus I 16502:Ptolemy XIII 16477:Berenice III 16324:Antipater II 16291:Alexander IV 16203: 16194: 16184: 16171: 16162: 16161: 16152: 16143: 16134: 16125: 16116: 16107: 16098: 16089: 16081: 16080: 16044:Pala dynasty 16030:10th century 16029: 15992: 15960: 15910: 15890: 15884: 15883: 15839: 15812: 15784:Gupta Empire 15782: 15772: 15758: 15752: 15751: 15718: 15706: 15684: 15679: 15672: 15657:Early Cholas 15648: 15625: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15572: 15557:Early Cholas 15548: 15537: 15532: 15523: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15500: 15491:Nanda empire 15489: 15477: 15444: 15435: 15406: 15399: 15393: 15392: 15354: 15345: 15330:Vedic Period 15327: 15312:Vedic Period 15309: 15304:Vedic Period 15301: 15295: 15294: 15285: 15248:Sapta Sindhu 15235:Timeline and 15130: 15105:Hephthalites 15090:Sakaldwipiya 15044:Swat culture 14922: 14903: 14880: 14861: 14840: 14817: 14807: 14784:(1): 59–68. 14781: 14775: 14756: 14737: 14718: 14715:Narain, A.K. 14700: 14696:Narain, A.K. 14677: 14658: 14646: 14624: 14602: 14582:. New York: 14579: 14560: 14548: 14529: 14507:Musée Guimet 14502: 14483: 14462: 14440: 14418: 14391: 14369: 14353: 14333: 14312: 14291: 14282: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14257: 14238: 14232: 14220: 14211: 14202: 14193: 14184: 14162:"Justin XLI" 14156: 14148:the original 14138: 14118: 14111: 14102: 14088: 14079: 14067: 14053: 14041:. Retrieved 14036: 14027: 14015:. Retrieved 14010: 14001: 13993: 13989: 13972: 13963: 13954: 13945: 13936: 13928: 13923: 13914: 13905: 13896: 13887: 13879: 13876:Roman Empire 13862: 13853: 13844: 13835: 13815: 13806: 13797: 13787: 13776: 13767: 13758: 13747: 13738: 13728: 13717: 13708: 13699: 13690: 13682: 13677: 13668: 13651: 13642: 13632: 13628: 13619: 13612:Heliokles II 13600:phrygian cap 13585: 13562: 13553: 13533: 13526: 13517: 13508: 13499: 13491: 13486: 13477: 13457: 13450: 13443:Bopearachchi 13438: 13429: 13419: 13410: 13401: 13392: 13375: 13364: 13353: 13342: 13331: 13320: 13308: 13296: 13256: 13249: 13239: 13232: 13212: 13205: 13193: 13181: 13164: 13155: 13151: 13141: 13131: 13125: 13115: 13109: 13082: 13073: 13021: 13014: 12998: 12982: 12970: 12958: 12944: 12916: 12907: 12897: 12888: 12879: 12871: 12866: 12856: 12847: 12838: 12829: 12817: 12795: 12786: 12778: 12773: 12764: 12755: 12746: 12701: 12697: 12687: 12667: 12660: 12640: 12634: 12614: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12550: 12538: 12529: 12526: 12521: 12515: 12503: 12494: 12485: 12476: 12461: 12451: 12431: 12424: 12412: 12400: 12388: 12285: 12273: 12261: 12249: 12197: 12177: 12163: 12125: 12120: 12112: 12107: 12070: 12061: 12052: 12029: 12024: 12016: 12011: 11987:Bopearachchi 11981: 11955: 11950: 11926: 11917: 11909: 11904: 11888: 11883: 11875: 11870: 11853: 11844: 11837:Bopearachchi 11831: 11818: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11771: 11764: 11754: 11746: 11726: 11719: 11709: 11701: 11691: 11683: 11673: 11642: 11610: 11588: 11579: 11567: 11555: 11543: 11530: 11510: 11469: 11460: 11449: 11412: 11403: 11386: 11377: 11357:προέρχομαι. 11354: 11345: 11337: 11332: 11324: 11319: 11310: 11286: 11278: 11273: 11252: 11195: 11186: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11124: 11118: 11096: 11091: 11080: 11069: 11062: 11037: 11028: 11014: 11008: 10999: 10982: 10975: 10966: 10957: 10951: 10942: 10935:Bopearachchi 10918: 10913: 10893: 10886: 10866: 10859: 10825: 10818: 10810: 10805: 10796: 10776: 10759: 10754: 10746: 10734: 10726: 10717: 10704: 10696: 10691: 10682: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10657: 10648: 10637: 10620: 10600: 10593: 10585: 10580: 10571: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10538: 10530: 10525: 10496: 10488: 10474: 10468: 10457: 10436: 10427: 10415: 10402: 10391: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10344: 10338: 10330: 10325: 10304: 10286: 10278: 10273: 10263: 10253: 10242: 10231: 10220: 10195: 10170: 10159: 10150: 10141: 10127: 10120: 10107: 10097: 10089: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10051: 10042: 10030: 10021: 10012: 10003: 9995: 9990: 9981: 9972: 9963: 9954: 9937: 9919: 9899:aphrodisiacs 9893: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9859: 9851: 9846: 9834: 9811:Project MUSE 9801: 9787: 9779: 9775: 9742: 9731: 9720: 9709: 9697: 9689: 9685: 9665: 9646: 9621: 9620:W. W. Tarn. 9612: 9601: 9588: 9580: 9575: 9561: 9541: 9534: 9520: 9511: 9499: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9472: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9422: 9414: 9406: 9391: 9384: 9376: 9361: 9354: 9345: 9340: 9333: 9325: 9310: 9303: 9290:Indian Caste 9289: 9282: 9260:(3/4): 132. 9257: 9251: 9245: 9235: 9226: 9220: 9181: 9159: 9133: 9123:Sophagasenus 9102: 9073:Aristophanes 9029:aphrodisiacs 9020: 9007:Sandrocottus 8991:Chandragupta 8978: 8970: 8960: 8950: 8940: 8931: 8754:Apollophanes 8696:Hippostratos 8440:Heliokles II 8248:Demetrius II 8212:Antimachus I 8134:Euthydemus I 7999:Paropamisade 7981:Territories/ 7958:Bopearachchi 7952: 7945: 7941: 7929: 7916:Trojan horse 7902: 7879: 7851: 7835: 7831:Gupta Empire 7827: 7779:central Asia 7776: 7738: 7721: 7716:Demetrius II 7705: 7695: 7687: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7635: 7619: 7592: 7588: 7559: 7550: 7519: 7496: 7480: 7458:Armed forces 7451: 7439: 7400: 7374: 7349: 7336: 7318:coins, with 7316:cupro-nickel 7313: 7304:Cupro-nickel 7291:Hindu-Kush. 7281: 7250: 7232: 7211: 7195:Bacchanalian 7160: 7157: 7130: 7107: 7060: 7051:Buner relief 6979:near modern 6966: 6963:Vaishnavites 6880: 6856: 6847:(90–85 BC), 6839:(95–80 BC), 6837:Heliokles II 6817:inscriptions 6801: 6744: 6730: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6703:Dharmachakra 6700: 6682: 6658: 6638: 6614: 6602: 6567: 6539: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6474:Graeco-Roman 6373: 6343: 6331:decipherment 6304: 6279: 6265: 6254: 6242: 6231:, symbol of 6200: 6178: 6167: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6113: 6072:Vibhajyavada 6057: 6013: 5969: 5948: 5947: 5941:, c. AD 120. 5861: 5744: 5717: 5686: 5662: 5584: 5572: 5566: 5557:Yavanajataka 5550: 5547: 5482: 5470:Mitra rulers 5451: 5436: 5432:Gupta Empire 5428:Samudragupta 5425: 5409: 5400:Rudradaman I 5389: 5346:", "King"). 5339: 5338:royal title 5331: 5327: 5309: 5292: 5284:Hippostratus 5273: 5248:Hippostratos 5211: 5207:Hippostratus 5180: 5177: 5096: 5002: 5001: 4989: 4988: 4959: 4937: 4916: 4915: 4894: 4893: 4873: 4862: 4851: 4839: 4838: 4827: 4775: 4764: 4741: 4723: 4680: 4655: 4645:'s marks in 4637:gateways at 4628: 4593: 4406: 4391: 4359: 4328:, from king 4323: 4227: 4180: 4141: 4138:(100–95 BC). 4126:(105–95 BC). 4102: 4050: 4027: 3987: 3974:toppled the 3972:Eucratides I 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3895: 3882: 3870: 3866: 3844:, a play by 3839: 3833: 3826: 3822: 3800: 3787: 3785: 3751: 3740: 3726: 3717: 3708: 3696: 3694: 3671: 3659: 3576: 3570: 3520: 3501: 3487: 3460: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3402: 3378: 3371: 3346: 3340:Hippostratos 3314: 3298:Chandragupta 3291: 3282: 3259: 3251:Rudradaman I 3232: 3213: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3180: 3147: 3134: 3118: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3093:wheel design 3051: 3045:king of the 3043:Eucratides I 3032: 3024: 3004:Antimachus I 2993: 2922: 2875: 2815: 2806:Bopearachchi 2800:and perhaps 2795: 2783:Kabul Valley 2772: 2767:Milindapanha 2765: 2732: 2696: 2671: 2657: 2644:Eratosthenes 2625: 2584: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2488:Ashokavadana 2486: 2484: 2461: 2420: 2390: 2364: 2351: 2320: 2312: 2286: 2282: 2228: 2208: 2184:Chandragupta 2181: 2123: 2114: 2083: 2075: 2062: 2051: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2000:cupro-nickel 1994: 1975: 1973:(Boardman). 1960: 1915: 1883: 1860: 1846: 1818: 1812: 1780: 1753: 1742: 1726: 1703: 1654: 1648: 1646: 1624: 1614:Antiochus II 1574: 1525:Sophagasenus 1518: 1513:Sophagasenus 1498: 1451: 1434:Anuradhapura 1407:Edict No. 13 1404: 1379: 1367: 1340: 1331: 1330:, Berenice ( 1324:Chandragupta 1322: 1260:Chandragupta 1257: 1242:source, the 1236: 1222:Sandrocottus 1214: 1193:Chandragupta 1182: 1168:(Nepalese), 1142:Visakhadutta 1128:against the 1115: 1064: 1046: 994: 960: 929:Euthydemus I 918: 899: 888: 873:Pushkalavati 862: 858: 10 AD 816: 812: 808: 806: 724: 668:25 BCE–10 CE 662:Apollophanes 638:Hippostratos 522:Heliokles II 450:Demetrius II 430:Antimachus I 371: 269:Succeeded by 268: 263: 40:200 BC–AD 10 17672:Indo-Greeks 17635:Pyrrhus III 17619:Olympias II 17589:Alexander I 17446: [ 17443:Spartokos V 17312:Ariamnes II 17259:Antiochus I 17221:Pythodorida 17177:Pharnaces I 17098:Zipoetes II 17093:Nicomedes I 17010:Artemidoros 17005:Menander II 16945:Antialcidas 16930:Agathokleia 16885:Demetrius I 16877:Indo-Greeks 16867:Heliocles I 16822:Demetrius I 16812:Diodotus II 16789:Eumenes III 16784:Attalus III 16759:Philetaerus 16728:Lysimachids 16540:Berenice II 16507:Ptolemy XIV 16389:(pretender) 16319:Alexander V 16301:Antipatrids 16259:Hellenistic 16188:, Routledge 16069:Rashtrakuta 15973:Pala Empire 15966:Kabul Shahi 15849:Kabul Shahi 15823:Alchon Huns 15601:Mahabharata 15524:Pre-history 15437:Pre-history 15347:Pre-history 15172:Uttaramadra 15100:Alchon Huns 14836:Tarn, W. W. 14304:Works cited 13608:Antialcidas 13592:Zoroastrian 13385:Pataliputra 13004:pp. 326–328 12804:this source 12802:. See also 11889:Yuga Purana 11336:Mitchener, 11281:, p. xxxiii 11098:The Puranas 10743:Peter Green 10514:Cassius Dio 9925:Megasthenes 9142:Megasthenes 9057:Antiochus I 9011:Megasthenes 8640:occupation 8595:Artemidoros 8585:Menander II 8430:Antialcidas 8424:110–100 BC 8397:120–110 BC 8391:inscription 8389:Yavanarajya 8371:Agathokleia 8357:occupation 8351:130–120 BC 8330:Heliocles I 8303:occupation, 8297:155–130 BC 8280:170–145 BC 8261:160–155 BC 8244:175–170 BC 8225:180–160 BC 8208:185–170 BC 8181:190–180 BC 8164:190–185 BC 8151:Demetrius I 8147:200–190 BC 8130:230–200 BC 8117:Diodotus II 8113:239–223 BC 8090:255–239 BC 8069:Mauryan war 8031:326–325 BC 7886:Democritean 7684:Megasthenes 7503:recurve bow 7499:Agathokleia 7422:delta, the 7412:Myos Hormos 7261:Satavahanas 7223:Bodhisattva 7185:statues of 7137:Afghanistan 7001:Bhagabhadra 6993:Antialcidas 6883:Agathokleia 6867:Kharahostes 6845:Menander II 6768:Menander II 6710:Stupavadana 6645:Pataliputra 6641:Kukkutarama 6617:Brihadratha 6593:Kalinga War 6337:(1835) and 6292:Antiochus I 6237:Menander II 6225:Antialcidas 6217:Heliocles I 6048:Nasik Caves 6008:Nasik Caves 5767:Dattamittri 5675:and of the 5621:and of the 5595:Karla Caves 5581:Karla Caves 5553:Yavanesvara 5513:Karla Caves 5495:Saka ruler 5476:or to the 5392:Arjunayanas 5360:East Punjab 5314:, from the 5301:Artemidorus 5278:king named 5203:recurve bow 5105:to Western 4758:Karla Caves 4754:Nasik Caves 4600:high relief 4338:Bhagabhadra 4330:Antialkidas 4309:Antialkidas 4282:Vaishnavism 4238:Greek coins 4223:Artemidoros 4211:Agathokleia 4191:recurve bow 4152:Antialcidas 4124:Antialcidas 4105:Agathokleia 4093:Artemidoros 4081:Agathokleia 4061:recurve bow 3858:Sindh River 3854:Pushyamitra 3823:Yuga Purana 3815:Pataliputra 3795:Megasthenes 3789:Yuga Purana 3662:Mathura art 3656:Mathura art 3577:Yavanarajya 3554:Nemean lion 3531:Naurangabad 3504:Indo-Greeks 3488:Yavanarajya 3439:Apollodorus 3357:Pataliputra 3329:Pataliputra 3321:Pataliputra 3239:Arjunayanas 3189:(lines 7-8) 3141:Yuga Purana 3129:Yuga Purana 3125:Pataliputra 2989:Menander II 2945:Sankarshana 2781:and in the 2734:Demetrius I 2723:Afghanistan 2676:Chang-k'ien 2672:Dharmamitra 2472:Brihadratha 2223:Hellenistic 2204:Megasthenes 2042:Han dynasty 2034:Manu Smriti 2028:Mahabharata 1996:Numismatics 1990:Han dynasty 1982:Rostovtzeff 1737:Seleucus II 1729:Diodotus II 1722:Greek Egypt 1430:Great Stupa 1415:Edict No. 2 1363:Hellenistic 1343:Megasthenes 1332:Suvarnnaksi 1317:Afghanistan 1183:In 305 BC, 1178:Pataliputra 1134:Pataliputra 1113:in 316 BC. 974:Arjunayanas 972:Republic, 952:Artemidoros 940:Demetrius I 938:. His son, 836:Afghanistan 600:Artemidoros 596:Menander II 518:Antialcidas 514:110–100 BCE 500:155–130 BCE 494:Agathokleia 486:130–120 BCE 476:155–130 BCE 466:170–145 BCE 456:160–155 BCE 446:175–170 BCE 436:180–160 BCE 426:185–170 BCE 412:190–180 BCE 406:Demetrius I 402:200–190 BCE 353:Afghanistan 264:Preceded by 184:Demetrius I 56:Demetrius I 18:Indo-Greeks 17666:Categories 17625:Pyrrhus II 17604:Alcetas II 17569:Tharrhypas 17536:Gepaepyris 17508:Scribonius 17402:Satyros II 17332:Orophernes 17244:Ptolemaeus 17226:Polemon II 17119:Prusias II 17088:Zipoetes I 17060:Strato III 16985:Theophilos 16965:Philoxenus 16920:Menander I 16900:Agathocles 16842:Agathocles 16807:Diodotus I 16779:Attalus II 16774:Eumenes II 16736:Lysimachus 16344:Antigonids 16082:References 16035:Ghaznavids 15845:Nezak Huns 15177:Uttarakuru 15110:Nezak Huns 13868:Barbaricum 12781:, p. xxxvi 11991:Puspamitra 11396:Barukaccha 11392:Saurashtra 10948:"Menander" 10787:9004086129 10552:Geographia 10200:Justin XLI 9748:Kusumapura 9502:or with a 9496:Greek city 9198:Ai-Khanoum 9119:Hindu Kush 9115:Euthydemus 9081:Hegesander 8973:, p. xxvii 8919:References 8842:Yavana era 8799:Zoilos III 8779:Strato III 8538:Theophilos 8484:Philoxenus 8478:100–95 BC 8340:Menander I 8307:Ai-Khanoum 8284:Eucratides 8185:Agathocles 8100:Diodotus I 8082:Ai-Khanoum 7974:Indo-Greek 7936:chronology 7932:numismatic 7906:Chronology 7894:Pyrrhonist 7866:metropolis 7723:Eucratides 7712:Eucratides 7477:, Pakistan 7454:II.5.12). 7395:See also: 7339:Zhang Qian 7328:Agathocles 7253:Hindu-Kush 7187:Ai-Khanoum 7067:Ai-Khanoum 6989:Indo-Greek 6985:Heliodorus 6913:Philoxenus 6841:Theophilos 6821:Menander I 6780:Kharoshthi 6686:Arahatship 6661:Menander I 6649:sangharama 6514:Kharoshthi 6502:Menander I 6444:Menander I 6429:Heliodorus 6406:See also: 6378:Kshatriyas 6296:Asia Minor 6268:Menander I 6239:90–85 BC). 6181:Hashtnagar 6143:Hashtnagar 6120:Yavana era 6108:Yavana era 6042:family... 6040:Satavahana 6036:Khakharata 6020:Kshatriyas 5972:Satavahana 5755:Indo-Greek 5489:Strato III 5472:under the 5458:Menander I 5443:Audumbaras 5412:Kshatriyas 5380:Strato III 5324:kharoshthi 5226:Sapadbizes 5187:Hindu Kush 5127:Strato III 5117:, and the 5099:Philoxenus 5003:Sarmatians 4687:Satavahana 4562:, 100 BC. 4528:See also: 4398:Stupa No.2 4366:Kharoshthi 4326:Heliodorus 4297:Heliodorus 4278:Heliodorus 4254:See also: 4201:), or the 4156:Philoxenos 4136:Philoxenos 4107:, her son 4071:), or the 3979:Euthydemid 3957:Menander I 3756:Madhyamika 3728:Mahābhāsya 3667:Indo-Greek 3654:See also: 3625:Indo-Greek 3581:Yavana era 3512:Menander I 3492:Yavana era 3447:] and 3441: [ 3209:Menander I 3171:Jain idols 3105:Kharoshthi 3027:Menander I 3019:Menander I 2985:Menander I 2929:Ai-Khanoum 2913:Kharoshthi 2891:Kharoshthi 2882:Agathocles 2846:Agathocles 2834:See also: 2824:Yavana era 2816:Invincible 2762:Menander I 2750:Indo-Greek 2738:Euthydemus 2678:under the 2668:Menander I 2573:Kshatriyas 2541:Brahmanism 2403:; and the 2395:among the 2389:; and the 2385:among the 2381:; and the 2377:among the 2373:; and the 2267:Tamraparni 2140:Ai-Khanoum 2046:Zhang Qian 2008:Agathocles 1969:museum at 1932:, XI.XI.I) 1820:Euthydemus 1805:Euthydemus 1755:Euthydemus 1710:Andragoras 1698:Ai-Khanoum 1694:Corinthian 1677:Eucratidia 1591:(medieval 1585:Ai-Khanoum 1579:, such as 1559:Ai Khanoum 1521:Hindú Kúsh 1446:Alexandria 1307:) by king 1185:Seleucus I 1156:(Greeks), 1023:Background 1007:, and the 978:Audumbaras 976:, and the 966:Ravi River 895:Theophilus 890:Geographia 676:Strato III 574:Theophilos 546:Philoxenus 542:100–95 BCE 480:Menander I 470:Eucratides 416:Agathocles 197:Strato III 154:Government 111:Kharoshthi 17609:Pyrrhus I 17574:Alcetas I 17480:Pharnaces 17455:Kamasarye 17438:Leukon II 17422:Hygiainon 17377:Archelaus 17216:Polemon I 17114:Prusias I 17055:Strato II 17045:Zoilos II 17040:Dionysios 17020:Archebius 16990:Peukolaos 16955:Polyxenos 16895:Pantaleon 16837:Pantaleon 16769:Attalus I 16764:Eumenes I 16570:Seleucids 16398:Ptolemies 16387:Philip VI 16334:Sosthenes 16314:Philip IV 16309:Cassander 16276:Philip II 15986:Kalachuri 15778:Kidarites 15162:Āryāvarta 15157:Shakdvipa 15095:Kidarites 14889:cite book 13594:divinity 13199:pp. 61–62 13008:pp. 53–54 12964:pp. 98–99 12720:2073-4425 11958:, p. 112. 11859:dvarapala 11422:Saraostus 11300:Arachosia 11296:Parthians 11294:mentions 11170:2249-1937 11164:: 84–87. 11143:133102415 11047:Saraostus 10374:Babylonia 10108:Histories 9213:Citations 9150:Dionysius 9095:" XIV.67 9089:Athenaeus 9077:Antiochus 9053:Bindusara 8803:Bhadayasa 8775:Strato II 8746:55–35 BC 8733:Zoilos II 8719:55–35 BC 8706:Dionysios 8688:65–55 BC 8657:75–70 BC 8622:Archebius 8606:90–70 BC 8569:90–85 BC 8548:Peukolaos 8495:95–90 BC 8457:Polyxenos 8195:Pantaleon 8005:Arachosia 7956:Based on 7898:skeptical 7890:Sophistic 7874:Arachotus 7862:Demetrias 7854:Parthians 7842:itinerary 7727:Demetrius 7642:Rajagriha 7638:Kharavela 7626:Kharavela 7572:-But why? 7448:gemstones 7424:Kathiawar 7410:ports of 7404:Ptolemies 7368:Sima Qian 7324:Pantaleon 7308:Pantaleon 7171:Classical 7145:Vajrapani 7114:Strato II 7013:Bhagavata 6853:Peukolaos 6849:Archebios 6804:Kharoshti 6311:Kharosthi 6298:from the 6278:had been 6276:Ptolemy I 6052:Cave No.3 5705:Arachosia 5701:Demetrias 5485:Strato II 5439:Trigartas 5394:and the 5376:Strato II 5312:Theodamas 5123:Strato II 5119:Parthians 5111:Scythians 4990:Dinglings 4681:Again in 4647:Kharosthi 4616:dvarapala 4612:triratana 4588:Kharosthi 4584:Gandharan 4556:triratana 4418:Kharoshti 4234:Kharoshti 4193:inside a 4171:Heraklean 4063:inside a 4046:Parthians 4042:Heliocles 4030:Scythians 4018:Heliocles 3902:Rajagriha 3898:Kharavela 3850:Vasumitra 3807:Panchalas 3719:Patanjali 3713:Antiochus 3695:The term 3523:Khokrakot 3409:Saraostus 3367:, 15-1-27 3310:Demetrius 3294:Arachosia 3278:Parthians 3274:Heliocles 3262:Scythians 3150:Kharavela 2963:with the 2878:Pantaleon 2798:Arachosia 2779:Arachosia 2565:brahmanas 2397:Bactrians 2379:Assyrians 2375:Chaldeans 2371:Egyptians 2345:Mahavamsa 2255:Alexander 2247:Antigonos 2239:Antiochos 2215:Theravada 2176:Alexander 2168:Antigonus 2160:Antiochus 2126:Silk Road 2069:Sima Qian 2025:" in the 2012:Pantaleon 1963:Tien Shan 1947:Tian Shan 1840:Demetrius 1759:Magnesian 1595:, modern 1541:Histories 1505:Antiochus 1486:Tushaspha 1470:Mahavamsa 1438:Sri Lanka 1426:Mahavamsa 1351:Dionysius 1347:Deimachus 1276:Vindusara 1232:15.2.1(9) 1201:Arachosia 1170:Parasikas 1083:Bucephala 1079:satrapies 933:Magnesian 827:), was a 672:Strato II 658:35–25 BCE 652:Zoilos II 648:55–35 BCE 642:Dionysios 634:65–55 BCE 620:75–70 BCE 614:Archebius 606:90–70 BCE 588:90–85 BCE 578:Peukolaos 552:95–90 BCE 532:Polyxenos 420:Pantaleon 212:Antiquity 144:Hellenism 132:Religion 17640:Deidamia 17621:(regent) 17594:Aeacides 17531:Aspurgus 17424:(regent) 17407:Prytanis 17249:Sames II 17105:(regent) 17078:Boteiras 17025:Telephos 17015:Hermaeus 16970:Diomedes 16940:Strato I 16925:Zoilos I 16751:Attalids 16438:(regent) 16377:Philip V 16182:(2002), 15856:Maitraka 15741:kingdom 15739:Kamarupa 15597:Ramayana 15423:Buddhism 15369:Panchala 15360:Gandhara 15320:culture) 15287:IRON AGE 15085:Kambojas 14838:(1938). 14717:(1976). 14698:(1957). 14657:(2002). 14645:(1956). 14623:(2000). 14559:(2010). 14475:36240864 14461:(1993). 14439:(2003). 14417:(1998). 14390:(1991). 14170:cite web 14043:16 April 14017:16 April 14011:BBC News 13870:(modern 13737:(2012). 13685:, p. 122 13604:Hermaeus 13381:Diodorus 13176:. p. 383 12874:, p. 114 12807:Archived 12738:37510249 12729:10379071 12459:(1991). 12406:p. 149ff 12224:, BRILL 12175:(2004). 12155:, 2016, 12124:Senior, 12113:Monnaies 12032:, p. 50. 12019:, p. 65. 11940:Archived 11912:, p. 65. 11813:, p. 249 11436:and the 11426:Sigerdis 11418:Patalena 11327:, p. XIV 11277:Senior, 11178:44304273 11051:Sigerdis 11043:Patalena 10919:Monnaies 10811:Monnaies 10697:Monnaies 10560:Casaubon 10556:Casaubon 10550:Strabo, 10518:Diodorus 10502:Polybius 10370:Chaldean 10312:Archived 10294:Archived 10090:Monnaies 9929:Kautilya 9756:Chanakya 9146:Deimakos 9063:, dried 8987:Seleucus 8830:See also 8821:Rajuvula 8665:Telephos 8612:Hermaeus 8501:Diomedes 8413:Strato I 8361:Zoilos I 8305:loss of 8010:Gandhara 7920:Gandhara 7732:— 7699:— 7651:— 7614:Strato I 7596:— 7578:— 7553:Nagasena 7534:Seleucid 7530:Polybius 7515:Hermaeus 7511:Zoilos I 7471:Gandhara 7444:perfumes 7416:Berenike 7365:— 7257:Kunindas 7191:amphoras 7179:himation 7177:and the 7167:Gandhara 7141:Herakles 7102:Gandhara 7090:amphoras 7043:plantain 7015:cult in 7009:Vāsudeva 6981:Besnagar 6943:Strato I 6891:Buddhist 6887:Strato I 6858:Dharmika 6829:Zoilos I 6825:Gandhara 6794:over an 6786:holding 6772:Menander 6766:Coin of 6738:Plutarch 6735:— 6716:Plutarch 6691:— 6673:Nagasena 6633:Hinduism 6625:senapati 6605:Kambojas 6589:Buddhism 6550:Herakles 6542:pantheon 6456:Buddhism 6448:Buddhism 6396:Religion 6370:Kambojas 6350:Sanskrit 6250:Diodorus 6233:Buddhism 6221:elephant 6207:holding 6191:Ideology 6174:Kanishka 6161:— 6116:Gandhara 6114:Several 6088:Vanavasa 6080:Gamdhara 6068:Theriyas 6045:— 6032:Palhavas 6014:...Siri- 5996:Pahlavas 5984:Nahapana 5963:— 5835:Interior 5799:Exterior 5677:swastika 5673:triratna 5623:swastika 5619:triratna 5603:Nahapana 5497:Rajuvula 5447:Kunindas 5417:— 5396:Yaudheya 5320:Gandhara 5318:area of 5214:Hermaeus 5191:Hermaeus 5152:Hermaeus 5036:PARTHIAN 4895:Tesinsky 4695:headband 4651:Gandhara 4631:Gandhara 4624:Menander 4568:Calcutta 4548:Menander 4422:Gandhara 4370:Gandhara 4350:Vāsudeva 4286:Hinduism 4205:(future 4187:Scythian 4183:Zoilos I 4175:Scythian 4167:Zoilos I 4165:Coin of 4144:Zoilos I 4134:Coin of 4122:Coin of 4109:Strato I 4075:(future 4057:Scythian 4053:Zoilos I 3995:Buddhism 3924:Di-Mi-Ta 3911:— 3846:Kālidāsa 3820:— 3811:Mathuras 3809:and the 3743:" ("The 3733:Sanskrit 3703:, where 3550:Herakles 3525:(modern 3454:— 3449:Menander 3435:Barygaza 3427:Periplus 3418:— 3413:Sigerdis 3405:Patalene 3362:— 3302:Seleucus 3237:and the 3235:Yaudheya 3220:Buddhism 3184:— 3138:— 3123:capital 2957:Vasudeva 2941:Balarama 2925:drachmas 2866:Balarama 2862:Vasudeva 2820:Heracles 2811:Ἀνίκητος 2802:Gandhara 2789:and the 2727:Pakistan 2664:Nagasena 2653:Polybius 2649:Menander 2582:— 2525:Buddhism 2521:Hinduism 2509:Bodhgaya 2432:— 2427:Brahmins 2422:Sramanas 2409:Persians 2392:Sramanas 2359:Sramanas 2341:— 2334:) named 2302:— 2289:Kambojas 2272:— 2200:Epigamia 2111:— 2086:Ferghana 2059:— 2031:and the 1967:Xinjiang 1926:— 1890:Ferghana 1886:Sogdiana 1879:Traxiane 1856:, 11.34) 1854:Polybius 1850:— 1834:(modern 1788:— 1783:Iaxartes 1775:Ferghana 1767:Sogdiana 1763:Polybius 1747:— 1682:— 1642:, XLI,4) 1636:— 1583:(modern 1537:Polybius 1534:— 1503:emperor 1501:Seleucid 1395:— 1382:Kambojas 1313:Kandahar 1285:— 1270:king of 1227:— 1197:Epigamia 1174:Bahlikas 1158:Kambojas 1011:, whose 970:Yaudheya 944:Seleucid 840:Pakistan 758:Religion 624:Telephos 610:Hermaeus 556:Diomedes 508:Strato I 490:Zoilos I 357:Pakistan 165:Basileus 158:Monarchy 140:Hinduism 136:Buddhism 116:Sanskrit 85:(modern 17630:Ptolemy 17584:Arybbas 17564:Admetus 17546:Cotys I 17526:Polemon 17521:Polemon 17517:Dynamis 17512:Dynamis 17503:Dynamis 17499:Asander 17489:Dynamis 17485:Asander 17412:Eumelos 17211:Arsaces 17186:Laodice 17109:Ziaelas 17103:Etazeta 16980:Epander 16975:Amyntas 16382:Perseus 16268:Argeads 16163:Sources 15954:Pallava 15885:Culture 15764:Puranas 15753:Culture 15593:Puranas 15574:Culture 15511:Culture 15427:Ājīvika 15419:Jainism 15394:Culture 15374:Magadha 15296:Culture 14277:(1998). 13872:Karachi 13492:Mleccha 13067:p. 90ff 12478:Greeks. 12279:p. 88ff 12267:p. 15ff 12128:, p. xi 12115:, p. 88 12004:Chambal 11974:, p. 6 11897:Kolkata 11107:Magadha 10996:1288206 10921:, p. 63 10813:, p. 59 10699:, p. 53 10586:et alii 10421:Puranas 10104:"11.39" 10092:, p. 52 9943:Sarnath 9752:Parvata 9526:Sanghol 9494:"not a 9274:1170959 9170:, king 9166:In the 9085:sophist 9069:sophist 8521:Epander 8511:Amyntas 8451:100 BC 8077:280 BC 8061:305 BC 8048:312 BC 8025:Mathura 7994:Bactria 7988:Bactria 7960:(1991) 7767:Panemos 7646:Mathura 7624:, King 7622:Kalinga 7542:phalera 7507:gorytos 7428:Muziris 7408:Red Sea 7237:Coinage 7229:Economy 7219:Kushans 7204:Seated 7079:Kushans 6977:Vidisha 6815:in his 6579:of the 6516:legend 6362:Ionians 6346:Yavanas 6315:Aramaic 6257:Shungas 6076:Kasmira 6070:of the 6064:Acaryas 6028:Yavanas 6004:Yavanas 6002:), and 5960:Chanda" 5910:Chaitya 5904:At the 5876:Chaitya 5866:, near 5862:In the 5775:Buddhas 5771:Chaitya 5722:, near 5593:of the 5591:Chaitya 5574:Yavanas 5454:Mathura 5402:of the 5078:XIONGNU 5069:DYNASTY 5056:SATAVA- 4940:culture 4852:SABEANS 4783:Decline 4726:Yavanas 4639:Bharhut 4604:Bharhut 4580:Bharhut 4560:Bharhut 4530:Bharhut 4484:Centaur 4468:Griffin 4450:Lakshmi 4342:Vidisha 4320:Vidisha 4305:Vidisha 4207:Kushans 4077:Kushans 4022:Bactria 3932:A-Mi-Ta 3906:Mathura 3889:Mathura 3877:Bactria 3860:or the 3745:Yavanas 3585:Ayodhya 3562:Kolkota 3558:Mathura 3535:Haryana 3516:Ptolemy 3508:Mathura 3484:Mathura 3389:Bharuch 3385:Gujarat 3349:Hypanis 3323:(today 3253:of the 3154:Kalinga 3107:legend 3062:Gujarat 3039:Mathura 2969:Shankha 2961:Krishna 2933:Avatars 2868:or the 2756:by the 2703:Yavanas 2605:Sources 2594:History 2553:of the 2537:Puranic 2517:Mathura 2513:Sarnath 2505:Nalanda 2497:viharas 2468:Brahmin 2450:Bharhut 2407:of the 2324:Gujarat 2293:Andhras 2263:Pandyas 2243:Ptolemy 2235:yojanas 2164:Ptolemy 2144:Mauryan 2102:Parthia 2094:Bactria 1986:rosette 1898:Kashgar 1875:Tapuria 1867:Parthia 1733:Arsaces 1714:Arsaces 1706:Parthia 1577:Bactria 1563:Bactria 1494:Gujarat 1386:Andhras 1355:Mauryan 1311:, from 1305:Aramaic 1272:Pausasa 1246:of the 1240:Puranic 1166:Kiratas 1154:Yavanas 1111:Babylon 1103:Eudemus 1095:Taxiles 1049:Persian 1005:Kushans 990:Mathura 885:Ptolemy 825:Ionians 744:History 564:Epander 560:Amyntas 528:100 BCE 186:(first) 127:script) 120:Prakrit 113:script) 79:Capital 17206:Darius 17000:Nicias 16995:Thraso 16935:Lysias 16261:rulers 16102:Samuel 16093:Samuel 15900:Tantra 15665:Cheras 15565:Cheras 15471:Assaka 15386:Assaka 15318:Srauta 15244:Punjab 15119:States 15080:Yuezhi 14929: 14910: 14868: 14852: 14824: 14798:601111 14796: 14763: 14744: 14725: 14684: 14665: 14631: 14609: 14590: 14567: 14536: 14513: 14490: 14473: 14447: 14425: 14398: 14376: 14360: 14342: 14319: 14245: 14126: 13824:Clovis 13659: 13596:Mithra 13541: 13465: 13445:p. 138 13325:Source 13264: 13220: 13172: 13158:: 214. 13088:p. 170 13029: 12736: 12726: 12718: 12675: 12648: 12622: 12509:p. 255 12469: 12439: 12363:Sungas 12306:p. 180 12291:p. 171 12255:p. 197 12226:p. 295 12203:p. 170 12185: 12000:Yamuna 11899:, 2002 11863:Yavana 11839:, p16. 11807:Yavana 11734: 11650: 11618: 11549:p. 108 11518: 11475:Ujjain 11438:Phryni 11430:Ariana 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The 7787:Kushan 7747:Legacy 7708:Justin 7689:Indica 7483:kausia 7467:Athena 7436:Strabo 7288:Qunduz 7206:Buddha 7175:chiton 7153:Hariti 7073:, the 7005:Garuda 6997:Shunga 6928:Nicias 6833:Strato 6813:Dharma 6809:Ashoka 6792:wreath 6776:Dharma 6725:Buddha 6721:stupas 6665:Sakala 6653:Sakala 6609:Dharma 6585:Ashoka 6558:Apollo 6554:Athena 6478:fibula 6380:. 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