373:, Mirzani, Matoi, Mahumia, Motipotra, Mundarpotra, Nurungpotra, Nurungzada, Niroti, Nangarpotra, Porgar, Panjani, Qiyasani, Ratar, Rukan, Raknani, Rainani, Rehanpotra, Rawa/Rawani, Rabu/Rabo, Rangrez, Sākroi, Sāmtio, Samathia, Sābra, Shaikhjapotra, Sākhpotra/Eshaqpotra, Supiya, Sānund, Shaja, Sathia, Sakriani/Sākriani, Sathian, Sāthani, Samisa, Sapiya, Saidha, Sājnani, Sanhiyan, Sanwand, Tāi, Tāipotra, Usta/Osta, Umarpotra, Umarani, Wāhara, Wardali.
90:
55:
102:
281:. But Ahmad Hasan Dani claims "of this there is no definite proof" and adds that it is almost certain the tribe has local origins as the kings bore local names. M. H. Panhwar, a Sindhologist, also rejects a Rajput origin and attributes its to James Todd but still accepts native origin. Some writers have detailed about a subdivision in
826:
Soomra, Samma and
Kalhora indigenous castes (locally known as Sammat) were further ashrafized. After conversion to Islam they intermarried with local Arab landowners and thus had acquired great influence and power. By furnishing Tuhfa-tul-Kiram and Beglar Namah, the two books on the history, as the
369:, Karmati, Kalhia/Kolhia, Kandipotra, Khafif, Khafipotra, Kula, Khebta, Khunbhati, Khenera, Khairani, Kala, Khato, Kukusaba, Kokri/Kaksia, Khuhawar, Lākhoria, Landar, Ladha, Luhār, Mundra, Matu, Muja, Matupotra, Marzani, Muhammadpotro, Markan, Markanda, Markhand, Mastani, Mutkani/Matkani, Mirnani,
634:"Presence of Soomras in Kutch, Gujarat and Rajasthan in small numbers does not make them Rajputs either… All British period historians given in the table at end of this chapter have called Soomras as Rajputs under influence of Todd's writings. Actually they were local converted to Ismailism."
577:..These episodes reflect the rivalry among different Rājpūt clans, especially after some converted to Islam. The Sūmras are among these, as they are said to be Soḍhā Rājpūts who converted to Islam under Ismāʿilī persuasion; after conversion, they changed their name from Soḍhā to Sūmra..
400:..These episodes reflect the rivalry among different Rājpūt clans, especially after some converted to Islam. The Sūmras are among these, as they are said to be Soḍhā Rājpūts who converted to Islam under Ismāʿilī persuasion; after conversion, they changed their name from Soḍhā to Sūmra..
771:
became quasi-independent rulers throughout the Multan region, even when it remained nominally incorporated in the
Ghaznavid and Ghurid dominion and subsequently in the Delhi Sultanate. The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as
827:
reference, they reconstructed their genealogies to have roots in Arabs and in association with the Sayeds. Hence, the
Soomras claimed to be Sumerian Arabs; Sammas, the descendants of Jamshed Abbasi of Persia, and Kalhoras traced their descent to Abbasid Khalifas
365:, Holiani/Holani, Hassanpotra, Hamopotro/Hamupotro, Heesani, Heesbani, Hayatani, Hasnani, Issani, Inayatani, Jafrani, Jumrani, Jamrani, Jamarani, Jassani, Junsani, Jonsani, Jothia, Jiya, Jiyepotra, Jakhri, Jakhrepotra, Junejani, Kākar,
431:
The
Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54
304:. As per him, rise of Soomras was one of the factor in movement of the Jats of lower Sindh towards north. Ghulam Hussain and others argue that the Soomros and other native tribes indigenous to Sindh slowly began to
336:’s decree asking Arab officers posted in Sindh to settle in the land permanently. Consequently they took Sindhi wives and subsequently married their daughters in Sindhi families. Hence, Dr. Baloch writes that:
670:
Other important braches and sub-divisions of the Jat in the
Siraiki area include Panhwar, Parihar, Chajra, Daha, Jhakkar, Joiya, Guraha, Bhatti, Massan, Bhutta, Sahu, Sial, Jangla, Thind, Samtia, Sehar,
707:
The Jats were divided into several tribes. In the
Western plain (i.e., West of Lahore) excluding the salt range, and sub - montane tracts were to be found the Tahim, Butta, Langah, Sumra, Sipra and Hans
607:
But as many kings of the dynasty bore local names, it is almost certain that the
Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.
568:
391:
737:
The Sammas rose to great power in Sind at about 1351 A.D., displacing the Sumras, who were not Jats and had achieved control of Lower Sind shortly after the death of Mahmud of Ghazna.
329:
tried to reconcile all different conflicting accounts of Soomra origin. He considered
Soomras, a hybrid race that was mix of Sindhi-Arab blood, emerged after the
349:Āsoo, Āripotra, Amrani, Alyasani, Buja (Baja), Bāghul, Babrani, Bhayani, Bhein, Bheinan, Bheiyani, Bākhri, Bhākhri, Bhāra, Bharpotra, Bhutani/Bhootani, Chhora,
767:
In Lower Sind however we become dimly aware of the existence in the eighth and ninth centuries of a tribal people, the Sumras, who shortly after the death of
792:
Hussain, Ghulam (2019-08-02). "Dalits are in India, not in
Pakistan: Exploring the Discursive Bases of the Denial of Dalitness under the Ashrafia Hegemony".
340:
Soomras were descendents of these hybrid princes, whose ancestors, according to common legend, were either Arabs or their grand-sons on the mothers’ side.
848:
490:
357:, Dodani, Dodepotra, Dhakkar, Dhukar, Dāsra, Dāgha/Dāga, Donar, Danoor, Detha, Dhakan, Dakan, Dakhan, Dowar, Farās, Galahi/Gulahi, Gan, Gāgnani,
928:
305:
760:
730:
694:
657:
600:
520:
292:
He has also explained that
Soomras who were of local Sindhi origin and had been semi-independent rulers after the death of
776:, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids. In fact, it could very well be that next to the
720:
461:"The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)"
752:
Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries
1324:
1329:
869:
840:
780:
immigration from the west, the rise of the Sumras was a factor in pushing the Jats of Lower Sind northward.
482:
750:
921:
590:
333:
24:
1319:
914:
1309:
1238:
270:
who embraced Islam through Ismāʿilī influence. After conversion, they adopted the name Sūmra.
201:
460:
1018:
316:
275:
8:
1153:
817:
326:
1314:
821:
809:
756:
726:
690:
653:
596:
516:
330:
72:
1228:
801:
573:
Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online
549:
396:
Brill's Encyclopedia of the Religions of the Indigenous People of South Asia Online
293:
76:
1273:
768:
684:
647:
620:
166:
68:
652:. Research and Publication Centre (RPC), National College of Arts. p. 130.
1223:
1158:
1113:
983:
228:
205:
20:
19:
This article is about the tribe. For the dynasty established by the tribe, see
612:
553:
308:
themselves by remaking their genealogies to further associate themselves with
1303:
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247:
but initially continued to maintain several Hindu customs and traditions.
618:
354:
231:
in 1025 CE, which re-established native Sindhi rule over Sindh since the
622:
An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011-1351 AD
1278:
1193:
1028:
362:
301:
174:
894:
255:
Many authors have presented conflicting accounts of Soomro's origins.
1178:
1078:
1013:
235:
conquests. Many members of the Soomro caste were one of the first in
213:
125:
54:
1173:
1163:
1118:
358:
244:
95:
542:
Al-Hind, Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries
1218:
1203:
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38:
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1088:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
998:
988:
973:
968:
963:
870:"Soomran Jo Daur - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)"
221:
43:
1288:
1243:
1103:
1098:
1073:
1008:
892:
773:
264:
240:
236:
217:
193:
189:
107:
58:
841:"Jannat Sindh - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)"
483:"Jannat Sindh - Sindhi Adabi Board Online Library (History)"
312:
whom they possibly intermarried and acquired power through.
1208:
297:
282:
232:
150:
619:
Panhwar, M.H.; Soomra National Council (Pakistan) (2003).
649:
Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity
639:
625:. Soomra National Council, Pakistan. p. 26 (on pdf)
274:
Maulai Shedai, a local researcher, believes Soomra are
315:According to Tarikh Waqa`i Rajisthan, Soomras were
1301:
676:
353:, Chatta, Chattani, Chhatani, Chhodawar, Chāki,
686:Social Change and Politics in Punjab, 1898-1910
785:
423:International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics
289:has mentioned that the Soomras were not Jats.
922:
742:
722:Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World
468:Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh
645:
929:
915:
592:History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages
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893:Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (2005).
682:
566:
405:
389:
361:, Gārhepotra, Hamir, Hamirani, Hamad,
910:
513:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
285:with the name "Sumra". But Historian
794:Journal of Asian and African Studies
748:
718:
588:
567:Boivin, Michel (16 September 2021).
535:
458:
390:Boivin, Michel (16 September 2021).
188:is a tribe having a local origin in
510:
504:
296:were different to pastoral-nomadic
216:. The Soomras ruled throughout the
13:
16:Sindhi tribe in India and Pakistan
14:
1341:
936:
838:
646:Khan, H.A.; Choonara, S. (2004).
582:
480:
227:The Soomro tribe established the
689:. Enkay Publishers. p. 24.
100:
88:
53:
886:
862:
851:from the original on 2022-01-24
832:
712:
493:from the original on 2022-01-24
560:
536:Wink, André (1 January 2002).
529:
474:
383:
263:The Sūmras are believed to be
1:
515:. Primus Books. p. 114.
376:
800:(1). SAGE Publications: 24.
595:. Sang-e Meel Publications.
569:"Indigenous People of Sindh"
392:"Indigenous People of Sindh"
200:especially bordering Sindh,
7:
538:"Garrison, Plain and March"
325:Pre-eminent Sindhi scholar
10:
1346:
589:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007).
250:
18:
944:
899:(in Sindhi). p. 477.
554:10.1163/9789004483019_012
334:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
170:
146:
136:
113:
83:
64:
49:
37:
32:
874:www.sindhiadabiboard.org
845:www.sindhiadabiboard.org
806:10.1177/0021909619863455
487:www.sindhiadabiboard.org
344:
896:ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا
839:Molai, Rahim Dad Khan.
511:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
481:Molai, Rahim Dad Khan.
208:of the Indian state of
25:Soomro (disambiguation)
755:. BRILL. p. 166.
725:. BRILL. p. 159.
459:Siddiqui, Habibullah.
342:
272:
23:. For other uses, see
1325:Rajput clans of Sindh
421:"The Arab Conquest".
338:
261:
192:. They are found in
1330:Maldhari communities
749:Wink, André (2002).
719:Wink, André (1991).
683:Bhatia, S. (1987).
548:. Brill: 243–246.
204:province, and the
1297:
1296:
762:978-0-391-04173-8
732:978-90-04-09249-5
696:978-81-85148-13-7
659:978-969-8623-09-8
602:978-969-35-2020-0
522:978-9-38060-734-4
327:Nabi Baksh Baloch
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1310:Rajput clans
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1144:Sindhi Memon
895:
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877:. Retrieved
873:
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853:. Retrieved
844:
834:
825:
797:
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787:
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736:
721:
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700:. Retrieved
685:
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663:. Retrieved
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627:. Retrieved
621:
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576:
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545:
541:
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495:. Retrieved
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273:
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185:
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162:
161:
147:Feudal title
306:'Ashrafize'
259:adds that:
202:Balochistan
196:, parts of
1304:Categories
879:2023-01-10
855:2023-01-10
702:2022-07-29
665:2022-07-27
629:2022-07-27
497:2023-01-10
377:References
287:André Wink
177:: सूमरो),
175:Devanagari
1179:Manganhar
1079:Khaskheli
1029:Halepotra
1014:Daudpotra
822:201404746
814:0021-9096
575:. Brill.
398:. Brill.
363:Halepotro
224:regions.
214:Rajasthan
212:and also
173:,
137:Ethnicity
126:Rajasthan
65:Languages
50:Religions
1315:Surnames
1244:Rahimoon
1174:Mangnejo
1119:Lanjwani
1019:Hingorja
849:Archived
491:Archived
359:Gurchani
245:Hinduism
96:Pakistan
73:Gujarati
1274:Thaheem
1239:Rathore
1224:Parihar
1219:Panhwar
1204:Noohani
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