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25:
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703:($ 37.44 billion). The government had budgeted only 53.87 billion yuan ($ 7.9 billion), less than a quarter of the total cost, at that time. This included 26 billion from the central government and special accounts, 8 billion from local governments, and almost 20 billion in loans. As of 2008, around 30 billion yuan had been spent on the construction of the eastern (5.66 billion yuan) and central routes (24.82 billion yuan). Costs of the projects have increased significantly.
408:. The canal was constructed to create a continuous downhill flow all the way from the Danjiangkou Reservoir to Beijing without the need for pumping stations. The greatest engineering challenge of the route was building two tunnels under the Yellow River to carry the canal's flow. Construction on the central route began in 2004. In 2008, the 307 km-long northern stretch of the central route was completed at a cost of
642:
affected by the project. The completed route of the Grand
Aqueduct is about 1,264 km long and initially provided 9.5 km of water annually. By 2030, the project is slated to increase this transfer to 12–13 km per year. Although the transfer will be lower in dry years, it is projected that it will be able to provide a flow of at least 6.2 km/year at all times with 95% confidence.
633:
The whole project was expected to be completed around 2010. Final completion was on 12 December 2014, to allow for more environmental protection along the route. One problem was the impact of the project on the Han River below the
Danjiangkou Dam, from which approximately one-third of the route's
641:
Another major challenge was the resettlement of around 330,000 people who lived near
Danjiangkou Reservoir at its former lower elevation and along the route of the project. On 18 October 2009, Chinese officials began to relocate residents from the areas of Hubei and Henan provinces that would be
271:
discussed the idea for a mass engineering project as an answer to China's water problems as early as 1952. He reportedly said, "there's plenty of water in the south, not much water in the north. If at all possible, borrowing some water would be good". Construction of the project began in 2003.
305:
is, on average, 956 km per year; the annual flow does not fall below approximately 600 km per year, even in the driest years. As the project progresses, the amount of water to be diverted to the north will increase from 8.9 km/year to 10.6 km/year to 14.8 km/year.
412:
2 billion. Water in that stretch of the canal does not come from the Han River but from reservoirs in Hebei
Province, south of Beijing. Farmers and industries in Hebei had to cut back on water consumption to allow for water to be transferred to Beijing.
401:. This addition to the dam's height allows the water level in the reservoir to rise from 157 m to 170 m above sea level and thus permits the flow into the water diversion canal to begin downhill, pulled by gravity into the lower elevation of the canals.
727:, on the project's eastern route, in Shandong, claimed that the polluted Yangtze River water entering the lake was killing their fish. Subsequent scientific research showed that the water diversion improved the water environment of Dongping Lake.
655:
730:
Scientists have been concerned that the project will increase water evaporation loss. The exact amount of evaporation loss is not known, but it may be improved in the future as more water is transferred and the flow rate increases.
711:
The project required resettling at least 330,000 people in central China. Critics have warned the water diversion will cause environmental damage, and some villagers said officials had forced them to sign agreements to relocate.
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to reservoirs near
Tianjin. Construction on the Eastern route officially began on 27 December 2002, and water was expected to reach Tianjin by 2013. However, in addition to construction delays,
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344:
As of
October 2017, water had reached Tianjin. Tianjin is expected to receive 1 km/year. The Eastern route is not expected to supply Beijing, which is to be supplied by the central route.
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397:, a tributary of the Yangtze, to Beijing. This project involved raising the height of the Danjiangkou Dam by increasing the dam's crest elevation from 162 m to 176.6 m above
341:, with trial operations to begin in mid-2013. Water started arriving in Shandong in 2014, and it is expected one cubic kilometer of water will have been transferred in 2018.
454:
862:
691:(Nu River), to the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, and ultimately to the dry areas of northern China through a system of reservoirs, tunnels, and natural rivers.
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There are long-standing plans to divert about 200 cubic kilometers of water per year from the upstream sections of six rivers in southwestern China, including the
1079:
369:, pumping stations will be needed to raise water from the Yangtze to the Yellow River crossing; farther north, the water will be flowing downhill in an aqueduct.
1546:
1046:, on the official project site; includes the map. (As one can see from the context, "956 million m³" on that page is apparently a typo for "956 billion m³").
1411:"The dynamic changes in phytoplankton and environmental factors within Dongping Lake (China) before and after the South-to-North Water Diversion Project"
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counties of
Shandong Province. The crossing will consist of two 9.3 m diameter horizontal tunnels, positioned 70 m under the bed of the Yellow River.
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The completed line will be slightly over 1,152 km (716 miles) long, equipped with 23 pumping stations with a power capacity of 454 megawatts.
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By 2014, more than $ 79 billion had been spent, making it one of the most ambitious and expensive engineering projects in human history.
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total water is diverted. One long-term solution being considered is to build another canal to divert water from the reservoir at the
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931:(Mao Zedong and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project), by Jin HUaichun (靳怀堾), at the project's official web site.
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was built in the 1980s. The water will then be pumped by stations along the Grand Canal and through a tunnel under the
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285:
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and will be used to divert a fraction of the total flow of the
Yangtze River to northern China. According to Chinese
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in China that aims to channel 44.8 cubic kilometers (44.8 billion cubic meters) of fresh water each year from the
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has affected the viability of the route. Initially, the route was expected to provide water for the provinces of
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The
Central Route from the upper reaches of the Han River (a tributary of the Yangtze) via the Grand Aqueduct to
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81:
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An important element of the
Eastern Route will be a tunnel crossing under the Yellow River, on the border of
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1384:"Evolution trend of the water quality in Dongping Lake after South-North Water Transfer Project in China"
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In 2008, construction costs for the eastern and central routes was estimated to be 254.6 billion
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1105:
Barnett, Jon; Rogers, Sarah; Webber, Michael; Finlayson, Brian; Wang, Mark (November 2015).
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8:
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The Eastern Route Project (ERP), or Jiangdu Hydro Project, consists of an upgrade to the
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in southern China to the more arid and industrialized north through three canal systems:
1519:
1168:
1122:
943:"To Build or Not to Build: Western Route of China's South-North Water Diversion Project"
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Industries are prohibited from locating on the reservoir's watershed to keep its water
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On mapping services, one can see the canal's intake at the Danjiangkou Reservoir (
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863:"A Dry and Anxious North Awaits China's Giant, Unproven Water Transport Scheme"
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1458:"Water loss by evaporation from China's South-North Water Transfer Project"
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1058:"Diversion project's eastern route transfers 2.5 bln cubic meters of water"
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700:
591:); as well as its entrance into the southwestern suburbs of Beijing at the
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832:"Chinese Minister Speaks Out Against South-North Water Diversion Project"
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The Western Route, which goes from three tributaries of the Yangtze near
301:, the entire flow of the Yangtze at the point of its discharge into the
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The central route, known colloquially as the Grand Aqueduct, runs from
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1238:"World's Largest River Diversion Project Now Pipes Water to Beijing"
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This is the English translation preferred by the official web site,
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Sun, Rong; Wei, Jielin; Zhang, Shasha; Pei, Haiyan (1 April 2024).
665:
South–North Water Transfer Project Central route starting point in
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1107:"Sustainability: Transfer project cannot meet China's water needs"
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Water from the Yangtze River will be drawn into the canal in
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1214:
China's water-diversion scheme: A shortage of capital flows
1178:, Water-Technology.net, September 2008. Also archived here
971:"South-to-North Water Diversion Project – Water Technology"
1489:
941:
Zhang Hongzhou, Genevieve Donnellon-May (12 August 2021).
409:
1339:"In the World | Philadelphia Inquirer | 19 October 2009"
1456:
Yujun Ma, Xiao-Yan Li, Maxwell Wilson and Xiuchen Wu.
1364:
Chinese Water Diversion Project Kills Fish on Test Run
920:
The quote is given as "南方水多, 北方水少, 如有可能, 借一点也是可以的" in
760:, similar project under construction in southern China
1525:"Beneath Booming Cities, China's Future Is Drying Up"
180:
166:
989:"China's Water Crisis Made Worse by Policy Failures"
860:
1325:
via The Progress Report. Retrieved on 29 June 2008.
854:
687:(called Brahmaputra further downstream), and the
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997:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014
1408:
940:
861:Jaffe, Aaron; Keith Schneider (1 March 2011).
1535:Map of the South–North Water Transfer Project
1169:South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China
893:"Plan for China's Water Crisis Spurs Concern"
886:
884:
114:
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1514:"Thirsty China to divert the mighty Yangtze"
1470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1290:China plans for future supply of clean water
1072:
447:); its crossing of the Baihe River north of
289:German-language map showing the three routes
218:The Eastern Route through the course of the
748:, the project's deputy director (2003–2007)
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69:
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948:China Environment Forum New Security Beat
140:Southern Water Northern Diversion Project
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1310:Solving the Entire Chinese Water Crisis
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903:from the original on 29 September 2015
758:Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project
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204:South-to-North Water Diversion Project
1396:10.19637/j.cnki.2305-7068.2019.04.004
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1086:from the original on 11 February 2013
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556:); and the Yellow River northeast of
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18:
16:Interlinking of major Chinese rivers
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206:, is a multi-decade infrastructure
13:
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1082:. The Economist. 9 February 2013.
779:http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/english/
200:South–North Water Transfer Project
60:South–North Water Transfer Project
14:
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1482:
1341:. 21 October 2009. Archived from
1250:from the original on 4 March 2016
869:from the original on 7 March 2014
842:from the original on 9 March 2014
811:from the original on 7 March 2014
1591:Proposed infrastructure in China
1322:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1270:China to resettle 330,000 people
1204:, at the project's official site
807:(in Chinese). 27 December 2002.
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1501:South-to-North Water Diversion
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830:Wang, Yue (20 February 2014).
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404:The central route crosses the
182:Nan-shui P'ei-tiao Kung-ch'eng
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1606:Environmental issues in China
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361:Due to the topography of the
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1427:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118138
1268:The Inquirer, Philadelphia:
1080:"Desalination: Costly drops"
891:Wong, Edward (1 June 2011),
694:
7:
1037:Eastern Route Project (ERP)
752:Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal
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385:, close to entering Beijing
10:
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1195:Middle Route Project (MRP)
638:to Danjiangkou Reservoir.
1015:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
202:, also translated as the
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168:Nánshuǐ Běidiào Gōngchéng
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32:This article needs to be
1227:, 11 October 2008, p. 61
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741:Water resources of China
618:39.507306°N 115.791722°E
82:Traditional Chinese
1516:, CNN, 15 November 2001
1275:21 October 2009 at the
1219:13 October 2008 at the
1200:30 October 2013 at the
927:20 January 2013 at the
110:Simplified Chinese
1520:Water industry article
1495:31 August 2003 at the
1415:Environmental Research
754:, in Xinjiang province
579:34.88194°N 113.22056°E
544:34.18472°N 113.43833°E
505:33.71361°N 112.94444°E
482:); the Shahe River in
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435:32.67389°N 111.70889°E
386:
290:
1056:段亚英 (29 March 2018).
683:(Lancang River), the
623:39.507306; 115.791722
391:Danjiangkou Reservoir
380:
288:
1506:25 June 2013 at the
1295:7 April 2017 at the
1288:Al Jazeera English:
1246:. 15 December 2014.
1174:12 July 2007 at the
1042:28 June 2015 at the
784:25 June 2013 at the
240:to the provinces of
1611:Irrigation in China
1601:Interbasin transfer
1562:30.0417°N 90.6000°E
1558: /
1531:, 28 September 2007
1369:5 July 2014 at the
1123:2015Natur.527..295B
707:Project controversy
614: /
584:34.88194; 113.22056
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510:33.71361; 112.94444
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475:33.11139; 112.62500
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440:32.67389; 111.70889
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1586:Aqueducts in China
1539:The New York Times
1529:The New York Times
1488:Official website:
1345:on 21 October 2009
1315:2010-10-19 at the
987:(8 January 2014).
897:The New York Times
865:. Circle of Blue.
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238:Bayankala Mountain
1621:Macro-engineering
1279:, 19 October 2010
1117:(7578): 295–297.
406:North China Plain
367:North China Plain
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606:39°30′26.3″N
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1090:12 February
1001:23 November
907:23 February
836:Forbes Asia
621: /
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570:113°13′14″E
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535:113°26′18″E
508: /
496:112°56′40″E
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461:112°37′30″E
438: /
426:111°42′32″E
295:Grand Canal
220:Grand Canal
44:August 2024
1580:Categories
1553:90°36′00″E
1550:30°02′30″N
1421:: 118138.
805:Xinhua Net
798:"{title}"
765:References
675:West route
593:Juma River
567:34°52′55″N
532:34°11′05″N
519:Ying River
493:33°42′49″N
423:32°40′26″N
281:East route
269:Mao Zedong
176:Wade–Giles
1435:0013-9351
1064:20 August
1011:cite news
715:In 2013,
695:Financing
647:drinkable
599:, Hebei (
558:Zhengzhou
458:33°6′41″N
451:, Henan (
399:sea level
395:Han River
1504:Archived
1493:Archived
1466:cite web
1443:38191041
1367:Archived
1313:Archived
1293:Archived
1273:Archived
1254:11 March
1248:Archived
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840:Archived
809:Archived
782:Archived
735:See also
597:Zhuozhou
383:Zhuozhou
365:and the
352:Dongping
331:Shandong
323:aqueduct
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846:9 March
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689:Salween
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449:Nanyang
393:on the
335:Jiangsu
311:Jiangdu
262:Ningxia
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242:Qinghai
231:Tianjin
227:Beijing
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1490:中国南水北调
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800:南水北调工程
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339:Hebei
246:Gansu
1472:link
1439:PMID
1431:ISSN
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1256:2017
1137:PMID
1092:2013
1066:2022
1017:link
1003:2018
957:2021
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