Purgatory - Knowledge

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from the outside world. Its place is decided forever by its Creator and judge. The Orthodox Church does not believe in Purgatory (a place of purging), that is the inter-mediate state after death in which the souls of the saved (those who have not received temporal punishment for their sins) are purified of all taint preparatory to entering into Heaven, where every soul is perfect and fit to see God. Also, the Orthodox Church does not believe in indulgences as remissions from purgatorial punishment. Both purgatory and indulgences are inter-corelated theories, unwitnessed in the Bible or in the Ancient Church, and when they were enforced and applied they brought about evil practices at the expense of the prevailing Truths of the Church. If Almighty God in His merciful loving-kindness changes the dreadful situation of the sinner, it is unknown to the Church of Christ. The Church lived for fifteen hundred years without such a theory.

1354: 2124:, teaches of an intermediate place for spirits between their death and their bodily resurrection. This place, called "the spirit world," includes "paradise" for the righteous and "prison" for those who do not know God. Spirits in paradise serve as missionaries to the spirits in prison, who can still accept salvation. In this sense, spirit prison can be conceptualized as a type of Purgatory. In addition to hearing the message from the missionary spirits, the spirits in prison can also accept posthumous baptism and other posthumous ordinances performed by living church members in temples on Earth. This is frequently referred to as "baptism for the dead" and "temple work." Members of the church believe that during the three days following Christ's crucifixion, he organized spirits in paradise and commissioned them to preach to the spirits in prison. 1577:, a process of growth rather than of punishment, which some Orthodox have called purgatory. Eastern Orthodox theology does not generally describe the situation of the dead as involving suffering or fire, although it nevertheless describes it as a "direful condition". The souls of the righteous dead are in light and rest, with a foretaste of eternal happiness; but the souls of the wicked are in a state the reverse of this. Among the latter, such souls as have departed with faith but "without having had time to bring forth fruits worthy of repentance ... may be aided towards the attainment of a blessed resurrection by prayers offered in their behalf, especially those offered in union with the oblation of the bloodless sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ, and by works of mercy done in faith for their memory." 2161:

Me, and they shall go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men that have transgressed against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched"; the former interpreting the words "from one new moon to another" to signify all the months of a year; the latter interpreting the words "from one Sabbath to another," in accordance with Lev. xxiii. 15–16, to signify seven weeks. During the twelve months, declares the baraita (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 4–5; R. H. 16b), the souls of the wicked are judged, and after these twelve months are over they are consumed and transformed into ashes under the feet of the righteous (according to Mal. iii. 21 ), whereas the great seducers and blasphemers are to undergo eternal tortures in Gehenna without cessation (according to Isa. lxvi. 24).

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in the same place. They are both in Hades, but not the same apartment of it. The apartment to which the rich man went, the Scriptures call Γέεννα hell; and that to which Lazarus went, they call PARADISE, Abraham's bosom, Paradise, heaven. And, therefore, inasmuch as all spirits, upon hearing their sentence, must pass away into one of these apartments, it is conclusive, that the good will go to where Lazarus and the dying thief are, with Jesus in ουρανός, heaven, which is in Hades; and the bad will go where the rich man is in Γέεννα, hell, also in Hades. So that the spirit, after its departure from the body, after hearing its doom, and upon the execution of the sentence, enters immediately into Hades, either to a state and place of

1369: 1419: 1487: 1451: 1187: 937:, Umbria, Italy. Whitewashed long ago, this fresco was only restored in 1976. The painter was likely Jacopo di Mino del Pellicciaio, and the date of the fresco is around 1345. Purgatory is shown as a rocky hill filled with separate openings into its hollow center. Above the mountain St Patrick introduces the prayers of the faithful that can help attenuate the sufferings of the souls undergoing purification. In each opening, sinners are tormented by demons and by fire. Each of the seven deadly sins – avarice, envy, sloth, pride, anger, lust, and gluttony – has its own region of purgatory and its own appropriate tortures. 1471: 1279: 2157:

down to Gehenna and float up and down until they rise purified; for of them it is said: 'I will bring the third part into the fire and refine them as silver is refined, and try them as gold is tried' ; also, 'He bringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up again'" (I Sam. ii. 6). The Hillelites seem to have had no purgatory; for they said: "He who is 'plenteous in mercy' inclines the balance toward mercy, and consequently the intermediates do not descend into Gehenna" (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 3; R. H. 16b; Bacher, "Ag. Tan." i. 18). Still they also speak of an intermediate state.

1388: 1257: 901: 700:: "the holiness of one profits others, well beyond the harm that the sin of one could cause others. Thus recourse to the communion of saints lets the contrite sinner be more promptly and efficaciously purified of the punishments for sin". The Catholic Church states that, through the granting of indulgences for manifestations of devotion, penance and charity by the living, it opens for individuals "the treasury of the merits of Christ and the saints to obtain from the Father of mercies the remission of the temporal punishments due for their sins". 1297: 673:, while not depriving the sinner of friendship with God or the eternal happiness of heaven, "weakens charity, manifests a disordered affection for created goods, and impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment", for "every sin, even venial, entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures, which must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called purgatory. This purification frees one from what is called the 'temporal punishment' of sin". 1407: 1530: 1335: 1316: 1143:"But yet we must believe that before the day of judgment there is a purgatory fire for certain small sins: because our Saviour saith, that he which speaketh blasphemy against the holy Ghost, that it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, nor in the world to come. (Mat 12:32) Out of which sentence we learn, that some sins are forgiven in this world, and some other may be pardoned in the next: for that which is denied concerning one sin, is consequently understood to be granted touching some other." 1435: 2133: 1970:, said there were good reasons for "casting doubt on the 'Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory' as that Romish doctrine had then become" not merely a "commercial scandal" but also the picture in which the souls are tormented by devils, whose presence is "more horrible and grievous to us than is the pain itself," and where the spirit who suffers the tortures cannot, for pain, "remember God as he ought to do." Lewis believed instead in purgatory as presented in John Henry Newman's 1636:" for the souls of the dead. According to this theory, which is rejected by other Orthodox but appears in the hymnology of the church, "following a person's death the soul leaves the body and is escorted to God by angels. During this journey the soul passes through an aerial realm which is ruled by demons. The soul encounters these demons at various points referred to as 'toll-houses' where the demons then attempt to accuse it of sin and, if possible, drag the soul into hell." 5536: 47: 752:"'The soul', Catherine says, 'presents itself to God still bound to the desires and suffering that derive from sin and this makes it impossible for it to enjoy the beatific vision of God'.…The soul is aware of the immense love and perfect justice of God and consequently suffers for having failed to respond in a correct and perfect way to this love; and love for God itself becomes a flame, love itself cleanses it from the residue of sin." 4178: 716:"As for paradise, God has placed no doors there. Whoever wishes to enter, does so. An all-merciful God stands there with His arms open, waiting to receive us into His glory. I also see, however, that the divine presence is so pure and light-filled – much more than we can imagine – that the soul that has but the slightest imperfection would rather throw itself into a thousand hells than appear thus before the divine presence." 6181: 1615:, and there endure the punishment due to the sins they have committed. But they are aware of their future release from there, and are delivered by the Supreme Goodness, through the prayers of the Priests and the good works which the relatives of each do for their Departed, especially the unbloody Sacrifice benefiting the most, which each offers particularly for his relatives that have fallen asleep and which the 6324: 3942: 1739:. And here, in Hades, the righteous enjoy bliss, such as 'eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, not the heart of man conceived.' But the wicked experience miseries such as are represented by the gnawings of "the worm that never dies," and burnings of "the fire that is never quenched." But once more: the state of spirits in Hades, between death and judgment, is not one of probation, nor yet or purgation. 183: 1600:

one consider the purgatorial fire?") "the Church rightly performs for them the unbloody sacrifice and prayers, but they do not cleanse themselves by suffering something. The Church never maintained that which pertains to the fanciful stories of some concerning the souls of their dead who have not done penance and are punished, as it were, in streams, springs and swamps." (question 66).

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result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus Christ". Catholic theologians have also cited verses such as "I will put this third into the fire, and refine them as one refines silver, and test them as gold is tested. They will call upon my name, and I will answer them. I will say, 'They are my people'; and they will say, 'The LORD is my God'", a verse that the Jewish

941: 1240: 360:"This is the earliest statement of the doctrine that prayers and sacrifices for the dead are efficacious. …The author…uses the story to demonstrate belief in the resurrection of the just, and in the possibility of expiation for the sins of otherwise good people who have died. This belief is similar to, but not quite the same as, the Catholic doctrine of purgatory." 1128:"69. It is not incredible that something like this should occur after this life, whether or not it is a matter for fruitful inquiry. It may be discovered or remain hidden whether some of the faithful are sooner or later to be saved by a sort of purgatorial fire, in proportion as they have loved the goods that perish, and in proportion to their attachment to them." 1222: 4900: 2095:, as in the title of his book. He documents the "contrast between the satisfaction and sanctification models" of purgatory. In the satisfaction model, "the punishment of purgatory" is to satisfy God's justice. In the sanctification model, Wall writes: "Purgatory might be pictured ... as a regimen to regain one’s spiritual health and get back into moral shape." 1202: 667:, whose object is grave matter and is also committed with full knowledge and deliberate consent, "causes exclusion from Christ's kingdom and the eternal death of hell, for our freedom has the power to make choices for ever, with no turning back." Such sin "makes us incapable of eternal life, the privation of which is called the 'eternal punishment' of sin". 826:"If souls depart from this life in faith and charity but marked with some defilements, whether unrepented minor ones or major ones repented of but without having yet borne the fruits of repentance, we believe that within reason they are purified of those faults, but not by some purifying fire and particular punishments in some place." 4321:(London: Mowbrays, 1974) pp. 220–221. "At death man's body goes to the earth from which it was taken, and the soul, being immortal, goes to God, who gave it. The souls of men, being conscious and exercising all their faculties immediately after death, are judged by God. This judgment following man's death we call the 744:"In her day it was depicted mainly using images linked to space: a certain space was conceived of in which Purgatory was supposed to be located. Catherine, however, did not see purgatory as a scene in the bowels of the earth: for her it is not an exterior but rather an interior fire. This is purgatory: an inner fire." 5521: 5494: 4840: 4741:

wrote: "As long as (our spirit) is in the body it exerts its own powers; but when it quits this prison-house it returns to God, whose presence it meanwhile enjoys, while it rests in the hope of a blessed Resurrection. This rest is its paradise. On the other hand, the spirit of the reprobate, while it

4526:"When my soul is about to be forcibly parted from my body's limbs, then stand by my side and scatter the counsels of my bodiless foes and smash the teeth of those who implacably seek to swallow me down, so that I may pass unhindered through the rulers of darkness who wait in the air, O Bride of God" ( 2898:

The Roman Catholic and English Methodist churches both pray for the dead. Their consensus statement confirms that "over the centuries in the Catholic tradition praying for the dead has developed into a variety of practices, especially through the Mass. ... The Methodist church ... has prayers for the

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The righteous, however, and, according to some, also the sinners among the people of Israel for whom Abraham intercedes because they bear the Abrahamic sign of the covenant are not harmed by the fire of Gehenna even when they are required to pass through the intermediate state of purgatory ('Er. 19b;

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Regarding the time which Purgatory lasts, the accepted opinion of R. Akiba is twelve months; according to R. Johanan b. Nuri, it is only forty-nine days. Both opinions are based upon Isa. lxvi. 23–24: "From one new moon to another and from one Sabbath to another shall all flesh come to worship before

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As for the dead, since Scripture gives us no information on the subject, I regard it as no sin to pray with free devotion in this or some similar fashion: “Dear God, if this soul is in a condition accessible to mercy, be thou gracious to it.” And when this has been done once or twice, let it suffice.

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Therefore purgatory, and every solemnity, rite, and commerce connected with it, is to be regarded as nothing but a specter of the devil. For it conflicts with the chief article that only Christ, and not the works of men, are to help souls. Not to mention the fact that nothing has been commanded or

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Beside, the divine narrative informs us, that there is an impassable gulf, dividing Hades into two apartments. And so great is this chasm as to render it impossible to pass from one apartment to the other. And, therefore, as this rich man and Lazarus are not on the same side of the gulf, they are not

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Wesley believed that when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their

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In Catholic theology Walls claims that the doctrine of purgatory has "swung" between the "poles of satisfaction and sanctification" sometimes "combining both elements somewhere in the middle". He believes the sanctification model "can be affirmed by Protestants without in any way contradicting their

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writers whom he calls "Fathers and Mothers of Purgatory". Citing Le Goff, he sees the 12th century as that of the "birth of purgatory", arising as "a natural development of certain currents of thought that had been flowing for centuries", and the 13th century at that of its rationalization, "purging

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Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould have likened the glorification process to the core or sanctification view of purgatory "Grace is much more than forgiveness, it is also transformation and sanctification, and finally, glorification. We need more than forgiveness and justification to purge our sinful

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in Romania, professes that "many are freed from the prison of hell ... through the good works of the living and the Church's prayers for them, most of all through the unbloody sacrifice, which is offered on certain days for all the living and the dead" (question 64); and (under the heading "How must

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It is clear that we cannot calculate the 'duration' of this transforming burning in terms of the chronological measurements of this world. The transforming 'moment' of this encounter eludes earthly time-reckoning – it is the heart's time, it is the time of 'passage' to communion with God in the Body

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This encounter with him, as it burns us, transforms and frees us, allowing us to become truly ourselves. All that we build during our lives can prove to be mere straw, pure bluster, and it collapses. Yet in the pain of this encounter, when the impurity and sickness of our lives become evident to us,

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f they die truly repentant in charity before they have made satisfaction by worthy fruits of penance for (sins) committed and omitted, their souls are cleansed after death by purgatorical or purifying punishments, … And to relieve punishments of this kind, the offerings of the living faithful are of

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No one is ready at the time of death to enter into life in the nearer presence of God without substantial growth precisely in love, knowledge, and service; and the prayer also recognizes that God will provide what is necessary for us to enter that state. This growth will presumably be between death

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of 1841 § 6, discussed Article XXII. He highlighted the fact that it is the "Romish" doctrine of purgatory coupled with indulgences that Article XXII condemns as "repugnant to the Word of God." The article did not condemn every doctrine of purgatory and it did not condemn prayers for the dead.

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Let the more difficult and subtle "questions", however, and those which do not make for "edification" (cf. 1Tm 1,4), and from which there is very often no increase in piety, be excluded from popular discourses to uneducated people. Likewise, let them not permit uncertain matters, or those that have

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The historic practice within the Lutheran Church had prayers for the dead in their Prayer of the Church. For example, if we were to look at a typical Lutheran service during Luther's lifetime, we would find in the Prayer of the Church not only intercessions, special prayers, and the Lord's Prayer,

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The view of Purgatory can be found in the teaching of the Shammaites: "In the last judgment day there shall be three classes of souls: the righteous shall at once be written down for the life everlasting; the wicked, for Gehenna; but those whose virtues and sins counterbalance one another shall go

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As for purgatory, no place in Scripture makes mention thereof, neither must we any way allow it; for it darkens and undervalues the grace, benefits, and merits of our blessed, sweet Saviour Christ Jesus. The bounds of purgatory extend not beyond this world; for here in this life the upright, good,

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This purification from our sinful tendencies has been compared to rehabilitation of someone who needs to be cleansed of any addiction, a gradual and probably painful process. It can be advanced during life by voluntary self-mortification and penance and by deeds of generosity that show love of God

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Decisions made during life were therefore inseparably connected to what came after life. Upon death, according to Wesley, the souls of the deceased would enter an intermediate, penultimate state in which they would remain until reunited with the body at the resurrection of the dead. In that state

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The moral progress of the soul, either for better or for worse, ends at the very moment of the separation of the body and soul; at that very moment the definite destiny of the soul in the everlasting life is decided. ...There is no way of repentance, no way of escape, no reincarnation and no help

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thought, some kind of supra-worldly concentration camp where man is forced to undergo punishment in a more or less arbitrary fashion. Rather it is the inwardly necessary process of transformation in which a person becomes capable of Christ, capable of God, and thus capable of unity with the whole

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Gardet, L., “D̲j̲ahannam”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 18 January 2023 doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1930 First published online: 2012 First print edition: ISBN 9789004161214,

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references in particular two New Testament passages: "If anyone's work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire" and "so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to

677:"These two punishments must not be conceived of as a kind of vengeance inflicted by God from without, but as following from the very nature of sin. A conversion which proceeds from a fervent charity can attain the complete purification of the sinner in such a way that no punishment would remain." 5041:

In the Ordo Salutis (Order of Salvation) of the Anglican faith, the soul must first be regenerated before it can be resurrected or glorified in Christ. ... The Order of Salvation involves a number of steps said to lead to man's salvation and glorification (or resurrection in Christ). ... In the

4882: 4867: 1669:. However, Protestant churches that affirm the existence of an intermediate state (Hades) reject the Roman Catholic view that it is a place of purgation. Affirming the existence of an intermediate state, adherents of certain Protestant denominations, such as those of the Lutheran Churches, say 5363:

Considering the question of death and the intermediate state, John Wesley affirmed the immortality of the soul (as well as the future resurrection of the body), denied the reality of purgatory, and made a distinction between hell (the receptacle of the damned) and hades (the receptacle of all

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represents the sublime conclusion of the slow development of Purgatory that took place in the course of the Middle Ages. The power of Dante's poetry made a decisive contribution to fixing in the public imagination this 'third place', whose birth was on the whole quite recent." Dante pictures

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Though in popular imagination Purgatory is pictured as a place rather than a process of purification, the idea of Purgatory as a physical place is not part of the church's doctrine. However, the church's understanding has typically been that purgatory has a temporal (temporary, terminating,

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reported that, while in the past most theologians had held that the fire of purgatory was in some sense a material fire, though of a nature different from ordinary fire, the view of what then seemed to be the majority of theologians was that the term was to be understood metaphorically.

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there lies salvation. His gaze, the touch of his heart heals us through an undeniably painful transformation 'as through fire'. But it is a blessed pain, in which the holy power of his love sears through us like a flame, enabling us to become totally ourselves and thus totally of God.

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Some Catholic saints, theologians and laity have had ideas about purgatory beyond those adopted by the Catholic Church, reflecting or contributing to the popular image, which includes the notions of purification by actual fire, in a determined place and for a precise length of time.

3603: 1000:, speaking of purgatory, said: "The term does not indicate a place, but a condition of existence. Those who, after death, exist in a state of purification, are already in the love of Christ who removes from them the remnants of imperfection as "a condition of existence". 5216:

We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final

1486: 1799:] held that prayers for the dead are useless. With this he finds fault. Neither do we favor Aerius, but we do argue with you because you defend a heresy that clearly conflicts with the prophets, apostles, and Holy Fathers, namely, that the Mass justifies 655:

According to the doctrine of the Catholic Church, those who die in God's grace and friendship imperfectly purified, although they are assured of their eternal salvation, undergo a purification after death, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the

4619:, as usual-shall, immediately after the general judgment, "be cast into the lake of fire: this is the second death." In other words, the death which consists in the separation of soul and body, and the receptacle of disembodied spirits shall be no more. 1926:

between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward." This intermediate state includes both

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A century and a half later, the Council of Florence repeated the same two points in practically the same words, again excluding certain elements of the purgatory of popular imagination, in particular fire and place, against which representatives of the

2055:, God "not only delivers His people from all their suffering and from death, but delivers them too from all their sins." In glorification, Reformed Christians believe that the departed are "raised and made like the glorious body of Christ". Theologian 579:

the appearance of falsehood, to be brought out and discussed publicly. Those matters on the contrary, which tend to a certain curiosity or superstition, or that savor of filthy lucre, let them prohibit as scandals and stumbling blocks to the faithful.

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Fire has never been included in the Catholic Church's defined doctrine on purgatory, but speculation about it is traditional. "The tradition of the Church, by reference to certain texts of Scripture, speaks of a cleansing fire." In this regard the

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also taught "that Purgatory, at least the ordinary place of expiation, is situated in the interior of the earth, that the souls in Purgatory and the reprobate are in the same subterranean space in the deep abyss which the Scripture calls Hell."

1186: 1611:"The souls of those that have fallen asleep are either at rest or in torment, according to what each hath wrought" (an enjoyment or condemnation that will be complete only after the resurrection of the dead); but the souls of some "depart into 768:

about a fire that both burns and saves, spoke of the opinion that "the fire which both burns and saves is Christ himself, the Judge and Saviour. The encounter with him is the decisive act of judgement. Before his gaze all falsehood melts away.

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toward the end of the twelfth century Purgatory started to be represented as a physical place, Le Goff states that the concept involves the idea of a purgatorial fire, which he suggests "is expiatory and purifying not punitive like hell fire".

1726:. This intermediate state, known as Hades, is divided into two chambers: (1) Paradise for the righteous (2) Gehenna for the wicked. Unlike the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, the Lutheran doctrine of Hades is not a place of purgation. 642:

of the living have a twofold effect: they help the souls in purgatory atone for their sins and they make the souls' own prayers for the living effective, since the merits of the saints in Heaven, on Earth, and in Purgatory are part of the

617:, the faithful who are still pilgrims on earth are able to help the souls in purgatory by offering prayers in suffrage for them, especially the Eucharistic sacrifice. They also help them by almsgiving, indulgences, and works of penance. 4537:"Pilot my wretched soul, pure Virgin, and have compassion on it, as it slides under a multitude of offences into the deep of destruction; and at the fearful hour of death snatch me from the accusing demons and from every punishment" ( 830:

The definition of purgatory adopted by that council excluded the two notions with which the Orthodox disagreed and mentioned only the two points that, they said, were part of their faith also. Accordingly, the agreement, known as the

4786:, contending against the doctrine of purgatory, spoke of the souls of the dead as quite asleep, but this notion of unconscious soul sleep is not included in the Lutheran Confessions and Lutheran theologians generally reject it. (See 5563: 163:

The word "purgatory" has come to refer to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem suffering short of everlasting damnation. English-speakers also use the word analogously to mean any place or condition of

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holds that "all who die in God's grace and friendship but still imperfectly purified" undergo a process of purification after death, which the church calls purgatory, "so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of

473:, recognize the doctrine of purgatory. The Eastern Orthodox are less likely to use the term, although they acknowledge an intermediate state after death and before final judgment, and consequentially offer prayers for the dead. 1680:, hold that a person enters into the fullness of one's bliss or torment only after the resurrection of the body, and that the soul in that interim state is conscious and aware of the fate in store for it. Others, such as the 1234:. The faithful dead (bottom left) go through the furnace and once purified (top right) ascend towards Heaven. Some of the faithful are plucked by angels, the result of intercessory prayers. The icy water is a common pairing. 4444:(London: Mowbrays, 1974) p. 96; cf. "The Orthodox party ... remarked that the words quoted from the book of Maccabees, and our Saviour's words, can only prove that some sins will be forgiven after death" (OrthodoxInfo.com, 2571: 1216:. Top: Trinity; Mid-top: Mary, John the Baptist, Holy family; Mid: archangel Michael; Lower: Saints interceding; Bottom: souls undergoing fiery purgation, still with worldly attachments (shackles) and venial sins (snakes). 4514:

In both the Greek and Slavonic Euchologion, in the canon for the departure of the soul by St. Andrew, we find in Ode 7: "All holy angels of the Almighty God, have mercy upon me and save me from all the evil toll-houses"

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offers daily for all alike. Of course, it is understood that we do not know the time of their release. We know and believe that there is deliverance for such from their direful condition, and that before the

100:, purgatory refers to the final cleansing of those who died in the State of Grace, and leaves in them only "the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven"; it is entirely different from the punishment of 4142:

shall have cleansed the stains with which his soul was infested. That same fire in others will cancel the corruption of matter, and the propensity to evil" (Gregory of Nyssa, Sermon on the Dead, pp. 13:445,

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Anglican orthodoxy, without protest, has allowed high authorities to teach that there is an intermediate state, Hades, including both Gehenna and Paradise, but with an impassable gulf between the two.

1139:(a cleansing fire) to purge away minor faults (wood, hay, stubble) not mortal sins (iron, bronze, lead). Pope Gregory, in the Dialogues, quotes Christ's words (in Mat 12:32) to establish purgatory: 822:(1431–1449) argued against these notions, while declaring that they do hold that there is a cleansing after death of the souls of the saved and that these are assisted by the prayers of the living: 2029:

when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see

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Purgatory is seldom mentioned in Anglican descriptions or speculations concerning life after death, although many Anglicans believe in a continuing process of growth and development after death.

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Purgatory pre-dates the specific Catholic tradition of purgatory as a transitional state or condition; it has a history that dates back before Christ, to related beliefs also in Judaism, that

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purification. The same practice appears in other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese Buddhist practice of making offerings on behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.

5247: 352:, praying for the dead was adopted by Christians from the beginning, a practice that presupposes that the dead are thereby assisted between death and their entry into their final abode. The 5567: 3666: 4990:

Martti Parvio: Mikael Agricolan käsitys kiirastulesta ja votiivimessuista. –Pentti Laasonen (ed.) Investigatio memoriae patrum. Libellus in honorem Kauko Pirinen. SKHST 93. Rauma 1975.

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Hamza, Feras. "Temporary Hellfire Punishment and the Making of Sunni Orthodoxy." Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam (2 vols.). Brill, 2017. 371-406.

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non-eternal) component with only God being outside of time. Fire, another important element of the Purgatory of popular imagination, is also absent in the Catholic Church's doctrine.

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dispositions and make us fully ready for heaven. Purgatory is nothing more than the continuation of the sanctifying grace we need, for as long as necessary to complete the job".

6101: 5287: 3630: 2836: 1368: 1250:. Top-right: Christ granting; Middle-left: Mary interceding; Bottom-right: purged souls capable of focus on Christ; Bottom-left: indistinct souls undergoing non-fiery purgation. 1980:(1945) considered a version of purgatory in the related idea of a "refrigidarium", the opportunity for souls to visit a lower region of heaven and choose to be saved, or not. 603:

Purgatory is the state of those who die in God's friendship, assured of their eternal salvation, but who still have need of purification to enter into the happiness of heaven.

1562:

immediately after death, neither the just nor the wicked attain the final state of bliss or punishment before the Last Day, with some exceptions for righteous souls like the

724:

Again the soul perceives the grievousness of being held back from seeing the divine light; the soul’s instinct too, being drawn by that uniting look, craves to be unhindered”

4329:. During the time between the Particular and the General Judgment, which is called the Intermediate State, the souls of men have foretaste of their blessing or punishment" ( 3967: 2079:(2012). He lists some "biblical hints of purgatory" (Mal 3:2; 2 Mac 12:41–43; Mat 12:32; 1 Cor 3:12-15) that helped give rise to the doctrine, and finds its beginnings in 115:(fl. 1500) re-framed the idea as ultimately joyful. It has been portrayed in art as an unpleasant (voluntary but not optional) "punishment" for unregretted minor sins and 1008:

Fire has an important place in the popular image of purgatory and has been the object of speculation by theologians, speculation to which the article on purgatory in the

1895:

of the doctrine is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs is evidence that Christianity was "originally given to us from heaven".

1862:

Article XXII of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory . . . is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of

2295:) in their next life, though this celestial realm is distinct from the ultimate form of salvation in Hinduism: spiritual liberation from the cycle of rebirth known as 5335:

The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna.

1866:, but rather repugnant to the Word of God." Prayers for the departed were deleted from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer because they suggested a doctrine of purgatory. 3265: 5259:

Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment.

4790: 449:

Rabbinical Judaism also believes in the possibility of after-death purification and may even use the word "purgatory" to describe the similar rabbinical concept of

4090: 1699:

section), contains no overt, explicit discussion of purgatory as taught in the Roman Catholic sense, and therefore it should be rejected as an unbiblical belief.

4000: 4944: 1418: 194:). Right: Dante and companions observe. Middle: willing souls gather round a sweet-smelling tree with fruit they cannot eat, to be purged of residual gluttony. 391:

did not adopt the doctrine. The council made no mention of purgatory as a third place or as containing fire, which are absent also in the declarations by the

5529: 815:

with the Pope. Some have explicitly rejected the notions of punishment by fire in a particular place that are prominent in the popular picture of Purgatory.

1450: 914:, an account by an English Cistercian of a penitent knight's visit to the land of Purgatory reached through a cave in the island known as Station Island or 54:. Top: Christ directing, with Mary and interceding saints. Middle: Angel showing a soul the intercessors. Bottom: souls being purged with various attitudes. 4897: 4418: 2099:

theology" and that they may find that it "makes better sense of how the remains of sin are purged" than an instantaneous cleansing at the moment of death.

2005:, but repugnant to the Word of God." However, in traditional Methodism, there is a belief in Hades, "the intermediate state of souls between death and the 1573:

The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that it is necessary to believe in this intermediate after-death state in which souls are perfected and brought to full

1387: 1209: 518:. Catholicism bases its teaching also on the practice of praying for the dead, in use within the church ever since the church began, and mentioned in the 2175:, that the descriptions of Gehenna, as a place of punishment in rabbinic literature, were pedagocically motivated inventions to encourage respect of the 2091:(doctrinal authority) of the Catholic Church. Rather his basic argument is that, in a phrase he often uses, it "makes sense." For Walls, purgatory has a 1844:

after death. This process has been compared by Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould with the process of purification in the core doctrine of purgatory (see

2179:

commandments by mankind, which had been regarded as immature. Instead of being sent to Gehenna, the souls of the wicked would actually get annihilated.

2059:

has written that "nothing in Scripture even hints at the notion of purgatory, and nothing indicates that our glorification will in any way be painful."

1167:

considered it probable that Purgatory was situated close to hell, so that the same fire that tormented the damned cleansed the just souls in Purgatory.

647:. Whenever the Eucharist is celebrated, souls in Purgatory are purified – i.e., they receive a full remission of sin and punishment – and go to Heaven. 585: 2853: 977:, which left him fixed at the central point of the globe of the Earth. The cone-shaped island has seven terraces on which souls are cleansed from the 1278: 1038:, seen as referring to a process by which the dross of lighter transgressions will be burnt away, and the soul, thus purified, will be saved, wrote: 558:, and other duties of piety, which have customarily been performed by the faithful for the other faithful according to the regulations of the Church. 5912: 3057: 1470: 930:. Le Goff said this book "occupies an essential place in the history of Purgatory, in whose success it played an important, if not decisive, role". 4154: 3660: 1976:. By this poem, Lewis wrote, "Religion has reclaimed Purgatory," a process of purification that will normally involve suffering. Lewis's allegory 5420: 3722:

Though a place in which "space and time were different in Purgatory than space and time here below-governed by different rules" and "marvelous".

2774: 2452: 2121: 5547: 5004: 1503:. Top: Trinity, with Mary. Middle: angels pulling purged souls upward. Bottom right: soul being purged by fire, depicted placid and untortured. 1256: 4565: 2172: 2752: 2021:(the receptacle of the damned) and Hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and 1315: 981:

or capital vices as they ascend. Additional spurs at the base hold those for whom beginning the ascent is delayed because in life they were

104:

and is not related to the forgiveness of sins for salvation. A forgiven person can be freed from his "unhealthy attachment to creatures" by

5799:

Günther, Sebastian, Todd Lawson, and Christian Mauder. "Roads to Paradise." Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam 1 (2017): 2.

5712: 1296: 5067: 3031: 2280:

related to "punishment for moral impure deeds." It functions more like a prison than the Hell of, for instance, traditional Christianity.

1334: 872:

attributes the origin of the idea of a third other-world domain, similar to heaven and hell, called Purgatory, to Paris intellectuals and

5581: 4055: 3922: 3801: 2801: 2504: 1832:, which claims that "our churches dissent in no article of the faith from the Church Catholic, but only omit some abuses which are new." 1803:, that it merits the remission of guilt and punishment even for the unjust, to whom it is applied, if they do not present an obstacle." ( 843:

of the Roman Catholic Church stated: "We shall not debate about purgatory, but we entrust ourselves to the teaching of the Holy Church".

740:

recommended to theologians the presentation of purgatory by Catherine of Genoa, for whom purgatory is not an external but an inner fire:

6110: 5131: 4333: 2932: 5708:"There are three categories of men; the wholly pious and the arch-sinners are not purified, but only those between these two classes" ( 5514: 5284: 3626: 2833: 2729:

Robert Osei-Bonsu, "Purgatory: A Study of the Historical Development and Its Compatibility with the Biblical Teaching on the Afterlife"

5659: 4746: 4709: 5098: 4519: 4471: 4355: 1434: 1196:. Top: Trinity, with Mary; Middle: Angels; Lower: purified souls being pulled up towards heaven; Bottom: souls in non-fiery purgation 2483: 5474: 4207: 3867: 2616: 4558:"Saint Luke the Evangelist Orthodox Church is a Chicago Parish of the Orthodox Church in America located in Palos Hills, Illinois" 3963: 1787:, states: "We know that the ancients speak of prayer for the dead, which we do not prohibit; but we disapprove of the application 1406: 6701: 4684: 3515: 3235: 3191: 3162: 3027: 910: 219: 4484: 4450: 4433: 3490: 2245:

has been conceptualized as a temporary place for Muslim sinners. Unlike the rest of hell, when the last Muslim sinner repented,

1545:, it acknowledges an intermediate state after death and before final judgment, and offers prayer for the dead. According to the 5966:

The Faith of Catholics: confirmed by Scripture, and attested by the Fathers of the five first centuries of the Church, Volume 1

3702: 1665:

churches reject the Catholic doctrine of purgatory although some teach the existence of an intermediate state, which is termed

996:

The Catholic Church has included in its teaching the idea of a purgatory rather as a condition than a place. On 4 August 1999,

4920: 4541: 4530: 3575: 3550: 3440: 3338: 2301:. Another view is that after naraka, one would then proceed to be reborn as an animal and just continue the cycle of rebirth. 1643:", the belief that all creation would be restored to its original perfect condition after a remedial purgatorial reformation. 6075: 5488: 5457: 5387: 5356: 5241: 5034: 4834: 3936: 3500: 3468: 3410: 3385: 3313: 3288: 3139: 3086: 2993: 2926: 2891: 2677: 2647: 2582: 2553: 2112: 1546: 4265: 2001:, hold that "the Romish doctrine concerning purgatory ... is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of 1684:, have held that souls in the intermediate state between death and resurrection are without consciousness, a state known as 1230: 5393: 4713: 4396: 4236: 3614: 3533: 5836: 4966: 4787: 4607:

denotes the intermediate state of souls between death and the general resurrection. In Revelations (xx, 14) we read that

2707: 2197:(i.e., purgatories, watch-stations, or toll-stations) after death before finally reaching the World of Light ("heaven"). 1574: 5688: 3842: 3596: 2957: 301:, "to clean, cleanse") appeared perhaps only between 1160 and 1180, which encouraged speaking of Purgatory as a place. 6691: 6475: 2568: 1809: 353: 17: 6051: 3992: 1691:

The general Protestant view is that the biblical canon, from which Protestants exclude deuterocanonical books such as

523: 5146: 4940: 4379: 4294: 4172: 2569:

Megan McLaughlin, Consorting with Saints: Prayer for the Dead in Early Medieval France (Cornell University Press 1994

1923: 1058:, what does he wish you to become after your final departure? To enter afterwards then into the holy lands with your 82: 4501: 3743: 2268:

While Hell in Hinduism is not typically considered to be a central feature of the religion, it does exist. Hell for

2260:('annihilation of fire'). However, this doctrine is not universally accepted in Islam and rejected by the majority. 1014:

relates the warning by the Council of Trent against "difficult and subtle questions which tend not to edification."

2401: 2108: 1998: 348: 130:

denominations do not endorse the Catholic formulation. Several other religions have concepts resembling Purgatory:

5993: 5308: 4138:"When he has quitted his body and the difference between virtue and vice is known he cannot approach God till the 3762: 3246: 2087:

Walls does not base his belief in purgatory primarily on scripture, the Mothers and Fathers of the Church, or the

2030: 1722:

teach the existence of an intermediate state after the departure of the soul from the body, until the time of the

693:

rather than of creatures. If not completed before death, it can still be needed for entering the divine presence.

418:, officially denounces what it calls "the Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory", but the Eastern Orthodox Church, 6711: 6500: 2084:

it of its offensive popular trappings", leading to its definition by a council as the church's doctrine in 1274.

1070:

so that you may defile the Kingdom of God? But again do you want to be left behind in the fire on account of the

836: 803:

The popular conceptions of Purgatory that, especially in late medieval times, were common among Catholics of the

119:(fiery purgatory) or as a joyful or marvelous final relinquishment of worldly attachments (non-fiery purgatory). 4820: 4415: 2595: 2153:

is a place of purification where, according to some traditions, most sinners spend up to a year before release.

876:

at some point in the last three decades of the twelfth century, possibly as early as 1170−1180. Previously, the

6721: 6706: 6161: 6126: 3791:

MacTréinfhir, N. (1986). The Todi Fresco and St. Patrick's Purgatory, Lough Derg. Clogher Record, 12, 141-158.

3202: 3173: 1520: 6696: 6311: 1972: 538:

in 1274, the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, in summary two points:

4204:, appendix 2, article 2: "Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the damned punished?"" 4076: 2525:

Cassell's Latin Dictionary, Marchant, J.R.V, & Charles, Joseph F., (Eds.), Revised Edition, 1928, p.456

1681: 4875: 4860: 1118:

Origen also speaks of a refining fire melting away the lead of evil deeds, leaving behind only pure gold.

108:

in this world, and otherwise by the non-vindictive "temporal (i.e. non-eternal) punishment" of purgatory.

5942: 5908: 4517:

Evidence for the Tradition of the Toll Houses found in the Universally Received Tradition of the Church).

3053: 1524: 535: 212: 1441: 933:

One of the earliest depictions of St Patrick's Purgatory is a fresco in the Convent of San Francisco in

116: 5742: 5729: 4125: 2768: 2446: 1534: 419: 332: 39: 5426: 4287:"Death, the Threshold to Eternal Life – Liturgy & Worship – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" 6686: 6483: 6332: 5544: 5042:

Anglican Church, the Order of Salvation is officially Calvinistic, placing regeneration before faith.

1898:

As of the year 2000, the state of the doctrine of purgatory in Anglicanism was summarized as follows:

1851:

Purgatory was addressed by both of the "foundation features" of Anglicanism in the 16th century: the

1840:

Anglicans, as with other Reformed Churches, historically teach that the saved undergo the process of

1604: 915: 808: 5709: 5000: 4876:

Denny Burk, John G. Stackhouse, Jr., Robin Parry, Jerry Walls, Preston Sprinkle, Stanley N. Gundry,

4603:

Besides, continues our critical authority, we have another clear proof from the New Testament, that

6205: 4557: 2351: 1828:

still believed in the basic beliefs of purgatory. Purgatory as such is not mentioned at all in the

1666: 1656: 1621: 1514: 1284: 1262: 482:, they claim Jesus is not recorded mentioning or otherwise endorsing it, and the old-covenant work 5125: 4598: 6535: 5449: 5196: 3682: 3217: 2918: 2018: 1815: 1616: 1170:

Ideas about the supposed fire of purgatory have changed with time: in the early 20th century the

564: 388: 328: 4021: 3742: 2740: 1124:

tentatively put forward the idea of a post-death purgatorial fire for some Christian believers:

6643: 3926:

Why Jews Do what They Do: The History of Jewish Customs Throughout the Cycle of the Jewish Year

3107: 3023: 2899:

dead ... Methodists who pray for the dead thereby commend them to the continuing mercy of God."

2356: 2042: 1841: 1213: 519: 500: 443: 384: 356:, authorized by the United States Catholic bishops, says in a note to the 2 Maccabees passage: 277: 205: 5992: 4045: 4029: 2500: 2009:," which is divided into Paradise (for the righteous) and Gehenna (for the wicked). After the 973:

of Jerusalem, pushed up, in an otherwise empty sea, by the displacement caused by the fall of

387:

in 1274, when the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, the

6115: 6065: 6014: 5771: 4330: 2912: 2022: 1911: 1856: 1792: 1644: 1010: 840: 74: 1943:

and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the

622:

These two questions and answers summarize information in sections 1030–1032 and 1054 of the

6369: 6210: 5651: 5364:

separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and heaven itself.

4743: 2361: 2006: 1852: 1744: 919: 253: 177: 5093: 4516: 4466: 4350: 3008:

Olivier Clément, L'Église orthodoxe. Presses Universitaires de France, 2006, Section 3, IV

1398: 8: 6187: 6084: 6043: 4322: 3988: 3863: 2480: 1829: 1804: 1670: 1595:(1596–1646), adopted, in a Greek translation by Meletius Syrigos, by the 1642 Council of 1567: 1559: 819: 697: 614: 435: 392: 305: 105: 5407:

variously identified as "the ante-chamber of heaven," "Abraham's bosom," and "paradise".

5230: 5190: 4592: 4199: 6495: 6387: 6306: 6154: 5889: 2608: 2411: 2371: 2188: 2080: 1967: 1696: 1695:(though this book is included in traditional Protestant Bibles in the intertestamental 900: 709: 415: 343: 336: 112: 4676: 3232: 3188: 3159: 2283:

There are a few different views of naraka in Hinduism. One of these, discussed in the

712:(1447–1510) re-framed the theology of purgatory as voluntary, loving and even joyful: 583:

Catholic doctrine on purgatory is presented as composed of the same two points in the

570:

The Council of Trent repeated the same two points and moreover in its 4 December 1563

6446: 6434: 6377: 6071: 5941: 5881: 5484: 5453: 5383: 5352: 5237: 5142: 5030: 4830: 4479: 4445: 4428: 4375: 4168: 3964:"Edward P. Saunders, "Do we know what happens in Purgatory? Is there really a fire?"" 3932: 3610: 3529: 3496: 2989: 2922: 2887: 2736: 2578: 2549: 2406: 2323: 2056: 1936: 1907: 1888: 1874: 1870: 1819: 1796: 1761: 1633: 1288: 1193: 1132: 997: 978: 893: 737: 644: 411: 51: 6008: 3698: 1706:

Different views are expressed by different theologians in two different editions of

476:

Protestants usually do not recognize purgatory as such: following their doctrine of

450: 407:

have written that the term does not indicate a place, but a condition of existence.

6658: 6620: 6591: 6571: 6463: 6416: 6274: 6200: 6105: 6088: 5955: 5873: 4917: 4538: 4527: 4326: 3571: 3546: 3464: 3436: 3406: 3381: 3334: 3309: 3284: 3131: 3078: 2669: 2346: 2116: 2010: 1928: 1529: 1159: 1147: 1024: 989:, from where the souls, cleansed of evil tendencies and made perfect, are taken to 974: 761: 681: 458: 396: 364: 272: 123: 111:

In late medieval times, metaphors of time, place and fire were frequently adopted.

70: 5960: 4325:. The final reward of men, however, we believe will take place at the time of the 4077:"St. Augustine, Enchiridion: On Faith, Hope, and Love (1955). English translation" 2639: 1027:

applied to God's judgment on those who are not completely just nor entirely evil.

696:

A person seeking purification from sinful tendencies is not alone. Because of the

6608: 6586: 6566: 6562: 6340: 5775: 5756: 5716: 5551: 5540: 5525: 5377: 5291: 5150: 5102: 4924: 4904: 4886: 4871: 4794: 4762: 4750: 4727:

which are still typical today in Lutheran worship, but also prayers for the dead.

4545: 4534: 4523: 4488: 4475: 4454: 4437: 4422: 4359: 4337: 4314: 4257: 3670: 3607: 3526: 3369: 3358: 3272: 3250: 3239: 3206: 3195: 3177: 3166: 2840: 2575: 2487: 2048: 2026: 1950: 1825: 1784: 1121: 982: 961: 869: 657: 545:

such souls benefit from the prayers and pious duties that the living do for them.

495: 470: 439: 372: 248: 229: 197: 4696:

we know that the ancients speak of prayer for the dead, which we do not prohibit

4400: 4228: 2071:

As an argument for the existence of purgatory, Protestant religious philosopher

6716: 6540: 6507: 6352: 6299: 6225: 5978: 5828: 5432:

eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25).

5272:

Praying Shapes Believing: A Theological Commentary on The Book of Common Prayer

4970: 2209: 2072: 1944: 1940: 1639:

Some early patristic theologians of the Eastern Church taught and believed in "

1477: 1247: 1164: 1157:

Medieval theologians accepted the association of purgatory with fire. Thus the

986: 923: 832: 812: 635: 478: 376: 339: 62: 4286: 2699: 6680: 6545: 6147: 5885: 5877: 5680: 5120: 4807:

By what Authority?: The Vital Question of Religious Authority in Christianity

4783: 3834: 2132: 2052: 1989: 1774:

With respect to the related practice of praying for the dead, Luther stated:

1747: 1723: 1662: 1640: 1625: 1461: 1326: 1151: 956: 944:

Dante gazes at Purgatory (shown as a mountain) in this 16th-century painting.

442:

teach that the departed are delivered from their sins through the process of

316: 235: 191: 126:

churches have somewhat different formulations of an intermediate state. Most

5135:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 517–520. 2516:- "a place or condition of suffering or torment, esp. one that is temporary" 2221: 990: 6215: 6195: 6121: 5973: 5937: 5478:

Practicing Prayer for the Dead: Its Theological Meaning and Spiritual Value

2333: 2310: 2233: 1966:(1898–1963), reflecting on the history of the doctrine of purgatory in the 1592: 1375: 1150:

several times spoke of purgation by fire after death, but he generally has

804: 626:, published in 1992, which also speaks of purgatory in sections 1472−1473. 404: 400: 142: 32: 1580:

The state in which souls undergo this experience is often referred to as "

1050:− if indeed you possess gold and much silver or little − suppose you have 908:

The change happened at about the same time as the composition of the book

5212:

The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation

5124: 4738: 3887: 2376: 2284: 2225:

refers to both the entirety of hell, as well as to its upper most layer;

2193: 2088: 2014: 1963: 1719: 1702:

The reality of purgatorial purification is envisaged in Thomas Talbott's

1692: 1677: 1425: 1394: 1035: 873: 765: 639: 511: 483: 320: 97: 6134:

Quran Inspector: Chapter 7: "The Purgatory (Al-A'araf)" ( سورة الأعراف )

5893: 5861: 4861:

John F. Walvoord, Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett,

3218:"First speech by Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus, on the purifying fire" in 2843:. Benedict XVI General Audience, January 12, 2011, accessed May 15, 2018 1266: 6517: 6170: 5787: 5304: 3770: 2366: 2338: 2328: 2168: 1685: 1379: 1360: 1341: 1322: 950: 685: 670: 664: 260: 187: 186:

Image of a non-fiery purgatory (Gustave Doré: illustration for Dante's

127: 78: 6345: 6031:

Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic

2986:

Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic

2884:

Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic

589:, first published in 2005, which is a summary in dialogue form of the 6048:

Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture

3909: 3829: 3827: 2205: 2201: 2002: 1994: 1563: 1457: 1094:? That is not reasonable. What then? It follows that you receive the 970: 431: 368: 309: 165: 101: 46: 4742:

waits for the dreadful judgment, is tortured by that anticipation" (

3683:"First Speech by Mark, Archbishop of Ephesus, on Purifying Fire" in 2755:, 'On the Beliefs of the Greeks': Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy 1054:, but I say not only these elements, but suppose that you have also 371:, speaks of the process as involving a cleansing fire. According to 6601: 6550: 6441: 6424: 6247: 5137:, and sent it to the printer in September 1845 (Ian Turnbull Kern, 3243: 3199: 3170: 2386: 2289:, holds that one goes from naraka's punishment straight to heaven ( 1879: 1303: 574:

recommended avoidance of speculations and non-essential questions:

427: 423: 324: 157: 6180: 3898: 3824: 2609:"The Council of Trent, Decree concerning the Canonical Scriptures" 2276:. Naraka is not a permanent place for the soul after death, but a 1110:. For to those able to perceive, our God is said to be in reality 6625: 6576: 6555: 6458: 6357: 6284: 6264: 6259: 6242: 5984:

Sermons on the four last things: Death, Judgment, Hell and Heaven

4663:

The Quarterly Review of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, Volume 1

4468:

What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?

4352:

What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism?

2391: 2381: 2256:) that hell will eventually end. This doctrine is referred to as 2227: 2150: 2146: 1932: 1496: 1492: 1307: 927: 434:

traditions hold that for some there is cleansing after death and

137: 132: 6323: 6007: 5758:

The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba

2501:"purgatory definition – English definition dictionary – Reverso" 1791:

of the Lord's Supper on behalf of the dead. ... Epiphanius [

1596: 453:, though Gehenna is also sometimes described as more similar to 6653: 6581: 6512: 6451: 6399: 6279: 6269: 6252: 2296: 2291: 2273: 2269: 1345: 1031: 554:

advantage to these, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers,

346:

by Protestants and major branches of Judaism. According to the

152: 6139: 5959: 5084:(Scarecrow, 2006), s.v. "Petitions for the Departed", 356–357. 1647:

was one of the early church theologians who taught this view.

182: 6663: 6613: 6596: 6429: 6392: 6294: 6289: 6237: 6220: 6133: 5999:

Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints

3749:

Purgatory: illustrated by the lives and legends of the saints

3518:

Kierkegaard and the Catholic Tradition: Conflict and Dialogue

2396: 2238: 2176: 2092: 1863: 1755:

and godly Christians are well and soundly scoured and purged.

1612: 1581: 1500: 1270: 877: 515: 291: 147: 90: 86: 31:"Purification after death" redirects here. For the rite, see 6124:

with an image of a ladder, reminiscent of icons such as the

5741:

Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by

5728:

Maimonides’ Introduction to Perek Helek, ed. and transl. by

5297: 2796: 2794: 2792: 6648: 6488: 6404: 6382: 5977: 5375: 4710:"Prayers for the Dead: A Scriptural and Lutheran Worldview" 2643: 2277: 2136:

Comparison of Other-wordly places in Christianity and Islam

1953:(1930–2012) offers this rationale for prayers for the dead: 934: 608:

211. How can we help the souls being purified in purgatory?

555: 454: 5347:

Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (16 March 2005).

4390: 4388: 4162:: A Critical Assessment from the New Testament to Eriugena 2231:

is the "intermediate" place the dead go before reckoning.

940: 818:

The representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church at the

4126:"Gregory the Great, Dialogues (1911) Book 4. Pp. 177-258" 2789: 1914:, or the place of the dead, is represented as a spacious 1779:(Confession Concerning Christ’s Supper, Vol. XXXVII, 369) 1030:

Use of the image of a purifying fire goes back as far as

6022:

Vanhoutte, Kristof K.P. and McCraw, Benjamin W. (eds.).

5095:

REMARKS ON CERTAIN PASSAGES IN THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES.

4447:

The Orthodox Response to the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory

3627:"Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience of 12 January 2011" 2127: 2017:, the founder of Methodism, "made a distinction between 1558:

Eastern Orthodox teaching is that, while all undergo an

720:

So purgatory is a state of both joy and voluntary pain:

634:

The prayers of the saints in Heaven and the good deeds,

4385: 948:

Le Goff dedicates the final chapter of his book to the

663:

Unless "redeemed by repentance and God's forgiveness",

514:

are defined (i.e. official Catholic) doctrines, unlike

27:

Religious belief of Christianity, primarily Catholicism

6130:, which has been interpreted as a "purgatorial ladder" 5231:"some+Anglican+divines"+inauthor:Shields&pg=PA184 5027:

Reciprocal Haunting: Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy

4677:"Defense of the Augsburg Confession – Book of Concord" 892:

appear, used as the name of a place called Purgatory.

4898:

The Table Talk Or Familiar Discourse of Martin Luther

1570:), "who was borne by the angels directly to heaven." 1135:

also argued for the existence, before Judgment, of a

888:(cleansing fire) existed, but only then did the noun 593:. It deals with purgatory in the following exchange: 529: 89:

for purifying or purging a soul. A common analogy is

5790:: The Gnostic Religion, 3. ed., Boston 2001, p. 117. 3244:"Cum catholica Ecclesia, Spiritu Sancto edocta, ..." 2252:

Some scholars asserted by referring to God's mercy (

1997:, in keeping with Article XIV – Of Purgatory in the 1922:

of 1855 elaborated on Hades, stating that it "is an

1246:

Our Lady Interceding for the Souls in Purgatory, by

6091:

by F. X. Schouppe (1893) London: Burns & Oates.

4788:

Soul Sleep – Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.)

2959:

Advanced thought in Europe, Asia, Australia, &c

1676:Reformed Protestants, consistent with the views of 1541:While the Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the term 776:

The pain of love becomes our salvation and our joy.

6018:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 5305:"The Twenty-Five Articles of Religion (Methodist)" 3262:Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church 2025:itself." The dead will remain in Hades "until the 1822:, is more likely to accept some form of purgatory. 586:Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church 227: 5862:"Three Functions of Hell in the Hindu Traditions" 5164:An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine 5116:An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine 3802:"Fabio Gambaro, "L'invenzione del purgatorio" in 1935:, "but with an impassable gulf between the two". 985:indolent or late repenters. At the summit is the 629: 542:some saved souls need to be purified after death; 6678: 4372:Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction 3488: 2313:, the wicked will get purified in molten metal. 1783:A core statement of Lutheran doctrine, from the 6063: 5906: 5765: 5681:"Spirit Prison – The Encyclopedia of Mormonism" 5369: 5346: 5340: 5175:Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum, eds, 4761: 4586: 4584: 4582: 2122:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 1359:Purgatory, 1419 drawing by unknown artist from 846: 760:, Pope Benedict XVI, referring to the words of 684:has paraphrased this as: "Purgatory is not, as 5950:. New York: Benziger Brothers. pp. 57–59. 5781: 5748: 5735: 5722: 3132:"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText" 2910: 2829: 2827: 960:, a poem by fourteenth-century Italian author 168:or torment, especially one that is temporary. 6155: 3407:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1855−1861" 3335:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1472−1473" 3285:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030–1032" 3079:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030–1031" 2977: 2886:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 57–58. 1412:Request for prayer for the souls in purgatory 964:. In an interview Le Goff declared: "Dante's 807:have not necessarily found acceptance in the 213: 6067:Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation 5979:"Sermon 17: On Purgatory After Death." 5584:Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation 5517:Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation 5376:Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (8 March 2001). 5331:The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine 5222: 5018: 4628: 4579: 2914:Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation 2704:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops 2640:"Decree concerning the Canonical Scriptures" 2637: 2102: 2077:Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation 1321:Our Lady, St Monica and souls in purgatory, 5652:"What Do Mormons Believe (The God Makers)?" 5182: 4701: 4635:Heatwole, Lewis James (15 September 2022). 4394: 3459: 3457: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2951: 2949: 2824: 2770:Catechism of the Catholic Church #1030−1031 2448:Catechism of the Catholic Church #1030−1031 2204:believe in purification of souls inside of 1918:with gates, through which the dead enter." 1521:Prayer for the dead in Eastern Christianity 6162: 6148: 5437: 5328: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4539:Ode 6, Tone 1 Midnight Office for Sunday). 3431: 3429: 3427: 3071: 2962:. London: Richard D. Dickinson. p. 41 1887:Shortly before becoming a Roman Catholic, 650: 220: 206: 6058:Purgatory and Piety in Brittany 1480–1720 5954: 5586:(Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 11–13 5534:(Oxford University Press 2002), pp. 53−62 5229:Shields, Charles Woodruff (2009-05-01) . 4934: 4932: 4712:. Shepherd of the Hills Lutheran Church ( 2988:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 50. 1082:, and to receive nothing due you for the 5990: 5859: 5754: 5545:Jerry L. Walls, "Purgatory for Everyone" 5382:. Oxford University Press. p. 202. 5119: 4634: 4590: 4481:Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church 4430:Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church 3864:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1031" 3740: 3572:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1478" 3547:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1475" 3454: 3437:"Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1472" 3310:"Catechism of the Catholic Churchm 1054" 3011: 2946: 2548:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2131: 1632:Some Orthodox believe in a teaching of " 1528: 1046:which Christ Jesus has taught, not only 939: 899: 703: 181: 171: 45: 6118:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. 5228: 5024: 4818: 4707: 4660: 4643: 4152: 3920: 3751:. London: Benziger Brothers. p. 5. 3424: 3028:Protestant Reformed Churches in America 2543: 1873:led to restoring prayers for the dead. 1340:Our Lady of Passau in St Felix Church, 911:Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii 835:, that formalized the admission of the 93:being removed from metal in a furnace. 14: 6679: 5972: 5936: 5855: 5853: 5519:(Oxford University Press 2012), p. 174 5418: 5333:. London: Thomas Newton. p. 685. 5214:. London: Joseph Masters. p. 40. 5209: 5195:. New York: T. and J. Swords. p. 5188: 5141:– University of Notre Dame Press 1990 4941:"Should Christians pray for the dead?" 4938: 4929: 4037: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 2606: 2237:also has similarities to purgatory or 2043:Glorification § Reformed Churches 1302:Detail of altar in Lutheran church in 486:is not accepted by them as scripture. 319:support in after-life purification in 297:, a place of cleansing, from the verb 6143: 6005: 5948:Meditations For Every Day In The Year 5829:"Islamic Beliefs About the Afterlife" 5472: 5443: 5285:Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer 5177:An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church 4708:Futrell, Richard (6 September 2014). 4528:Octoechos, Tone Two, Friday Vespers). 4043: 4003:from the original on 26 November 2020 3812:from the original on 19 November 2018 3370:Catechism of the Catholic Church 1032 2983: 2881: 2875: 2777:from the original on 22 February 2019 2680:from the original on 14 February 2015 2528: 2455:from the original on 22 February 2019 2441: 2439: 2128:Analogous concepts in other religions 2113:plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints) 1770:enjoined upon us concerning the dead. 1547:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1393:Altar predella in the town church of 201: 5915:from the original on 15 October 2008 5907:Eileen Gardiner (10 February 2006). 5166:, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 2. 5149:, p. 149). He was received into the 5082:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 5055:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 4819:Talbott, Thomas (17 November 2014). 3359:Catechism of the Catholic Church 958 2955: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2191:, the soul must go through multiple 1508: 904:The island of St Patrick's Purgatory 798: 438:, knowing it to be efficacious. The 6024:Purgatory. Philosophical Dimensions 5850: 5473:Gould, James B. (4 November 2016). 5422:United Methodists and the Last Days 4765:(2013). "Is Soul Sleep Biblical?". 4416:Catechism of St. Philaret of Moscow 4024:Homilies on Jeremiah and 1 Kings 28 3645: 3492:Eschatology: Death and Eternal Life 1042:"Suppose you have built, after the 708:On the cusp of the Reformation, St 367:, by reference to certain texts of 315:The Catholic church found specific 146:or the upper most layer of hell in 24: 6033:(Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2016). 5930: 5349:Historical Dictionary of Methodism 4947:from the original on 27 March 2019 4623:shall be emptied, death abolished. 4374:(Westminster John Knox Press 1996 4258:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory" 3993:"Where is Purgatory in the Bible?" 3835:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory" 3769:. 26 November 2019. Archived from 2710:from the original on 9 August 2020 2650:from the original on 23 March 2015 2436: 2062: 1810:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 1231:Très riches heures du Duc de Berry 530:The purgatory of Catholic doctrine 354:New American Bible Revised Edition 25: 6733: 6095: 6060:(Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013). 5778:, part 2, Gießen 1915, pp. 98–99. 5761:(PhD). University College London. 4939:Raynor, Shane (14 October 2015). 4918:Part II, Article II: Of the Mass. 4637:Mennonite Handbook of Information 4427:372 and 376; Constas H. Demetry, 4153:Ramelli, Ilaria (9 August 2013). 3987: 3731:Catech. Rom., chap. vi. § 1. 3633:from the original on 9 March 2021 2984:Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). 2882:Gould, James B. (4 August 2016). 2743:April 2012, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 291 2467: 2304: 1795:] testifies that Aerius [ 1048:gold, silver, and precious stones 6322: 6179: 6012:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 5968:. Jos. Booker. pp. 354–374. 5900: 5821: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5702: 5673: 5644: 5635: 5626: 5623:For example, Walls, 2012, p. 71 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5575: 5556: 5532:Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy 5508: 5480:(Wipf and Stock 2016), pp. 73−76 5466: 5446:Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy 5412: 5396:from the original on 4 July 2014 5351:. Scarecrow Press. p. 107. 5322: 5277: 5264: 5236:. Applewood Books. p. 184. 5203: 5169: 5156: 5108: 5087: 5074: 5060: 5047: 4993: 4984: 4959: 4826:(Wipf and Stock 2014), pp. 97−98 4597:. H. Polkinhornprinter. p. 3108:"Is purgatory a physical place?" 3034:from the original on 1 June 2019 2812:from the original on 31 May 2014 2674:Catechism of the Catholic Church 2619:from the original on 31 May 2020 2613:Hanover Historical Texts Project 2402:Spirit world (Latter Day Saints) 2109:Spirit world (Latter Day Saints) 1650: 1485: 1469: 1449: 1440:Purgatory by Venezuelan painter 1433: 1417: 1405: 1386: 1367: 1352: 1333: 1314: 1295: 1277: 1255: 1239: 1221: 1201: 1185: 1020:Catechism of the Catholic Church 624:Catechism of the Catholic Church 591:Catechism of the Catholic Church 349:Catechism of the Catholic Church 6169: 5994:"Part I: Chapters I – IV" 5839:from the original on 2017-05-09 5691:from the original on 2018-04-02 5662:from the original on 2012-06-25 5497:from the original on 2021-03-12 5329:Withington, John Swann (1878). 5311:from the original on 2017-12-18 5294:(Mariner Books, 2002), 108–109. 5274:(Church Publishing, 1991), 224. 5250:from the original on 2021-03-12 5179:(Church Publishing, 2000), 427. 5025:Knutsen, Karen Patrick (2010). 5007:from the original on 2019-06-02 4910: 4891: 4854: 4843:from the original on 2021-03-12 4812: 4799: 4777: 4755: 4744:Psychopannychia by John Calvin) 4732: 4687:from the original on 2015-10-26 4669: 4568:from the original on 2016-11-06 4550: 4508: 4494: 4460: 4408: 4364: 4343: 4308: 4297:from the original on 2010-06-12 4279: 4268:from the original on 2021-10-26 4250: 4239:from the original on 2018-01-23 4221: 4210:from the original on 2019-01-03 4192: 4181:from the original on 2019-01-03 4146: 4132: 4118: 4107:from the original on 2013-05-24 4083: 4069: 4058:from the original on 2016-05-03 4047:Homily VI on Exodus section 4 ( 4015: 3981: 3970:from the original on 2019-01-03 3956: 3945:from the original on 2021-03-12 3914: 3903: 3892: 3881: 3870:from the original on 2020-03-01 3856: 3845:from the original on 2005-09-04 3794: 3785: 3755: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3705:from the original on 2007-08-30 3691: 3676: 3619: 3589: 3578:from the original on 2013-03-06 3564: 3553:from the original on 2013-03-06 3539: 3509: 3482: 3471:from the original on 2020-03-01 3443:from the original on 2013-03-06 3413:from the original on 2020-03-01 3399: 3388:from the original on 2020-03-01 3374: 3363: 3352: 3341:from the original on 2013-03-06 3327: 3316:from the original on 2020-03-01 3302: 3291:from the original on 2020-03-01 3277: 3255: 3226: 3211: 3200:"Item, si vere paenitentes ..." 3198:1304]; original text in Latin: 3182: 3153: 3142:from the original on 2020-03-01 3124: 3100: 3089:from the original on 2020-03-01 3060:from the original on 2008-01-13 3046: 3002: 2935:from the original on 2020-04-21 2904: 2864:from the original on 2019-02-27 2846: 2761: 2746: 2722: 2692: 2662: 2631: 2507:from the original on 2007-09-12 1456:Ceiling of St Ulrich Church in 837:Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church 464: 6702:Catholic theology and doctrine 5656:www.christiandataresources.com 5419:Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009). 5153:on 9 October of the same year. 4809:(Mercer University, 2010), 66. 4665:. J.E. Wible. p. 268-280. 3520:(Indiana University Press 2010 3242:1820; original text in Latin: 3171:"Quod si vere paenitentes ..." 2802:"4 August 1999 – John Paul II" 2600: 2588: 2562: 2519: 2493: 2424: 2051:theology teaches that through 1835: 1713: 969:Purgatory as an island at the 630:Role in relation to the church 489: 50:Image of a fiery purgatory by 13: 1: 6122:English c. 1200 wall painting 6006:Hanna, Edward Joseph (1911). 5483:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 5425:. Hermeneutic. Archived from 4829:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 4615:-by our translators rendered 4591:Smithson, William T. (1859). 4397:"The Confession of Dositheus" 4229:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Hell" 4026:(CUA Press 1998), pp. 173−174 3169:856; original text in Latin: 2418: 1845: 1617:Catholic and Apostolic Church 1178: 954:, the second canticle of the 855: 789:, Pope Benedict XVI teaches: 6001:. London: Benziger Brothers. 5772:Das Johannesbuch der Mandäer 5710:Jewish Encyclopedia: Gehenna 4502:Orthodox Confession of Faith 4044:Migne, Jacques-Paul (1862). 3699:"Treaty of Brest, Article 5" 2182: 1983: 1750:was once recorded as saying: 1682:Seventh-day Adventist Church 1378:in the Saint Cannat Church, 847:Popular notions of purgatory 7: 6111:Church Fathers on Purgatory 6040:(U of Chicago Press, 1986). 5189:Hobart, John Henry (1825). 4824:The Inescapable Love of God 2316: 2263: 2036: 2013:, Hades will be abolished. 1704:The Inescapable Love of God 1537:(a thirteenth-century icon) 811:, of which there are 23 in 780: 572:Decree Concerning Purgatory 469:Some Christians, typically 10: 6738: 6102:Is Purgatory in the Bible? 6026:(Palgrave MacMillan, 2017) 5860:Jacobsen, Knut A. (2009). 5743:Maimonides Heritage Center 5730:Maimonides Heritage Center 5379:American Methodist Worship 5307:. CRI / Voice, Institute. 5126:"Newman, John Henry" 4767:Christian Research Journal 4158:The Christian Doctrine of 3495:. CUA Press. p. 230. 2503:. dictionary.reverso.net. 2490:in Encyclopædia Britannica 2173:his 13 principles of faith 2140: 2106: 2040: 1987: 1939:remain in Hades until the 1654: 1535:Dormition of the Theotokos 1518: 1512: 1480:showing souls in purgatory 862:La naissance du Purgatoire 420:Oriental Orthodox Churches 175: 40:Purgatory (disambiguation) 29: 6692:Afterlife in Christianity 6636: 6528: 6474: 6415: 6368: 6331: 6320: 6186: 6177: 5566:. HBU.edu. Archived from 5192:The State of the Departed 5068:"Join us in Daily Prayer" 5001:"The Augsburg Confession" 3931:. KTAV Publishing House. 3489:Joseph Ratzinger (2007). 2700:"2 Maccabees, chapter 12" 2544:Le Goff, Jacques (1986). 2432:Oxford English Dictionary 2103:Latter-day Saint Movement 1605:Synod of Jerusalem (1672) 1525:Orthodox memorial service 1228:A fiery purgatory in the 809:Eastern Catholic Churches 290:The noun "Purgatory" (in 243: 6064:Walls, Jerry L. (2012). 5909:"About Zoroastrian Hell" 5878:10.1163/156852709X405071 5755:Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). 5632:Walls, 2012, pp. 76, 90. 5444:Walls, Jerry L. (2002). 4440:p. 37; John Meyendorff, 3921:Sperber, Daniel (1999). 2834:Saint Catherine of Genoa 2352:Christian views on Hades 2215: 1910:(1775–1830) wrote that " 1657:Christian views on Hades 1628:, but when we know not." 1515:Christian views on Hades 1424:Stained-glass window in 1285:Our Lady of Mount Carmel 1263:Our Lady of Mount Carmel 1210:Iglesia de la Concepción 1056:wood and hay and stubble 6127:Ladder of Divine Ascent 5991:Schouppe, F.X. (1920). 5450:Oxford University Press 5210:Holden, George (1855). 5132:Encyclopædia Britannica 5057:(Scarecrow, 2006), 510. 4661:Baltzly, J. B. (1871). 4478:; Constas H. Demetry, 4395:Dennis Bratcher (ed.). 4051:, vol. 12, col. 334–335 4033:, vol. 13, col. 415 C−D 3741:Schouppe, F.X. (1920). 3597:Benedict J. Groeschel, 2919:Oxford University Press 2911:Jerry L. Walls (2012). 2311:Zoroastrian eschatology 1816:High Church Lutheranism 1495:of souls in purgatory, 1052:silver, precious stones 1034:who, with reference to 1003: 785:In his 2007 encyclical 756:In his 2007 encyclical 651:Role in relation to sin 598:210. What is purgatory? 565:Eastern Orthodox Church 414:, mother church of the 389:Eastern Orthodox Church 6712:Christianity and death 6038:The Birth of Purgatory 5614:Walls, 2012, pp. 22–24 5605:Walls, 2012, pp. 17−22 5596:Walls, 2012, pp. 14–17 5114:Newman was working on 4562:www.stlukeorthodox.com 4095:, book IV, chapter 39" 4022:Origen, Homily 16, in 3997:All Roads Lead to Rome 2607:Waterworth, J. (ed.). 2546:The birth of purgatory 2357:Heaven in Christianity 2272:involves the realm of 2249:would cease to exist. 2208:, whom they also call 2137: 1973:The Dream of Gerontius 1960: 1920:The Anglican Catechist 1904: 1871:Anglo-Catholic revival 1781: 1772: 1757: 1741: 1630: 1556: 1538: 1214:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1145: 1130: 1116: 945: 916:St Patrick's Purgatory 905: 866:The Birth of Purgatory 828: 796: 778: 754: 748:He further said that: 746: 735: 718: 689:communion of saints". 679: 620: 581: 567:spoke at the council. 560: 549:The council declared: 536:Second Council of Lyon 422:, and elements of the 385:Second Council of Lyon 362: 323:12:42–45, part of the 195: 66: 55: 6722:Religious cosmologies 6707:Christian terminology 6056:Tingle, Elizabeth C. 6015:Catholic Encyclopedia 5986:. Benzinger Brothers. 5774:, ed. and transl. by 5139:Newman the Theologian 3808:. 27 September 2005. 3685:Patrologia Orientalis 3220:Patrologia Orientalis 2956:Cook, Joseph (1883). 2757:(Brill 2004), p. 2008 2135: 1988:Further information: 1955: 1900: 1857:Book of Common Prayer 1776: 1767: 1752: 1728: 1655:Further information: 1645:Clement of Alexandria 1609: 1603:The Eastern Orthodox 1551: 1532: 1172:Catholic Encyclopedia 1141: 1126: 1040: 1036:1 Corinthians 3:10–15 1011:Catholic Encyclopedia 943: 903: 824: 791: 771: 766:1 Corinthians 3:12–15 750: 742: 730:Treatise on Purgatory 722: 714: 704:St Catherine of Genoa 675: 595: 576: 551: 358: 308:contributes to their 185: 172:History of the belief 49: 6697:Catholic terminology 6044:Pasulka, Diana Walsh 5270:Leonel L. Mitchell, 4943:. Ministry Matters. 4594:The Methodist Pulpit 4164:(Brill 2013), p. 374 4091:"Gregory the Great, 3806:, 27 September 2005" 3767:Creature and Creator 3687:, vol. 15, pp. 40–41 3601:(Ignatius Press 1993 3599:A Still, Small Voice 3222:, vol. 15, pp. 40–41 2856:Articles of Religion 2596:2 Maccabees 12:42–45 2362:History of purgatory 2007:general resurrection 1999:Articles of Religion 1962:Anglican theologian 1855:of Religion and the 1853:Thirty-Nine Articles 1671:prayers for the dead 393:Councils of Florence 178:History of purgatory 117:imperfect contrition 38:For other uses, see 6644:Davy Jones's locker 5162:John Henry Newman, 4916:Smalcald Articles, 4323:Particular Judgment 3928:(KTAV 1999), p. 149 3744:"Chapter IV." 3054:"Browse by Subject" 1830:Augsburg Confession 1805:Philipp Melanchthon 1745:Protestant Reformer 1622:common resurrection 1589:Orthodox Confession 1568:Blessed Virgin Mary 1560:individual judgment 820:Council of Florence 698:communion of saints 615:communion of saints 399:(1545–1563). Popes 395:(1431–1449) and of 306:prayer for the dead 6388:Gate of the Ghosts 6050:(Oxford UP, 2015) 6036:Le Goff, Jacques. 5961:"Purgatory." 5715:2007-11-12 at the 5564:"Jerry Walls, PhD" 5550:2019-03-30 at the 5539:2021-03-12 at the 5524:2021-03-12 at the 5429:on 11 April 2012. 5290:2018-01-19 at the 5233:Philosophia Ultima 5101:2015-02-25 at the 5029:. Waxmann Verlag. 4967:"Apology XXIV, 96" 4923:2008-10-10 at the 4903:2021-03-12 at the 4885:2021-03-12 at the 4878:Four Views of Hell 4870:2021-03-12 at the 4863:Four Views of Hell 4805:Robert L. Millet, 4793:2009-06-28 at the 4749:2008-10-25 at the 4544:2014-04-22 at the 4533:2014-04-22 at the 4522:2010-11-26 at the 4505:, questions 64–66. 4487:2006-06-15 at the 4474:2004-06-03 at the 4453:2005-11-09 at the 4442:Byzantine Theology 4436:2006-06-15 at the 4421:2007-07-03 at the 4358:2004-06-03 at the 4336:2007-12-18 at the 4331:The Orthodox Faith 4319:Byzantine Theology 3888:1 Corinthians 3:15 3669:2015-01-29 at the 3606:2015-05-14 at the 3525:2015-05-14 at the 3271:2020-03-04 at the 3249:2016-03-15 at the 3238:2018-12-03 at the 3205:2007-10-18 at the 3194:2019-01-08 at the 3176:2021-02-24 at the 3165:2019-04-11 at the 2839:2021-03-09 at the 2638:Council of Trent. 2574:2016-05-05 at the 2486:2007-06-10 at the 2372:Jewish eschatology 2254:r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi 2189:Mandaean cosmology 2138: 1995:Methodist churches 1968:Anglican Communion 1958:and resurrection." 1951:Leonel L. Mitchell 1924:intermediate state 1824:Lutheran Reformer 1708:Four Views of Hell 1634:aerial toll-houses 1539: 946: 906: 710:Catherine of Genoa 416:Anglican Communion 337:Church of the East 196: 113:Catherine of Genoa 83:intermediate state 56: 18:Souls in Purgatory 6674: 6673: 6312:World of Darkness 6136:at submission.org 6077:978-0-19-973229-6 6009:"Purgatory" 5956:Berington, Joseph 5943:"Purgatory" 5641:Walls 2012, p. 90 5490:978-1-4982-8457-8 5459:978-0-19-988055-3 5389:978-0-19-802926-7 5358:978-0-8108-6546-4 5243:978-1-4290-1964-4 5036:978-3-8309-7295-2 4836:978-1-63087-674-6 4681:bookofconcord.org 4370:Ted A. Campbell, 4262:www.newadvent.org 4233:www.newadvent.org 4049:Patrologia graeca 4031:Patrologia graeca 4028:; original text: 3938:978-0-88125-604-8 3839:www.newadvent.org 3502:978-0-8132-1516-7 2995:978-1-5326-0601-4 2928:978-0-19-973229-6 2893:978-1-62032-988-7 2706:. www.usccb.org. 2583:978-0-8014-2648-3 2555:978-0-226-47083-2 2407:Spirits in prison 2324:Aerial toll house 2057:John F. MacArthur 1978:The Great Divorce 1908:John Henry Hobart 1889:John Henry Newman 1875:John Henry Newman 1869:The 19th century 1820:Anglo-Catholicism 1762:Smalcald Articles 1720:Lutheran Churches 1509:Eastern Orthodoxy 1399:Baden-Württemberg 1289:North End, Boston 1194:Peter Paul Rubens 1137:purgatorius ignis 1133:Gregory the Great 1025:school of Shammai 998:Pope John Paul II 979:seven deadly sins 894:Robert Bellarmine 886:purgatorius ignis 799:Eastern Catholics 738:Pope Benedict XVI 645:treasury of merit 524:2 Maccabees 12:46 440:Reformed Churches 436:pray for the dead 412:Church of England 333:Oriental Orthodox 287: 286: 98:Catholic doctrine 52:Ludovico Carracci 16:(Redirected from 6729: 6687:Afterlife places 6572:Asphodel Meadows 6326: 6275:Bosom of Abraham 6183: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6106:Internet Archive 6089:Internet Archive 6081: 6029:Gould, James B. 6019: 6011: 6002: 5996: 5987: 5981: 5969: 5963: 5951: 5945: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5872:(2/3): 385–400. 5857: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5825: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5582:Jerry L. Walls, 5579: 5573: 5571: 5560: 5554: 5530:Jerry L. Walls, 5515:Jerry L. Walls, 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5476:James B. Gould, 5470: 5464: 5463: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5401: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5281: 5275: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5154: 5136: 5128: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5080:Colin Buchanan, 5078: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5053:Colin Buchanan, 5051: 5045: 5044: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 4997: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4969:. 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Archived from 4392: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4349:Michael Azkoul, 4347: 4341: 4327:General Judgment 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4202:Summa Theologica 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4156:Ilaria Ramelli, 4150: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4041: 4035: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3975: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3924:Daniel Sperber, 3918: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763:"Station Island" 3759: 3753: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3615:978-0-89870436-5 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3534:978-0-25335536-2 3513: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3433: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3259: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3186: 3180: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3112:Catholic Answers 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3020: 3009: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2850: 2844: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2798: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2765: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2733:Philosophy Study 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2541: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2347:Future probation 2117:Mormon cosmology 2011:general judgment 1906:Anglican Bishop 1891:argued that the 1823: 1801:ex opere operato 1789:ex opere operato 1765:, Luther stated: 1489: 1473: 1453: 1437: 1421: 1409: 1390: 1371: 1356: 1337: 1318: 1299: 1281: 1259: 1243: 1225: 1205: 1189: 1160:Summa Theologica 1148:Gregory of Nyssa 1112:a consuming fire 874:Cistercian monks 762:Paul the Apostle 733: 682:Joseph Ratzinger 520:deuterocanonical 365:Sacred Tradition 342:but regarded as 329:Eastern Orthodox 232: 222: 215: 208: 199: 198: 124:Eastern Orthodox 69:, borrowed into 43: 36: 21: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6677: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6632: 6587:Fortunate Isles 6524: 6470: 6411: 6364: 6327: 6318: 6184: 6173: 6168: 6098: 6078: 5933: 5931:Further reading 5928: 5918: 5916: 5905: 5901: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5776:Mark Lidzbarski 5770: 5766: 5753: 5749: 5740: 5736: 5727: 5723: 5717:Wayback Machine 5707: 5703: 5694: 5692: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5663: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5552:Wayback Machine 5541:Wayback Machine 5526:Wayback Machine 5513: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5442: 5438: 5417: 5413: 5399: 5397: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5359: 5345: 5341: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5292:Wayback Machine 5282: 5278: 5269: 5265: 5253: 5251: 5244: 5227: 5223: 5208: 5204: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5151:Catholic Church 5113: 5109: 5103:Wayback Machine 5092: 5088: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5037: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4976: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4950: 4948: 4937: 4930: 4925:Wayback Machine 4915: 4911: 4905:Wayback Machine 4896: 4892: 4887:Wayback Machine 4872:Wayback Machine 4859: 4855: 4846: 4844: 4837: 4817: 4813: 4804: 4800: 4795:Wayback Machine 4782: 4778: 4763:Hank Hanegraaff 4760: 4756: 4751:Wayback Machine 4737: 4733: 4719: 4717: 4706: 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article XXII" 2852: 2851: 2847: 2841:Wayback Machine 2832: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2576:Wayback Machine 2567: 2563: 2556: 2542: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2488:Wayback Machine 2479: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2319: 2307: 2266: 2218: 2185: 2143: 2130: 2119: 2107:Main articles: 2105: 2081:early Christian 2065: 2063:Walls' argument 2045: 2039: 2027:Day of Judgment 1992: 1986: 1846:Reformed, below 1838: 1826:Mikael Agricola 1814: 1785:Book of Concord 1716: 1659: 1653: 1527: 1517: 1511: 1504: 1490: 1481: 1474: 1465: 1454: 1445: 1442:Cristóbal Rojas 1438: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1391: 1382: 1372: 1363: 1357: 1348: 1338: 1329: 1319: 1310: 1300: 1291: 1287:and purgatory, 1282: 1273: 1265:and purgatory, 1260: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1206: 1197: 1190: 1181: 1006: 962:Dante Alighieri 918:in the lake of 870:Jacques Le Goff 858: 849: 801: 783: 775: 734: 728: 706: 653: 638:, prayers, and 632: 613:Because of the 532: 496:Catholic Church 492: 471:Roman Catholics 467: 373:Jacques Le Goff 340:biblical canons 288: 283: 239: 228: 226: 180: 174: 106:fervent charity 85:after physical 81:) is a passing 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6508:Zoroastrianism 6505: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6439: 6438: 6437: 6432: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6337: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6300:Tzoah Rotachat 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6226:Outer darkness 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6119: 6113: 6108: 6097: 6096:External links 6094: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6076: 6061: 6054: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6003: 5988: 5970: 5952: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5899: 5849: 5820: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5780: 5764: 5747: 5734: 5721: 5701: 5672: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5574: 5570:on 2015-05-03. 5555: 5507: 5489: 5465: 5458: 5436: 5411: 5388: 5368: 5357: 5339: 5321: 5296: 5276: 5263: 5242: 5221: 5202: 5181: 5168: 5155: 5123:, ed. (1911). 5121:Chisholm, Hugh 5107: 5086: 5073: 5059: 5046: 5035: 5017: 4992: 4983: 4958: 4928: 4909: 4890: 4853: 4835: 4811: 4798: 4776: 4754: 4731: 4714:Missouri Synod 4700: 4668: 4642: 4627: 4578: 4549: 4507: 4493: 4459: 4407: 4403:on 2009-02-21. 4384: 4363: 4342: 4307: 4291:www.goarch.org 4278: 4249: 4220: 4191: 4173: 4145: 4131: 4117: 4082: 4068: 4036: 4014: 3980: 3955: 3937: 3913: 3910:Zechariah 13:9 3902: 3891: 3880: 3855: 3823: 3793: 3784: 3754: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3690: 3675: 3644: 3618: 3588: 3563: 3538: 3536:), pp. 182–183 3508: 3501: 3481: 3453: 3423: 3398: 3373: 3362: 3351: 3326: 3301: 3276: 3254: 3225: 3210: 3181: 3152: 3136:www.vatican.va 3123: 3099: 3083:www.vatican.va 3070: 3045: 3010: 3001: 2994: 2976: 2945: 2927: 2921:. p. 61. 2903: 2892: 2874: 2845: 2823: 2806:www.vatican.va 2788: 2760: 2745: 2721: 2691: 2661: 2630: 2599: 2587: 2561: 2554: 2527: 2518: 2492: 2466: 2435: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2306: 2305:Zoroastrianism 2303: 2265: 2262: 2217: 2214: 2184: 2181: 2142: 2139: 2129: 2126: 2104: 2101: 2073:Jerry L. Walls 2064: 2061: 2041:Main article: 2038: 2035: 1985: 1982: 1945:final judgment 1941:Final Judgment 1837: 1834: 1715: 1712: 1652: 1649: 1513:Main article: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1491: 1484: 1482: 1478:Stefan Lochner 1475: 1468: 1466: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1432: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1294: 1292: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1248:Andrea Vaccaro 1245: 1238: 1236: 1227: 1220: 1218: 1207: 1200: 1198: 1192:Purgatory, by 1191: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1165:Thomas Aquinas 1092:precious stone 1062:and with your 1005: 1002: 987:Garden of Eden 983:excommunicates 924:County Donegal 857: 854: 848: 845: 839:into the full 833:Union of Brest 813:full communion 800: 797: 782: 779: 726: 705: 702: 652: 649: 636:works of mercy 631: 628: 619: 618: 605: 604: 547: 546: 543: 531: 528: 510:Purgatory and 491: 488: 479:sola scriptura 466: 463: 377:Western Europe 285: 284: 282: 281: 269: 257: 244: 241: 240: 225: 224: 217: 210: 202: 190:, Canto 24 in 176:Main article: 173: 170: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6734: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6090: 6087: at the 6086: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070:. Oxford UP. 6069: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052:online review 6049: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5974:Hunolt, Franz 5971: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938:Baxter, Roger 5935: 5934: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5833:ReligionFacts 5830: 5824: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5760: 5759: 5751: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5705: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5408: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5283:C. S. Lewis, 5280: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5178: 5172: 5165: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5147:9780268014698 5144: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4987: 4973:on 2015-10-26 4972: 4968: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4933: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784:Martin Luther 4780: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4381: 4380:0-664-25650-3 4377: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4180: 4176: 4174:9789004245709 4170: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160:Apokatastasis 4157: 4149: 4141: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4078: 4072: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3884: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3828: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3804:La Repubblica 3797: 3788: 3773:on 2020-09-18 3772: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516:Jack Mulder, 3512: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2950: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2753:Karen Hartnup 2749: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2454: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2433: 2430:"Purgatory", 2427: 2423: 2413: 2412:Suffrage Mass 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2309:According to 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2171:declares, in 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2134: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2053:glorification 2050: 2047:After death, 2044: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1990:Last Judgment 1981: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1842:glorification 1833: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1749: 1748:Martin Luther 1746: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1725: 1724:Last Judgment 1721: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1651:Protestantism 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:apocatastasis 1637: 1635: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1476:Miniature by 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1152:apocatastasis 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1001: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 963: 959: 958: 957:Divine Comedy 953: 952: 942: 938: 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912: 902: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 853: 844: 842: 838: 834: 827: 823: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 795: 790: 788: 777: 770: 767: 763: 759: 753: 749: 745: 741: 739: 731: 725: 721: 717: 713: 711: 701: 699: 694: 690: 687: 683: 678: 674: 672: 668: 666: 661: 659: 648: 646: 641: 637: 627: 625: 616: 612: 611: 610: 609: 602: 601: 600: 599: 594: 592: 588: 587: 580: 575: 573: 568: 566: 559: 557: 550: 544: 541: 540: 539: 537: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 504: 502: 497: 487: 485: 481: 480: 474: 472: 462: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 444:glorification 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 357: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 317:Old Testament 313: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 293: 279: 275: 274: 270: 267: 263: 262: 258: 255: 251: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 236:Divine Comedy 231: 223: 218: 216: 211: 209: 204: 203: 200: 193: 192:Divine Comedy 189: 184: 179: 169: 167: 161: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 109: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 53: 48: 41: 34: 19: 6496:Mesopotamian 6230: 6216:Lake of fire 6196:Christianity 6125: 6066: 6057: 6047: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6013: 5998: 5983: 5965: 5947: 5917:. 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Retrieved 2447: 2431: 2426: 2340: 2308: 2297: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2267: 2258:fana' al-nar 2257: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2120: 2097: 2086: 2076: 2070: 2066: 2046: 1993: 1977: 1971: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1878: 1868: 1861: 1850: 1839: 1808: 1800: 1788: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759:In his 1537 1758: 1753: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1717: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1675: 1661:In general, 1660: 1638: 1631: 1610: 1602: 1593:Peter Mogila 1588: 1586: 1579: 1575:divinization 1572: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1540: 1376:Michel Serre 1374:Painting by 1229: 1171: 1169: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1007: 995: 965: 955: 949: 947: 932: 909: 907: 889: 885: 881: 865: 861: 859: 850: 829: 825: 817: 805:Latin Church 802: 792: 786: 784: 772: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 736: 729: 723: 719: 715: 707: 695: 691: 680: 676: 669: 662: 654: 633: 623: 621: 607: 606: 597: 596: 590: 584: 582: 577: 571: 569: 561: 552: 548: 533: 509: 505: 493: 477: 475: 468: 465:Christianity 448: 409: 405:Benedict XVI 401:John Paul II 382: 363: 359: 347: 314: 303: 298: 294: 289: 271: 265: 259: 247: 234: 162: 151: 141: 131: 121: 110: 95: 75:Anglo-Norman 58: 57: 33:Last offices 6171:Underworlds 5685:eom.byu.edu 4739:John Calvin 3899:1 Peter 1:7 3661:Encyclical 3138:. 1030-32. 2684:18 February 2654:18 February 2623:18 February 2377:Life review 2286:Mahābhārata 2165:Ḥag. 27a). 2089:magisterium 2015:John Wesley 1964:C. S. 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