1327:
5684:
164:
6961:
419:
1360:, have often been pointed out. However, the hypothesis of a relationship, which also tends to link the Caucasian languages with other non-Indo-European and non-Semitic languages of the Near East of ancient times, is generally considered to lack conclusive evidence. Any similarities to other linguistic phyla may be due to
1330:
The map shows (1) co-occurrence of wildlife elements (22 taxa), whose names are reconstructible to proto-Kartvelian names (black areas), implying the
Kartvelian homeland, (2) the past societies: HG = Hunter-gatherers; N = Neolithic societies; CA = Copper Age societies; BA = Bronze Age societies; IA =
1318:
and Zan to the 8th century BC, although with the reservation that such dating is very preliminary and substantial further study is required. A 2023 study employing
Bayesian linguistic phylogenetics in conjunction with archaeological, ethnoecological, and human population genetic data suggests a
360:
Georgian is the official language of
Georgia (spoken by 90% of the population) and serves as its main language for literary and business use. It is written with an original and distinctive alphabet, and the oldest surviving literary text dates from the 5th century AD. The old
1322:
According to this study it is highly likely that Proto-Karto-Zan (i.e. Proto-Georgian-Zan) prior to its split into
Georgian and Zan was spoken by pre-Kura-Araxes and Kura-Araxes farmers that thrived in the watershed of Mtkvari (Kura) River during the Copper and Bronze Ages.
921:. Nevertheless, Georgians in Abkhazia (mostly Mingrelians) make up 18% of the population, in Gali district 98.2%. The Mingrelians displaced from Abkhazia are scattered elsewhere in the Georgian government territory, with dense clusters in
1331:
Iron Age societies (colored areas), and (3) the major rivers whose watersheds the extant
Kartvelian languages evolved from (colored lines). The acronym of KBP, denoting “Before Present”, stands for 1000 years before 1 January 1950.
4169:
Subject, direct object and indirect object are coded by the three core-cases, namely ergative, nominative and dative. Although the term "ergative" is traditional, strictly speaking no
Kartvelian language features
1364:
influences. Heavy borrowing in both directions (i.e. from North
Caucasian to Kartvelian and vice versa) has been observed; therefore, it is likely that certain grammatical features have been influenced as well.
1319:
substantially earlier separation between Svan and the Karto-Zan languages. This multidisciplinary approach dates the divergence to the Early Copper Age, approximately 7600 years before present.
4186:
the class to which the verb belongs, based on its morphological and syntactic properties (class 1 including all transitive verbs, while intransitive verbs are divided between class 2 and 3);
9985:
5646:
Gavashelishvili, A; et al. (2023), "The time and place of origin of South
Caucasian languages: insights into past human societies, ecosystems and human population genetics",
4318:
Mingrelian, on the other hand, has extended the use of the ergative to all intransitive verbs, becoming fully accusative in all series, although with different case marking.
5813:
Boeder, Winfried (2002). "Speech and thought representation in the
Kartvelian (South Caucasian) languages". In Güldemann, Tom; von Roncador, Manfred (eds.).
6481:
5916:
4197:
Georgian and Svan have accusative alignment in the
Present series (often termed Series I) and active alignment in the Aorist series (Series II).
3488:). The person may be singular or plural. According to the number of persons, the verbs are classified as unipersonal, bipersonal or tripersonal.
1348:, has been demonstrated so far. There have been numerous attempts to link Kartvelian languages to other language families, such as the proposed
9183:
6139:
6103:
9318:
5586:
10035:
7285:
6501:
1268:
375:
has been written with the Georgian alphabet since 1864, especially in the period from 1930 to 1938, when the Mingrelians enjoyed some
6276:
914:
17:
5794:
Boeder, Winfried (1979). "Ergative syntax and morphology in language change: the South Caucasian languages". In Plank, Frans (ed.).
9975:
6474:
6020:
Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. 2 vols
6309:
6074:
6046:
5979:
5960:
5941:
5713:
8698:
8279:
8808:
871:) with some 85,000 speakers, is the only Kartvelian Jewish dialect, its status being the subject of debate among scholars.
770:
7780:
6467:
5906:
4013:
objective-passive—the action is intended for another person and at the same time indicating the passiveness of subject,
8965:
6239:
6207:
6179:
6160:
6027:
5870:
5822:
5803:
4171:
681:
625:
232:
6264:
5924:
10058:
9311:
8941:
8180:
8099:
8035:
7278:
6365:
4256:
Laz has extended the case marking of Series II to Series I, thus featuring active alignment regardless of tense.
4175:
910:
315:. The Kartvelian family has no known relation to any other language family, making it one of the world's primary
9900:
9888:
8712:
7954:
7247:
696:
8463:
10180:
10115:
10105:
10100:
9965:
9793:
9577:
9572:
9178:
8825:
7960:
7785:
7571:
7565:
7489:
7192:
6900:
6577:
1264:
667:
10120:
10090:
9945:
9188:
9173:
8872:
8173:
8160:
7931:
7892:
4003:
By means of special markers Kartvelian verbs can indicate four kinds of action intentionality ("version"):
1326:
746:
571:
6251:
Kartvelian Morphosyntax. Number agreement and morphosyntactic orientation in the South Caucasian languages
10068:
9970:
9409:
9304:
9168:
9162:
8947:
8220:
8138:
8111:
7815:
7805:
6736:
1311:
1272:
1069:
590:
6281:
10185:
9737:
8734:
8395:
8192:
7990:
7850:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7506:
7271:
691:
686:
580:
5557:
10135:
10130:
10125:
9993:
9915:
9910:
9566:
9552:
9327:
9146:
8953:
8929:
8904:
8877:
8860:
7870:
7825:
7795:
7768:
7339:
7294:
6490:
6302:
6222:
5862:
5462:
1303:
984:
280:
93:
9960:
9905:
9676:
9506:
9395:
9193:
9000:
8637:
8625:
8457:
7519:
7512:
7328:
7182:
6588:
4179:
676:
330:
257:
136:
9774:
9669:
9619:
9598:
9589:
9471:
9388:
9348:
8198:
8123:
7526:
7476:
7242:
7015:
6969:
906:
763:
390:. Laz, however, is disappearing as its speakers are integrating into mainstream Turkish society.
6230:
Testelets, Yakov G. (2020). "Kartvelian (South Caucasian) Languages". In Polinsky, Maria (ed.).
5882:
Das kharthwelische Verbum: vergleichende Darstellung des Verbalbaus der südkaukasischen Sprachen
9930:
9925:
9690:
9662:
9653:
9612:
9212:
9060:
8855:
8631:
8584:
8214:
8131:
7790:
7774:
7582:
7483:
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7322:
6634:
5594:
897:), with some 500,000 native speakers in 1989, mainly in the western regions of Georgia, namely
815:
112:
8850:
5817:. Typological Studies in Language, vol. 52. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. pp. 3–48.
10082:
9955:
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8438:
8427:
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7875:
7865:
7548:
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7225:
8959:
8684:
10063:
10053:
10043:
9893:
9747:
9444:
9233:
8990:
8798:
8771:
8754:
8722:
8620:
8334:
8259:
8186:
7965:
7942:
7914:
7845:
7756:
7237:
7147:
6927:
6295:
722:
595:
9118:
5688:
5683:
8:
10110:
9883:
9868:
9803:
9605:
9527:
9437:
9430:
9381:
9339:
9010:
8914:
8814:
8803:
8765:
8744:
8642:
8601:
8376:
8358:
8352:
8327:
8320:
8313:
8226:
8209:
7948:
7614:
7601:
7495:
7445:
7302:
7252:
6558:
6524:
1642:
1581:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1284:
1235:
889:
372:
5687: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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9844:
9798:
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8909:
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8887:
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7554:
7542:
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7045:
6937:
6725:
6270:
6133:
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5855:
3473:
2164:
1715:
909:
only). The number of Mingrelian speakers in Abkhazia was very strongly affected by the
756:
630:
461:
9021:
8984:
5573:
1263:
The connection between these languages was first reported in linguistic literature by
154:
10048:
10025:
10020:
9998:
9940:
9718:
9641:
9534:
8935:
8840:
8820:
8759:
8739:
8450:
8411:
8382:
8370:
8307:
8253:
8231:
8204:
8144:
8117:
7936:
7897:
7887:
7855:
7728:
7654:
7636:
7630:
7532:
7450:
7364:
7106:
7061:
7000:
6980:
6881:
6856:
6803:
6629:
6624:
6611:
6529:
6422:
6235:
6203:
6175:
6156:
6070:
6042:
6023:
5975:
5956:
5937:
5902:
5885:
5866:
5818:
5799:
5719:
5709:
5673:
3477:
1515:
1315:
1249:
836:
827:
797:
653:
620:
600:
442:
376:
323:
284:
274:
246:
35:
31:
9026:
9015:
8995:
7333:
10010:
10003:
9950:
9878:
9873:
9830:
9823:
9753:
9697:
9635:
9541:
9513:
9499:
9485:
9402:
9374:
9362:
9355:
9243:
9103:
9093:
9088:
9042:
9036:
9005:
8898:
8793:
8717:
8655:
8607:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8503:
8487:
8422:
8417:
8400:
8341:
8235:
8167:
8078:
8045:
8013:
7909:
7881:
7830:
7751:
7735:
7721:
7703:
7696:
7682:
7642:
7624:
7608:
7594:
7416:
7399:
7157:
7152:
7097:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7040:
7032:
7005:
6988:
6910:
6839:
6815:
6776:
6720:
6696:
6686:
6651:
6620:
6606:
5998:
5841:
5708:. William John Poser. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–264.
5663:
5655:
2236:
2074:
1295:
658:
648:
605:
585:
349:
179:
9083:
9031:
8023:
1352:
family, but these have fallen out of favor. Certain grammatical similarities with
9837:
9788:
9742:
9625:
9520:
9492:
9451:
9368:
9238:
9113:
9098:
9067:
8788:
8749:
8614:
8560:
8432:
8294:
8060:
8055:
7920:
7835:
7716:
7709:
7689:
7671:
7576:
7559:
7358:
7200:
7139:
7114:
7010:
6932:
6920:
6852:
6848:
6827:
6749:
6681:
6676:
6664:
6659:
6596:
6534:
5857:
Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future
5845:
3485:
2198:
1353:
1267:
in his 1773 classification of the languages of the Caucasus, and later proven by
863:
727:
362:
316:
83:
77:
39:
5645:
10015:
9783:
9296:
9248:
9108:
9077:
9048:
8679:
8565:
8548:
8498:
8493:
8364:
8301:
8071:
8065:
7985:
7980:
7926:
7903:
7648:
7470:
7427:
7410:
7404:
7382:
7370:
7219:
7124:
7119:
6945:
6915:
6861:
6790:
6771:
6754:
6715:
6704:
6615:
5659:
1519:
856:
610:
366:
304:
66:
6273:
of the Arnold Chikobava Institute of Linguistics, Georgian Academy of Sciences
10174:
9132:
9072:
9054:
8570:
8554:
8508:
8265:
8085:
8050:
8040:
8018:
7975:
7840:
7421:
7353:
7129:
6865:
6798:
6669:
6641:
6601:
6567:
6548:
5889:
5723:
5508:
3481:
2191:
1361:
1307:
1299:
1280:
1228:
1151:
877:
805:
788:
732:
300:
106:
7263:
6459:
6277:
Arthur Holmer, The Iberian-Caucasian Connection in a Typological Perspective
386:
was written mainly between 1927 and 1937, and now again in Turkey using the
9920:
9728:
9462:
8029:
7177:
7083:
6886:
6820:
6759:
6730:
6553:
6540:
5953:
Kartwelsprachen. Altgeorgisch, Neugeorgisch, Mingrelisch, Lasisch, Swanisch
5677:
1288:
1242:
933:
783:
The Kartvelian language family consists of four closely related languages:
701:
387:
383:
327:
5703:
547:
128:
6342:
6058:
The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol.1: The Kartvelian languages
918:
557:
522:
517:
334:
5490:
1314:(Proto-Karto-Zan) to the 19th century BC, and the further division into
859:
countries, but the current number and distribution of them are unknown.
10095:
9814:
9764:
9630:
7676:
6395:
6380:
6347:
6022:. Translated by Jakobson, Roman. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
5561:
4189:
the series to which the tense/aspect/mood form (traditionally known as
2111:
1357:
1276:
706:
562:
502:
497:
487:
163:
6010:
7020:
6960:
6448:
6432:
6318:
5564:, "Languages of the World", see section titled "Caucasian languages".
3492:
Unipersonal verbs have only a subject and so are always intransitive.
942:
898:
512:
492:
477:
456:
406:
338:
288:
148:
122:
6113:
The Laz language and its place in the system of Kartvelian languages
5815:
Reported Discourse. A Meeting-Ground of Different Linguistic Domains
6993:
6493:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6385:
6002:
902:
809:
737:
527:
70:
418:
9331:
6809:
6437:
6370:
4190:
2224:
2168:
926:
922:
801:
507:
326:. The earliest literary source in any Kartvelian language is the
9772:
6155:] (in German). Translated by Gippert, Jost. Hamburg: Buske.
9423:
9272:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
9253:
9151:
6441:
6427:
6390:
6375:
6282:
The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis
5989:
Gamkrelidze, Thomas (1966). "A Typology of Common Kartvelian".
950:
946:
852:
844:
840:
615:
552:
312:
308:
292:
6287:
6253:. Studies in Caucasian Linguistics, 12. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
917:
of the ethnic Georgian population, the majority of which were
221:
7187:
6405:
6332:
3631:
3495:
Bipersonal verbs have a subject and one object, which can be
542:
537:
532:
482:
6234:. Oxford Handbooks Series. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
185:
6337:
4976:
4381:
4019:
3636:
3533:
2796:
2269:
2181:
1490:
1377:
848:
296:
206:
203:
197:
5832:
Boeder, Winfried (2005). "The South Caucasian languages".
5587:"Государственный комитет Республики Абхазия по статистике"
835:) with approximately 4 million native speakers, mainly in
4007:
subjective—shows that the action is intended for oneself,
2219:
Human and "human-like" beings (e.g. God, deities, angels)
6219:
A Guide to the World's Languages, Vol. 1: Classification
6202:. Ancient people and places No. 51. New York: Praeger.
5901:(in German). Wiesbaden: Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag.
796:), with approximately 35,000–40,000 native speakers in
941:), with 22,000 native speakers in 1980, mostly in the
6069:. Amerstdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing.
5796:
Ergativity: towards a theory of grammatical relations
233:
209:
182:
4010:
objective—the action is intended for another person,
337:
script at the once-existing Georgian monastery near
224:
218:
200:
194:
188:
6172:
Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages
5641:
5639:
800:, mainly in the northwestern mountainous region of
215:
191:
6018:Gamkrelidze, Thomas; Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. (1995).
5854:
4377:
6017:
5705:Language classification : history and method
3472:Kartvelian verbs can indicate one, two, or three
10172:
9326:
6232:The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus
6149:Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft
5972:Die Kartwelier. Grundsprache, Kultur, Lebensraum
5636:
1340:No relationship with other languages, including
27:Language family indigenous to the South Caucasus
6126:Etymological Dictionary of Kartvelian Languages
250:
9312:
7293:
7279:
6489:
6475:
6303:
839:. There are Georgian-speaking communities in
764:
355:
322:The most widely spoken of these languages is
10156:Families with more than 30 languages are in
9282:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5798:. London: Academic Press. pp. 435–480.
3522:Tripersonal verbs have one subject and both
352:are used to write all Kartvelian languages.
6191:Languages of the World: Caucasian languages
6122:Этимологический словарь картвельских языков
5988:
5884:(in German). Leipzig: Markert und Petters.
1335:
9319:
9305:
7286:
7272:
6482:
6468:
6310:
6296:
6138:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6102:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6092:] (in Georgian). Vol. 1. Tbilisi.
4016:neutral—neutral with respect to intention.
1373:
1368:
771:
757:
6229:
5667:
5613:
5611:
3476:. A performer of an action is called the
291:speakers worldwide, with large groups in
6284:by Kevin Tuite (Université de Montréal).
6110:
6067:Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar
5969:
5950:
5931:
5915:
5701:
5629:
5627:
1325:
5934:Kartwelisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
5896:
5879:
14:
10173:
6216:
6188:
6174:. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
6169:
6146:
6119:
6083:
6064:
6055:
6039:Diachronic syntax: the Kartvelian case
6036:
5831:
5812:
5793:
5608:
5553:
5551:
5549:
2158:
2110:
2073:
2067:
2032:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1909:
1862:
1822:
1804:
1795:
1714:
1650:
1639:
1589:
1578:
1514:
9300:
7267:
6463:
6291:
6265:Lazuri Nena – The Language of the Laz
6248:
6153:Introduction to Caucasian linguistics
5852:
5787:
5730:
5624:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1114:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1048:
1020:
992:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
6197:
5528:
5474:
4174:. Rather, they display a mixture of
961:
365:seems to have been derived from the
287:. There are approximately 5 million
5546:
913:in the 1990s which resulted in the
24:
7224:Languages between parentheses are
6060:. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books.
5974:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
5955:(in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert.
3480:and affected persons are objects (
25:
10197:
6258:
393:
6959:
5682:
4164:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3405:
3378:
3346:
3229:
3226:
3207:
3204:
3180:
3177:
3158:
3155:
2790:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2766:
2763:
2743:
2722:
2696:
2605:
2602:
2587:
2584:
2564:
2561:
2546:
2543:
1283:is the branch that contains the
417:
281:indigenous to the South Caucasus
178:
162:
6317:
6271:Kartvelian Languages Department
6193:(in Russian). Moscow: Academia.
6115:(in Georgian). Tbilisi: Nekeri.
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5695:
4378:Examples from inherited lexicon
7228:of the language on their left.
6056:Harris, Alice C., ed. (1991).
5925:Friedrich-Schiller-Universität
5921:Kartwelische Wortschatzstudien
5579:
5567:
5537:
5519:
5501:
5483:
3513:intransitive if the object is
3506:transitive when the object is
2163:The Kartvelian languages have
333:, written in ancient Georgian
262:
13:
1:
6198:Lang, David Marshall (1966).
6090:Megrelian-Georgian dictionary
5754:Testelets (2020), pp. 513–516
3530:objects and are ditransitive.
2265:
1279:and others during the 1840s.
342:
5936:(in German). Leiden: Brill.
5846:10.1016/j.lingua.2003.06.002
5468:
4182:, depending on two factors:
2799:Example adjective declension
1296:glottochronological analysis
7:
6128:] (in Russian). Moscow.
5509:"Browse by Language Family"
5456:
3630:are indicated with special
2231:Inanimate physical entities
945:littoral area of northeast
369:, but this is not certain.
82:One of the world's primary
10:
10202:
9976:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
6065:Hewitt, B. George (1995).
6041:. London: Academic Press.
5899:Georgica et Irano-Semitica
5660:10.1038/s41598-023-45500-w
3839:
3644:
2833:
2283:
2184:Noun classification scheme
2153:
356:Social and cultural status
29:
10144:
10081:
10034:
9984:
9864:
9857:
9812:
9763:
9727:
9652:
9588:
9551:
9461:
9338:
9267:
9226:
9203:
9142:
9131:
8975:
8708:
8697:
8665:
8592:
8583:
8472:
8289:
8278:
8245:
8107:
8098:
8006:
7764:
7750:
7664:
7459:
7441:
7392:
7310:
7301:
7295:Primary language families
7210:
7170:
7138:
7105:
7096:
7054:
7031:
6979:
6968:
6957:
6899:
6874:
6838:
6789:
6695:
6650:
6587:
6576:
6513:
6500:
6358:
6325:
6223:Stanford University Press
6037:Harris, Alice C. (1985).
5897:Delshad, Farshid (2010).
5880:Deeters, Gerhard (1930).
5863:Columbia University Press
5463:Proto-Kartvelian language
5204:
4984:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4364:
4356:
4353:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4308:
4305:
4294:
4291:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4246:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4205:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3544:
3539:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2258:
2248:
2210:
2205:
2189:
2171:, classifying objects as
1221:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1175:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1082:
1080:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
949:, and with some 2,000 in
449:Ancient Kartvelian people
251:
161:
147:
135:
121:
99:
89:
78:Linguistic classification
76:
59:
54:
49:
18:South Caucasian languages
8112:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
7183:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
6189:Klimov, Georgij (1998).
6170:Klimov, Georgij (1998).
6147:Klimov, Georgij (1994).
6120:Klimov, Georgij (1964).
6111:Kartozia, Guram (2005).
6086:Megrul-kartuli leksiḳoni
5970:Fähnrich, Heinz (2016).
5951:Fähnrich, Heinz (2008).
5932:Fähnrich, Heinz (2007).
2272:Grammatical case markers
1336:Higher-level connections
1265:Johann Anton Güldenstädt
677:Georgian Orthodox Church
331:Bir el Qutt inscriptions
283:and spoken primarily in
279:) are a language family
30:Not to be confused with
10153:have no living members.
10036:East and Southeast Asia
9279:have no living members.
7243:Languages of Azerbaijan
5745:Fähnrich (2002), p. 5-6
5702:Campbell, Lyle (2008).
5560:, 15th edition (1986):
5558:Encyclopædia Britannica
3535:Verb personality table
3467:
2179:("what"-class) beings.
1374:Regular correspondences
1369:Phonetics and phonology
1302:dates the split of the
9259:Unclassified languages
9213:list of sign languages
8181:Northeastern Tasmanian
1332:
1273:Marie-Félicité Brosset
9234:Constructed languages
6084:Kajaia, Otar (2001).
5736:Fähnrich (2002), p. 5
5391:čkini / čkuni / škuni
4176:nominative-accusative
1329:
10181:Kartvelian languages
7781:Binanderean–Goilalan
7248:Languages of Georgia
7238:Languages of Armenia
6359:Historical subgroups
5781:Harris (1985), p. 58
5772:Harris (1985), p. 55
5763:Harris (1985), p. 46
5633:Klimov (1994), p. 91
5543:Hewitt (1995), p. 4.
1356:, especially in the
915:expulsion and flight
174:Kartvelian languages
9794:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
9578:Northwest Caucasian
9573:Northeast Caucasian
9063:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
8966:Tequiraca–Canichana
8809:Harákmbut–Katukinan
7572:Northwest Caucasian
7566:Northeast Caucasian
7490:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
7253:Languages of Russia
6267:by Silvia Kutscher.
6217:Ruhlen, M. (1987).
5923:(in German). Jena:
5534:Lang (1966), p. 154
5525:Dalby (2002), p. 38
5480:Boeder (2002), p. 3
5206:Possessive Pronouns
4981:
4386:
4323:
4261:
4202:
4024:
3641:
3536:
3474:grammatical persons
2824:
2274:
2186:
2159:Noun classification
1495:
1382:
1346:Northeast Caucasian
1342:Northwest Caucasian
401:Part of a series on
311:, and northeastern
10059:Austronesian–Ongan
9858:Proposed groupings
8685:Tarascan/Purépecha
8174:Northern Tasmanian
7932:South Bougainville
7893:North Bougainville
6737:Caucasian Albanian
6249:Tuite, K. (1998).
5853:Dalby, A. (2002).
5788:General references
5648:Scientific Reports
4977:
4382:
4321:
4259:
4201:Georgian and Svan
4200:
4172:ergative alignment
4020:
3637:
3534:
2797:
2270:
2182:
2175:("who"-class) and
2165:grammatical gender
1491:
1378:
1333:
1312:Proto-Georgian-Zan
1070:Proto-Georgian-Zan
747:History of Georgia
379:, and after 1989.
10186:Language families
10168:
10167:
10077:
10076:
10069:Sino-Austronesian
9853:
9852:
9328:Language families
9294:
9293:
9244:Language isolates
9222:
9221:
9127:
9126:
8693:
8692:
8579:
8578:
8274:
8273:
8221:Western Tasmanian
8139:Eastern Tasmanian
8094:
8093:
7816:East Geelvink Bay
7746:
7745:
7437:
7436:
7261:
7260:
7220:extinct languages
7166:
7165:
7092:
7091:
6955:
6954:
6895:
6894:
6457:
6456:
6076:978-90-272-3802-3
6048:978-90-04-36508-7
5981:978-3-95490-192-0
5962:978-3-89500-653-1
5943:978-90-47-42032-3
5715:978-0-511-41450-3
5454:
5453:
5155:čkin / čku / šku
4986:Personal Pronouns
4975:
4974:
4463:(other, one more)
4421:1. one, 2. other
4375:
4374:
4316:
4315:
4254:
4253:
4162:
4161:
4110:Objective-passive
4001:
4000:
3621:
3620:
3465:
3464:
2795:
2794:
2263:
2262:
2151:
2150:
1489:
1488:
1261:
1260:
1072:(Proto-Karto-Zan)
962:Genealogical tree
893:(მარგალური ნინა,
781:
780:
723:St George's Cross
377:cultural autonomy
317:language families
289:Georgian language
267:South Caucasian,
170:
169:
84:language families
36:Karenic languages
32:Karelian language
16:(Redirected from
10193:
10136:Proto-Euphratean
9862:
9861:
9770:
9769:
9738:Great Andamanese
9321:
9314:
9307:
9298:
9297:
9140:
9139:
9094:Huaorani/Waorani
8978:(extant in 2000)
8942:Esmeralda–Yaruro
8713:Andoque–Urequena
8706:
8705:
8590:
8589:
8396:Plateau Penutian
8287:
8286:
8262:(Northern Daly?)
8105:
8104:
7991:Northwest Papuan
7955:Trans–New Guinea
7821:East New Britain
7796:Central Solomons
7762:
7761:
7507:Great Andamanese
7457:
7456:
7308:
7307:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7265:
7264:
7103:
7102:
6977:
6976:
6963:
6585:
6584:
6511:
6510:
6491:Languages of the
6484:
6477:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6326:Ethnic subgroups
6312:
6305:
6298:
6289:
6288:
6254:
6245:
6226:
6221:. Stanford, CA:
6213:
6194:
6185:
6166:
6143:
6137:
6129:
6116:
6107:
6101:
6093:
6080:
6061:
6052:
6033:
6014:
5985:
5966:
5947:
5928:
5912:
5893:
5876:
5860:
5849:
5828:
5809:
5782:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5680:
5671:
5654:(21133): 21133,
5643:
5634:
5631:
5622:
5615:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5593:. Archived from
5583:
5577:
5571:
5565:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5487:
5481:
5478:
4982:
4387:
4384:Cardinal Numbers
4335:Indirect object
4324:
4320:
4273:Indirect object
4262:
4258:
4214:Indirect object
4203:
4199:
4180:active alignment
4025:
3642:
3639:Personal markers
3607:Indirect object
3537:
2825:
2275:
2237:Abstract objects
2187:
1496:
1383:
1304:Proto-Kartvelian
1294:On the basis of
985:Proto-Kartvelian
969:
968:
911:war with Georgia
773:
766:
759:
421:
412:
398:
397:
350:Georgian scripts
347:
344:
265:; also known as
264:
263:kartveluri enebi
261:
254:
253:
252:ქართველური ენები
241:
238:-ee-ən, -
237:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
166:
157:
143:
131:
94:Proto-Kartvelian
47:
46:
21:
10201:
10200:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10190:
10171:
10170:
10169:
10164:
10163:
10140:
10131:Paleo-Laplandic
10126:Pre-Finno-Ugric
10073:
10030:
9994:Greater Siangic
9980:
9966:Uralic–Yukaghir
9916:Ibero-Caucasian
9911:Elamo-Dravidian
9849:
9808:
9759:
9723:
9648:
9584:
9567:North Caucasian
9547:
9457:
9396:Paleo-Sardinian
9334:
9325:
9295:
9290:
9289:
9263:
9249:Mixed languages
9218:
9199:
9134:
9123:
8977:
8971:
8826:Katembri–Taruma
8700:
8689:
8661:
8575:
8468:
8281:
8270:
8241:
8090:
8002:
7961:Turama–Kikorian
7871:Lower Mamberamo
7826:East Strickland
7754:
7742:
7660:
7448:
7443:
7433:
7388:
7297:
7292:
7262:
7257:
7231:
7206:
7201:Shirvani Arabic
7162:
7134:
7115:Karachay-Balkar
7088:
7050:
7027:
6971:
6964:
6951:
6903:
6891:
6870:
6834:
6785:
6691:
6646:
6580:
6572:
6535:Judaeo-Georgian
6517:
6504:
6496:
6488:
6458:
6453:
6354:
6321:
6316:
6261:
6242:
6210:
6182:
6163:
6131:
6130:
6095:
6094:
6077:
6049:
6030:
5982:
5963:
5944:
5917:Fähnrich, Heinz
5909:
5873:
5825:
5806:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5716:
5700:
5696:
5644:
5637:
5632:
5625:
5616:
5609:
5600:
5598:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5568:
5556:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5459:
5450:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5413:
5404:
5393:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5324:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5288:
5278:
5269:
5260:
5251:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5157:
5150:
5148:čki(n) / čkə(n)
5144:
5138:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4952:
4946:
4940:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4765:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4682:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4472:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4380:
4167:
4022:Version markers
3991:∅-...-t,-an,-es
3944:g-...-t,-an,-es
3890:m-...-t,-an,-es
3819:-an,-en,-es,-ed
3503:. The verb is:
3470:
2801:
2268:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1376:
1371:
1338:
966:
964:
905:(at present in
864:Judaeo-Georgian
777:
728:Grapevine cross
687:Catholic Church
432:
428:
424:
410:
409:
396:
363:Georgian script
358:
345:
256:
239:
235:
214:
181:
177:
153:
141:
127:
61:
43:
40:Kartu languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10199:
10189:
10188:
10183:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10154:
10146:
10145:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10087:
10085:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10040:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10007:
10006:
10001:
9990:
9988:
9982:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9961:Uralo-Siberian
9958:
9953:
9948:
9946:Serbi–Mongolic
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9906:Dravido-Korean
9903:
9901:Dené–Yeniseian
9898:
9897:
9896:
9891:
9889:Dené–Caucasian
9886:
9876:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9854:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9834:
9827:
9819:
9817:
9810:
9809:
9807:
9806:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9780:
9778:
9767:
9761:
9760:
9758:
9757:
9750:
9745:
9740:
9734:
9732:
9725:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9673:
9666:
9658:
9656:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9623:
9616:
9609:
9602:
9594:
9592:
9586:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9563:
9557:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9538:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9507:Hurro-Urartian
9503:
9496:
9489:
9482:
9475:
9467:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9389:Paleo-Corsican
9385:
9378:
9371:
9366:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9324:
9323:
9316:
9309:
9301:
9292:
9291:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9269:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9174:Indo-Pakistani
9171:
9166:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9143:
9137:
9129:
9128:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9075:
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9065:
9057:
9052:
9045:
9040:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9013:
9008:
9003:
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8993:
8988:
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8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8873:Piaroa–Saliban
8870:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8774:
8769:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8709:
8703:
8695:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8640:
8638:Tequistlatecan
8635:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8611:
8604:
8599:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8551:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8484:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8442:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8374:
8367:
8362:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8298:
8290:
8284:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8239:
8229:
8224:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8189:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8161:Marrku–Wurrugu
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8135:
8128:
8120:
8115:
8108:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8089:
8088:
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8075:
8069:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8016:
8010:
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8003:
8001:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
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7798:
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7759:
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7706:
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7693:
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7605:
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7579:
7574:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7523:
7520:Hurro-Urartian
7516:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7487:
7480:
7473:
7468:
7460:
7454:
7439:
7438:
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7407:
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7174:
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6260:
6259:External links
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5623:
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5574:Judeo-Georgian
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3797:-s,-a/o,-n,-ed
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1390:
1387:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1337:
1334:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
963:
960:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
954:
937:(ლაზური ნენა,
930:
895:margaluri nina
874:
873:
872:
867:(ყივრული ენა,
831:(ქართული ენა,
812:
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
717:
716:
712:
711:
710:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
671:
670:
664:
663:
662:
661:
656:
651:
649:Writing system
643:
642:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
575:
574:
568:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
472:
471:
467:
466:
465:
464:
459:
451:
450:
446:
445:
439:
438:
434:
433:
422:
414:
413:
403:
402:
395:
394:Classification
392:
388:Latin alphabet
357:
354:
305:European Union
168:
167:
159:
158:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
117:
116:
110:
101:
97:
96:
91:
90:Proto-language
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
67:Trans-Caucasus
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10198:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10178:
10176:
10159:
10155:
10152:
10148:
10147:
10143:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10080:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9983:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9971:Eskimo–Uralic
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9856:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9835:
9833:
9832:
9828:
9826:
9825:
9821:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9811:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9775:Paleosiberian
9771:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9756:
9755:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9726:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9695:
9693:
9692:
9688:
9686:
9685:
9681:
9679:
9678:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9670:Austroasiatic
9667:
9665:
9664:
9660:
9659:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9644:
9643:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9620:Austroasiatic
9617:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9608:
9607:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9599:Indo-European
9596:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9587:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9570:
9569:
9568:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9525:
9523:
9522:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9497:
9495:
9494:
9490:
9488:
9487:
9483:
9481:
9480:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9472:Indo-European
9469:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9460:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9447:
9446:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9435:
9433:
9432:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9407:
9405:
9404:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9353:
9351:
9350:
9349:Indo-European
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9322:
9317:
9315:
9310:
9308:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9271:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9215:
9214:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9184:Original Thai
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9130:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8948:Hibito–Cholón
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8868:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8779:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8696:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8658:
8657:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8612:
8610:
8609:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8538:
8537:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8523:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8485:
8483:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8464:Yuman–Cochimí
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8316:
8315:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8297:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8277:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8244:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8199:Southern Daly
8197:
8195:
8194:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8175:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8125:
8124:Darwin Region
8121:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8005:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7806:Demta–Sentani
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7753:
7749:
7739:
7737:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7527:Indo-European
7524:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7477:Austroasiatic
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7455:
7452:
7447:
7440:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7348:
7344:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7284:
7282:
7277:
7275:
7270:
7269:
7266:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7227:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7030:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6962:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6566:
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6241:9780190690694
6237:
6233:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6209:9780500020494
6205:
6201:
6200:The Georgians
6196:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6181:9783110156584
6177:
6173:
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6162:9783875480603
6158:
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6029:9783110147285
6025:
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5878:
5874:
5872:9780231129008
5868:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5840:(1–2): 5–89.
5839:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5824:9789027229588
5820:
5816:
5811:
5807:
5805:9780125581509
5801:
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5597:on 2020-07-28
5596:
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5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5384:čkini / čkəni
5382:
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4772:
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4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4396:
4393:Proto-Kartv.
4388:
4385:
4370:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4332:Direct object
4325:
4319:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4270:Direct object
4263:
4257:
4249:
4240:
4239:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4211:Direct object
4204:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4165:Case patterns
4158:
4155:
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4131:
4128:
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4037:
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4023:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:∅,s/h/∅-...-t
3984:
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3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:(l)-...-s/(a)
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:∅,(h/s)-...-t
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2496:
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2396:
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2337:
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2331:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2276:
2273:
2259:"what"-class
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:Unintelligent
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2177:unintelligent
2174:
2170:
2166:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1784:
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1776:
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1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:Proto-Kartv.
1500:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1386:Proto-Kartv.
1385:
1384:
1381:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1300:Georgi Klimov
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1135:
1132:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1047:
1044:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1008:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
970:
967:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
931:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Gali district
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
887:
886:
884:
881:(also called
880:
879:
875:
870:
866:
865:
861:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:
825:
824:
822:
819:(also called
818:
817:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
786:
785:
784:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
752:
751:
748:
745:
744:
739:
736:
734:
733:Bolnisi cross
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
714:
713:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
672:
669:
666:
665:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
641:
638:
637:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
573:
570:
569:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
469:
468:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:
440:
436:
435:
431:
427:
420:
416:
415:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
368:
364:
353:
351:
346: 430 AD
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:United States
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
271:
268:
259:
248:
244:
243:
229:
175:
165:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
124:
120:
114:
111:
109:
108:
104:
103:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10157:
10150:
10149:Families in
10106:Pre-Goidelic
10101:Pre-Germanic
9931:Indo-Semitic
9926:Indo-Pacific
9921:Indo-Hittite
9836:
9829:
9822:
9752:
9729:Indian Ocean
9696:
9691:Austronesian
9689:
9682:
9675:
9668:
9663:Sino-Tibetan
9661:
9640:
9618:
9613:Sino-Tibetan
9611:
9604:
9597:
9565:
9560:
9540:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9477:
9470:
9450:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9417:North Picene
9415:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9373:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9283:
9276:
9275:Families in
9210:
9161:
9059:
9047:
8897:
8865:
8856:Pano-Tacanan
8813:
8776:
8764:
8735:Arutani–Sape
8727:
8672:
8654:
8647:
8632:Oto-Manguean
8630:
8613:
8606:
8553:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8486:
8479:
8456:
8449:
8437:
8410:
8388:
8381:
8369:
8357:
8340:
8333:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8300:
8293:
8252:
8219:
8215:Western Daly
8193:Pama–Nyungan
8191:
8179:
8172:
8159:
8137:
8132:Eastern Daly
8130:
8122:
8077:
7953:
7941:
7919:
7902:
7880:
7851:Kaure–Kosare
7811:Doso–Turumsa
7801:Chimbu–Wahgi
7791:Bulaka River
7775:Austronesian
7773:
7734:
7727:
7708:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7583:Sino-Tibetan
7581:
7564:
7547:
7537:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7494:
7484:Austronesian
7482:
7475:
7463:
7409:
7347:Nilo-Saharan
7345:
7338:
7323:Austronesian
7321:
7314:
7215:
7199:
7178:Kalmyk Oirat
7084:Pontic Greek
6944:
6808:
6735:
6541:Old Georgian
6539:
6518:(Kartvelian)
6514:
6505:
6250:
6231:
6218:
6199:
6190:
6171:
6152:
6148:
6125:
6121:
6112:
6089:
6085:
6066:
6057:
6038:
6019:
5997:(1): 69–83.
5994:
5990:
5971:
5952:
5933:
5920:
5898:
5881:
5856:
5837:
5833:
5814:
5795:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5704:
5697:
5681:
5651:
5647:
5618:
5617:Klimov (1998
5599:. Retrieved
5595:the original
5590:
5581:
5576:at Glottolog
5569:
5539:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5494:
5485:
5476:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5422:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5332:
5329:His/her/its
5321:
5314:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:Proto-Kartv.
5215:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5164:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5141:
5135:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4996:Proto-Kartv.
4995:
4985:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4898:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4773:
4762:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4637:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4394:
4383:
4317:
4255:
4196:
4168:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3787:x/∅-...-(š)d
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3645:
3638:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3569:ditransitive
3568:
3564:intransitive
3563:
3558:
3554:intransitive
3553:
3548:Tripersonal
3542:Unipersonal
3527:
3523:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3471:
3455:
3453:
3438:
3436:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3235:Instrumental
3221:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2771:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2718:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2611:Instrumental
2598:
2592:
2580:
2574:
2557:
2551:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2271:
2256:"who"-class
2249:
2244:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2162:
1492:
1379:
1339:
1321:
1293:
1262:
965:
938:
932:
894:
888:
882:
876:
868:
862:
832:
826:
820:
816:Georgian-Zan
814:
806:Kodori Gorge
793:
792:(ლუშნუ ნინ,
787:
782:
702:Saint George
682:Christianity
639:
626:Architecture
513:Lechkhumians
429:
425:
384:Laz language
381:
371:
367:Greek script
359:
328:Old Georgian
321:
273:
269:
266:
173:
171:
137:Linguasphere
113:Georgian-Zan
105:
100:Subdivisions
69:, Northeast
62:distribution
44:
9956:Ural-Altaic
9936:Indo-Uralic
9748:Sentinelese
9479:Afroasiatic
9445:Eteocypriot
9169:Germanosign
9073:Mura-Pirahã
8954:Lule–Vilela
8930:Bora-Witoto
8905:Uru–Chipaya
8878:Ticuna–Yuri
8861:Peba–Yaguan
8846:Nambikwaran
8649:Uto-Aztecan
8585:Mesoamerica
8439:Uto-Aztecan
8428:Tsimshianic
8390:Palaihnihan
8260:Malak-Malak
7997:Papuan Gulf
7971:West Papuan
7876:Lower Sepik
7866:Lakes Plain
7769:Arai–Samaia
7757:the Pacific
7465:Afroasiatic
7340:Niger–Congo
7316:Afroasiatic
7148:Azerbaijani
6343:Mingrelians
6319:Kartvelians
5419:Your (pl.)
5293:Your (sg.)
5275:mi / ški-mi
4799:ovro / orvo
4541:žiri / žəri
4457:čkva / škva
4413:Mingrelian
4407:Proto-form
4322:Mingrelian
3824:-en,-an,-es
3733:xw-...-(š)d
3646:Subject set
3545:Bipersonal
2853:Mingrelian
2841:Mingrelian
2303:Mingrelian
2291:Mingrelian
2245:Intelligent
2173:intelligent
1996:fricatives
1785:qʼ / ʔ / ḳ
1358:case system
1291:languages.
939:lazuri nena
919:Mingrelians
869:kivruli ena
833:kartuli ena
596:Calligraphy
558:Khevsurians
528:Mtiuletians
523:Meskhetians
518:Mingrelians
341:, dated to
335:Asomtavruli
270:Kartvelic,
115:(Karto-Zan)
10175:Categories
10096:Pre-Celtic
10064:East Asian
10054:Austro-Tai
10044:Andamanese
9894:Eurasiatic
9815:North Asia
9765:North Asia
9677:Hmong–Mien
9631:Burushaski
9590:South Asia
9561:Kartvelian
9528:Philistine
9438:Eteocretan
9382:Tartessian
9163:Francosign
9011:Chiquitano
8991:Alacalufan
8799:Guaicuruan
8772:Chapacuran
8755:Cahuapanan
8723:Araucanian
8626:Mixe–Zoque
8621:Misumalpan
8335:Comecrudan
8187:Nyulnyulan
7966:Upper Yuat
7943:Torricelli
7915:Senu River
7846:Foja Range
7752:New Guinea
7677:Burushaski
7538:Kartvelian
7513:Hmong–Mien
7329:Khoe–Kwadi
6928:Circassian
6589:Avar–Andic
6559:Mingrelian
6396:Mossynoeci
6381:Machelones
6348:Laz people
5601:2021-03-14
5562:Macropedia
5513:Ethnologue
5495:Ethnologue
5226:Mingrelian
5170:You (pl.)
5057:You (sg.)
5006:Mingrelian
4792:ruo / bruo
4399:Karto-Zan
4368:Nominative
4362:Series II
4354:Nominative
4309:Nominative
4303:Series II
4295:Nominative
4247:Nominative
4241:Series II
4233:Nominative
4193:) belongs.
4056:Subjective
4034:Mingrelian
3841:Object set
3738:l-...-(š)d
3684:Ming./Laz
3681:Mod. Geo.
3670:Ming./Laz
3667:Mod. Geo.
3559:transitive
2867:Nominative
2317:Nominative
2266:Declension
2061:*ლʿ (*lʿ)
2047:*ს₁ (*s₁)
1924:*ც₁ (*c₁)
1867:and affr.
1856:čʼḳ / šḳ
1833:*ტʼ (*ɬʼ)
1819:*წ₁ (*ċ₁)
1665:*ზ₁ (*z₁)
1643:fricatives
1605:*ძ₁ (*ʒ₁)
1582:affricates
1493:Consonants
1285:Mingrelian
1277:Franz Bopp
1236:Mingrelian
953:, Georgia.
890:Mingrelian
707:Saint Nino
563:Javakhians
503:Kakhetians
498:Tushetians
488:Imeretians
426:Kartvelian
411:ქართველები
373:Mingrelian
60:Geographic
55:ქართველური
50:Kartvelian
10121:Pre-Vedic
10111:Pre-Greek
10083:Substrata
9986:Arunachal
9884:Nostratic
9869:Alarodian
9804:Yeniseian
9654:East Asia
9606:Dravidian
9463:West Asia
9431:Tyrsenian
9194:Tanzanian
9135:languages
9032:Hodï/Joti
8976:Isolates
8915:Yanomaman
8851:Otomákoan
8815:Jirajaran
8804:Guajiboan
8766:Catacaoan
8745:Barbacoan
8674:Cuitlatec
8643:Totonacan
8602:Jicaquean
8481:Chimariko
8377:Muskogean
8359:Kalapuyan
8353:Iroquoian
8328:Chumashan
8321:Chinookan
8314:Chimakuan
8232:Yangmanic
8227:Worrorran
8210:Wagaydyic
8100:Australia
7949:Trans-Fly
7615:Yeniseian
7602:Tyrsenian
7496:Dravidian
7226:varieties
7218:indicate
7046:Ukrainian
7021:Judeo-Tat
6938:Kabardian
6901:Northwest
6746:Southern
6726:Tabasaran
6581:(Caspian)
6578:Northeast
6525:Karto-Zan
6502:Caucasian
6449:Misimians
6433:Saspeires
6366:Colchians
6134:cite book
6098:cite book
5890:751319764
5724:263493207
5689:CC BY 4.0
5591:ugsra.org
5469:Citations
5353:(h)e-mu-š
4548:žur / ǯur
4410:Georgian
4351:Series I
4289:Series I
4230:Series I
4083:Objective
3996:∅,x-...-x
3834:(l)-...-x
3772:x/h-...-t
3678:Old Geo.
3664:Old Geo.
3654:Singular
3304:Adverbial
2924:ǯwinel-är
2859:Georgian
2847:Georgian
2831:Singular
2819:(Svan) –
2740:ep-išo(t)
2664:Adverbial
2646:epe-te(n)
2599:epe-še(n)
2309:Georgian
2297:Georgian
2281:Singular
2212:Inanimate
2167:based on
1994:Voiceless
1906:*ც (*c)
1863:Voiceless
1851:čʼḳ / ċḳ
1843:*ჭ (*čʼ)
1777:*ყ (*qʼ)
1697:*უ̂ (*w)
1350:Nostratic
943:Black Sea
899:Samegrelo
821:Karto-Zan
794:lušnu nin
640:Languages
631:Mythology
553:Kartlians
548:Pshavians
478:Adjarians
470:Subgroups
457:Colchians
407:Georgians
339:Bethlehem
277:languages
258:romanized
149:Glottolog
123:ISO 639-5
10116:Vasconic
10091:Atlantic
9845:Eskaleut
9799:Yukaghir
9714:Koreanic
9709:Tungusic
9704:Mongolic
9642:Harappan
9553:Caucasus
9535:Sumerian
9410:Ligurian
9227:See also
9204:Isolates
9179:Japanese
9119:Yuracaré
9001:Candoshi
8960:Macro-Jê
8925:Zaparoan
8920:Zamucoan
8910:Witotoan
8893:Tucanoan
8888:Tiniguan
8883:Timotean
8867:Quechuan
8836:Matacoan
8831:Mascoian
8821:Jivaroan
8784:Chibchan
8778:Charruan
8729:Arawakan
8666:Isolates
8597:Chibchan
8473:Isolates
8445:Wakashan
8406:Salishan
8348:Eskaleut
8254:Giimbiyu
8246:Isolates
8155:Jarrakan
8150:Iwaidjan
8007:Isolates
7861:Kutubuan
7729:Sumerian
7665:Isolates
7620:Yukaghir
7589:Tungusic
7555:Mongolic
7543:Koreanic
7502:Eskaleut
7393:Isolates
7377:Ubangian
7234:See also
7188:Assyrian
7062:Armenian
7001:Ossetian
6994:Kurmanji
6972:European
6904:(Pontic)
6882:Khinalug
6857:Khwarshi
6842:(Didoic)
6768:Western
6712:Eastern
6630:Chamalal
6625:Godoberi
6612:Bagvalal
6530:Georgian
6494:Caucasus
6423:Iberians
6416:Zydretae
6411:Tibareni
6401:Phasians
6386:Macrones
5991:Language
5919:(2002).
5691:license.
5678:38036582
5669:10689496
5621:), p. 14
5491:"Israel"
5457:See also
5423:*stkweni
5297:*š(w)eni
5221:Georgian
5001:Georgian
4979:Pronouns
4934:hundred
4858:*a(s₁)ti
4823:*ts₁xara
4817:*ts₁xara
4365:Ergative
4346:Class 2
4306:Ergative
4292:Ergative
4284:Class 2
4244:Ergative
4225:Class 2
4044:Georgian
3964:∅,s/h/∅-
3902:(incl.)
3897:(excl.)
3880:(incl.)
3875:(excl.)
3807:-s,-u,-n
3755:∅,(h/s)-
3740:(incl.)
3735:(excl.)
3624:Subjects
3575:Subject
3528:indirect
3515:indirect
3501:indirect
3486:indirect
3427:Vocative
3186:Ablative
3068:Genitive
3043:mǯveš-i-
3011:mǯveš-i-
2942:mǯveš-i-
2930:Ergative
2815:(Geo.),
2807:(Min.),
2761:Vocative
2570:Ablative
2511:epe-š(i)
2476:Genitive
2370:Ergative
2199:Abstract
2192:Concrete
2134:*ნ (*n)
2116:*მ (*m)
2093:*რ (*r)
2079:*ლ (*l)
2029:*ს (*s)
2022:šg / sg
2017:šk / sk
2009:*შ (*š)
1999:*ხ (*x)
1976:*ჴ (*q)
1957:*ქ (*k)
1950:čk / šg
1938:*ჩ (*č)
1888:*თ (*t)
1870:*ფ (*p)
1801:*წ (*ċ)
1796:Ejective
1758:*კ (*ḳ)
1740:*ტ (*ṭ)
1722:*პ (*ṗ)
1716:Ejective
1679:*ღ (*ɣ)
1647:*ზ (*z)
1633:ǯg / sg
1628:ǯg / ʒg
1620:*ჯ (*ǯ)
1586:*ძ (*ʒ)
1560:*გ (*g)
1542:*დ (*d)
1472:*უ (*u)
1454:*ო (*o)
1436:*ი (*i)
1418:*ე (*e)
1400:*ა (*a)
1316:Georgian
1269:G. Rosen
1250:Georgian
903:Abkhazia
883:Colchian
828:Georgian
810:Abkhazia
804:and the
738:Borjgali
668:Religion
654:Dialects
621:Calendar
543:Rachians
533:Mokheves
462:Iberians
324:Georgian
247:Georgian
155:kart1248
71:Anatolia
65:Western
10151:italics
10049:Austric
10026:Kho-Bwa
10021:Hrusish
9999:Siangic
9941:Karasuk
9841: ?
9754:Kenaboi
9719:Japonic
9684:Kra–Dai
9645: ?
9636:Kusunda
9542:Elamite
9514:Kassite
9500:Kaskian
9403:Camunic
9375:Iberian
9332:Eurasia
9277:italics
9254:Pidgins
9239:Creoles
9189:Swedish
9157:Chinese
9104:Urarina
9089:Puinave
9043:Itonama
9037:Irantxe
9006:Chimane
8936:Chimuan
8841:Nadahup
8760:Cariban
8740:Aymaran
8701:America
8543:Waikuri
8536:Tonkawa
8529:Timucua
8522:Takelma
8515:Siuslaw
8504:Kutenai
8488:Esselen
8451:Wintuan
8412:Shastan
8383:Na-Dene
8371:Maiduan
8308:Caddoan
8282:America
8236:Wagiman
8234:(incl.
8205:Tangkic
8145:Garawan
8118:Bunuban
8079:Tambora
8046:Maybrat
8014:Abinomn
7937:Teberan
7898:Pauwasi
7888:Mairasi
7856:Kiwaian
7736:Tambora
7722:Shompen
7704:Kusunda
7697:Kenaboi
7683:Elamite
7655:Siangic
7637:Kho-Bwa
7631:Hrusish
7549:Kra–Dai
7533:Japonic
7442:Eurasia
7417:Sandawe
7400:Bangime
7365:Songhay
7216:Italics
7158:Turkmen
7153:Turkish
7107:Kipchak
7072:Western
7067:Eastern
7041:Russian
7006:Persian
6989:Kurdish
6981:Iranian
6816:Chechen
6810:Arshtin
6804:Vainakh
6777:Tsakhur
6687:Kubachi
6621:Botlikh
6607:Akhvakh
6506:(areal)
6442:Taochoi
6438:Diauehi
6371:Byzeres
5411:(incl.)
5402:(excl.)
5246:*č(w)e-
5212:
5186:tkva(n)
5174:*stkwen
4992:
4895:twenty
4697:*eks₁wi
4691:*eks₁wi
4452:(other)
4442:(other)
4390:
4371:Dative
4357:Dative
4343:Class 3
4340:Class 1
4329:Subject
4312:Dative
4298:Dative
4281:Class 3
4278:Class 1
4267:Subject
4250:Dative
4236:Dative
4222:Class 3
4219:Class 1
4208:Subject
4191:screeve
4142:-o-/-a-
4137:Neutral
4029:Version
3949:ǯ-...-x
3939:g-...-t
3829:-an,-es
3802:-s,-a/o
3782:∅-...-t
3728:v-...-t
3723:v-...-t
3718:v-...-t
3659:Plural
3632:affixes
3628:objects
3478:subject
3418:ǯwinel-
3412:eb-isad
3391:ǯwinel-
3368:Finalis
3359:ǯwinel-
3332:ǯwinel-
3295:ǯwinel-
3263:ǯwinel-
3128:ǯwinel-
3059:ǯwinel-
3027:ǯwinel-
2990:ǯwinel-
2958:ǯwinel-
2836:Plural
2817:ǯwinel-
2811:(Laz),
2772:o (/-v)
2749:eb-isad
2714:Finalis
2693:ep-o(t)
2669:o(t)/-t
2286:Plural
2225:Animals
2207:Animate
2169:animacy
2154:Grammar
2075:Liquids
1770:ḳ / č'
1598:ʒ / z
1524:*ბ (*b)
1344:and/or
927:Zugdidi
923:Tbilisi
837:Georgia
802:Svaneti
798:Georgia
715:Symbols
697:Judaism
659:Grammar
606:Cuisine
572:Culture
508:Ingiloy
493:Gurians
443:Georgia
285:Georgia
275:Iberian
10011:Mijiic
10004:Digaro
9951:Pontic
9879:Borean
9874:Altaic
9838:Rouran
9831:Turkic
9824:Uralic
9813:Other
9698:Turkic
9626:Nihali
9521:Gutian
9493:Hattic
9486:Turkic
9452:Minoan
9424:Sicani
9369:Basque
9363:Turkic
9356:Uralic
9340:Europe
9152:BANZSL
9114:Yamana
9099:Trumai
9068:Movima
9022:Fulniô
8985:Aikanã
8899:Tupian
8794:Chonan
8718:Arauan
8656:Xincan
8608:Lencan
8561:Yokuts
8458:Yukian
8423:Tanoan
8418:Siouan
8401:Pomoan
8342:Coosan
8168:Mirndi
8061:Porome
8056:Pawaia
7910:Senagi
7882:Madang
7831:Eleman
7786:Border
7717:Nihali
7710:Minoan
7690:Hattic
7672:Basque
7643:Mijiic
7625:Digaro
7609:Uralic
7595:Turkic
7446:Europe
7303:Africa
7193:Bohtan
7171:Others
7098:Turkic
7079:German
7055:Others
7033:Slavic
7011:Talysh
6933:Adyghe
6921:Abkhaz
6911:Abazgi
6875:Others
6862:Hinukh
6853:Hunzib
6849:Bezhta
6840:Tsezic
6828:Ingush
6750:Budukh
6721:Lezgin
6709:Samur
6697:Lezgic
6682:Kaitag
6677:Itsari
6665:Dargwa
6660:Chirag
6652:Dargin
6635:Karata
6428:Gugars
6391:Marres
6376:Drilae
6238:
6206:
6178:
6159:
6073:
6045:
6026:
6011:411601
6009:
5978:
5959:
5940:
5905:
5888:
5869:
5834:Lingua
5821:
5802:
5722:
5712:
5676:
5666:
5441:tkvani
5435:tkvani
5429:tkveni
5394:/ /
5372:*čweni
5333:*m-is₁
5158:/ /
4904:*ots₁i
4770:eight
4750:škviti
4738:*šwidi
4732:*šwidi
4728:seven
4562:three
4431:*s₁xwa
4425:*s₁xwa
3981:x/h,∅-
3959:x/h,∅-
3524:direct
3508:direct
3497:direct
3482:direct
3420:är-išd
3401:ep-išo
3316:mǯveš-
3281:epe-te
3279:mǯveš-
3247:mǯveš-
3222:epe-še
3220:mǯveš-
3214:ep-iše
3198:mǯveš-
3173:epe-ša
3171:mǯveš-
3165:ep-iša
3149:mǯveš-
3137:Lative
3112:mǯveš-
3096:ǯwinl-
3080:mǯveš-
2999:Dative
2974:mǯveš-
2908:mǯveš-
2895:ǯwinel
2879:mǯveš-
2809:mǯveš-
2803:Stem:
2755:är-išd
2719:išo(t)
2593:ep-iše
2558:epe-ša
2552:ep-iša
2529:Lative
2423:Dative
2112:Nasals
1969:k / č
1798:affr.
1787:/ /
1719:stops
1640:Voiced
1613:ǯ / ž
1579:Voiced
1572:g / ǯ
1516:Voiced
1380:Vowels
1354:Basque
951:Adjara
947:Turkey
855:, and
853:Israel
845:Turkey
841:Russia
616:Chokha
611:Dances
601:Cinema
437:Nation
430:people
313:Turkey
309:Israel
303:, the
299:, the
293:Russia
249::
9789:Nivkh
9743:Ongan
9109:Warao
9078:Nukak
9049:Kunza
9027:Guató
9016:Cofán
8996:Camsá
8789:Choco
8750:Boran
8699:South
8680:Huave
8615:Mayan
8566:Yuchi
8549:Washo
8499:Karuk
8494:Haida
8433:Utian
8365:Keres
8302:Alsea
8295:Algic
8280:North
8072:Taiap
8066:Sulka
7921:Sepik
7836:Engan
7577:Ongan
7560:Nivkh
7428:Shabo
7411:Jalaa
7405:Hadza
7359:Mande
7140:Oghuz
7125:Nogai
7120:Kumyk
6970:Indo-
6946:Ubykh
6916:Abaza
6772:Rutul
6755:Kryts
6716:Aghul
6705:Archi
6670:Kadar
6616:Tindi
6597:Andic
6515:South
6406:Sanni
6333:Svans
6151:[
6124:[
6088:[
6007:JSTOR
5448:sgwey
5408:šgwey
5399:šgwey
5378:čveni
5315:skani
5309:skani
5192:tkvan
5180:tkven
5136:*čwen
5092:That
5079:si(n)
5044:ma(n)
4944:*as₁i
4938:*as₁i
4847:čxara
4841:čxoro
4835:čxoro
4829:tsxra
4813:nine
4780:*arwa
4774:*arwa
4763:šgwid
4756:škvit
4744:švidi
4721:usgwa
4709:amšvi
4703:ekvsi
4655:*xuti
4649:*xuti
4645:five
4638:oštxw
4613:*otxo
4607:*otxo
4603:four
4572:*sami
4566:*sami
4529:*yori
4523:*yori
4489:*erti
4474:(one)
4402:Svan
4395:form
3687:Svan
3673:Svan
3454:ʒvel-
3437:ʒvel-
3410:ʒvel-
3399:ǯveš-
3383:ʒvel-
3372:ǯveš-
3353:eb-ad
3351:ʒvel-
3340:ǯveš-
3324:ʒvel-
3308:ǯveš-
3297:är-šw
3289:eb-it
3287:ʒvel-
3273:ep-it
3271:ǯveš-
3255:ʒvel-
3239:ǯveš-
3212:ǯveš-
3190:ǯveš-
3163:ǯveš-
3141:ǯveš-
3130:är-iš
3122:eb-is
3120:ʒvel-
3114:epe-š
3106:ep-iš
3104:ǯveš-
3088:ʒvel-
3072:ǯveš-
3051:ʒvel-
3045:epe-s
3035:ǯveš-
3019:ʒvel-
3003:ǯveš-
2984:eb-ma
2982:ʒvel-
2976:epe-k
2966:ǯveš-
2950:ʒvel-
2934:ǯveš-
2916:ʒvel-
2900:ǯveš-
2887:ʒvel-
2871:ǯveš-
2862:Svan
2850:Svan
2828:Case
2821:"old"
2813:ʒvel-
2805:ǯveš-
2702:eb-ad
2681:ad/-d
2658:är-šw
2652:eb-it
2640:ep-it
2523:are-š
2517:eb-is
2505:ep-iš
2458:epe-s
2411:eb-ma
2405:epe-k
2312:Svan
2300:Svan
2278:Case
1865:stops
1520:stops
1510:Svan
1504:Geo.
1395:Svan
1389:Geo.
1362:areal
1306:into
692:Islam
591:Sport
586:Media
581:Music
538:Svans
483:Dvals
234:kart-
38:, or
10158:bold
10016:Miju
9784:Ainu
9284:bold
9211:See
9147:Arab
9133:Sign
9084:Páez
9061:Maku
9055:Leco
8571:Zuni
8555:Yana
8509:Seri
8266:Tiwi
8086:Wiru
8051:Mpur
8041:Kuot
8024:Anêm
8019:Abun
7986:Yuat
7981:Yawa
7927:Skou
7904:Ramu
7755:and
7649:Miju
7471:Ainu
7451:Asia
7449:and
7422:Laal
7383:Kadu
7371:Ijaw
7334:Kx'a
7130:Urum
6866:Tsez
6821:Aukh
6799:Bats
6791:Nakh
6642:Avar
6602:Andi
6568:Svan
6338:Zans
6236:ISBN
6204:ISBN
6176:ISBN
6157:ISBN
6140:link
6104:link
6071:ISBN
6043:ISBN
6024:ISBN
5976:ISBN
5957:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5903:ISBN
5886:OCLC
5867:ISBN
5819:ISBN
5800:ISBN
5720:OCLC
5710:ISBN
5674:PMID
5368:Our
5360:m-ič
5346:mu-š
5339:m-is
5303:šeni
5286:-šgu
5273:čki-
5264:čki-
5236:Svan
5198:sgäy
5142:čven
5117:(h)e
5061:*sen
5016:Svan
4922:etsi
4916:etsi
4910:otsi
4876:viti
4864:*ati
4854:ten
4687:six
4680:xušd
4667:xuti
4661:xuti
4631:otxo
4625:otxi
4619:otxi
4596:semi
4584:sumi
4578:sami
4555:yori
4519:two
4501:arti
4495:erti
4480:one
4447:šxva
4437:sxva
4416:Laz
4260:Laz
4178:and
4049:Svan
3974:∅,x-
3765:x-/∅
3750:x/h-
3626:and
3526:and
3468:Verb
3456:eb-o
3385:isad
3361:är-d
3342:ep-o
3061:är-s
3053:eb-s
3037:ep-s
2992:är-d
2968:ep-k
2918:eb-i
2910:ep-e
2902:ep-i
2856:Laz
2844:Laz
2787:eb-o
2728:isad
2708:är-d
2470:är-s
2464:eb-s
2452:ep-s
2417:är-d
2399:ep-k
2358:eb-i
2352:ep-e
2346:ep-i
2328:i/-e
2306:Laz
2294:Laz
1507:Zan
1392:Zan
1310:and
1308:Svan
1287:and
1229:Svan
925:and
901:and
849:Iran
789:Svan
423:The
382:The
297:Iran
272:and
240:VEEL
172:The
142:42-C
107:Svan
9731:rim
9330:of
8036:Kol
8030:Ata
7976:Yam
7841:Fas
7354:Tuu
7016:Tat
6887:Lak
6760:Jek
6731:Udi
6554:Laz
6549:Zan
5999:doi
5842:doi
5838:115
5664:PMC
5656:doi
5406:ni-
5397:gu-
5387:/
5322:sgu
5279:/
5255:če-
5242:My
5231:Laz
5162:näy
5151:/
5132:We
5126:-ǯa
5119:-ya
5112:-na
5105:-sa
5067:šen
5026:*me
5011:Laz
4970:-ir
4962:oši
4956:oši
4950:asi
4928:n/a
4899:n/a
4888:ešd
4882:vit
4870:ati
4806:ara
4802:/
4795:/
4786:rva
4715:aši
4678:wo-
4673:xut
4590:sum
4551:/
4544:/
4535:ori
4513:n/a
4484:n/a
4469:šxu
4157:-a-
4152:-a-
4147:-o-
4130:-e-
4125:-e-
4120:-a-
4115:-a-
4103:-o-
4098:-u-
4093:-u-
4088:-u-
4076:-i-
4071:-i-
4066:-i-
4061:-i-
4039:Laz
3955:O3
3908:O2
3900:gw-
3885:gv-
3878:gv-
3847:O1
3793:S3
3746:S2
3711:xw-
3692:S1
3499:or
3484:or
3393:išd
3374:išo
3249:ite
3200:iše
3192:iše
3151:iša
3143:iša
2734:išd
2622:ite
2581:iše
2575:iše
2540:iša
2534:iša
2024:/
2019:/
1971:/
1952:/
1946:čk
1858:/
1853:/
1847:čʼ
1823:čʼ
1781:qʼ
1772:/
1635:/
1630:/
1615:/
1600:/
1574:/
1289:Laz
1281:Zan
1243:Laz
1152:Zan
934:Laz
878:Zan
808:in
236:VEL
186:ɑːr
129:ccs
10177::
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6136:}}
6132:{{
6100:}}
6096:{{
6005:.
5995:42
5993:.
5865:.
5861:.
5836:.
5718:.
5672:,
5662:,
5652:13
5650:,
5638:^
5626:^
5610:^
5589:.
5548:^
5511:.
5493:.
5446:i-
5362:-a
5355:-i
5348:-i
5341:-i
5320:i-
5284:mi
5266:mi
5257:mi
5248:mi
5096:*e
5085:si
5073:si
5050:mi
5038:ma
5032:me
5022:I
4968:aš
4761:i-
4636:w-
4507:ar
4467:e-
4460:/
3934:g-
3927:ǯ-
3922:g-
3917:g-
3912:g-
3895:n-
3873:m-
3866:m-
3861:m-
3856:m-
3851:m-
3706:v-
3701:v-
3696:v-
3634:.
3617:+
3614:+
3602:+
3597:+
3587:+
3584:+
3581:+
3578:+
3461:—
3326:ad
3318:ot
3265:šw
3257:it
3241:it
3230:—
3181:—
3098:iš
3090:is
3082:iš
3074:iš
2952:ma
2791:—
2675:ot
2634:šw
2628:it
2616:it
2606:—
2565:—
2499:iš
2493:is
2487:iš
2481:iš
2387:ma
2364:är
2146:n
2142:n
2138:n
2128:m
2124:m
2120:m
2105:r
2101:r
2097:r
2087:l
2083:l
2065:∅
2055:š
2051:š
2041:s
2037:s
2033:s
2013:š
2003:x
1988:q
1984:x
1980:x
1965:k
1961:k
1942:č
1932:č
1928:č
1918:c
1914:c
1910:c
1900:t
1896:t
1892:t
1882:p
1878:p
1874:p
1837:h
1827:čʼ
1813:ċ
1809:ċ
1805:ċ
1790:qʼ
1766:ḳ
1762:ḳ
1752:ṭ
1748:ṭ
1744:ṭ
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