353:
543:, who took the title of King of Liang. Rutan moved the capital back to Ledu and intensified attacks on the Later Liang. Eventually, Later Liang surrendered over their territory to Later Qin in 403. Rutan assured his vassalage to Qin by adopting their era name within his territory in 404. Still, he remained largely independent and continued attacking Northern Liang despite also being a Qin vassal. In 406, Qin rewarded Rutan's loyalty by handing him control over Guzang, which he later made his capital. He also entered an alliance with the
81:
90:
521:) led by Guo Nun, throwing Later Liang into a state of civil war. In 398, after defeating the powerful Qiang leader, Liang Ji (梁飢), many governors and tribes around Later Liang began submitting to him. Wugu changed his title to Prince of Wuwei and moved the capital to Ledu (樂都, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) before dying of illness resulting from a horse riding accident.
337:, but restored in 408. As the state grew in power, the Tufa rulers also elevated their peerages before claiming the title of King of Liang in 402. It was hence only known as "Liang" (涼) from 402 to 404 and 408 to 414. They are given the prefix of "Southern" in historiography as they were based south of the other Liang states in northeastern
528:, Qinghai) and claimed the title of Prince of Hexi. During his reign, the situation in Later Liang had worsened after Lü Guang's death due to infighting among the ruling family. Lilugu concentrated military efforts against Later Liang, defeating them twice and entering an alliance with Northern Liang. As the
580:
In 414, the Yifu, Tuoqihan (唾契汗) and other tribes in
Qinghai rebelled. At the same time, the Southern Liang had also been suffering from poor harvest and famines for many years. Desperate to escape his situation, Rutan campaigned against the tribes, but while he was away, the Western Qin attacked and
564:
where many of his key officials died in battle. Confidence in the state began to wane as rebellions soon broke out, although they were quickly put down. In 408, capitalizing on
Southern Liang's troubles, Later Qin attacked them and laid siege on Guzang, during which there was a revolt attempt within
568:
In the next few years, Rutan launched several campaigns on
Northern Liang but was repeatedly defeated. The defeat in 410 saw more rebellions breaking out in his territory, leading to the capital being shifted back south to Ledu while Guzang fell to Northern Liang. He also faced attacks from the
555:
In 407, Tufa Rutan decided to break off relations with Later Qin, but his rule would enter a gradual decline from this point on. That year, he invaded the
Northern Liang but was badly routed, and afterwards, he was heavily defeated by the
468:
succeeded him. Wugu expanded his influence by encouraging agriculture among his followers and drilling them for war while recruiting new talents to join him. He caught the attention of the Later Liang ruler,
596:, where the ruling Tuoba clan recognized them as family due to their lineage from Tuoba Jiefen. In particular, Rutan's son, Tufa Poqiang, became a powerful official in Wei and was given the name
565:
the city. Rutan repelled the attack and made peace with Later Qin, later re-declaring himself the King of Liang, but his state had been greatly weakened by these series of crises.
320:, the surname of the ruling house was changed from Tuoba to Tufa because one of the Tufa ancestors was born on a blanket, and in the Xianbei language, "Tufa" meant "blanket."
446:
242:
228:
203:
600:
by the Wei emperors, his new family name "Yuan" (源) in reference to them having a common ancestor. Tufa Wugu's son, Tufa Fanni (禿髮樊泥), is alleged by the
1555:
2396:
1596:
581:
captured Ledu, prompting the rest of
Southern Liang's territory to surrender. Rutan was forced to surrender, thus ending the Southern Liang.
2391:
2376:
2366:
592:
and Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台) attempted to assassinate Chipan but were caught and executed. The Tufa fled to
Northern Liang and then to the
1829:
1668:
473:
who granted him offices and the title of Duke of
Guangwu. In 394, he subjugated the Yifu (乙弗), Zhejue (折掘) and other tribes in
1075:
584:
Tufa Rutan was initially treated with honor in
Western Qin, but by the end of 414, he was poisoned to death by their ruler,
1589:
1123:
992:
1118:
1303:
1138:
544:
2386:
1098:
1206:
450:
273:
208:
1621:
1582:
1533:
1528:
423:
291:
2381:
2371:
2339:
1673:
1113:
2347:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of
Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
1700:
1442:
1427:
1272:
1068:
427:
403:
524:
After Tufa Lilugu succeeded his brother, he shifted the capital to Xiping (西平郡; around present-day
1661:
1688:
1513:
1402:
1178:
557:
299:
573:
and
Western Qin. By 413, Southern Liang had been reduced to only a few commanderies along the
352:
2343:
1641:
1636:
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325:
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1646:
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453:. At the time, the Tufa were living around Guangwu Commandery (廣武郡; around present-day
386:. In the early 4th-century, their chieftain, Pigu (匹孤), led his followers west to the
1998:
1626:
481:, Qinghai) and made it his capital. Wugu refused to acknowledge Lü Guang's claim as
449:, who sought to restore the Former Liang, but Dayu was defeated and executed by the
415:
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517:), while a revolt broke out at the Later Liang capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern
345:, they briefly shifted the capital to the major city of Guzang (姑臧, in modern
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encroached on Hexi, he avoided conflict and submitted to them as a vassal.
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in 397, Tufa Wugu proclaimed himself the Prince of Xiping and changed the
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A Xianbei dynasty, one of the Sixteen Kingdoms (397–404; 408–414)
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in 279, the rebellion ended after he was killed that same year.
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1932:
1781:
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1007:
514:
458:
445:. In 386, their chieftain, Tufa Sifujian (禿髮思復鞬) allied with
383:
342:
307:
260:
2036:
1819:
728:
329:(king). The state was briefly discontinued in 404 after
1033:
323:
All rulers of the Southern Liang proclaimed themselves
477:, where he built a fort in Lianchuan (廉川堡, in modern
1032:
Cui Hong. "南涼錄" [Record of Southern Liang].
539:
Lilugu died in 402 and was succeeded by his brother
485:in 396, although did not outwardly rebel just yet.
414:and were relocated to what later became known as
2358:
1556:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
2027:
613:
406:, and adopted the Tufa family name. During the
398:, succeeded their father. They lived among the
364:, one of the few remains of the Southern Liang.
1590:
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717:
709:
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493:After Later Liang suffered a heavy defeat to
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42:
35:
25:
437:The Tufa returned to prominence during the
1597:
1583:
1076:
1062:
302:. Members of the ruling Tufa clan were of
88:
79:
1144:Northern Wei's unification of North China
410:period, they surrendered to the general,
729:The family tree of Southern Liang rulers
351:
306:ethnicity and distant relatives of the
2397:5th-century disestablishments in China
2359:
356:The Hutai Ruins (虎台遗址) in present-day
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1129:Fu Jian's unification of North China
1083:
1031:
501:, signifying a breakaway. Soon, the
2392:4th-century establishments in China
2377:Former countries in Chinese history
550:
341:, although after occupying central
13:
993:List of past Chinese ethnic groups
382:Tufa tribe was an offshoot of the
14:
2408:
2367:Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)
1109:Shi Le's conquest of North China
240:
226:
201:
1099:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
1025:
464:After Sifujian died, his son,
286:
277:
209:Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)
1:
1018:
373:
100:Vassal of Later Qin
614:Rulers of the Southern Liang
588:. In 423, Rutan's children,
110:Ledu (399, 402–406, 410–414)
7:
981:
547:to counter Northern Liang.
509:at Jiankang (建康, in modern
488:
441:collapse that followed the
10:
2413:
606:to be the ancestor of the
418:. In 270, their chieftain
368:
290:; 397–404, 408–414) was a
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1174:Northern Liang (397–460)
505:was also established by
1304:Western Liang (400–421)
430:. Although he captured
292:dynastic state of China
2387:410s disestablishments
1408:Northern Wei (386–535)
1309:Northern Yan (407–436)
1299:Former Liang (318–376)
1263:Southern Yan (398–410)
1124:Huan Wen's Expeditions
1119:Conquest of Wei by Yan
365:
310:imperial house of the
300:Chinese historiography
1346:Western Yan (384–394)
1253:Western Qin (385–431)
1207:Later Liang (386–403)
461:) in Liang province.
355:
294:listed as one of the
1548:Histories of the Era
1243:Former Yan (337–370)
1225:Later Zhao (319–351)
1202:Former Qin (351–394)
1139:Liu Yu's Expeditions
312:Northern Wei dynasty
1281:Later Qin (384–417)
1248:Later Yan (384–409)
1197:Cheng-Han (304–347)
1134:Battle of Fei River
1104:Disaster of Yongjia
634:Durations of reign
443:Battle of Fei River
428:Western Jin dynasty
394:after his brother,
333:surrendered to the
314:. According to the
108:Lianchuan (397–399)
2382:397 establishments
2372:Dynasties of China
2340:Donghu and Xianbei
1696:Mongolian nobility
1647:Slab Grave culture
1361:Qiao Shu (405–413)
1356:Huan Chu (403–404)
1351:Zhai Wei (388–392)
1169:Han-Zhao (304–329)
479:Haidong Prefecture
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61:(402–404; 408–414)
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1627:Mongolian Plateau
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1472:Key personalities
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1398:Chouchi (296–580)
1341:Duan Qi (350–356)
1336:Ran Wei (350–352)
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1038:. Vol. 12
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631:Personal name
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503:Northern Liang
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432:Liang province
422:led a massive
420:Tufa Shujineng
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270:Southern Liang
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238:
236:Northern Liang
232:
231:
224:
215:
212:
211:
206:
194:
193:
188:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
126:
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106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
85:
84:
76:
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73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
33:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2409:
2398:
2395:
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2383:
2380:
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2355:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:Yunnan Mongol
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
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2259:
2257:
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2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Upper Mongols
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:Ethnic groups
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
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1896:
1894:
1891:
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1876:
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1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Khamag Mongol
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
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1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
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1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1721:Proto-Mongols
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Mongol Empire
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Ordos culture
1650:
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1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1403:Dai (310–376)
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
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1324:
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1222:
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1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:Xia (407–431)
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
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1090:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
979:
967:
964:b. 403–d. 479
961:
950:
949:Princess Tufa
940:
939:(Western) Qin
935:
934:
926:
923:
915:
913:
912:
907:
899:
897:
886:
882:
879:
868:
867:
848:
847:
826:
825:
812:
809:
801:
799:
791:
789:
788:
781:
773:
771:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:Tufa Sifujian
743:
740:
739:
735:
734:
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
668:
667:
657:
654:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
611:
609:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
590:Princess Tufa
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
566:
563:
559:
548:
546:
545:Western Liang
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
486:
484:
483:Heavenly King
480:
476:
472:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Yin mountains
389:
388:Hexi Corridor
385:
381:
363:
359:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
321:
319:
318:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
275:
271:
262:
259:
257:Today part of
255:
239:
237:
234:
233:
225:
223:
220:
219:
216:
210:
207:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
163:
160:
157:
151:
148:
145:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
77:
70:
69:
66:
20:
2354:
2344:Turco-Mongol
2301:
1791:
1689:Turco-Mongol
1674:Modern clans
1561:
1554:
1322:Other states
1257:
1114:Wei–Zhao War
1042:21 September
1040:. Retrieved
1034:
1027:
977:
931:
864:
844:
836:Tufa Lilugu
822:
601:
594:Northern Wei
583:
579:
567:
554:
538:
523:
519:Wuwei, Gansu
492:
463:
436:
426:against the
416:Qin province
404:Qiang people
377:
347:Wuwei, Gansu
324:
322:
315:
285:
269:
267:
191:Succeeded by
190:
185:
2189:Sart Kalmyk
1939:Qara Khitai
1563:Book of Jin
1519:Murong Chui
1428:Jin dynasty
1329:Short-lived
929:Qifu Chipan
871:r. 402–414
857:Tufa Rutan
829:r. 397–399
708:Hongchang (
676:Tufa Lilugu
622:Temple name
586:Qifu Chipan
495:Western Qin
451:Later Liang
400:Han Chinese
396:Tuoba Liwei
317:Book of Jin
222:Western Qin
186:Preceded by
159:Tufa Lilugu
2361:Categories
2338:See also:
2313:Sogwo Arig
1019:References
942:r. 412–428
851:r. 399–402
815:Tufa Wugu
722:) 409–414
701:Tufa Nutan
689:) 399–402
664:) 397–399
558:Helian Xia
541:Tufa Rutan
447:Zhang Dayu
439:Former Qin
374:Background
331:Tufa Rutan
171:Tufa Nutan
119:Government
54:(401–402),
47:(397–401),
2266:Dongxiang
2014:Khotogoid
1999:Dariganga
1969:Uriankhai
1944:Qara'unas
1903:Khongirad
1657:Languages
1534:Tuoba Tao
1529:Tuoba Gui
1514:Wang Meng
716:Jiaping (
714:) 402–404
651:Tufa Wugu
638:Era names
534:Guanzhong
530:Later Qin
466:Tufa Wugu
390:from the
335:Later Qin
287:Nán Liáng
147:Tufa Wugu
2227:Hamnigan
2204:Zakhchin
2092:Üzemchin
2062:Khorchin
2057:Kharchin
1954:Taichiud
1928:Olkhonud
1863:Borjigin
1711:Religion
1622:Timeline
1524:Yao Xing
1504:Huan Wen
1484:Liu Cong
1479:Liu Yuan
1463:Goguryeo
1458:Dingling
1421:Involved
982:See also
705:402–414
683:Jianhe (
680:399–402
658:Taichu (
655:397–399
499:era name
489:Founding
471:Lü Guang
123:Monarchy
2293:Monguor
2277:Kangjia
2214:Buryats
2194:Torghut
2179:Myangad
2155:Khoshut
2145:Dzungar
2129:Chantuu
2019:Sartuul
2009:Khalkha
2004:Eljigin
1994:Darkhad
1986:Mongols
1908:Manghud
1893:Katagan
1878:Eljigin
1873:Dughlat
1802:Didouyu
1777:Tuyuhun
1767:Kumo Xi
1750:Yujiulü
1734:Xianbei
1614:History
1509:Fu Jian
1499:Ran Min
1448:Xianbei
1438:Xiongnu
1235:Xianbei
1161:Xiongnu
1092:History
1013:Xianbei
998:Qinghai
960:Yuan He
933:Wenzhao
861:365–415
598:Yuan He
571:Tuyuhun
560:in the
511:Zhangye
507:Duan Ye
475:Qinghai
412:Deng Ai
408:Cao Wei
380:Xianbei
369:History
362:Qinghai
339:Qinghai
304:Xianbei
274:Chinese
105:Capital
2298:Khatso
2288:Moghol
2282:Mughal
2271:Hazara
2172:Buzava
2170:incl.
2166:Kalmyk
2160:Khoton
2140:Dörbet
2135:Choros
2119:Baatud
2106:Oirats
2072:Naiman
2067:Jaruud
2047:Chahar
2042:Baarin
1918:Naiman
1913:Merkit
1898:Kerait
1888:Jalair
1883:Gorlos
1868:Chonos
1853:Barlas
1843:Baarin
1811:incl.
1807:Khitan
1797:Shiwei
1772:Murong
1748:incl.
1744:Rouran
1739:Wuhuan
1729:Donghu
1642:Rulers
1637:States
1539:Liu Yu
1494:Shi Hu
1489:Shi Le
1391:States
1370:Tribes
953:d. 423
840:d. 402
838:禿髮利鹿孤
819:d. 399
644:Liezu
526:Xining
358:Xining
284::
282:pinyin
276::
132:
129:Prince
97:Status
40:(397),
2324:Yugur
2318:Tuvan
2256:Bonan
2250:Aimaq
2243:Other
2233:Soyot
2222:Barga
2150:Khoid
2124:Bayad
2082:Tumed
2077:Ordos
1964:Tumed
1959:Tatar
1949:Sunud
1933:Ongud
1923:Oirat
1858:Bayad
1848:Barga
1782:Tuoba
1762:Yuwen
1443:Qiang
1377:Yuwen
1273:Qiang
1008:Tuoba
988:Wu Hu
859:禿髮傉檀
817:禿髮烏孤
697:Jing
672:Kang
562:Ordos
515:Gansu
459:Gansu
384:Tuoba
343:Gansu
308:Tuoba
261:China
2261:Daur
2184:Olot
2087:Urad
2037:Asud
1820:Zubu
1813:Yelü
1792:Tufa
1787:Qifu
1757:Duan
1382:Duan
1044:2011
866:Jing
846:Kang
402:and
378:The
326:wang
268:The
1433:Jie
1291:Han
1217:Jie
937:of
647:Wu
532:in
349:).
298:in
2363::
2342:·
2320:**
2284:**
2273:**
2252:**
1453:Di
1189:Di
962:源賀
869:景
849:康
827:武
824:Wu
719:嘉平
711:弘昌
694:–
686:建和
669:–
661:太初
577:.
513:,
457:,
360:,
280:;
278:南涼
51:河西
44:武威
37:西平
27:南涼
2304:)
2300:(
2235:*
2229:*
2162:*
2131:*
1935:*
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1077:e
1070:t
1063:v
1046:.
272:(
58:涼
31:)
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