754:
498:
319:
194:
483:
51:
537:
to the northwest. Over the last 45 million years, the collision has pushed up a 20 km thickness of rocks on the
Pacific Plate to form the Alps, although much of this has been eroded away. Uplift has been most rapid during the last 5 million years, and the mountains continue to be raised
1182: 'Nobody on our team, or any of the scientists who reviewed our plans, predicted that it would be so hot down there. This geothermal activity may sound alarming but it is a wonderful scientific finding that could be commercially very significant for New Zealand.'
423:
New
Zealand has a humid maritime, temperate climate with the Southern Alps lying perpendicular to the prevailing westerly flow of air. Annual precipitation varies greatly across the range, from 3,000 millimetres (120 in) at the
473:
of Canada, where mountain ranges in the path of prevailing moisture laden winds force air upwards, thus cooling the air and condensing the moisture to rain, producing hot dry winds in the descending air lee of the mountains.
1015:
228:, reaching its greatest elevations near the range's western side. The name "Southern Alps" generally refers to the entire range, although separate names are given to many of the smaller ranges that form part of it.
428:, 15,000 millimetres (590 in) close to the Main Divide, to 1,000 millimetres (39 in) 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of the Main Divide. This high precipitation aids the growth of
1008:
753:
341:, the highest point in New Zealand at 3,724 metres (12,218 ft). The Southern Alps include sixteen other points that exceed 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in height (see
451:, in the lee of the mountains, has gained an international reputation for its gliding conditions. The prevailing westerlies also create a weather pattern known as the
457:, in which moist air is pushed up over the mountains, forming an arch of cloud in an otherwise blue sky. This weather pattern is frequently visible in summer across
932:
17:
1168:
2224:
2219:
698:
The mountains are inaccessible and retain their natural vegetation. A large proportion of the range is well protected by national parks—notably the
239:
of the more heavily populated eastern side of the island from those on the west coast. Politically, the Main Divide forms the boundary between the
93:
160:
1143:
1246:
2229:
980:
342:
760:
742:), all of which have at times been targeted for culling. Likewise, native birds and reptiles are vulnerable to introduced predators.
562:. The transfer of motion from strike-slip on the Alpine Fault to dip-slip motion at these subduction zones to the north creates the
365:– is 23.5 kilometres (14.6 mi) in length which has retreated from a recent maximum of 29 kilometres (18 mi) in the 1960s.
345:). The mountain ranges are bisected by glacial valleys, many of which are infilled with glacial lakes on the eastern side including
443:
Because of its orientation perpendicular to the prevailing westerly winds, the range creates excellent wave soaring conditions for
303:
1081:
Sutherland, Rupert; Townend, John; Toy, Virginia; Upton, Phaedra; Coussens, Jamie; Allen, Michael; and 60 others (June 2017).
827:
2214:
1053:
917:
604:
2083:
653:. There are also a number of endemic insects adapted to these high altitudes, like flies, moths, beetles, bees, and the
573:, a small township on the Alpine Fault, "extreme" hydrothermal activity which "could be commercially very significant".
699:
947:
853:
707:
436:. Large glaciers and snowfields can be found west of or on the Main Divide, with smaller glaciers farther east (See
2003:
1728:
1271:
1239:
502:
392:
2058:
1591:
513:
running about 500 km (300 mi) long. The escarpment is flanked by a chain of hills squeezed between the
1276:
587:
The mountains are rich in flora with about 25% of the country's plant species being found above the treeline in
2183:
1883:
1733:
711:
554:. However, significant dip-slip occurs on the plate boundary to the north and east of the North Island, in the
546:
and other nearby faults. Despite the substantial uplift, most of the relative motion along the Alpine Fault is
412:
396:
31:
1636:
1631:
1366:
404:
388:
323:
357:
in the south. According to an inventory conducted in the late 1970s, the
Southern Alps contained over 3,000
1158:
797:
703:
686:
can be found in the forested foothills as well as higher, colder elevations. It is the world's only alpine
676:
661:
conditions. The beech forests of the lower elevations are important habitat for several birds, such as the
582:
299:
in 1642, whose description of the South Island's west coast is often translated as "a land uplifted high".
153:
86:
887:
1843:
1723:
1596:
1576:
1232:
1217:
2123:
1893:
1773:
1688:
1586:
1386:
1371:
874:
2038:
1933:
1758:
1708:
1668:
1561:
1540:
146:
547:
2023:
1878:
1813:
1783:
1621:
1601:
1571:
654:
563:
2053:
1838:
715:
551:
437:
425:
408:
259:
2138:
2209:
1464:
251:
1224:
1703:
1137:
841:
534:
1953:
337:
The
Southern Alps run approximately 500 km northeast to southwest. Its tallest peak is
2118:
2088:
1788:
1094:
647:
526:
8:
2073:
1738:
1566:
1509:
1391:
1381:
1350:
1345:
491:
487:
338:
69:
1098:
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on 23 March 1770, admiring their "prodigious height". They had previously been noted by
2143:
1958:
1943:
1873:
1118:
662:
626:
377:
240:
569:
In 2017 a large international team of scientists reported they had discovered beneath
2028:
1256:
1163:
1122:
1110:
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1049:
1037:
849:
764:
596:
458:
331:
244:
271:
206:
2158:
1898:
1858:
1519:
1443:
1422:
1102:
819:
669:
555:
453:
373:
1968:
1195:
2173:
2168:
2153:
2063:
2048:
2008:
1948:
1753:
1611:
1606:
985:
559:
514:
444:
909:
2178:
2163:
2148:
2108:
2103:
2068:
2043:
2013:
1888:
1863:
1833:
1678:
1494:
1489:
1335:
1330:
735:
658:
592:
522:
497:
362:
346:
284:
236:
218:
1988:
1983:
2203:
2133:
2078:
1993:
1978:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1868:
1853:
1828:
1763:
1743:
1718:
1683:
1673:
1652:
1581:
1499:
1427:
1396:
1325:
1041:
530:
383:
Major crossings of the
Southern Alps in the New Zealand road network include
350:
255:
175:
162:
108:
95:
789:
2093:
1973:
1938:
1908:
1823:
1818:
1808:
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1713:
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1514:
1504:
1484:
1417:
1281:
1114:
615:
609:
588:
543:
510:
470:
318:
225:
599:). The cold windswept slopes above the treeline are covered with areas of
533:
to the southeast pushing westward and colliding with the northward-moving
193:
2188:
2128:
2113:
2033:
2018:
1998:
1963:
1923:
1903:
1848:
1803:
1793:
1768:
1748:
1524:
1479:
1469:
1376:
1340:
1307:
1045:
462:
296:
222:
1106:
2098:
1798:
1693:
1474:
1286:
466:
400:
384:
369:
288:
1459:
1412:
1302:
1006:
600:
539:
517:
and the mountains of the
Southern Alps. Northeast is towards the top.
433:
327:
607:. Plants adapted to the alpine conditions include woody shrubs like
1083:"Extreme hydrothermal conditions at an active plate-bounding fault"
1062:
719:
621:
570:
506:
1009:
New
Zealand Glacier Monitoring: End of Summer Snowline Survey 2010
718:. Indigenous plant life is affected by introduced animals such as
908:
Taonga, New
Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
727:
448:
429:
358:
1254:
687:
482:
76:
50:
763:
Panoramic winter view from the summit of
Hamilton Peak in the
981:"When the world's glaciers shrunk, New Zealand's grew bigger"
634:
354:
248:
933:"Distribution of the glacial water resources of New Zealand"
595:
forest at lower elevations (of the eastern side but not in
910:"1. – Mountains – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"
566:, which has resulted in significant uplift in the region.
55:
Snow highlights the mountain range in this satellite image
1080:
968:. Wellington: New Zealand Press Association. p. 165.
683:
1218:"The Exploration of the Southern Alps (from 1940 book)"
1007:
Willsman AP; Chinn TJ; Hendrikx J; Lorrey A (2010).
657:, which can freeze solid over winter to survive the
361:
larger than one hectare, the longest of which – the
27:Mountain range on the South Island in New Zealand
2201:
1068:
1031:
978:
306:, the official name of the range was updated to
646:Wildlife of the mountains includes the endemic
368:Settlements include Maruia Springs, a spa near
871:Heinemann Dictionary of New Zealand Quotations
1240:
1142:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1032:Campbell, Hamish; Hutching, Gerard (2007).
693:
275:
1247:
1233:
1074:
972:
963:
946:(2). New Zealand: 139–187. Archived from
521:The Southern Alps lie along a geological
2225:Mountain ranges of the West Coast Region
2220:Mountain ranges of the Canterbury Region
930:
824:Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
496:
481:
317:
192:
957:
603:. To the east, the Alps descend to the
322:View of the western Southern Alps from
14:
2202:
888:"Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998"
869:Orsman, H. and Moore, J. (eds) (1988)
848:. Wellington: A. H. & A. W. Reed.
784:
782:
308:Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
231:The range includes the South Island's
221:extending along much of the length of
215:Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
44:Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
18:Southern Alps / Ka Tiritiri o te Moana
1228:
1156:
1021:from the original on 29 October 2017.
979:Charlie Mitchell (15 February 2017).
863:
834:
830:from the original on 22 October 2012.
542:pressure, causing earthquakes on the
280:, meaning "the Mirage of the Ocean".
1159:"Geothermal discovery on West Coast"
924:
840:
817:
304:Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998
779:
605:Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands
24:
1171:from the original on 14 March 2018
907:
790:"Place name detail: Southern Alps"
700:Westland Tai Poutini National Park
673:(Nestor meridionalis meridionalis)
501:Shaded and colored image from the
25:
2241:
2230:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1210:
1196:"South Island montane grasslands"
745:
708:Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park
690:, and was once hunted as a pest.
1034:In search of ancient New Zealand
920:from the original on 6 May 2015.
752:
503:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
49:
1188:
1150:
1025:
1000:
1157:Elder, Vaughan (18 May 2017).
901:
880:
811:
32:Southern Alps (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1014:(Report). New Zealand: NIWA.
772:
490:, the highest peak, from the
302:Following the passage of the
81:3,724 m (12,218 ft)
2215:Mountain ranges of Fiordland
1277:Browning Pass / Nōti Raureka
1069:Campbell & Hutching 2007
822:. In McLintock, A.H. (ed.).
818:Beck, Alan Copland (2009) .
798:New Zealand Geographic Board
704:Mount Aspiring National Park
591:habitats and grassland with
583:Southland montane grasslands
313:
7:
10:
2246:
1387:Garden of Eden Ice Plateau
846:Place names of New Zealand
580:
477:
418:
262:regions to the northwest.
109:43.5957472°S 170.1410417°E
29:
1661:
1645:
1554:
1533:
1452:
1436:
1405:
1359:
1316:
1295:
1264:
254:to the southeast and the
152:
147:South Island, New Zealand
142:
137:
133:500 km (310 mi)
129:
124:
85:
75:
65:
60:
48:
43:
1572:Mount Aspiring / Tititea
966:Air New Zealand Almanack
694:Threats and preservation
641:
576:
564:Marlborough Fault System
465:. The 'Nor'wester' is a
265:
114:-43.5957472; 170.1410417
964:Lambert M, ed. (1989).
716:Lake Sumner Forest Park
680:(Cyanoramphus malherbi)
677:orange-fronted kākāriki
438:Glaciers of New Zealand
197:Southern Alps in winter
1465:Alpine Lake / Ata Puai
1202:. World Wildlife Fund.
1200:Terrestrial Ecoregions
651:(Xenicus gilviventris)
518:
494:
343:NZ mountains by height
334:
277:Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
276:
235:, which separates the
211:Kā Tiritiri o te Moana
210:
198:
1704:Big Wainihinihi River
794:New Zealand Gazetteer
740:Hemitragus jemlahicus
535:Indo-Australian Plate
500:
485:
321:
274:name of the range is
196:
2139:Waitangitāhuna River
2089:Totarakaitorea River
940:Journal of Hydrology
630:(Podocarpus nivalis)
527:Pacific Ring of Fire
447:pilots. The town of
30:For other uses, see
2074:Te Rahotaiepa River
1739:Cook River / Weheka
1567:Aoraki / Mount Cook
1392:Olivine Ice Plateau
1382:Franz Josef Glacier
1351:Thunder Creek Falls
1346:Roaring Billy Falls
1107:10.1038/nature22355
1099:2017Natur.546..137S
1071:, pp. 204–205.
953:on 16 October 2008.
732:Rupicapra rupicapra
668:, the South Island
655:mountain stone wētā
492:Hooker Valley Track
488:Aoraki / Mount Cook
407:), and the road to
339:Aoraki / Mount Cook
172: /
105: /
70:Aoraki / Mount Cook
2144:Waitangiroto River
1954:Ōhinetamatea River
1944:North Barlow River
1874:Landsborough River
663:great spotted kiwi
519:
495:
378:Mount Cook Village
335:
291:bestowed the name
199:
176:43.500°S 170.500°E
61:Highest point
2197:
2196:
2029:Smoothwater River
1453:Lakes and lagoons
1257:Westland District
1164:Otago Daily Times
1093:(7656): 137–140.
1055:978-0-143-02088-2
1038:North Shore, N.Z.
931:Chinn TJ (2001).
914:www.teara.govt.nz
765:Craigieburn Range
666:(Apteryx haastii)
509:of New Zealand's
349:in the north and
191:
190:
154:Range coordinates
16:(Redirected from
2237:
2184:Williamson River
2159:Whakapohai River
1899:Manakaiaua River
1884:Macfarlane River
1859:Karangarua River
1734:Clearwater River
1520:Saltwater Lagoon
1444:Open Bay Islands
1423:Gillespies Point
1249:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1204:
1203:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1013:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
976:
970:
969:
961:
955:
954:
952:
937:
928:
922:
921:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
884:
878:
867:
861:
859:
838:
832:
831:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
786:
756:
556:Hikurangi Trough
279:
237:water catchments
187:
186:
184:
183:
182:
181:-43.500; 170.500
177:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
53:
41:
40:
21:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2174:Wilkinson River
2169:Whitcombe River
2154:Whakaikai River
2119:Waikūkūpa River
2064:Taramakau River
2049:Strauchon River
2009:Rolleston River
1949:Ohinemaka River
1754:Deception River
1657:
1641:
1637:Mount Whitcombe
1632:Mount Vancouver
1612:Mount Rolleston
1607:Lendenfeld Peak
1550:
1534:Mountain ranges
1529:
1448:
1432:
1401:
1372:Douglas Glacier
1367:Agassiz Glacier
1355:
1318:
1317:Canyons, gorges
1312:
1291:
1260:
1253:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1174:
1172:
1155:
1151:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
977:
973:
962:
958:
950:
935:
929:
925:
906:
902:
892:
890:
886:
885:
881:
868:
864:
856:
839:
835:
816:
812:
802:
800:
788:
787:
780:
775:
770:
769:
768:
762:
757:
748:
712:protected areas
696:
644:
638:sedge grasses.
585:
579:
560:Kermadec Trench
507:elevation model
480:
469:similar to the
421:
324:State Highway 6
316:
268:
180:
178:
174:
171:
166:
163:
161:
159:
158:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2243:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2179:Willberg River
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Whataroa River
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:Wanganui River
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Waiatoto River
2106:
2104:Turnbull River
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Te Naihi River
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Stafford River
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Rotokino River
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Mahitahi River
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Kokatahi River
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:Hokitika River
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Arawhata River
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Mount Brewster
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Ōkārito Lagoon
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Lake Mapourika
1492:
1490:Lake Mahinapua
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
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1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Hokitika Gorge
1333:
1331:Gates of Haast
1328:
1322:
1320:
1319:and waterfalls
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1211:External links
1209:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1149:
1073:
1061:
1054:
1048:. p. 35.
1024:
999:
971:
956:
923:
900:
879:
862:
854:
833:
810:
777:
776:
774:
771:
759:
758:
751:
750:
749:
747:
746:Panoramic view
744:
736:Himalayan tahr
724:Cervus elaphus
695:
692:
643:
640:
625:, the conifer
593:mountain beech
581:Main article:
578:
575:
525:, part of the
523:plate boundary
479:
476:
420:
417:
372:, the town of
363:Tasman Glacier
347:Lake Coleridge
315:
312:
267:
264:
219:mountain range
189:
188:
156:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
135:
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131:
127:
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122:
121:
89:
83:
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67:
63:
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58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2242:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Southern Alps
2208:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Waitaha River
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Waipara River
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Toaroha River
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Paringa River
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Otehake River
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Ōmoeroa River
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Ōkārito River
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Mueller River
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Moeraki River
1917:
1915:
1914:Mikonui River
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Lambert River
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Kaniere River
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Jackson River
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Hinatua River
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Douglas River
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1744:Copland River
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Cascade River
1722:
1720:
1719:Callery River
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Balfour River
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Arahura River
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1653:Pleasant Flat
1651:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Mount Hopkins
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Mount Dampier
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1546:Southern Alps
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Lake Matheson
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1428:Knights Point
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1397:Volta Glacier
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Fantail Falls
1324:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:Arthur's Pass
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:Alpine passes
1263:
1259:, New Zealand
1258:
1255:Landforms of
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1017:
1010:
1003:
988:
987:
982:
975:
967:
960:
949:
945:
941:
934:
927:
919:
915:
911:
904:
889:
883:
876:
872:
866:
857:
855:0-589-00933-8
851:
847:
843:
837:
829:
825:
821:
814:
799:
795:
791:
785:
783:
778:
766:
761:
755:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
639:
637:
636:
631:
628:
624:
623:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
574:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
532:
531:Pacific Plate
528:
524:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
493:
489:
484:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
454:Nor'west arch
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
416:
414:
410:
409:Milford Sound
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Arthur's Pass
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
374:Arthur's Pass
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Lake Wakatipu
348:
344:
340:
333:
329:
325:
320:
311:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
293:Southern Alps
290:
286:
281:
278:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
224:
223:New Zealand's
220:
216:
213:; officially
212:
208:
204:
203:Southern Alps
195:
185:
157:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
118:
100:170°8′27.75″E
97:43°35′44.69″S
90:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
59:
52:
47:
42:
39:
37:
33:
19:
2094:Troyte River
2084:Tōtara River
2004:Poerua River
1974:Oneone River
1939:Ngatau River
1909:Martyr River
1894:Jacobs River
1824:Harman River
1819:Hapuka River
1809:Hacket River
1779:Edison River
1774:Duncan River
1759:Donald River
1729:Clarke River
1714:Butler River
1699:Bettne River
1689:Barlow River
1627:Mount Tasman
1617:Mount Sefton
1587:Mount Graham
1545:
1541:Butler Range
1515:Lake Paringa
1505:Lake Moeraki
1485:Lake Kaniere
1418:Awarua Point
1282:Copland Pass
1199:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1173:. Retrieved
1162:
1152:
1138:cite journal
1126:. Retrieved
1090:
1086:
1076:
1064:
1033:
1027:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
984:
974:
965:
959:
948:the original
943:
939:
926:
913:
903:
891:. Retrieved
882:
870:
865:
845:
836:
823:
820:"Topography"
813:
801:. Retrieved
793:
739:
731:
723:
697:
679:
672:
665:
650:
645:
633:
629:
620:
616:Dracophyllum
614:
608:
589:alpine plant
586:
568:
544:Alpine Fault
520:
511:Alpine Fault
452:
442:
422:
382:
367:
336:
307:
301:
292:
282:
269:
232:
230:
226:South Island
214:
202:
200:
38:
36:
2189:Wills River
2129:Waita River
2114:Waiho River
2059:Taipo River
2039:Spoon River
2034:Smyth River
2019:Ruera River
1999:Perth River
1989:Ōtoko River
1984:Ōtira River
1964:Okuru River
1934:Mungo River
1924:Morse River
1904:Maori River
1849:Jerry River
1804:Haast River
1794:Gorge River
1769:Drake River
1749:Cropp River
1709:Burke River
1669:Adams River
1646:River flats
1592:Mount Haast
1562:Mount Adams
1525:Lake Wahapo
1480:Lake Ianthe
1470:Lake Ellery
1377:Fox Glacier
1341:Otira Gorge
1308:Jackson Bay
1046:GNS Science
992:15 February
877:, Page 629.
842:Reed, A. W.
803:21 December
627:snow totara
529:, with the
463:North Otago
297:Abel Tasman
241:Marlborough
233:Main Divide
179: /
112: /
87:Coordinates
2204:Categories
2099:Tuke River
2054:Styx River
2024:Ship Creek
1879:Lord River
1839:Hope River
1814:Hall River
1799:Gunn River
1784:Fork River
1694:Barn River
1622:Silberhorn
1602:La Perouse
1475:Lake Gault
1287:Haast Pass
1175:6 February
1128:6 February
893:30 October
773:References
675:, and the
548:transverse
505:—shows an
467:foehn wind
459:Canterbury
432:above the
426:West Coast
413:SH 94
401:Haast Pass
397:SH 73
385:Lewis Pass
370:Lewis Pass
289:James Cook
260:West Coast
245:Canterbury
125:Dimensions
1789:Fox River
1555:Mountains
1460:Abel Lake
1413:Abut Head
1406:Headlands
1303:Bruce Bay
1123:205256017
875:Heinemann
648:rock wren
601:fellfield
538:today by
434:snow line
405:SH 6
389:SH 7
328:Hari Hari
314:Geography
287:explorer
138:Geography
77:Elevation
1360:Glaciers
1220:. NZETC.
1169:Archived
1115:28514440
1016:Archived
918:Archived
844:(1975).
828:Archived
720:red deer
714:such as
622:Coprosma
597:Westland
571:Whataroa
552:vertical
540:tectonic
486:View of
430:glaciers
359:glaciers
332:Westland
217:) are a
167:170°30′E
143:Location
1437:Islands
1095:Bibcode
1042:Penguin
860:p. 384.
734:), and
728:chamois
710:—or by
478:Geology
471:Chinook
449:Omarama
419:Climate
285:English
252:regions
164:43°30′S
1662:Rivers
1121:
1113:
1087:Nature
1052:
852:
706:, and
688:parrot
682:. The
659:alpine
619:, and
550:, not
445:glider
376:, and
256:Tasman
130:Length
1119:S2CID
1019:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
986:Stuff
951:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
642:Fauna
635:Carex
577:Flora
515:fault
355:Otago
326:near
272:Māori
266:Names
249:Otago
207:Māori
1296:Bays
1177:2021
1144:link
1130:2021
1111:PMID
1050:ISBN
994:2017
895:2018
850:ISBN
805:2020
670:kākā
632:and
610:Hebe
558:and
461:and
283:The
270:The
258:and
247:and
201:The
66:Peak
1103:doi
1091:546
726:),
684:Kea
440:).
415:).
399:),
391:),
353:in
2206::
1198:.
1179:.
1167:.
1161:.
1140:}}
1136:{{
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942:.
938:.
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912:.
873:,
826:.
796:.
792:.
781:^
702:,
613:,
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330:,
310:.
243:,
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1234:v
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1132:.
1105::
1097::
1058:.
996:.
897:.
858:.
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411:(
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387:(
205:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
