835:
is oriented in the East-West direction as the Nazca Plate is subducted underneath the South
American Plate in the eastern direction. Recent studies conducted by Tibaldi et al. have discovered that the magma paths and dyke distribution in the Andean Volcanic Belt are not parallel to the maximum stress (E-W direction). Instead, the magma path generally follows a North-South/Northwest-Southeast trend in the Andes. Tibaldi et al. concluded that the magma path distribution is actually controlled by pre-existing structures and crustal weaknesses in the crust rather than the regional stresses.
152:
161:
848:
1018:
1032:
1004:
701:. Volcanism in the Austral Volcanic Zone is less vigorous than in the Southern Volcanic Zone. Recorded eruptions are rare due to the area being unexplored well into the 19th century; the cloudy weather of its western coast might also have prevented sightings of eruptions. The Austral Volcanic Zone hosts both glaciated stratovolcanoes as well as
104:. The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style, products, and morphology. While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to, there are significant differences within volcanic zones and even between neighboring volcanoes. Despite being a type location for
469:
397:
834:
The distribution of magma paths in a volcanic system are typically controlled by the regional tectonic activity. In a typical setting, the magma path is thought to be parallel to the maximum stress (either in compressional or extensional stress regimes). In the case of the Andes, the maximum stress
606:
from 9 cm (3.5 in) per year to 7.9 cm (3.1 in) per year 2–3 million years ago contributed to a narrowing of the southern SVZ that occurred possibly 1.6 million years ago. The southern part of the SVZ retained vigorous activity only in the west, especially around the
33:
598:, the SVZ south of 38°S consisted of a broad volcanic arc. The area with volcanic activity 1 to 2 million years ago between 39°S-42°S was up to 300 km (190 mi) wide (if back-arc volcanism is included). A reduction in the convergence rate of the
730:(46 °S–49 °S). The first one separates the Northern from the Central Volcanic Zone, the second the Central from the Southern and the last separates the Southern from the Austral Volcanic Zone. The Peruvian and Pampean gaps coincide with areas of
335:
that reaches a thickness of approximately 70 km (43 mi). Within this zone, there are 44 major and 18 minor volcanic centers that are considered to be active. This volcanic zone also contains not less than six potentially active large
248:
that lie in densely populated highland areas, are significant sources of hazards. It has been estimated that crustal thickness beneath this region varies from around 40 to perhaps more than 55 kilometres (34 mi).
717:
The different volcanic zones are intercalated by volcanic gaps, zones that, despite lying at the right distance from an oceanic trench, lack volcanic activity. The Andes has three major volcanic gaps the
203:
and includes all volcanoes on the continental mainland of these countries. Of the volcanoes in this zone, 55 are located in
Ecuador, while 19 are in Colombia. In Ecuador, the volcanoes are located in the
1227:; Kilian, Rolf; Kempton, Pamela D.; Tagiri, Michio (1993). "Petrography and geochemistry of Quaternary rocks from the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes between 41 30'and 46 00'S, Chile".
130:
is the northernmost active member of the Andean
Volcanic Belt. South of latitude 49° S within the Austral Volcanic Zone volcanic activity decreases with the southernmost volcano
108:
and subduction volcanism, the Andean
Volcanic Belt has a broad range of volcano-tectonic settings, as it has rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of
183:
The Andean
Volcanic Belt is segmented into four main areas of active volcanism; the Northern, Central, Southern, and Austral volcanic zones, each of which is a separate continental
583:
and became extensively glaciated about one million years ago. This meant lavas from NSVZ volcanoes begun to be channeled along a network of glacial valleys ever since. The
1252:(2016). "Basaltic rocks from the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone: Insights from the comparison of along-strike and small-scale geochemical variations and their sources".
300:
The
Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) is a volcanic arc in western South America. It is one of the four volcanic zones of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone extends from
396:
1668:
Germa, A.; Quidelleur, X.; Gillot, P. Y.; Tchilinguirian, P. (2010). "Volcanic evolution of the back-arc
Pleistocene Payun Matru volcanic field (Argentina)".
1549:
Russo, R. M.; Vandecar, J. C.; Comte, D.; Mocanu, V. I.; Gallego, A.; Murdie, R. E. (2010). "Subduction of the Chile Ridge: Upper mantle structure and flow".
785:
has often been credited for causing this flat-slab and hence the lack of volcanism, many researchers find the gap too wide to be explained by this alone.
681:
in the Andes of southwestern South
America. It is one of the four volcanic zones of the Andes. The AVZ extends south of the Patagonian Volcanic Gap to
1293:"Geomorphologic and Glacial Evolution of the Cachapoal and southern Maipo catchments in the Andean Principal Cordillera, Central Chile (34°-35º S)"
1739:
B and 11B behaviour in the
Northern Volcanic Zone of the Andes. Insights on the devolatilization of the slab and related magma genesis processes.
1433:"Across-arc geochemical variations in the Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile (34.5–38.0°S): Constraints on mantle wedge and slab input compositions"
980:
associated with its volcanoes. Already in the pre-Columbian era, the indigenous peoples used the various hot springs as places of healing. The
746:
for the
Peruvian and Pampean gaps respectively. Since the Nazca and Juan Fernández Ridge are created by volcanic activity in Pacific hotspots (
1174:
Ort, M.H. (1993). "Eruptive processes and caldera formation in a nested downsag collapse caldera: Cerro Panizos, central Andes mountains".
918:
1770:
1431:
Jaques, G.; Hoernle, K.; Gill, J.; Hauff, F.; Wehrmann, H.; Garbe-Schönbeg, D.; Van den Bogaard, P.; Bindeman, I.; Lara, L.E. (2013).
757:
The Patagonian gap is different in nature as it is caused not by the subduction of an aseismic ridge but by the subduction of the
754:) it can be said that volcanic activity in the Pacific is responsible for the suppression of volcanism in parts of the Andes.
1395:
638:
region, the degree of melting in the mantle that originated volcanism is less than that of the subducted crust influences.
1346:[K-Ar geochronology and geochemistry of Upper Pleistocene to Pliocene volcanism of the southern Andes (39-42°S)].
2469:
642:
17:
773:. The lack of volcanism in central and northern Peru is widely attributed to a side effect of the flat-slab (low angle)
769:
Between the latitudes of 3 °S–15 °S in Peru the last volcanic activity occurred 2.7 million years ago in
543:
From north to south the Southern Volcanic Zone is divided into four segments according to the characteristics of the
213:
2454:
1440:
341:
205:
312:
plateau. The volcanic arc has formed due to subduction of the Nazca Plate under western South America along the
2459:
1763:
1743:
1045:
361:
229:
2464:
2449:
2434:
1344:"GeocronologĂa K-Ar y geoquĂmica del volcanismo plioceno superior-pleistoceno de los Andes del sur (39–42°S)"
1292:
706:
217:
170:
1050:
859:
568:
In Central Southern Volcanic Zone and Southern Southern Volcanic Zone, magma ascent occur primarily by the
232:
is the northernmost manifestation of the Northern Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcanic arc has formed due to
174:
1630:
1475:
D'Orazio, M.; Agostini, S.; Mazzarini, F.; Innocenti, F.; Manetti, P.; Haller, M. J.; Lahsen, A. (2000).
261:
608:
2444:
2226:
1795:
1055:
500:. The arc has formed due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate along the
221:
1432:
1380:
The Pliocene to Quaternary narrowing of the Southern Andean volcanic arc between 37° and 41°S latitude
2113:
1756:
1631:"Structural control on volcanoes and magma paths from local- to orogen-scale: The central Andes case"
1060:
949:
930:
476:
209:
1417:
1224:
751:
626:) volcanoes in the Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone are derived from heterogenous sources in the
1085:
922:
2296:
734:
and therefore the lack of volcanism is believed to be caused by the shallow dip of the subducting
662:
2439:
2316:
1514:
Nur, A.; Ben-Avraham, Z. (1983). "Volcanic gaps due to oblique consumption of aseismic ridges".
823:
743:
509:
325:
1978:
1738:
981:
349:
1477:"The Pali Aike Volcanic Field, Patagonia: slab-window magmatism near the tip of South America"
569:
1968:
1928:
894:
525:
501:
313:
2291:
2236:
1607:
1080:
484:
The South Volcanic Zone (SVZ) extends roughly from Central Chile's Andes at the latitude of
405:
2301:
2271:
2168:
2043:
1905:
1677:
1642:
1603:
1588:
1523:
1488:
1449:
1259:
1183:
731:
650:
603:
576:
505:
441:
324:, a region devoid of volcanism due to a lower subduction angle caused by the subduction of
97:
2331:
2231:
2153:
658:
450:
289:
225:
8:
2256:
1860:
941:
423:
1681:
1646:
1527:
1492:
1453:
1263:
1187:
902:
479:
Map of the volcanoes of the Southern Volcanic Zone that erupted in the 1990–2011 period.
240:
underneath western South America. Some volcanoes of the Northern Volcanic Zone, such as
2389:
2221:
1948:
1566:
1405:
815:
702:
517:
1615:
1500:
2379:
2336:
2311:
2173:
1850:
1815:
1800:
1570:
1535:
1391:
1288:
1195:
1131:
965:
934:
809:
797:
770:
738:
in these places. The shallow dip has in turn been explained by the subduction of the
666:
544:
513:
332:
123:
1360:
1343:
1126:
1107:
2394:
2384:
2306:
2286:
2241:
2118:
2083:
1845:
1820:
1693:
1685:
1650:
1611:
1558:
1531:
1496:
1457:
1383:
1355:
1306:
1267:
1254:
1191:
1121:
1009:
886:
788:
One hypothesis claims that the flat-slab is caused by the ongoing subduction of an
682:
627:
533:
151:
135:
2211:
2183:
2048:
1870:
1810:
1689:
1339:
1271:
1249:
989:
826:
has been pointed out as causing or contributing to the suppression of volcanism.
789:
690:
587:
exploded about 450 thousand years ago, leaving behind copious amounts of ash and
584:
245:
109:
93:
2276:
1654:
901:
has been pointed out as being responsible for back-arc volcanism in Mendoza and
657:, are monitored constantly. In recent years, there have been major eruptions at
493:
2103:
2028:
1587:
Gutscher, M.-A.; Olivet, J.-L.; Aslanian, D.; Eissen, J.-P.; Maury, R. (1999).
1297:
1229:
1112:
1023:
992:, the Andean region is poorly explored and exploited for geothermal resources.
878:
747:
580:
489:
357:
160:
1713:
1461:
1387:
945:
693:
under the South American Plate. Eruption products consist chiefly of alkaline
100:. The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones which are separated by
2428:
2346:
2326:
1958:
1311:
1135:
631:
616:
548:
345:
273:
53:
2351:
1830:
36:
The andes mountains are one of the tallest. Map of the volcanic arcs in the
2399:
2361:
2138:
2078:
2003:
1037:
678:
459:
353:
285:
184:
105:
101:
1248:
Hickey-Vargas, Rosemary; Holbik, Sven; Tormey, Daniel; Frey, Federick A.;
2356:
2206:
2073:
2068:
2058:
1998:
1805:
969:
910:
782:
778:
739:
735:
599:
237:
89:
1031:
847:
2266:
2098:
2093:
2053:
2023:
1933:
1900:
1895:
1855:
1698:
1562:
906:
890:
819:
774:
758:
588:
529:
269:
257:
233:
85:
41:
1474:
1291:; Iturrizaga, Lafasam; Charretier, Sebastién; Regard, Vincent (2019).
1017:
984:
in the Chilean Andes was pioneered in the 1960s, although the site of
2216:
2201:
2178:
2143:
2123:
2108:
1963:
1943:
973:
914:
882:
381:
373:
309:
281:
61:
1825:
1476:
2404:
2341:
2251:
2088:
2018:
2013:
1983:
1953:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1865:
1748:
1667:
1003:
985:
698:
623:
612:
595:
485:
468:
196:
131:
127:
113:
73:
2281:
2158:
1287:
988:
was investigated previously in the 1920s. Compared to neighboring
377:
2246:
2163:
2148:
2133:
2038:
2008:
1840:
1835:
1589:"The "lost inca plateau": cause of flat subduction beneath peru?"
898:
635:
521:
414:
369:
365:
337:
277:
241:
200:
77:
65:
1337:
1223:
761:, the boundary ridge between the Nazca and the Antarctic Plate.
649:. The volcanoes monitored have varied over time, but some, like
2321:
2261:
2128:
2063:
2033:
1993:
1973:
1938:
1910:
977:
953:
926:
818:
separates the Andes Central and Southern volcanic zones. A low
694:
654:
646:
512:, which is believed to have produced a volcanic gap called the
432:
250:
1988:
1875:
1247:
305:
265:
120:
ascent paths and different amounts of crustal assimilations.
117:
69:
57:
37:
1586:
1108:"Active Andean volcanism: its geologic and tectonic setting"
32:
2416:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
1208:
1149:
301:
253:
is the southernmost volcano of the Northern Volcanic Zone.
116:
chains as well as a large range of crustal thicknesses and
81:
940:
Other significant back-arc volcanism regions include the
1548:
641:
Several volcanoes of the SVZ are being monitored by the
630:. Many lesser parts of melts are derived from subducted
591:
that can be observed today both in Chile and Argentina.
1430:
1213:. Berlin Heildelberg New York: Springer. p. 216.
999:
504:. The northern boundary of the SVZ is marked by the
881:volcanism is a significant phenomenon in Argentine
1283:
1281:
634:and subducted sediments. Towards the east, in the
284:in the Andean Volcanic Belt (which is part of the
948:is located and the Andean foothills of Ecuador's
2426:
1105:
540:. Further south lies the Austral Volcanic Zone.
1278:
524:. The southern end of the SVZ is marked by the
1513:
689:. The arc has formed due to subduction of the
195:The Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) extends from
1764:
781:occurring there. While the subduction of the
340:volcanic systems, which include those of the
1377:
964:The Andean Volcanic Belt represents a large
952:, where a series of alkaline volcanoes like
1771:
1757:
829:
467:
316:. To the south, the CVZ is limited by the
268:, Ecuador houses an international team of
212:while in Colombia they are located in the
1697:
1359:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1310:
1125:
387:
190:
1670:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
1373:
1371:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
672:
295:
31:
1628:
1582:
1580:
14:
2427:
1326:
1209:de Silva, S.L.; Francis, P.W. (1991).
959:
308:and forms the western boundary of the
1752:
1368:
1090:
909:. Notable back-arc volcanoes include
838:
685:archipelago, a distance of well over
677:The Austral Volcanic Zone (AVZ) is a
558:Transitional SVZ (TSVZ; 34°30′S–37°S)
496:at ca. 46°S, a distance of well over
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
1778:
1577:
842:
532:subducts under South America at the
1596:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1382:. Vol. 407. pp. 299–315.
1173:
643:Southern Andean Volcano Observatory
276:whose responsibility is to monitor
24:
1378:Lara, L. E.; Folguera, A. (2006).
1150:"Home – Instituto GeofĂsico – EPN"
1106:Stern, Charles R (December 2004).
822:angle caused by the subduction of
792:. This hypothetical plateau named
611:, while eastern volcanoes such as
25:
2481:
1732:
1073:
555:Northern SVZ (NSVZ; 33°S–34°30′S)
141:
1083:. Volcano.si.edu. 29 March 2012.
1030:
1016:
1002:
846:
732:flat slab (low angle) subduction
726:(27 °S–33 °S) and the
712:
687:600 mi (1,000 km)
564:Southern SVZ (SSVZ: 41.5°S–46°S)
395:
159:
150:
1706:
1661:
1622:
1542:
1507:
1468:
1441:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1424:
1361:10.4067/S0716-02082001000100004
1127:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200001
796:would be a mirror image of the
764:
561:Central SVZ (CSVZ; 37°S–41.5°S)
342:Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex
1241:
1217:
1211:Volcanoes of the Central Andes
1202:
1167:
1142:
1046:List of volcanoes in Argentina
803:
362:Los Frailes ignimbrite plateau
331:The CVZ is characterized by a
84:. It is formed as a result of
44:structures affecting volcanism
27:Volcanic belt in South America
13:
1:
1616:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00153-3
1501:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00082-2
1066:
707:Southern Patagonian Ice Field
322:Norte Chico flat-slab segment
1690:10.1016/j.jsames.2010.01.002
1536:10.1016/0040-1951(83)90112-9
1342:; PĂ©rez de Arce, C. (2001).
1272:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.04.014
1196:10.1016/0377-0273(93)90018-M
1051:List of volcanoes in Bolivia
722:(3 °S–15 °S), the
360:. Other silicic systems are
7:
1655:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.01.005
995:
498:870 mi (1,400 km)
262:National Polytechnic School
10:
2486:
2470:Volcanoes of South America
1348:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
1230:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
1176:J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res
1113:Revista GeolĂłgica de Chile
1056:List of volcanoes in Chile
807:
720:Peruvian flat-slab segment
222:Iza-Paipa volcanic complex
2413:
2370:
2192:
1919:
1786:
1462:10.1016/j.gca.2013.05.016
1338:Lara, L.; RodrĂguez, C.;
1061:List of volcanoes in Peru
931:Cochiquito Volcanic Group
724:Pampean flat-slab segment
579:of Andes (east Santiago)
514:Pampean flat-slab segment
406:Nevados de Chillán (2003)
318:Pampean flat-slab segment
1312:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3108
1086:Global Volcanism Program
968:province, with numerous
923:Pali-Aike Volcanic Field
609:Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone
1608:1999E&PSL.171..335G
1225:LĂłpez-Escobar, Leopoldo
830:Magma path distribution
728:Patagonian Volcanic Gap
538:Patagonian Volcanic Gap
536:, giving origin to the
2455:Volcanoes of Argentina
2193:Southern Volcanic Zone
1979:Andagua volcanic field
1787:Northern Volcanic Zone
1714:"Andean Volcanic Belt"
982:geothermal exploration
800:in the South Pacific.
622:The magmas of modern (
520:region since the late
442:Villarrica (1990–2010)
388:Southern Volcanic Zone
191:Northern Volcanic Zone
45:
2460:Volcanoes of Colombia
2371:Austral Volcanic Zone
2297:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
1969:Huambo volcanic field
1920:Central Volcanic Zone
1388:10.1130/2006.2407(14)
673:Austral Volcanic Zone
581:rose in late Cenozoic
526:Chile Triple Junction
296:Central Volcanic Zone
206:Cordillera Occidental
35:
2465:Volcanoes of Bolivia
2450:Volcanoes of Ecuador
2435:Andean Volcanic Belt
1906:Licto volcanic field
1629:Tibaldi, A. (2017).
1258:. 258–259: 115–132.
824:Juan Fernández Ridge
744:Juan Fernández Ridge
703:subglacial volcanoes
604:South American Plate
577:Principal Cordillera
510:Juan Fernández Ridge
506:flat-slab subduction
326:Juan Fernández Ridge
98:South American Plate
50:Andean Volcanic Belt
1682:2010JSAES..29..717G
1647:2017Tectp.699...16T
1528:1983Tectp..99..355N
1493:2000Tectp.321..407D
1454:2013GeCoA.123..218J
1264:2016Litho.258..115H
1188:1993JVGR...56..221O
960:Geothermal activity
942:Argentine Northwest
814:The Pampean gap or
570:Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault
451:Chaitén (2008–2010)
280:'s numerous active
18:South Volcanic Zone
2292:Carrán-Los Venados
2237:Nevados de Chillán
2222:Descabezado Grande
1563:10.1130/GSATG61A.1
1289:Charrier, Reynaldo
858:. You can help by
839:Back-arc volcanism
488:, at ca. 33°S, to
433:Llaima (2008–2009)
46:
2445:Volcanoes of Peru
2422:
2421:
2232:Nevado de LongavĂ
2174:Cueros de Purulla
2154:CordĂłn del Azufre
1816:Nevado del Tolima
1716:. 5 November 1997
1397:978-0-8137-2407-2
935:Puesto Cortaderas
895:Peru–Chile Trench
876:
875:
810:Pampean flat-slab
798:Marquesas Plateau
771:Cordillera Blanca
645:(OVDAS) based in
545:continental crust
502:Peru–Chile Trench
333:continental crust
314:Peru–Chile Trench
290:Galápagos Islands
260:Institute at the
177:(right) volcanoes
169:Map of the major
58:Andean cordillera
16:(Redirected from
2477:
2417:
2287:Mocho-Choshuenco
1821:Nevado del Huila
1780:Andean volcanoes
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1759:
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1658:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1593:
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1575:
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1540:
1539:
1522:(2–4): 355–362.
1511:
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1415:
1411:
1409:
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1250:Moreno-Roa, Hugo
1245:
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1199:
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1040:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1010:Volcanoes portal
1007:
1006:
903:Neuquén Province
887:Mendoza Province
871:
868:
850:
843:
688:
683:Tierra del Fuego
619:became extinct.
547:, volcanoes and
534:Taitao Peninsula
499:
471:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
424:Lonquimay (1990)
418:
409:
399:
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220:. The Pliocene
210:Cordillera Real
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96:underneath the
94:Antarctic Plate
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1733:External links
1731:
1728:
1727:
1705:
1676:(3): 717–730.
1660:
1635:Tectonophysics
1621:
1602:(3): 335–341.
1576:
1541:
1516:Tectonophysics
1506:
1487:(4): 407–427.
1481:Tectonophysics
1467:
1423:
1414:|journal=
1396:
1367:
1350:(in Spanish).
1325:
1305:(2): 240–278.
1298:Andean Geology
1277:
1240:
1216:
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1182:(3): 221–252.
1166:
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1120:(2): 161–206.
1089:
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808:Main article:
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752:Juan Fernández
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628:Earth's mantle
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549:volcanic rocks
490:Cerro Arenales
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415:Copahue (2000)
401:
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350:Pastos Grandes
297:
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274:volcanologists
230:Eastern Ranges
218:Central Ranges
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1959:Hualca Hualca
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1789:(6° N – 3° S)
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1744:OVDAS website
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854:This section
852:
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721:
713:Volcanic gaps
710:
708:
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692:
684:
680:
670:
668:
664:
663:CordĂłn Caulle
661:(2008–2010),
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
632:oceanic crust
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:Cerro Pantoja
614:
610:
605:
601:
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592:
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586:
585:Maipo caldera
582:
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563:
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491:
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477:
470:
462:
461:
460:Hudson (2011)
453:
452:
444:
443:
435:
434:
426:
425:
417:
416:
408:
407:
398:
385:
383:
379:
375:
372:complexes of
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Cerro Panizos
343:
339:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
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303:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
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270:seismologists
267:
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162:
153:
139:
138:archipelago.
137:
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129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:volcanic gaps
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:volcanic belt
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2277:Quetrupillán
2139:Llullaillaco
2004:Huaynaputina
1779:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1599:
1595:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1445:
1439:
1426:
1379:
1354:(1): 67–90.
1351:
1347:
1316:. Retrieved
1302:
1296:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1159:11 September
1157:. Retrieved
1154:igepn.edu.ec
1153:
1144:
1117:
1111:
1075:
1038:Andes portal
963:
939:
889:. Flat-slab
877:
864:
860:adding to it
855:
833:
813:
794:Inca Plateau
793:
787:
768:
765:Peruvian gap
756:
727:
723:
719:
716:
679:volcanic arc
676:
640:
621:
593:
574:
567:
542:
537:
494:Aysén Region
483:
458:
449:
440:
431:
422:
413:
404:
354:Cerro Guacha
330:
321:
317:
299:
286:Ring of Fire
255:
194:
185:volcanic arc
182:
122:
106:calc-alkalic
49:
47:
29:
2373:(49°–55° S)
2357:Mate Grande
2207:Tupungatito
2195:(33°–46° S)
2074:Olca-Paruma
2069:Irruputuncu
2059:Tata Sabaya
1999:Pichu Pichu
1929:Quimsachata
1922:(14°–27° S)
1806:Cerro Bravo
1699:11336/98912
1557:(9): 4–10.
1448:: 218–243.
1237:(1): 33–55.
970:hot springs
911:Payun Matru
905:during the
897:during the
816:Norte Chico
804:Pampean gap
783:Nazca Ridge
779:Nazca Plate
740:Nazca Ridge
736:Nazca Plate
665:(2011) and
594:During the
518:Norte Chico
378:Cerro Galán
238:Nazca Plate
173:(left) and
90:Nazca Plate
52:is a major
2429:Categories
2317:Hornopirén
2302:Casablanca
2272:Villarrica
2267:Sollipulli
2227:Cerro Azul
2099:Licancabur
2094:Sairecabur
2054:Guallatiri
2044:Parinacota
2024:Purupuruni
1934:Auquihuato
1901:Tungurahua
1896:Chimborazo
1856:Reventador
1831:Doña Juana
1340:Moreno, H.
1067:References
974:solfataras
966:geothermal
956:develops.
944:where the
919:Payun Liso
907:Quaternary
893:along the
891:subduction
820:subduction
775:subduction
759:Chile Rise
705:under the
651:Villarrica
530:Chile Rise
528:where the
368:, and the
288:) and the
258:Geophysics
234:subduction
175:Ecuadorian
86:subduction
56:along the
2337:Corcovado
2257:Lonquimay
2217:Calabozos
2202:Tupungato
2179:Incahuasi
2144:Lastarria
2124:Chiliques
1964:Sabancaya
1944:Sara Sara
1861:Pichincha
1796:Paipa-Iza
1641:: 16–41.
1571:129658687
1551:GSA Today
1416:ignored (
1406:cite book
1136:0716-0208
1081:"Romeral"
915:Agua Poca
883:Patagonia
382:Argentina
374:Incapillo
358:La Pacana
344:, as are
310:Altiplano
282:volcanoes
228:, in the
171:Colombian
62:Argentina
42:subducted
2405:Fueguino
2390:Aguilera
2342:Mentolat
2252:Callaqui
2089:Zapaleri
2019:Yucamane
2014:Tutupaca
1984:Chachani
1954:Coropuna
1949:Solimana
1891:Quilotoa
1886:Cotopaxi
1881:Illiniza
1866:Antisana
996:See also
986:El Tatio
879:Back-arc
867:May 2010
742:and the
699:basanite
669:(2015).
624:Holocene
613:Tronador
602:and the
596:Pliocene
486:Santiago
208:and the
197:Colombia
132:Fueguino
128:Colombia
114:seamount
74:Colombia
2380:Lautaro
2332:Chaitén
2312:Calbuco
2247:Copahue
2164:Peinado
2149:Lazufre
2134:Socompa
2039:Taapaca
2009:Ticsani
1851:Cayambe
1841:Azufral
1836:Galeras
1801:Romeral
1720:19 July
1678:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1604:Bibcode
1524:Bibcode
1489:Bibcode
1450:Bibcode
1260:Bibcode
1184:Bibcode
978:geysers
899:Miocene
777:of the
667:Calbuco
659:Chaitén
636:backarc
522:Miocene
516:in the
508:of the
370:caldera
366:Bolivia
338:silicic
278:Ecuador
242:Galeras
236:of the
214:Western
201:Ecuador
124:Romeral
88:of the
78:Ecuador
66:Bolivia
2400:Burney
2395:Reclus
2385:Viedma
2362:Hudson
2322:Huequi
2307:Osorno
2262:Llaima
2242:Antuco
2129:Aracar
2119:Lascar
2109:Pacana
2084:Azufre
2064:Isluga
2034:Tacora
2029:Casiri
1994:Ubinas
1974:Ampato
1939:Firura
1911:Sangay
1846:Chiles
1826:Puracé
1569:
1394:
1318:9 June
1255:Lithos
1134:
954:Sumaco
927:Tromen
748:Easter
695:basalt
655:Llaima
647:Temuco
356:, and
251:Sangay
226:Boyacá
80:, and
40:, and
2282:LanĂn
2212:Maipo
2159:Galán
2049:Lauca
1989:Misti
1876:Soche
1871:Aliso
1592:(PDF)
1567:S2CID
1436:(PDF)
600:Nazca
306:Chile
266:Quito
118:magma
70:Chile
38:Andes
2352:Macá
1722:2009
1418:help
1392:ISBN
1320:2019
1161:2015
1132:ISSN
976:and
933:and
885:and
750:and
697:and
653:and
615:and
575:The
376:and
302:Peru
272:and
256:The
244:and
216:and
112:and
92:and
82:Peru
48:The
2347:Cay
1694:hdl
1686:doi
1651:doi
1639:699
1612:doi
1600:171
1559:doi
1532:doi
1497:doi
1485:321
1458:doi
1446:123
1384:doi
1356:doi
1307:doi
1268:doi
1192:doi
1122:doi
862:.
492:in
380:in
364:in
320:or
304:to
264:in
224:in
199:to
134:in
126:in
60:in
2431::
1692:.
1684:.
1674:29
1672:.
1649:.
1637:.
1633:.
1610:.
1598:.
1594:.
1579:^
1565:.
1555:20
1553:.
1530:.
1520:99
1518:.
1495:.
1483:.
1479:.
1456:.
1444:.
1438:.
1410::
1408:}}
1404:{{
1390:.
1370:^
1352:28
1328:^
1303:46
1301:.
1295:.
1280:^
1266:.
1235:20
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