Rajput - Knowledge

3540:(62, 63) We have culled from the sociological literature, particularly from Srivinas's analysis of Sanskritization, the key differences between the two modes of upward mobility, Sanskritization and Rajputization. Despite the excellent fieldwork on Rajputization by Sinha (1962) and Kulke (1976), there is no clear theoretical definition of the key features of Rajputization, and its differences and similarities to Sanskritization. We argue that theorizing is as important as fieldwork, principally because of the colonial misreading of the term Rajput and its relation to Rajput history and to Rajputization. As a corrective we demarcate the distinction between Sanskritization and Rajputization in terms of attributional criteria - which denotes a code of living, dietary prohibition, modes of worship-and social interactional criteria, which signify the rules of marriage, rules pertaining to women, and modes of power. The attributional criteria for Sanskritization are vegetarianism, prohibition against beef eating, teetotalism, and wearing the sacred thread; the attributional criteria for Rajputized men consists of meat-eating, imbibing alcohol and opium, and the wearing of the sword; the attributional criteria for Rajputized women are seclusion through purdah or the veil and elaborate rules for women's mobility within the village. The religious code for Sanskritization is a belief in the doctrine of karma, dharma, rebirth and moksha and the Sradda ceremony for male ancestors. Conversely, the religious code for Rajputization consists of the worship of Mahadeo and Sakto and the Patronage of Brahmins through personal family priests (historically the Rajputized rulers gave land grants to Brahmins) and the priestly supervision of rites of passage. The social interactional criteria for Sanskritization is claiming the right to all priestly intellectual and cultural vocations, patronage from the dominant political power, and prohibition against widow remarriage. The interactional criteria for Rajputization consists of claiming the right to all military and political occupations, the right to govern, the right to aggrandize lands through wars, sanctioned aggressive behavior, the adoption of the code for violence, compiling clan genealogies and the right to coercively police the interactions between castes. 3611:

as horsemen. It may not be again ignored that the Pratiharas, one of the clansmen of the Rajputs of early medieval period felt pride to bear the title of hayapati, "the lord of horses". The term rajput is derived from Sanskrit root rajputra (son of the king). Prakrit forms of the term rajputra are variously known as rawat, rauta, raul and rawal. A transformation in connotation of the term is noticeable from 7th century CE onwards as it began to be used in literary texts in the sense of a landowner rather than "son of the king". In the Harshacharita of Banabhatta (7th century CE) the term has been used in the sense of a noble or landowning chief. In Kadambari also it is used for persons of noble descent who were appointed by the king as local rulers. In the capacity of local rulers they might have naturally governed a large portion of land under them and, thus, played an active role in political and administrative system of the state. The term began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards. In Rajatarangini the term rajputra is used in the sense of a landowner, acclaiming birth from 36 clans of the Rajputs. The reference of 36 clans and their clan structure clearly denotes their existence by 12th century CE. The 12th century Aparajitprachha of Bhatta Bhuvanadeva, which describes the composition of a typical feudal order, refers to rajaputras as constituting a fairly large section of kings holding estates, each one of them constituting one or more villages

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had once been. As people, who created and preserved the genealogies, local bards therefore played critical roles in brokering for their clients socio-cultural transitions to a claimed Rajput status. A similar thing was happening in the Thar desert region, where from the fourteenth century onwards mobile pastoral groups gradually evolved into landed, sedentary and agrarian clans. Once again, it was bards and poets, patronized by little kings, who transformed a clan's ancestors from celebrated cattle-herders or cattle-rustlers to celebrated protectors of cattle-herding communities. The difference was subtle but critical, since such revised narratives retained an echo of a pastoral nomadic past while repositioning a clan's dynastic founder from pastoralist to non-pastoralist. The term 'Rajput', in short, had become a prestigious title available for adoption by upwardly mobile clan in the process of becoming sedentary. By one mechanism or another, a process of 'Rajputization' occurred in new states that emerged from the turmoil following Timur's invasion in 1398, especially in Gujarat, Malwa and Rajasthan.

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earlierIn both the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, Mughal armies fought bloody battles in this strategic frontier region, and through a mixture of force and coalition, its kingdoms were loosely absorbed into loosely textured Mughal political order. At this time, these armed elites had strong memories of the earlier clan chiefs who had made their mark in turbulent times by adopting known marks of lordship and exalted desent.Yet the varna archetype of the Kshatriya-like man of prowess did become a key reference point for rulers and their subjects under the Mughals and their immediate successors. The chiefs and warriors whom the Mughals came to honor as Rajput lords in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries may not even have been descendants of Rajasthan's earlier pre-Mughal elites. What mattered instead was that for both these titles and the markers of refined faith and social life which accompanied them, spoke in recognizable terms of exalted blood and ancestry.

3130:, p. 141:...individuals or groups with which the word was associated were generally considered to owe their origin to miscegenation or varna-samkara ("the mixing of castes") and were thus inferior in rank to Ksatriyas. What I perceive from the above data is a rather widespread change in the subjective perception and the attribution of rank to groups and individuals who emerged in Rajasthan and North India as local chiefs and rulers in the period after the muslim invasions(extending roughly from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries). These groups were no longer considered kshatriyas and though they filled roles previously held by kshatriyas and were attributed similar functions of sustaining society and upholding the moral order, they were either groups whose original integrity were seen to have been altered or who had emerged from the lower ranks of the caste system. This change is supported by material from the Rajput chronicles themselves. 3043:

from the main body of their tribe and claim Rajput origin. They not only adopted symbols and practices supposedly representative of the true Kshatriya, but also constructed genealogies that linked them to the primordial and legendary solar and lunar dynasties of kings. Further, it was pointed out that the caste of genealogists and mythographers variously known as Carans, Bhats, Vahivanca Barots, etc., prevalent in Gujarat, Rajasthan and other parts of north India actively provided their patron rulers with genealogies that linked local clans of these chiefs with regional clans and with the Kshatriyas of the Puranas and Mahabharata. Once a ruling group succeeded in establishing its claim to Rajput status, there followed a 'secondary Rajputization' when the tribes tried to 're-associate' with their formal tribal chiefs who had also transformed themselves into Hindu rajas and Rajput Kshatriyas.

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for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control. According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait.

3698:, p. 181–182: "The Rajputs of Rajasthan are not over-concerned either over the date or period when the term ‘Rajput’ entered common usage. However, epigraphical and literary evidence would indicate that it was probably sometime during the c.twelfth-thirteenth centuries AD period that the usage of terms like Rajputra, Kshatriya, Rautt and similar words denoting connections with kingship, and Rajput became established as more or less synonymous words....In Kalhana’s Rajtarangini (VII.390) the word rajaputra is used in the sense of a landowner, but if it is read with VII, vv. 1617 and 1618 of the same book it would be clear that they acclaimed their birth from the 36 clans of the Rajputs. That would lead us to believe that by the beginning of the 12th century AD these clans had already come into existence” 3462:, p. 16: Eventually, kinship and marriage restrictions defined this Rajput group as different from other elements in the society of Rajasthan. The hypergamous marriage pattern typical of Rajputs tacitly acknowledged that it was a somewhat open caste category; by successful service in a state army and translating this service into grants and power at the local level, a family might become Rajput. The process required changes in dress, eating patterns, the patronage of local shrines closer to the "great tradition", and an end to widow remarriage. A hypergamous marriage with an acknowledged (but possibly impoverished) Rajput family would follow and with continued success in service the family would indeed become Rajput. All this is well documented in relations between Rajputs and tribals... 2748:

factors, such as the position of the dominant peasant and land-owning classes, political power and production system in the process of caste mobility of groups. Srinivas further surmises that the varna model became more popular during British rule. Thus, growing caste rigidity was an indirect effect of British rule. The rise of Rajputs is a classic model of varna mobility in the earlier period. There is a good deal of discussion regarding the origin of Rajputs - whether they were Kshatriyas of they were drawn from other categories in the population including indigenous tribes. Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including Shudra and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous of foreign.

631:. Thus, the Rajput identity is not the result of a shared ancestry. Rather, it emerged when different social groups of medieval India sought to legitimise their newly acquired political power by claiming Kshatriya status. These groups started identifying as Rajput at different times, in different ways. Thus, modern scholars summarise that Rajputs were a "group of open status" since the eighth century, mostly illiterate warriors who claimed to be reincarnates of ancient Indian Kshatriyas – a claim that had no historical basis. Moreover, this unfounded Kshatriya status claim showed a sharp contrast to the classical varna of Kshatriyas as depicted in Hindu literature in which Kshatriyas are depicted as an educated and urbanite clan. Historian 4063:

political inclusion into the empire. Prior to the Mughals, the term 'Rajput' was equally an open-ended, generic name applied to any '"horse soldier", "trooper", or "headman of a village"' regardless of parentage, who achieved his status through his personal ability to establish a wide network of supporters through his bhaibandh (lit. 'ie or bond of brothers'; that is, close collateral relations by male blood) or by means of naukari (military service to a more powerful overlord) and sagai (alliance through marriage). Thus the language of kinship remained nonetheless strong in this alternative construction of Rajput identity but collateral and affinal bonds were stressed rather than those of descent. During the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-

3154:, p. 54:The Indian historian K. R. Qanungo has pointed out that in " the middle ages ' Rajput ' ordinarily meant a trooper in the service of a chief or a free-lance captain(1960,98); and Dirk Kolff(1990), following both Quango and D.C.Sircar has surely settled the matter with his argument that many Rajput clans came out of pastoralist bands which achieved some degree of landed status in the first half of the second millennium, forming "largely open status groups of clans, lineages, or even families and individuals who achieved statuses as 'horse soldier', 'trooper' or 'headman of village', and pretended to be connected with the family of some king, it became a generic name for this military and landed class(p 71-72) 6844:, p. 99 (Para 3): "...Rajput did not originally indicate a hereditary status but rather an occupational one: that is, it was used in reference to men from diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds, who fought on horseback. In Rajasthan and its vicinity, the word Rajput came to have a more restricted and aristocratic meaning, as exclusive networks of warriors related by patrilineal descent and intermarriage became dominant in the fifteenth century. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity of the warriors who lived farther to the east and retained the fluid and inclusive nature of their communities far longer than did the warriors of Rajasthan." 3063:...from gradual transformation of mobile patoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. The process of settlement involved both control over mobile resources through raids, battles and trade as well as channelizing of these resources into agrarian expansion. Kinship structures as well as marital and martial alliances were instrumental in this transformation.In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, Bhils, Mers, Minas, Gujars, Jats, Raikas, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite. 3859:

between Rajputs that involved cattle raids. Also, a close reading of the lore regarding Rajput folk deities like Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo, who are viewed as protectors of cattle herding communities actually indicates the intense struggle for control over cattle and pasturelands that Rajputs were engaged in. Rajputs extended patronage to Brahmins and Bardic communities like Bhats and Charans who composed detailed genealogies linking Rajput clans to older kshatriya lineages as well as celestial sources, which not only legitimised their claims to aristocracy but also distanced them from their tribal pastoral origins.

2777:, p. 140: "Regarding the initial stages of this history and the origin of the Rajput feudal elite, modern research shows that its claims to direct blood links with epic heroes and ancient kshatriyas in general has no historic substantiation. No adequate number of the successors of these epically acclaimed warriors could have been available by the period of seventh-eights centuries AD when the first references to the Rajput clans and their chieftains were made. almost all Rajput clans originated from the semi-nomadic pastoralists of the Indian north and north-west." 1360: 1943: 1217: 1307:, which had been abolished by Akbar. However, despite imposition of Jaziya Aurangzeb's army had a high proportion of Rajput officers in the upper ranks of the imperial army and they were all exempted from paying Jaziya. He had banned all Hindus from carrying weapons and riding horses but exempted the Rajputs. The Rajputs then revolted against the Mughal empire. Aurangzeb's conflicts with them, which commenced in the early 1680s, henceforth became a contributing factor towards the downfall of the Mughal empire. 3007:

of political power it 'signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right to cultivate land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. This was a claim that was used by persons of all castes all over north India ranging from peasants and lower-caste Sudras to warriors and tribal chiefs and even the local raja who had recently converted to Islam.

2328: 4336:"In north India, the dominant features of the period between 7th and 12th centuries have been identified as the growing weakness of state; the growth of the power of local landed elites and their decentralising authority by acquiring greater administrative, economic and political roles; the decline of towns, the setback to trades, especially long distance trade and the alientation of land to the brahmans in larger proportions then ever before. The period is also noted for the rise of the Rajputs 1904: 828:) sought to legitimise the Rajput socio-political status on the basis of descent and kinship. They fabricated genealogies linking the Rajput families to the ancient dynasties, and associated them with myths of origins that established their Kshatriya status. This led to the emergence of what Indologist Dirk Kolff calls the "Rajput Great Tradition", which accepted only hereditary claims to the Rajput identity, and fostered a notion of eliteness and exclusivity. The legendary epic poem 896: 1454:, who was in charge of the Rajput states broke the promise to not interfere as in his view interferences would save the states from "ruin". In 1820, the British removed him from his position and replaced him with Charles Metcalfe. For several decades, "non-interference" in internal affairs remained the official policy. However, according to the historian Lynn Zastoupil, the "British never found it possible or desirable to completely withdraw from interference in Rajput affairs". 3536:

the member of a community with traditions of military labor, any of these men could Rajputize themselves and their families by adopting the lifestyle traditionally recognized as Rajput. These aspirants deployed Brahmins to compose a genealogy that would retrospectively endow the aspirant’s lineage with ritual purity. These social processes get repeated continually and mirrored by communities all over north India that Rajputize themselves to make a bid for political power.

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illiterate warriors who wished to consider themselves as the reincarnates of the ancient Indian Kshatriyas. The claim of Kshatriyas was, of course, historically completely unfounded. The Rajputs as well as other autochthonous Indian gentry groups who claimed Kshatriya status by way of putative Rajput descent, differed widely from the classical varna of Kshatriyas which, as depicted in literature, was made of aristocratic, urbanite and educated clans...

1495:, although there were some revolts in the soldiers commanded by British officers the "Rajpur durbar muskeeters and feudal cavalrymen" did not participate in the 1857 revolt at all. But Crispin Bates is of the opinion that Rajput officers had soft corner for the rebels of 1857 fleeing Delhi who were entering into interior areas of then Rajasthan region. He gives examples of rebels who easily found safe havens in villages of Chittor without arrests. 2147:"Let every Rajput be thoroughly convinced that he will go to jail for ten years for every infant girl he murders, with as much certainty as he would feel about being hanged if he were to kill her when grown up, and the crime will be stamped out very effectually; but so long as the Government show any hesitation in dealing rigorously with criminals, so long will the Rajpoot think he has chance of impunity and will go on killing girls like before." 5610:

courtiers: 'Naked rustics, whose fathers and brothers were with their own hands guiding the plow . . . , rode about as Asaf ud-daula's orderlies. In other words, the Rajputs of Awadh, who along with brahmans constituted the main beneficiaries of what historian Richard Barnett characterizes as "Asaf's permissive program of social mobility," were not willing to let that mobility reach beyond certain arbitrary sociocultural boundaries.

3531:, p. 59-62(59)In our view Rajputization refers neither to a caste nor a race, instead it signifies a highly mobile social process of claiming military-political power and the right tocultivable land as well as the right to rule. Rajputization is unparalleled in traditional Indian society for its inventiveness in ideologies of legitimation and self-invention. The fabrication of a Rajput genealogy in the process of climbing from 2286:

exchange for money or they ended up becoming dancing girls. The scarcity of available brides due to female infanticide led to the kidnapping of low caste women who were sold for marriage to the higher clan Rajputs. Since these "sales" were genuinely for the purpose of marriage, they were considered legal. The lower clans also faced scarcity of brides in which case they married women such as those from Gujar and Jat communities.

2160:"Bridewealth" is discussed in north Indian Rajputs of 19th century India by the historian Malavika Kasturi. She states that Rajputs belonging to social groups where their women worked in the fields received Bridewealth from the groom's family. She adds that evidence shows that the assumption made by officials of the time that female infanticide among clans was a result of poverty and inability to pay dowry is incorrect. 2152:

1889, the proportion of girl children rose to 40%. However, the act was abolished in 1912 as punishments were unable to stop infanticide. A historian concludes that "the act, which only scraped the surface of the problem had been unable to civilize or bring about a social change in a cultural world devaluing girl children". In addition to Rajputs, it was observed that Jats and Ahirs also practised infanticide.

2054:. 40,000 Rajputs gathered on the street of Jaipur in October 1987 for supporting her Sati. A pamphlet circulated on that day attacked independent and westernised women who opposed a woman's duty of worshipping her husband as demonstrated by the practice of Sati. This incident again affirmed the low status of women in the Rajput community and the leaders of this pro-sati movement gained in political terms. 1473:, a British colonial official, was impressed by the military qualities of the Rajputs but is today considered to have been unusually enamoured of them. Although the group venerate him to this day, he is viewed by many historians since the late nineteenth century as being a not particularly reliable commentator. Jason Freitag, his only significant biographer, has said that Tod is "manifestly biased". 1722:) and its neighbouring areas, the word Rajput came to be restricted to certain specific clans, based on patrilineal descent and intermarriages. On the other hand, the Rajput communities living in the region to the east of Rajasthan had a fluid and inclusive nature. The Rajputs of Rajasthan eventually refused to acknowledge the Rajput identity claimed by their eastern counterparts, such as the 1622:

Rajputs were only next to Brahmins in the ritual hierarchy and also gave the secular elite of the state. According to him, the community controlled most of the best agricultural land in the region and this also helped the Rajput Taluqdars who were usually the head of the local Rajput clan to gather support over non-Rajput rival in the electoral politics of the state.

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the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class. Ancient illiterate merceneries, the Rajput did not represent a threat to the Brahmininc monopoly and were more inclined to accept the Brahmans' superiority, thus contributing to the so called Hindu restoration.

1563:. Rowe states that at a historic meeting of the caste in 1936, every child in this Noniya section "knew" about their "Rajput heritage". Similarly, Donald Attwood and Baviskar give and example of a caste of shepherds who were formerly Shudras changed their status to Rajput in the Raj era and started wearing the Sacred thread. They are now known as 1258:

wives in Akbar's household and Hindu Rajputs as well as non-Rajput Hindus in his administration to the religious and political policy followed by him towards non-Muslims which included ending the prohibition on the construction of new temples of non -Muslim faiths like Hindu, Jain etc. In 1564 AD, Akbar had also stopped collection of

653:, for example. Such a marriage between someone from a tribal family, and a member of an acknowledged - but possibly poor - Rajput family, would ultimately enable the non-Rajput family to rise to Rajput status. This marriage pattern supports the fact that Rajput was an "open caste category", available to those who served the Mughals. 2867:...and it is very probable that the other fire-born Rajput clans like the Caulukyas, Paramaras, Cahamanas, as well as the Tomaras and others who in the eighth and ninth centuries were subordinate to the Gurjara-Pratiharas, were of similar pastoral origin, that is, that they originally belonged to the mobile, nomadic groups... 4515:'It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first Muslim sultante' 6166:

Thakurs owned the largest share of the land in most of the districts in Uttar Pradesh; in Oudh, Rajputs were the most prominent talukdars and owned more than 50 percent of the land in most districts. Rajputs and Thakurs are associated with traditional Kshatriya class, the ruling class in the classical Hindu order.

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though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.

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Ironically, the Rajput constituency of Awadh itself composed a "group of newcomers to the court, who had been peasant soldiers only a few years before. They were called, half sarcastically, the 'Tilangi Rajas' 'trooper rajas'—the people described by the shocked Muhammad Faiz Baksh as the new Nawab's

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An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier. The Rajputs gathered together as best as they could not forgetting internal rivalries and jealousies. Prithviraja defeated Muhmmad Ghori at First battle of

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The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan,

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Unlike the popular perception, even Rajputs remained engaged with nomadic pastorialism, animal husbandry and cattle trade till much later than it is assumed. Munhata Nainsini in his seventeenth century chronicles, Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat and Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat refers to a number of disputes

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Rāuta in these inscriptions are clearly ranked beneath the ranakas, and they are obviously more numerous. In the Mahoba Fort inscription (actually from Kasrak near Badaun), in an entry of 1234, the rautas are spoken off as a jati or caste. Rāuta is actually the Prakrit form of Rajaputra (modern Hindi

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Infanticide has unintended consequences. The Rajput clans of lower ritual status married their daughters to Rajput men of higher ritual status who had lost females due to infanticide. Thus, the Rajputs of lower ritual status had to remain unmarried or resorted to other practices like marrying widows,

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in the period of the British Raj. This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting, whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit

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Banners and Devices - Rajputs had slogans like 'Jai Mataji', 'Rann banka Rathor' and so on painted on their shields. Jagirdars carried their own flags; this served the same purpose as in ancient and ease of deployment for battle. The ruler's banners and flags were carried on elephants, camels and on

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Another example of castes' successful efforts to raise their sacred status to twice-born are the Sagar Rajputs of Poona district. Previously they were considered to be Dhangars—shepherds by occupation and Shudras by traditional varna. However, when their economic strength increased and they began to

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When the rank of persons was in theory rigorously ascribed according to the purity of the birth-group, the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth. This generalization applies to south indian warriors and may be equally applicable for many clans of Rajputs in

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Rajputization discussed processes through which 'equalitarian, primitive, clan based tribal organization' adjusted itself to the centralized hierarchic, territorial oriented political developments in the course of state formation. This led a 'narrow lineage of single families' to disassociate itself

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In their recent work on female infanticide, Bhatnagar, Dube and Bube(2005) distinguish between Rajputization and Sanksritization. Using M.N.Srinivas' and Milton Singer's approach to social mobility as idioms they identify Rajputization as one of the most dynamic modes of upward mobility. As an idiom

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The Lingayats, the Gujjars and the Rajputs are three other important castes which belong to the intermediate category. The lingayats who hail from north Karnataka are found primarily in south Maharashtra and Marthwada while Gujjars and Rajputs who migrated centuries ago from north India have settled

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The male children of such unions were identified by their father's names and in some cases as 'dhaibhai'(foster-brothers) and incorporated into the household. Examples are given where they helped their step-brothers in war campaigns. The female children of concubines and slaves married Rajput men in

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were used for males. The "courtly chronicles" say that women who were perceived to be of "higher social rank" were assigned to the "harems of their conquerors with or without marriage". The chronicles from the Rajput courts have recorded that women from Rajput community had also faced such treatment

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Historically, members from the Rajput ruling clans of Rajasthan have also practised polygamy and also took many women they enslaved as concubines from the battles which they won. During numerous armed conflicts in India, women were taken captives, enslaved and even sold, for example, the capture and

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If not, these children became dancing girls or were sold off to other Rajputs as wives.Female infanticide had unintended consequences. The scarcity of girls in many clans of higher status led to the kidnapping of women of lower castes, who were sold to high ranking clans for matrimonial purposes.In

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Despite the widespread unacceptability of alcoholic beverages as offerings to high gods in India (Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi, 1977a : 365-66), when Rajputs 'open a bottle of whiskey, they often tip a little on the ground in an offering to the mother goddess before they drink. They say "Jai Mata-ji"

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and other local government institutions. The mere existence of such a large group of influential caste fellows scattered throughout the countryside gives the taluqdar a substantial advantage over a non-Rajput rival in gathering electoral support. But the taluqdar is usually more than just a Rajput;

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The bulk of the taluqdars, including almost all the Hindu holders of moderate to large estates, are of the Rajput caste. A ritually high caste, second only to the Brahmins, Rajputs have traditionally provided the secular elite of the province. Not only as large Landlords, but as petty zamindars and

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By contrast in Rajasthan a single warrior group evolved called Rajput (from Rajaputra-sons of kings): they rarely engaged in farming, even to supervise farm labour as farming was literally beneath them, farming was for their peasant subjects. In the ninth century separate clans of Rajputs Cahamanas

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The appearance of rajputras as mercenary soldiers is proved as early as 7th century CE from the reference in Bakshali manuscript found in the North-West Frontier Province and subsequently from the Chachnama in Sindh in 8th century CE. In all bardic traditions of this period the Rajputs are depicted

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Paid employment in military service as Dirk H. A. Kolff has recently demonstrated, was an important means of livelihood for the peasants of certain areas of late medieval north India... In earlier centuries, says Kolff, "Rajput" was a more ascriptive term, referring to all kinds of Hindus who lived

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Of note, the mistreatment or enslavement of women was not unique to Rajputs. Datta notes Bachanan's observation in 18th century northern-India that, other than the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas also "openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe". The offsprings of these women formed one matrimonial

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to the present day (1899). They have taken part in almost every campaign undertaken by the Indian armies. Under Forde they defeated the French at Condore. Under Monro at Buxar they routed the forces of the Nawab of Oudh. Under Lake they took part in the brilliant series of victories which destroyed

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discuss disputes between Rajputs pertaining to cattle raids. In addition, Folk deities of the Rajputs – Pabuji, Mallinath, Gogaji and Ramdeo were considered protectors of cattle herding communities. They also imply struggle among Rajputs for domination over cattle and pasturelands. The emergence of

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was associated with fortified settlements, kin-based landholding, and other features that later became indicative of the Rajput status. According to him, the title acquired "an element of heredity" from c. 1300. A study of 11th–14th century inscriptions from western and central India, by Michael B.

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The Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory,

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The conquest of Malwa and Chanderi was a prelude to the conquest of Marwar where Maldeo had ascended the gaddi in 1531. He had steadily augmented his power till it comprised almost the whole of western and eastern Rajasthan including Sambhal and Narnaul in Shekhawati. His armies were also said to

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As Dirk Kolff has argued, it was privileged, if not initially inspired, only in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Mughal perceptions of Rajputs which, in a pre-form of orientalism, took patrilineal descent as the basis for Rajput social Organization and consequently as the basis for their

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is encyclopaedic in character. The noises and sounds of the city through playing of all kinds of musical instruments, singing of ballads and songs, the shouts of the people, and all kinds of seemly and unseemly acts which would come to one's own sight in a city with its motley crowd are mentioned.

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to king does not constitute an isolated historical event in the early medieval period. In nineteenth-century India, the village landlord, the Brahmin priest, the tribal chieftain, the local Raja who has recently converted from Islam, the newly wealthy lower caste Sudra, the professional soldier or

3416:

Weber however explained this downgrading of their status by the fact that they represented a threat to the cultural and intellectual monopoly of the Brahmans, as they were also extremely cultured and educated in the art of administration. In about the eight century the Rajput thus began to perform

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In Gujarat, as in Rajasthan, genealogy proved essential for making such claims. To this end, local bards composed ballads or chronicles that presented their patrons as idea warriors who protected Brahmins, cows and vassals, as opposed to the livestock herding chieftains that they actually were, or

2151:

However, the practical application of the law faced hurdles. It was difficult to prove culpability as in some cases the Rajput men were employed at a distance although the infants could be killed at their connivance. In most cases, Rajput men were imprisoned only for a short time. Between 1888 and

911:

were disparate: loyalty to a clan was more important than allegiance to the wider Rajput social grouping, meaning that one clan would fight another. This and the internecine jostling for position that took place when a clan leader (raja) died meant that Rajput politics were fluid and prevented the

814:

B.D Chattopadhyaya opines that during its formative stages, the Rajput class was quite assimilative and absorbed people from a wide range of lineages. However, by the late 16th century, it had become genealogically rigid, based on the ideas of blood purity, Dirk Kolff writes. The membership of the

7983:

Buchanan writes that in northern India, the Rajputs, Khatris and Kayasthas openly kept women slaves of any pure tribe, and the children through such women were classed in one matrimonial group . Rich Muslim families in Bihar maintained large number of male slaves called Nufurs and female slaves

3890:

What at first sight might seem to be a change of religion, is often a device to register either recruitment or professional success whether military or otherwise. Very often the Rajput to Afghan change — and, one may add, the peasant to Rajput change — was a similar kind of affair, indicating the

531:

and the bravery of the Rajputs. However, Hiltebeitel says that such "affinities do not point to an unbroken continuity between an ancient epic period" in the Vedic period (3500 BCE - 3000 BCE according to Vaidya) and the "great Rajput tradition" that started in sixteenth-century Rajasthan instead

1621:

formed the major Taluqdars and had controlled over 50 percent of the land in the most districts of the region. Historian Thomas R. Metcalf explains that in the province of Uttar Pradesh, majority of the Taluqdars with moderate to large estates were composed of Rajput caste. He also mentions that

1257:

states that the bards and poets patronized by the Rajput rulers who served Akbar raised Akbar to a "semi-divine" status and gives an example of Akbar being projected as a "divine master" in the "Hindu cosmic order". The writer also finds correlation between the increasing numbers of Hindu Rajput

267:

Over time, the Rajputs emerged as a social class comprising people from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds. From 12th to 16th centuries, the membership of this class became largely hereditary, although new claims to Rajput status continued to be made in the later centuries. Several

6165:

The agricultural castes must be further subdivided into the traditional landowning castes, the cultivating castes, and the castes which provide field laborers. Among the traditional landowning castes, the Thakurs and Rajputs are by far the most important. Before zamindari abolition, Rajputs and

4207:

When Harsha shifted the centre of north Indian history to Kanauj in midst of Ganga-Yamuna Doab the tribes living to the west of this new centre also became more important for further courses of Indian history They were first and foremost the Rajputs who now emerged into the limelight of Indian

2747:

M.N.Srinivas who had used the word "Sanskritization" to denote this process, now accepts accepts that he put too much emphasis originally on the movement of groups towards the varna status of Brahmans. Both Srinivas and B.Stein now emphasize not merely the process of Sanskritization, but other

2277:

communities of that region. These castes of Marwar claimed Rajput descent based on the "census data of Marwar, 1861". However, the research by modern scholars on the forms of "slavery and servitude" imposed by ruling clans of Rajasthan's Rajputs between the 16th and early–19th centuries on the

2032:

By the late 19th century, there was a shift of focus among Rajputs from politics to a concern with kinship. Many Rajputs of Rajasthan are nostalgic about their past and keenly conscious of their genealogy, emphasising a Rajput ethos that is martial in spirit, with a fierce pride in lineage and

1367:

In the late eighteenth century, despite the request from two Rajput rulers for British support, the British East India company initially refused to support the Rajput states in Rajputana region as they had the policy of non-interference and considered the Rajput states to be weak. In the early

1351:, the Rajput constituency of Asaf's court caused stiff opposition to the move despite the fact that the Rajputs themselves were newcomers to the court and were peasant-soldiers a few year before. Rajputs of Awadh along with Brahmins also formed the major groups who gained during Asaf's regime. 1142:

forming their own chieftaincies. These minor Rajput kingdoms were dotted all over the Gangetic plains in modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. During this process, petty clashes occurred with the local population and in some cases, alliances were formed. Among these Rajput chieftaincies were the

4169:

In the arid hill country what is now Rajasthan, located southwest to the Mughal original strongholds in gangetic plain, powerful lords had been calling themselves as Rajputs, a title derived from the Sanskrit (rajaputra, king's son), as far back as thirteenth century AD and possibly very much

4093:

Confronting the Ghurid ruler now were a number of major Hindu powers, for which the designation 'Rajput' (not encountered in the Muslim sources before the sixteenth century) is a well-established anachronism. Chief among them was the Chahamana (Chawhan) kingdom of Shakambhari (Sambhar), which

3330:

In short, a process of development occurred which after several centuries culminated in the formation of new groups with the identity of 'Rajputs'. The predecessors of the Rajputs, from about the eighth century, rose to politico-military prominence as an open status group or estate of largely

3103:

The term 'Rajput' before the fifteenth century meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief'. Moreover, individuals with whom the word was associated were generally considered to be products of varna–samkara of mixed caste origin, and thus inferior in rank to

1401:

and Muhammad Shah Khan and that the Rajput rulers made multiple petitions to him requesting British protection. Moreover, the Rajput rulers had argued that "British had replaced the Mughal Empire as the supreme power of India and therefore had the responsibility to protect weaker states from

2050:(burning a widow alive) in Rajasthan from 1943 to 1987. According to an Indian scholar, there are 28 cases since 1947. Although the widows were from several different communities, Rajput widows accounted for 19 cases in Rajasthan. The most famous of these cases is of a Rajput woman named 660:" could employ Brahmins to retrospectively fabricate a genealogy and within a couple of generations they would gain acceptance as Hindu Rajputs. This process would get mirrored by communities in north India. This process of origin of the Rajput community resulted in hypergamy as well as 819:, whose rulers had great interest in genealogy. As the various Rajput chiefs became Mughal feudatories, they no longer engaged in major conflicts with each other. This decreased the possibility of achieving prestige through military action, and made hereditary prestige more important. 7222:

Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of

2065:

was practised by Rajputs of low ritual status trying upward mobility as well as Rajputs of high ritual status. But there were instances where it was not practised and instances where the mother tried to save the infant girl's life. According to the officials in the early Raj era, in

4441:, p. 208 "The Rajputs repelled Arabs from "Stravani and Valla", probably the area North of Jaisalmer and Jodhpur, and the invasion of Malwa but were ultimately defeated by Bappa Rawal and Nagabhata I in 725 AD near Ujjain. Arab rule was restricted to the west of Thar desert." 1662:

Rajput politics refers to the role played by the Rajput community in the electoral politics of India. In states such as Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Uttrakhand, Jammu, Himachal Pradesh, and Gujarat, the large populations of Rajputs gives them a decisive role.

1235:

and served them in different capacities. It was due to the support of the Rajputs that Akbar was able to lay the foundations of the Mughal empire in India. Some Rajput nobles gave away their daughters in marriage to Mughal emperors and princes for political motives. For example,

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northern India. The capacity of both ancient and medieval Indian society to ascribe to its actual rulers, frequently men of low social origins, a "clean" or "Kshatriya" rank may afford one of the explanations for the durability and longevity of the unique civilization of India.

5883:

This suggests that those who fled Delhi had taken asylum in the villages of Chittor, implying that Rajput officers had sympathy with the rebels, otherwise they could have been arrested at the entry point into Rajasthan. However, they travelled safely through Rajasthan, up to

580:("mixed caste origin") and inferior to Kshatriya. Over time, the term "Rajput" came to denote a hereditary political status, which was not necessarily very high: the term could denote a wide range of rank-holders, from an actual son of a king to the lowest-ranked landholder. 626:

became landed aristocrats, and transformed into the ruling class. These groups assumed the title "Rajput" as part of their claim to higher social positions and ranks. The early medieval literature suggests that this newly formed Rajput class comprised people from multiple

676:

has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process of members of a tribe trying to re-associate themselves with the former chief of their tribe who had already transformed himself into a Rajput via Rajputisation and thus become Rajputs themselves.

6856:, p. 120 (Para 4): "Kolff's provocative thesis certainly applies to more peripheral groups like the Bundelas of Central India, whose claims to be Rajput were ignored by the Rajput clans of Mughal-era Rajasthan, and to other such lower-status martial communities." 811:

Rajput community was the result of a gradual change from mobile pastoral and tribal groups into landed sedentary ones. This necessitated control over mobile resources for agrarian expansion which in turn necessitated kinship structures, martial and marital alliances.

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People said 'Jai Karni Mata ki', 'Jai Mataji ki', 'Jai Charbhuja ki', 'Jai Gordhan Nath ki', and so on. Different deities were invoked in different places and by different castes. For example, a Jat would never say 'Jai Mata Ki', only a Rajput or a Charan would say

4549:

Tarain north of Delhi, in 1191, a second battle was fought at the same place, Prithviraj was defeated and kingdom of Delhi fell to Muhmmad, who pressed on and concentrated on capturing capital of Rajput kingdoms with the assistance of his General, Qutub-ud-din Aibak

3447:

Since then every known royal family has come from a non - Kshatriya caste, including the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India . Panikkar also points out that " the Shudras seem to have produced an unusually large number of royal families even in more recent

715:

began to be more commonly used from 12th century onwards to denote a large number of people and a Rājaputra/Rajput caste established itself well before the thirteenth century. The reference to the clan structure of Rajputs in contemporary historical works like

4238:

The anarchy and confusion which followed Harsha's death is the transitional period of history. This period was marked by the rise of the Rajput clans who begun to play a conspicuous part in the history of northern and western India from the eight century AD.

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Rajput); and a Rajaputra caste had established itself well before the thirteenth century......Military prowess converted itself into land control, and we say by the thirteenth century the rajaputras or rāutas had acquired the position of local land magnates

6652:

The Rajputs and Brahmins are the two politically dominant upper castes in the state. The Rajputs being higher in their numerical strength (28 per cent), followed by Brahmins (20 per cent), principally represent and influence the electoral politics in the

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who became rulers. However, such "one track arguments" and "contrived evidence" such as shape of the head, cultural stereotypes, etc. are dismissed by Hiltebeitel who refers to such claims and Asopa's epic references as "far-fetched" or "unintelligible".

1276:

is renowned as a "Rajput icon" for firmly fighting with Akbar's forces for the cause of Mewar's freedom. Once Mewar had submitted and alliance of Rajputs reached a measure of stability, matrimonial between leading Rajput states and Mughals became rare.

1881:

recruited heavily from upper castes such as Brahmins and Rajputs of north-central India particularly from the region of Awadh and Bihar. However, after the revolt of 1857 by the Bengal sepoys, the British Indian army shifted recruitment to the Punjab.

532:"raise the question of similarities between the epics' allusions to Vedic Vratya warbands and earlier medieval low status Rajput clans". Hiltebeitel concludes that such attempts to trace Rajputs from epic and Vedic sources are "unconvincing" and cites 1315:

Historian Lynn Zastoupil states that the Mughal Emperors manipulated the appointment of the successor of the Rajput rulers. In the early 18th century, when the Mughal power declined, Rajput states enjoyed a brief period of independence. But soon the

1469:) glorified the Rajput past, presenting warriorhood and honour as Rajput ideals. This later became the basis of the British reconstruction of the Rajput history and the nationalist interpretations of Rajputs' struggles with the Muslim invaders. 7561:

The Muslims shout their battle-cry; the Rajputs cry, 'Jai Mata! Victory to the Mother!' and the Jats shout the war cry of Hanuman the monkey-god. The Japanese, too - they were shouting 'Banzai!' and wielding their samurai swords ... a medieval

1158:

The immigration of Rajput clan chiefs into these parts of the Gangetic plains also contributed the agricultural appropriation of previously forested areas, especially in South Bihar. Some have linked this eastwards expansion with the onset of

6645: 846:. They compiled the Rajput genealogies in the process of settling land disputes, surveying castes and tribes, and writing history. These genealogies became the basis of distinguishing between the "genuine" and the "spurious" Rajput clans. 1521:(widow immolation) were other matters of concern to the British. It was believed that the Rajputs were the primary adherents to these practices, which the British Raj considered savage and which provided the initial impetus for British 6631:

Findings from surveys conducted by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) in Delhi estimate an average of 40% of the voters in Delhi belong to the upper castes. About 12% are Brahmins, 7% are Punjabi Khatris, 7% are

3385:

Eventually the position of the old Kshatriya nobility was undermined not only by the Brahmin priests but also by the rise of a warrior caste in northwest India. Most of the Rajputs were illiterate mercenaries in the service of a

1327:

By 1765, Awadh had become ally of the British East India Company and the increase in demand for revenue led to a continuous tussle in between the Nawab of Awadh and Rajput leadership bringing political instability in the region.

1094:

inherited a troubling kingdom after death of his brothers but through his capable rule turned traditional kingdom of Mewar into one of the greatest power in northern India during the early 16th century. Sanga defeated Sultans of

841:

Despite these developments, migrant soldiers made new claims to the Rajput status until as late as the 19th century. In the 19th century, the colonial administrators of India re-imagined the Rajputs as similar to the Anglo-Saxon

2361:, Rajput painting symbolised the divide between Muslims and Hindus during Mughal rule. The styles of Mughal and Rajput painting are oppositional in character. He characterised Rajput painting as "popular, universal and mystic". 1372:

realised how alliance with the Rajputs had benefited the Mughals and believed that a similar alliance may give the East India company political advantage in India. In his journal, in January 1815, he noted that Rajput states -

5402: 1009:

and its Rajput ruler Bhimdev Solanki fled his capital. Rajput rulers at Gwalior and Kalinjar were able to hold off assaults by Maḥmūd, although the two cities did pay him heavy tribute. By last quarter of 12th century,

2097:

over the baby's face to prevent respiration". Other ways were to leave the infant to die without food and if she survived the first few hours after birth, she was given poison. A common way to poison the infant during

575:

The word "rajput" meant 'horse soldier', 'trooper', 'headman of a village' or 'subordinate chief' before the 15th century. Individuals with whom the word "rajput" was associated before the 15th century were considered

5673:

What nation on earth could have maintained the semblance of civilization, the spirit or the customs of their forefathers, during so many centuries of overwhelming depression, but one of such singular character as the

1717:

The term "Rajput" denotes a cluster of castes, clans, and lineages. It is a vaguely-defined term, and there is no universal consensus on which clans make up the Rajput community. In medieval Rajasthan (the historical

5380: 4366:"In about the eighth century B.C. the Rajput thus began to perform the functions that had formerly belonged to the Kshatriya, assuming their social and economic position and substituting them as the new warrior class 2681:

Page 288— Vidyapati comments on the social composition of Jaunpur town also."In the city, people of different caste and class of Hindu religion were living. In the city, mostly they were Brahmin, Kayasth, Rajput and

452:

and tribals. Some were Brahmans who took to warfare, and some were from Tribes- indigenous or foreign". Thus, the Rajput community formation was a result of political factors that influenced caste mobility, called

2235:

by the Rajputs from the winning side of a battle. There are also a number of records between the late 16th to mid–19th century of the Rajputs immolating the queens, servants, and slaves of a king upon his death.

583:

According to scholars, in medieval times "the political units of India were probably ruled most often by men of very low birth" and this "may be equally applicable for many clans of 'Rajputs' in northern India".

1248:

had Rajput mothers. Although Rajput rulers provided the brides to the Mughals, neither Akbar nor his successors provided brides to the Rajput rulers. For example, Akbar got this sisters and daughters married to

672:, was a mode for upward mobility, but it differed from Sanskritisation in other attributes, like the method of worship, lifestyle, diet, social interaction, rules for women, and marriage, etc. German historian 6720: 1014:

defeated and executed the last of Ghaznavid rulers and captured their region along with plundering Ghazna, the capital of Ghaznavids. After capturing the northwest frontier, he invaded Rajput domain. In 1191,

7806::Only the Sisodia clan of Mewar in southern Rajasthan proudly claiming pre-eminence among the Rajput clans, refused to send its women to the Mughal Harem, resulting in the siege and mass suicide at Chittor. 7500:

In fact the greeting used by Bhati Rajputs is 'Jai - sri' or 'Jai - sri - Kishan' ( victory to Lord Krishna ) as opposed to the general Rajput greeting 'Jai - mata - jiri' (victory of the Mother Goddess).

3588:"By the sixth century AD, there are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajput settle in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Over the course of ten centuries they came to control land and people 1000:

and later under Khoman fought off invasions by Arab generals and restricted them only until the border of Rajasthan but failed to recapture Sindh. By the first quarter of 11th century, Turkic conqueror

4643:

From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of the sixteenth century.

3816:

Here we get an account of delicacies in medieval Mithila. We get not only a list of seventy-two Rajput clans but also of eighty-four siddhas and further mention of countries like Khorasan and Gandhara.

7796:( iii ) Amongst the Rajputs it was a common practice that a mother's breast was smeared with the preparation of 'dhatura ' or Mudar plant or the poppy. The infant drank the milk along with the poison. 6680: 1331:

In one 18th century example given by Pinch, Rajputs of Awadh countered the upward mobility of some of the peasant castes, who by virtue of their economic prosperity sought higher status by wearing

1982:

festival, after which a Rajput is considered "free to indulge his passion for rapine and revenge". The Rajput of Rajasthan also offer a sacrifice of water buffalo or goat to their family goddess (

930:

However, other scholarly opinion staged emergence of Rajput clans as early as seventh century AD. when they start to make themselves lords of various localities and dominate region in current day

1119:

through Mughal's use of Gunpowder which was unknown in Northern India at the time. His fierce rival Babur in his autobiography acknowledged him as the greatest Hindu king of that time along with

649:"marrying up", combined with service in the state army was another way a tribal family could "become" Rajput. This process required a change in dress, diet, worship, and other traditions, ending 6548: 860: 6689:

According to Uttarakhand Department of Social Justice and Empowerment, Rajputs constitute 35 percent of the total population and Brahmins 25 percent, together they constitute over 60 percent.

6622: 264:: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. According to modern scholars, almost all Rajput clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities. 6038:

acquire land, they found a genealogist to trace their ancestry back to a leading officer in Shivaji's army, changed their names from Dhangars to Sagar Rajputs, and donned the sacred thread.

2171:

as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem which resulted in siege and mass suicide at Chittor.

822:

According to David Ludden, the word "Rajput" acquired its present-day meaning in the 16th century. According to Kolff, during 16th and 17th centuries, the Rajput rulers and their bards (

7303:

The principal followers of the deity are Charans, who are also the priests and belong to the community to which Karni Mata belonged, and Rajputs who worship her as their family deity .

1584:

in 1947, the princely states, including those of the Rajput, were given three options: join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. Rajput rulers of the 22 princely states of

536:

and B.D. Chattopadhyaya to label Vaidya's historiography on Rajputs as "often hopeless". A third group of historians, which includes Jai Narayan Asopa, theorised that the Rajputs were

491:. While many of these colonial writers propagated this foreign-origin theory in order to legitimise the colonial rule, the theory was also supported by some Indian scholars, such as 4132:

is a retrospective invention, as most of the martial literature of resistance to Turkish conquest dates only from the mid-fifteenth century onward. As Dirk Kolff has noted in his

2127:"to kill one woman is equal to one hundred brahmins, to kill one child is equal to one hundred women, while to kill one hundred children is an offence too heinous for comparison". 252:, is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the northern part of the 6421: 6376: 5869:

Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume VI: Perception, Narration and Reinvention: The Pedagogy and Historiography of the Indian Uprising

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Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

4272:

The role of the Rajputs in the history of northern and eastern India is considerable, as they dominated the scene between the death of Harsha and establishment of Muslim empire

4136:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), the invention of "Rajput" identity can be dated to the sixteenth-century narratives of nostalgia for lost honor and territory. 279:

The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found in northern, western, central and eastern India, as well as southern and eastern Pakistan. These areas include

5389:

In 1679, Aurangzeb revived the jizya or poll tax on non-Muslims. He also dismissed many non- Muslim clerks. All Hindus except the Rajput, were forbidden to carry weapons.

3891:

pervading impact of soldiering traditions on North Indian social history. The military labour market, in other words, was a major generator of socio-religious identities.

1039:, Prithviraj fled the battlefield but was caught near Sirsa and was executed by Ghurids. Following the battle, the Delhi Sultanate became prominent in the Delhi region. 1650:. Some Rajputs in various states, as with other agricultural castes, demand reservations in Government jobs. In 2016, Sikh Rajputs were added under Backward Classes in 6218: 6701: 2309:

today were formally classified Shudra but had successfully converted to Rajput status during the rule of Chand Rajas (that ended in 1790). Similarly, the Rajputs of

6403: 927:

invaders, although the Rajput identity for a lineage did not exist at this time, these lineages were classified as aristocratic Rajput clans in the later times.

838:, fostered a sense of unity among these clans. The text thus contributed to the consolidation of the Rajput identity by offering these clans a shared history. 815:

Rajput class was now largely inherited rather than acquired through military achievements. A major factor behind this development was the consolidation of the

1926:

are popular deities worshipped by the Hindu Rajputs. Lord Shiva's image is found in the shrines in the homes of many of the Rajput families. In Sikh Rajputs,

1005:

launched several successful military expeditions in the territories of Rajputs, defeating them everytime and by 1025 A.D, he demolished and looted the famous

6681:"Influence of Caste, Education and Family on Women's Participation in Village Panchayats of Uttarakhand with special reference to Ukhimath and Raipur block" 6350: 1240:

accomplished 40 marriages for himself, his sons and grandsons, out of which 17 were Rajput-Mughal alliances. Akbar's successors as Mughal emperors, his son

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in exchange for their acquiescence, but a series of land reforms over the following decades weakened their power, and their privy purse was cut off during

1484:

provided a large numbers of leaders to the revolt of 1857 in that region. Kunwar Singh, a Rajput Zamindar was an important leader in Bihar region in the

1450:

by 1823. The British promised to protect the Rajput states from their adversaries and not interfere in internal affairs in exchange for tribute. However,

796:

Rajputs were involved in nomadic pastoralism, animal husbandry and cattle trade until much later than popularly believed. The 17th century chronicles of

467:

discusses three theories by Raj era and early writers for Rajput origin and gives the reasons as to why these theories are dismissed by modern research.

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in 1807. The enslaved women were referred to by different terms according to the conditions imposed on them, for example, a "domestic slave" was called

4676:

He was immediately challenged by assembled Rajput forces under Rana Sanga of Chittor who was reckoned by Babur as one of the two greatest Hindu rulers

1272:

made it a point of honour not to engage in matrimonial relationships with Mughals and thus claimed to stand apart from those Rajput clans who did so.

6017:

As one example among thousands, a small caste living partly in the Nira Valley was formerly known as Shegar Dhangar and more recently as Sagar Rajput

1588:

acceded to newly independent India, amalgamated into the new state of Rajasthan in 1949–1950. Initially the maharajas were granted funding from the

684:

was reserved for the immediate relatives of a king; scholars like BD Chattopadhyay believe that it was used for a larger group of high-ranking men.

6665: 5269: 774:

Historian Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya, based on his analysis of inscriptions (primarily from Rajasthan), believed that by the 12th century, the term

6320: 6178:

Thomas, Metcalf; Metcalf, Thomas R.; Metcalf, Professor of History and Sarah Kailath Professor of India Studies Thomas R.; Kailath, Sarah (2005).

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With surprising rapidity the newly Rajputized family or clan can gain, over a generation or two, social acceptance of their claim to Rajput status

483:

myth was invented to conceal their foreign origin. According to this theory, the Rajputs originated when these invaders were assimilated into the

6294: 3726:

The rājaputras began to form a loose federation of castes well before the twelfth century in a manner characteristic of the Indian social system.

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Rajput: Pastoral, mobile warrior groups who achieved landed status in the medieval period claimed to be Kshatriyas and called themselves Rajputs.

2024:

states that like other martial races of South Asia, Rajputs have a reputation for being Hospitable i.e. they welcome and are friendly to guests.

1990:. The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a rite of passage for young Rajput men. 1597: 1285:

One of the most conspicuous event of Shah Jahan's period was rebellion of Bundela rajputs, which was crushed by prince Aurangzeb with iron hand.

2576: 656:

Rajput formation continued in the colonial era. Even in the 19th century, anyone from the "village landlord" to the "newly wealthy lower caste

3823: 2712:

mentions it separately, which again is a term that appears in contemporary Sanskrit literature. However, Vidyapati uses the local term Rajput.

2218:

women, cooks, nurses, tailors, washer–women. For children born from the "illegitimate union" of Rajputs and their "inferiors", the terms like

1797: 548:. Tanuja Kothiyal states: "In the colonial ethnographic accounts rather than referring to Rajputs as having emerged from other communities, 8831: 3709: 1532:

During the British rule their love for pork, i.e. wild boar, was also well known and the British identified them as a group based on this.

1264:

from non-Muslims, a tax considered as discriminatory by several non-Muslims which also consisted of his Hindu Rajput officials. The ruling

1051: 6567: 5287: 2347: 503:

and that the entire 9th-10th century Indian populace was composed of only one race - the Aryans who had not yet mixed with the Shudras or

9208: 1107:

several times in various battles and expanded his kingdom. Sanga led a grand alliance of Rajput rulers and defeated the Mughal forces of

704:. However, scholarly opinions differ on when the term Rajput acquired hereditary connotations and came to denote a clan-based community. 6447: 5073:

Interrogating International Relations: India's Strategic Practice and the Return of History War and International Politics in South Asia

9203: 9188: 2278:

captured women faces hurdles because of the "sparse information", "uneven record–keeping", and "biased nature of historical records".

1600:. The estates, treasures, and practices of the old Rajput rulers now form a key part of Rajasthan's tourist trade and cultural memory. 6448:"Caste politics in North, West and South India before Mandal : The low caste movements between sanskritisation and ethnicisation" 572:, all lay a claim to a Rajput past from where they claim to have 'fallen'. Historical processes, however, suggest just the opposite". 8194:

Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (1994). "Origin of the Rajputs: The Political, Economic and Social Processes in Early Medieval Rajasthan".

6746: 6592: 9228: 2429: 1643: 7922:

These slave communities were known by various names, such as Darogas, Chakars, Hazuris, Ravana- Rajputs, Chelas, Golas and Khawas.

6526: 5923:

Bates, Crispin (1995). "Race, Caste and Tribe in Central India: the early origins of Indian anthropometry". In Robb, Peter (ed.).

9218: 9193: 8786: 7283:

Several Charani goddesses like Avad, Karni, Nagnechi, Sangviyaan, Barbadi, among others are revered by Rajputs as patron deities.

3804: 3739: 1059: 3646:

The use of the term Rajaputra for specific clans of Rajput or as a collective term for various clans emerged by the 12th century

1749:

delineate claimed descent from various sources, and the Rajput are generally considered to be divided into three primary vansh:

1614:

in 1947, while retaining his title until the monarchy was abolished in 1971 by the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India.

1406:

agreed with this reasoning. One by one, many Rajput states in Rajputana came under British protection and became their allies -

7266: 6480: 2555: 1526: 7236: 6201:

substantial peasant cultivators, Rajputs control most of the productive agricultural land and have long dominated the village

6128: 3602:"NANDINI SINHA KAPUR: State Formation in Rajasthan: Mewar during the Seventh-Fifteenth Centuries. 308pp. Delhi: Manohar, 2002" 692: 9223: 8709: 8688: 8667: 8643: 8622: 8601: 8556: 8511: 8466: 8424: 8400: 8379: 8358: 8337: 8313: 8289: 8247: 8226: 8160: 8096: 7957: 7772: 7732: 7705: 7662: 7616: 7585: 7554: 7523: 7493: 7462: 7423: 7393: 7276: 7246: 7215: 7184: 7120: 7058: 7012: 6978: 6944: 6811: 6781: 6730: 6602: 6575: 6278: 6193: 6091: 6061: 6010: 5934: 5907: 5876: 5851: 5824: 5797: 5733: 5697: 5633: 5568: 5486: 5459: 5243: 5160: 5133: 5081: 5054: 5027: 5000: 4961: 4888: 4860: 4831: 4750: 4716: 4669: 4619: 4575: 4541: 4508: 4474: 4420: 4397:(Chauhans), Paramaras (Pawars), Guhilas (Sisodias) and Caulukyas were splitting off from sprawling Gurjara Pratihara clans... 4389: 4359: 4329: 4295: 4265: 4231: 4200: 4162: 4121: 4086: 4055: 3883: 3759: 3676: 3639: 3483: 3409: 3378: 3209: 3096: 3035: 2999: 2802: 2565: 2402: 7965:

some cases women from semi-nomadic communities were married to Rajput bridegrooms of this level in exchange for bride wealth

5216: 1730:

or descendants of Kshatriyas, but their actual status varies greatly, ranging from princely lineages to common cultivators.

1403: 1320:

started collecting tribute from and harassing some Rajput states. Some Rajput states, in the 1780s appealed to the British

1299:

Akbar's diplomatic policy regarding the Rajputs was later damaged by the intolerant rules introduced by his great-grandson

7351: 5558: 588:

explains that this process of allowing rulers, frequently of low social origin, a "clean" rank via social mobility in the

9213: 9198: 7869:"Embodying Royal Concubinage: Some Aspects of Concubinage in Royal Rajput Household of Marwar, (Western Rajasthan) C. 16" 4002: 2397: 864: 269: 206: 5411:

Aurangzeb issued orders barring all Hindus, with the exception of Rajputs, from riding elephants, horses, or palanquins.

5189: 1042:

The Rajputs fought against Sultans of Delhi from Rajasthan and other adjoining areas. By first quarter of 14th century,

500: 7843: 2439: 1608: 8742:

Poets, Sants, and Warriors: The Dadu Panth, Religious Change and Identity Formation in Jaipur State Circa 1562–1860 CE

7074:

Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914".

5098: 2643: 2521:

Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)

9233: 9183: 8532: 8490: 8445: 8268: 8205: 8184: 8120: 8061: 7154: 6910: 5968: 5687: 5541: 5513: 5363: 5297: 5253: 5226: 5199: 5108: 4789: 3581: 3513: 3440: 3323: 3254: 3175: 2860: 2740: 2627: 2617: 2586: 2529: 2495: 2140:

or nomads. This resulted in widening the gap between Rajputs of low ritual status and Rajputs of high ritual status.

5241: 3475:

Recent Research on Max Weber's Studies of Hinduism: Papers Submitted to a Conference Held in New Delhi, 1.-3.3. 1984

1962:, which includes heavy use of swords and shields. This exercise was later included in the folk dances of Bihar and 1918:, whom many Rajput clans worship as family goddess and link their community's existence or survival in dire times. 1196: 5503: 9178: 9173: 9168: 7316: 7296: 7004:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

3315:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries

2848:

Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries

1654:

but after protest by the community, the government announced that they will be again put under General Category.

544:

Recent research suggests that the Rajputs came from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds and various

8720: 3853: 2462: 1974:, the distribution of daggers and coconuts. Another affirmation of the Rajput's reverence for his sword was the 461:

by others. Modern scholars agree that nearly all Rajputs clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities.

448:

states: "Modern historians are more or less agreed that the Rajputs consisted of miscellaneous groups including

8152:

Dialogue & Daggers: Notion of Authority and Legitimacy in the Early Delhi Sultanate (1192 C.E. – 1316 C.E.)

8005: 7801: 7253:

Among the crowds are many Rajputs who link their community's existence, or survival, to the help of Karni Mata.

5595: 5353: 3719: 3571: 2701: 2653: 1498:

In reference to the role of the Rajput soldiers serving under the British banner, Captain A. H. Bingley wrote:

700:

There are historical indications of the group calling themselves Rajputs by sixth century AD which settled in

2143:

In the late 19th century, to curb the practice, the act VIII of 1870 was introduced. A magistrate suggested:

7161:

Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority

4427:

From around 1000 ce, notable among these regional powers were various Rajput dynasties in the west and north

6068:

The twenty-two princely states that were amalgamated in 1949 to form a political entity called Rajasthan...

391: 8779: 7691: 6818:...the region's erstwhile ruling aristocracy, a cluster of clans and lineages bearing the label 'Rajput'. 6747:"National Population and Housing Census 2021 National Report on Caste/ethnicity, Language & Religion" 5100:

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 3, The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

2062: 1512: 1047: 639:

who also considers the famous Rajput dynasties of medieval India to have come from non-Kshatriya castes.

9238: 8476: 6328: 5283: 4351:

Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion

4315: 3401:

Max Weber's Theory of Personality: Individuation, Politics and Orientalism in the Sociology of Religion

2726: 1294: 445: 1559:(Rajput Advancement Society) in 1898 and emulating the Rajput lifestyle. They also started wearing of 8410: 5722:"The story of archaeological, historical and antiquarian researches in Rajasthan before independence" 2078:

would kill their daughters if they were rich but profit from getting them married if they were poor.

1398: 985: 939: 6609:

Brahmins constitute between 10 to 11 percent of UP's population while Rajputs are at 7 to 8 percent.

6232: 611:

warriors fighting side by side as well as other medieval and contemporary texts show claims made by

9081: 7835: 7146:

Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots

6788:

The term Rajput denotes a cluster of castes that are accorded Kshatriya status in the varna system.

6270:

Villages, Women, and the Success of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Making Place for Rural Development

2107: 1485: 496: 7318:

A Critical Study of Rajasthani Literature, with Exclusive Reference to the Contribution of Cāraṇas

1551:. A large section of this caste that had "become" "Chauhan Rajputs" over three generations in the 8904: 7635: 6185: 6114: 4134:

Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850

3875:

Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850

3785: 1611: 1036: 145: 20: 7485:

If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan

2485: 2313:

were originally of low ritual status and did not wear the sacred thread until the 20th century.

726:

along with other epigraphic evidences indicates their existence as a community by 12th century.

9163: 8772: 3522: 1324:

for assistance against the Marathas but their requests for assistance were denied at the time.

1024: 433: 89: 8633: 8501: 8414: 8150: 8110: 7947: 7827: 7762: 7695: 7385: 7002: 6934: 6081: 6051: 6000: 5841: 5814: 5668: 5476: 5449: 5071: 5044: 4990: 4565: 4498: 4464: 4349: 4111: 3399: 3368: 3313: 3061: 2846: 2792: 2519: 2294:

group. Similarly, affluent Muslim families in Bihar kept both male and female slaves – called

523:. Vaidya bases this theory on certain attributes - such as bravery and "physical strength" of 8909: 8826: 8546: 8435: 8390: 8369: 8327: 8237: 8216: 8174: 8049: 7984:

called Laundis . A distinct class of slaves known as Molazadahs were also maintained by them.

7722: 7413: 7205: 6968: 6801: 6623:"SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF VOTING PATTERNS IN RESERVED CONSTITUENCIES:DELHI ASSEMBLY ELECTION,2015" 6505: 6454: 5958: 5721: 5623: 5242:

Marta Kudelska, Dorota Kamińska-Jones, Agnieszka Sylwia Staszczyk, Agata Świerzowska (2019).

5150: 5017: 4848: 4821: 4779: 4742:

Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870

4740: 4609: 4379: 4152: 4045: 3873: 3357:, p. 150: Rajputs were, with some exceptions, almost totally illiterate as a caste group 3242: 2885: 2253:'s royal Rajput households, the women who underwent concubinage also included women from the 1465: 1431: 943: 882: 873:

During their centuries-long rule, the Rajputs constructed several palaces. Shown here is the

8522: 8279: 8086: 6773: 4076: 8959: 8821: 6702:"PoliticsBihar's Much-Awaited Caste Census Puts OBC-EBC Groups at Politically Dominant 63%" 2343: 1970:. On special occasions, a primary chief would break up a meeting of his vassal chiefs with 1778: 1639: 1635: 1589: 1535:

Some unrelated communities tried to change their status to Rajput during the Colonial era.

1139: 1071: 5423: 2132:

levirate marriages (marrying brother's widow) as well as marrying low-caste women such as

2119:

Social activists in the early nineteenth century tried to stop these practices by quoting

1525:

studies of the subcontinent that eventually manifested itself as a much wider exercise in

1359: 1078:

and recaptured Rajasthan from Delhi sultanate. In the 15th century, the Muslim sultans of

8: 8936: 7979:

Survey of India's Social Life and Economic Condition in the Eighteenth Century, 1707-1813

3567: 2392: 2358: 947: 887: 701: 628: 387: 253: 101: 8088:

Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits

7112:

Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

7050:

Martial Races: The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914

6835: 6251:

Reservational Justice to Other Backward Classes (Obcs): Theoretical and Practical Issues

2645:

Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval and the expansion of Islam

919:

designation for leading martial lineages of 11th and 12th centuries that confronted the

7888: 7091: 6659: 5765: 5334: 5263: 4929: 4186: 2551: 2113: 2021: 1878: 1581: 1347:

in Awadh, when a section of Awadhiya Kurmi were about to be bestowed with the title of

1321: 1016: 982: 835: 661: 7623:

Such hospitality is central to Rajputs, as it is to other martial castes of South Asia

592:

serves as one of the explanations of the longevity of the unique Indian civilisation.

386:. The word first appears in a sense other than its literal meaning in the 7th century 8705: 8684: 8663: 8639: 8618: 8597: 8552: 8542: 8528: 8507: 8486: 8462: 8441: 8420: 8396: 8375: 8354: 8333: 8309: 8285: 8264: 8243: 8222: 8201: 8180: 8156: 8137: 8116: 8092: 8057: 8001: 7953: 7913: 7880: 7849: 7839: 7823: 7768: 7728: 7701: 7658: 7612: 7581: 7550: 7519: 7489: 7458: 7419: 7389: 7378: 7272: 7242: 7211: 7180: 7150: 7116: 7095: 7054: 7008: 6974: 6940: 6906: 6807: 6777: 6726: 6598: 6571: 6274: 6189: 6087: 6057: 6006: 5964: 5930: 5903: 5872: 5847: 5820: 5793: 5729: 5693: 5662: 5629: 5591: 5564: 5537: 5509: 5482: 5455: 5359: 5326: 5293: 5249: 5222: 5195: 5156: 5129: 5104: 5077: 5050: 5023: 4996: 4957: 4921: 4884: 4856: 4827: 4785: 4746: 4712: 4665: 4615: 4571: 4537: 4504: 4470: 4416: 4385: 4355: 4325: 4291: 4261: 4227: 4196: 4158: 4117: 4082: 4051: 3879: 3770:

or 'king's son' had approximately acquired the connotations of the 'Rajput' caste ...

3755: 3715: 3672: 3635: 3628:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

3577: 3509: 3479: 3436: 3405: 3374: 3319: 3250: 3205: 3195: 3171: 3092: 3031: 2995: 2856: 2798: 2788: 2736: 2697: 2649: 2623: 2582: 2561: 2525: 2491: 2435: 2236: 2120: 1638:. This means that they have no access to reservations. But they are classified as an 1503: 1477: 1254: 1216: 1096: 1083: 1075: 971: 935: 642: 632: 504: 357: 129: 125: 113: 105: 6766: 3744:

Al-Hind, Volume 1 Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries

2350:. The term is also used to describe the style of these paintings, distinct from the 1539:, discusses an example of a Shudra caste - the Noniyas (caste of salt makers)- from 444:

The origin of the Rajputs has been a much-debated topic among historians. Historian

9158: 8653: 8299: 8170: 7083: 6136: 5756:

Meister, Michael W. (1981). "Forest and Cave: Temples at Candrabhāgā and Kansuāñ".

4913: 4876: 3869: 3747: 2852: 2684:

Page 291— बहुल बाहम्ण बहुल काअत्थ , राजपुत्त कुल बहुल , बहुल जाति मिलि बसइ चप्परि ।

2310: 2199:; and a woman who was "permitted to wear the veil" like Rajput queens was called a 1684: 1451: 1231:

After the mid-16th century, many Rajput rulers formed close relationships with the

1209: 1116: 1112: 1011: 993: 959: 650: 589: 545: 492: 312: 300: 198: 194: 141: 137: 93: 85: 6422:"Rajputs to be accorded back general status, as per demand, says Punjab CM Channi" 5355:

Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age

4567:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

4466:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

4154:

Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age

9056: 8954: 8856: 8740: 8699: 8678: 8657: 8612: 8591: 8571: 8524:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

8480: 8456: 8348: 8303: 8258: 8195: 8131: 8082: 7907: 7789: 7606: 7575: 7544: 7513: 7483: 7452: 7409: 7268:

Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert

7176:

Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire

7174: 7144: 7110: 7048: 6900: 6722:

Inclusion and Exclusion in Local Governance: Field Studies from Rural India polls

6268: 6179: 6158: 6030: 5924: 5897: 5787: 5585: 5529: 4706: 4689: 4659: 4655: 4636: 4592: 4531: 4410: 4319: 4285: 4255: 4221: 4190: 3666: 3503: 3473: 3430: 3199: 3165: 3086: 3025: 2989: 2988:

Mayaram, Shail (2010). "The Sudra Right to Rule". In Ishita Banerjee-Dube (ed.).

2823: 2730: 2370: 2351: 2339: 2322: 2287: 2046: 1536: 1517: 1369: 1265: 1144: 1120: 1100: 1079: 1067: 1055: 1043: 1032: 1002: 908: 900: 830: 802: 735: 669: 623: 612: 553: 471:

writers characterised Rajputs as descendants of the foreign invaders such as the

464: 454: 133: 121: 117: 97: 7238:

Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan

2434:(Rev. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 35–36. 1942: 511:

historians Vaidya and R.B. Singh write that the Rajputs had originated from the

8969: 8964: 8914: 8866: 8587: 7828:"Drudges, Dancing Girls, Concubines: Female Slaves in Rajput Polity, 1500–1850" 6936:

Identity, Gender, and Poverty: New Perspectives on Caste and Tribe in Rajasthan

6803:

Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India

5975:

The British defined Rajputs as a group in part by their affinity for wild pork.

5960:

Shifting Ground: People, Animals, and Mobility in India's Environmental History

4251: 2387: 2327: 2094: 1786: 1782: 1540: 1317: 1250: 1160: 1124: 1006: 975: 951: 931: 785: 636: 428: 328: 222: 149: 109: 7724:

Countering Gender Violence: Initiatives Towards Collective Action in Rajasthan

7087: 5128:(1. Indian ed., repr. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 12, 34. 4006: 3751: 3222: 2966: 2332: 834:, which depicts warriors from several different Rajput clans as associates of 9152: 9122: 9102: 8881: 8871: 8861: 8808: 8764: 8680:

Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives

8371:

Religion and Rajput Women: The Ethic of Protection in Contemporary Narratives

7917: 7884: 7853: 6970:

Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective

5330: 4925: 4527: 4182: 4107: 3623: 3505:

Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and Southeast Asia

3499: 3167:

Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: An Inter Disciplinary Symposium

2753: 2677:

Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 67 (2006-2007), pp. 288, 291

2382: 2279: 2180: 2099: 2086: 1903: 1758: 1676: 1631: 1604: 1593: 1544: 1344: 1232: 1178:, were recruited as mercenaries for Rajputs in the west, particularly in the 1104: 874: 816: 797: 718: 673: 665: 533: 468: 458: 304: 296: 190: 186: 39: 7454:

From Purdah to the People: Memoirs of Padma Shri Rani Laxmi Kumari Chundawat

6568:"Illiberal Practices: Territorial Variance Within Large Federal Democracies" 2290:

also married their daughters to Rajput bridegrooms for money in some cases.

981:

The Rajput ruled kingdoms repelled early invasions of Arab commanders after

895: 9107: 9092: 9020: 8990: 8985: 8567: 8437:

Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: Statehinterland Relations in Preindustrial India

8141: 5508:. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 23, 178, 185. 4494: 3191: 2176: 2164: 2090: 1927: 1891: 1839:

are generally disallowed (with some flexibility for kul-mates of different

1712: 1564: 619: 585: 488: 411: 336: 316: 210: 7608:

Power, Profit, and Poetry: Traditional Society in Kathiawar, Western India

6866: 6404:"Rajput body condemns govt for putting Sikh Rajputs in 'backward classes'" 6160:

Factional Politics in an Indian State: The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh

4904:

Bhadani, B. L. (1992). "The Profile of Akbar in Contemporary Literature".

3066: 2810:

the life of the adventuring warrior, of whom most were of peasant origins.

1201: 9097: 9071: 8851: 8816: 8323: 7946:

Malavika Kasturi (March 2004). Harald Fischer-Tiné; Michael Mann (eds.).

6685:

International Journal of Social Sciences and Management 10 (1), 5-9, 2023

6647:

Himachal Pradesh Well-established Domination of Majoritarian Upper Castes

4490: 4148: 3662: 3658: 3631: 2306: 2051: 1967: 1874: 1750: 1688: 1552: 1522: 1273: 1220: 1205: 1087: 1063: 997: 916: 520: 512: 508: 476: 382: 320: 308: 273: 257: 226: 202: 8260:

The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000

7892: 7868: 5769: 5338: 5314: 4781:

Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820

2825:

The Emergence of Jaipur State: Rajput Response to Mughal Rule, 1562–1743

2672: 2342:

refers to works of art created at the Rajput-ruled courts of Rajasthan,

1212:, was popularly known for his role in battles against the Mughal Empire 9041: 8946: 8106: 7337:

Perceptions of Climate Change from North India: An Ethnographic Account

6847: 6594:

Uttar Pradesh Elections 2022: More than a State At Stake (UP Elections)

4933: 3573:

The Indian Princes and their States, The New Cambridge History of India

3336: 3309: 3290: 2842: 2794:

Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action

2266: 2243:

concubine who went from being a servant to a superior concubine called

2006: 1915: 1907: 1770: 1762: 1419: 1407: 1245: 1131:

rose in power controlling almost whole portion of western and eastern

1091: 989: 963: 869: 407: 403: 6643: 6565: 5789:

Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan

5689:

Serving empire, serving nation: James Tod and the Rajputs of Rajasthan

4691:

Maharana Sāngā, the Hindupat: The Last Great Leader of the Rajput Race

4181: 2191:; a "senior female slave–retainer in the women's quarters" was called 1847:

serves as the primary identity for many of the Rajput clans, and each

487:

category during the 6th or 7th century, following the collapse of the

9132: 9015: 9010: 9000: 8899: 8846: 8050:"Competing and complementary visions of the court of the Great Mogor" 7949:

Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India

7764:

Colonialism as Civilizing Mission: Cultural Ideology in British India

5478:

The Many Lives of a Rajput Queen: Heroic Pasts in India, c. 1500-1900

5358:(1. Indian ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 35. 5169: 4798: 4444: 2896: 2894: 2214:

contained complete families from specific "occupational groups" like

1987: 1979: 1963: 1727: 1719: 1672: 1671:

The region-wise estimates of Rajputs' share in population are 6% for

1647: 1585: 1560: 1492: 1470: 1443: 1439: 1339: 1300: 1132: 955: 920: 646: 484: 472: 423: 395: 280: 218: 174: 44: 8503:

Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins

5956: 4917: 4759: 4113:

Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545

3601: 9066: 9051: 9046: 8889: 8841: 2270: 2175:

selling of Marwar's women by Jaipur's forces in the battle between

2082: 1994: 1983: 1435: 1303:. A prominent example of these rules included the re-imposition of 1241: 1148: 967: 528: 524: 516: 480: 418:

can be seen as Rajputs in the original sense of the word. The term

376: 242: 164: 81: 55: 7927: 7546:

Our War: Real stories of Commonwealth soldiers during World War II

7515:

Eat Not this Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present

6377:"After Jats, Rajputs of western UP want reservation in govt posts" 6351:"Rajputs demanding reservation threaten to disrupt chintan shivir" 4823:

Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India

3243:"Deification of South Asian epic Heroes-Methological Implications" 2983: 2981: 2954: 2930: 2891: 2619:

The Politics of Marriage in India Gender and Alliance in Rajasthan

664:

that was common in Hindu Rajput clans. Scholars refer to this as "

9137: 9036: 7415:

Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses

5726:

Cultural contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash felicitation volume

5315:"The Bundela Revolts During the Mughal Period: A Dynastic Affair" 3971: 3959: 3935: 3901: 3899: 3278: 2518:

Rajendra Vora (2009). Christophe Jaffrelot; Sanjay Kumar (eds.).

2215: 2168: 1951: 1853: 1808:; André Wink counts these among the "status-legitimizing texts". 1766: 1723: 1696: 1555:

era. The more wealthy or advanced Noniyas started by forming the

1423: 1411: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1167: 1028: 878: 723: 537: 370: 292: 288: 261: 182: 178: 63: 8235: 6882: 6880: 6841: 6181:

Forging the Raj: Essays on British India in the Heyday of Empire

5957:

Mahesh Rangarajan, K; Sivaramakrishnan, eds. (6 November 2014).

5642: 4970: 4724:

have been seen near Hindaun and Bayana on the outskirts of Agra.

4594:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultante

3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3550: 3548: 3546: 2972: 1742: 1567:. The scholars consider this example as a case among thousands. 9117: 9112: 9086: 9076: 9061: 8995: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8836: 8610: 7760: 4533:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

3532: 3528: 3268: 3266: 3228: 2978: 2759: 2254: 2250: 2137: 2103: 2071: 2067: 1978:("adoration of the sword") ritual, performed during the annual 1947: 1651: 1447: 1427: 1374: 1304: 1260: 1128: 1090:

but both the sultans were defeated. Kumbha's grandson renowned

924: 843: 824: 657: 608: 600: 596: 569: 561: 449: 8698:

Ananya Vajpeyi (2005). Supriya Varma; Satish Saberwal (eds.).

8482:

Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village

8029: 6083:

Religion and Personal Law in Secular India: A Call to Judgment

4489: 4287:

Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues

3896: 3164:

Association for Asian Studies (1969). James Silverberg (ed.).

2906: 394:

in reference to a mercenary soldier, while in the 8th century

9127: 9005: 8894: 7671: 7432: 7028: 6877: 6527:"Elections in India: The vote-bank theory has run its course" 6255:(continued list of OBC classes) 7.Rajput 120.Karnataka Rajput 5980: 5557:

Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (24 September 2012).

5191:

Caste, State and Society: Degrees of Democracy in North India

3983: 3911: 3834: 3543: 3348: 3163: 3121: 2274: 2010: 1923: 1919: 1754: 1700: 1692: 1680: 1618: 1548: 1481: 1459: 1415: 1333: 1269: 1237: 1224: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1152: 1138:

From 1200 CE, many Rajput groups moved eastwards towards the

1108: 1020: 557: 549: 399: 365: 332: 324: 284: 230: 214: 160: 73: 59: 7418:. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press. p. 77. 7402: 5403:"A Note on Conception of Aurangzeb Alamgir Religious Policy" 4415:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 58–59. 4025: 3453: 3263: 3109: 2942: 2696:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 2002. p. 114. 1958:

The Rajputs of Bihar were inventors of the martial art form

1253:

and prominent Muslims from central and west Asia. Historian

8795: 7689: 6718: 6177: 5998: 4013: 2918: 2258: 2240: 2133: 1930:

is quite popular. The fierce form of Goddess Durga, called

1774: 604: 565: 364:; literally "son of a king") finds mention in some ancient 77: 8635:

The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India

6823: 1733:

There are several major subdivisions of Rajputs, known as

8193: 6002:

Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India

4611:

The Rajputs of Rajputana: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan

4283: 4094:

dominated present-day Rajasthan from its capital at Ajmer

3947: 3923: 3342: 3296: 3247:

Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance

3072: 2262: 1997:

used by the Rajputs in social gatherings and occasions, '

1934:

or "she who rides a lion" is popular among Rajput women.

272:

played a significant role in many regions of central and

8614:

Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History

8374:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 8025:. University of California Press(Berkeley). p. 130. 6206:

he is also the head of the local Rajput lineage or clan.

4853:

India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism

3828:. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. p. 166. 3606:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2732:

Social Change and Development in Medieval Indian History

2597: 1343:

status. The records indicates that during the tenure of

6902:

Desert people: caste and community—a Rajasthani village

6768:

The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India

5724:. In Prakash, Satya; Śrivastava, Vijai Shankar (eds.). 2102:

was by applying a preparation of poisonous plants like

7909:

Constitutional Development of Eastern Rajputana States

7611:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 101. 6028: 5218:

The Goddesses' Henchmen- Gender in Indian Hero Worship

4708:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II

4500:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

3856: 3508:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 251. 3240: 3145: 2693:

Perspectives on Indian Society and History: A Critique

899:

A royal Rajput procession, depicted on a mural at the

8593:

Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man

8416:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

8052:. In Dana Leibsohn; Jeanette Favrot Peterson (eds.). 7939: 5843:

The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj

4954:

History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D

4321:

Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India

4078:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

2155: 2005:'. This phrase also operated as a military solgan or 1630:

The Rajputs, in most of the states, are considered a

8701:

Traditions in motion:Religion and Society in History

8129: 7830:. In Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard M. (eds.). 7804: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 6566:

Jacqueline Behrend, Laurence Whitehead, ed. (2016).

5992: 5289:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part-II

4956:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 272–273. 4450: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2557:

Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles

1031:. However, he returned a year later with an army of 793:

were not necessarily hereditary during this period.

739:(1324) features a list of 72 Rajput clans including 615:

of the Thar desert to a higher rank in the society.

8433: 8169: 7323:

Karni : Presiding Deity of Rajputs and Cāraņas

6932: 6926: 6079: 6056:(2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 406. 5175: 4804: 4765: 4597:(2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70. 4559: 4557: 3941: 3566: 3284: 3133: 3088:

Upholding the Common Life: The Community of Mirabai

3053: 3051: 2797:. State University of New York Press. p. 122. 2210:was used for a person serving their "superior" and 8112:Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest 7683: 7604: 7531:as they do this-"Long live the Mother (Goddess)"'. 7377: 6765: 6549:"Rajasthan polls: It's caste politics all the way" 6163:. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. 5621: 5590:. University of California Press. pp. 85–86. 5400: 5126:The peacock throne : the drama of Mogul India 4219: 2821: 2550: 2009:, often painted on the shields and banners of the 8020: 7741: 7207:Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism 6401: 5999:B. S. Baviskar; D. W. Attwood (30 October 2013). 5481:. University of Washington Press. pp. 126–. 5474: 5443: 5441: 4992:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History 4777: 3428: 3012: 2560:. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1706. 2081:The methods used of killing the female baby were 1861:s have become powerful enough to be functionally 645:writes that during the era of the Mughal empire, 9150: 8298: 8214: 8054:Seeing Across Cultures in the Early Modern World 7976: 7945: 7791:Role of Women in the Freedom Movement, 1857-1947 7598: 7408: 7334: 7203: 6905:. University of Trondheim & Norsk Hydro AS. 6763: 5583: 5468: 4976: 4554: 3471: 3048: 2912: 2282:community of today was one such slave community 1617:Before the zamindari abolition, the Rajputs in 779:Bednar, concludes that the designations such as 406:notes that the military nobility of Sindh ruler 8520: 8081: 8047: 7295:General, India Office of the Registrar (1966). 7172: 7046: 6799: 6644:Ramesh K. Chauhan, TR Sharma, SN Ghosh (2012). 6590: 6219:"Central List of OBCs – State : Karnataka" 6022: 5929:. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 227. 5839: 5648: 5528: 5454:. Stanford University Press. pp. 120–121. 5046:Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World 4815: 4813: 4654: 3989: 3905: 3366: 3272: 3057: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2900: 1910:, Hindu Goddess primarily worshipped by Rajputs 1815:division are smaller and smaller subdivisions: 1086:put a joint effort to overcome the Mewar ruler 1062:. However, Rajputs resurgence took place under 622:, which was formed when the various tribal and 8794: 8697: 8676: 8586: 8565: 8541: 8475: 8367: 8346: 8256: 8035: 7933: 7720: 7697:Suicide and Culture: Understanding the Context 7677: 7438: 7034: 6853: 6478: 6043: 5556: 5447: 5438: 5248:. Jagiellonian University Press. p. 337. 5214: 5148: 5097:Reid, Anthony; Morgan, David O., eds. (2010). 4883:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. 4826:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–66. 4771: 4590: 4347: 4314: 4250: 4157:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–35. 4047:Hindu Kingship and Polity in Precolonial India 4031: 3977: 3965: 3917: 3847: 3554: 3459: 3397: 3354: 3127: 3115: 2987: 2774: 2725: 2708:Included in this list is the Rajputra, though 2331:An 18th-century Rajput painting by the artist 1914:One of the most revered deities of Rajputs is 8780: 8652: 8631: 8499: 8409: 8388: 7787: 6886: 6678: 5986: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4851:. In Ernst, Waltraud; Pati, Biswamoy (eds.). 4634: 4526: 4019: 3809:. Institute of Historic Studies. p. 84. 3668:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500 3622: 3498: 3465: 3302: 2924: 2881: 2574: 2517: 988:and executed last Hindu king of the kingdom, 854: 402:, it is used in the sense of elite horsemen. 8277: 7234: 7197: 7142: 7136: 7115:. Manchester University Press. p. 241. 7040: 6973:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 33–. 6898: 6892: 6842:Catherine B. Asher & Cynthia Talbot 2006 6664:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5268:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5187: 5069: 4819: 4810: 4734: 4732: 4638:Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743 4377: 4050:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–. 4003:"Rajput procession, Encyclopædia Britannica" 3929: 3190: 3184: 3084: 2973:Catherine B. Asher & Cynthia Talbot 2006 2780: 2615: 1922:(who is very popular all across India) and 1804:s were later recorded in documents known as 1170:Rajput soldiers from the eastern regions of 618:Gradually, the term Rajput came to denote a 8719:Vajracharya, Dhanavajra (1 December 1975), 8718: 8322: 8236:Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006). 8000:. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. 7995: 7822: 7714: 7166: 7053:. Manchester University Press. p. 26. 6135:, Government of India, 1971, archived from 6129:"The Constitution (26 Amendment) Act, 1971" 6086:. Indiana University Press. pp. 206–. 6073: 5819:. Princeton University Press. p. 299. 5407:Journal of Psychology and Political Science 5142: 5049:. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. 4738: 4081:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–. 4037: 3707: 3657: 3529:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 3422: 3229:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 3201:Religious Movements in South Asia, 600–1800 3157: 2786: 2760:Reena Dube & Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar 2012 2719: 2581:. Princeton University Press. p. 151. 1857:. Lindsey Harlan notes that in some cases, 1491:Historian Robert Stern points out that in 733:puts the number of Rajput clans at 36, the 687: 8787: 8773: 8611:Reena Dube; Rashmi Dube Bhatnagar (2012). 8454: 8148: 8105: 7905: 7873:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 7761:Harald Fischer-Tiné; Michael Mann (2004). 7542: 7375: 7352:"7 Interesting Martial Art Forms in India" 7314: 7000: 6966: 6829: 6253:. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 69. 5902:. Asian Educational Services. p. 20. 5833: 5719: 5563:. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. 5381:"Aurangzeb and The Decline of the Mughals" 5378: 5319:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 5096: 5022:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 4940: 4711:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 79–80. 4469:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–24. 4438: 4408: 4371: 4260:. Simon and Schuster. p. Chapter 15. 4116:. Oxford University Press. pp. 364–. 3953: 3878:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. 3790:. Chaukhambha Orientalia. pp. 131–132 3695: 3576:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 3391: 3360: 3308: 3030:. Oxford University Press. p. xxiii. 2877: 2875: 2841: 2828:. University of Pennsylvania. p. 30. 2735:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. 2603: 2487:Samaskaras in Indian Tradition and Culture 1368:nineteenth century, British administrator 1354: 8284:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 7781: 7543:Somerville, Christopher (16 April 2020). 7450: 7384:(Reprinted ed.). Doubleday. p. 6994: 6719:B S Baviskar, George Mathew, ed. (2009). 6620: 6529:. Asiancorrespondent.com. 7 February 2012 6049: 5501: 5155:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 88–90. 4951: 4729: 4384:. Oneworld Publications. pp. 64–65. 4141: 3492: 3078: 2815: 2770: 2768: 8738: 8721:"Notes on the Changunarayan Inscription" 7518:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 330. 7264: 6960: 6248: 5615: 5015: 4995:. Oxford University Press. p. 656. 4875: 4846: 4681: 4607: 4584: 3802: 3714:. Oxford University Press. p. 148. 3151: 2994:. Oxford University Press. p. 110. 2835: 2326: 2163:Rajput women could be incorporated into 2001:' or its regional variants, stands for ' 1941: 1902: 1644:National Commission for Backward Classes 1358: 1215: 1200: 894: 868: 691: 7899: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7652: 7511: 7294: 7108: 7102: 5963:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 5895: 5812: 5785: 5755: 5685: 5387:. Presidency University, Kolkata: 134. 5292:. Har Anand Publications. p. 124. 5282: 5221:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 4903: 4704: 4570:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 224. 4563: 4462: 4324:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 115. 4223:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4074: 4043: 3821: 3711:The State and Society in Medieval India 3671:. Pearson Education India. p. 66. 3432:Modern India: An Interpretive Anthology 3245:. In Hendrik Maier; Jan Jansen (eds.). 3204:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 3139: 3091:. Oxford University Press. p. 51. 2872: 2689: 2673:"Society in the Kirtilata of Vidyapati" 912:formation of a coherent Rajput empire. 707:An opinion asserts that the terms like 635:mentions the opinion of Indian scholar 495:. The second theory was promulgated by 9151: 8659:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 8617:. State University of New York Press. 7866: 7657:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 7573: 7481: 7179:. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285. 7149:. Three Essays Collective. p. 5. 6725:. SAGE Publications Ltd. p. 408. 6506:"Changing Electoral Politics in Delhi" 6481:"The caste bogey in election analysis" 6402:The Tribune India (20 December 2016). 6318: 6295:"Rajput youths rally for reservations" 5813:Metcalf, Thomas R. (8 December 2015). 5123: 4226:. New Age International. p. 307. 2765: 1851:is protected by a family goddess, the 1502:Rajputs have served in our ranks from 1280: 915:The term "Rajput" has been used as an 248:meaning "son of a king"), also called 8768: 7998:Social Stratification in Rural Kumaon 7700:. Hogrefe Publishing. pp. 219–. 7349: 7067: 6772:. Columbia University Press. p. 6627:European Scientific Journal June 2015 6156: 6032:Land Tenure and Peasant in South Asia 5922: 5866: 5728:. Abhinav Publications. p. 120. 5351: 5312: 5245:The Temple Road Towards a Great India 4988: 4849:"The Subjugation of the Sindia State" 4687: 4381:India and South Asia: A Short History 4147: 3868: 2670: 2427: 2403:List of Rajput clans of Uttar Pradesh 2057: 1753:denotes descent from the solar deity 1634:(forward caste) in India's system of 1625: 1288: 1054:and other Rajput ruled kingdoms like 861:Rajput resistance to Muslim conquests 680:According to some scholars, the term 7981:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 68. 7809: 7655:Embattled Identities Rajput Lineages 7577:A Military History of Medieval India 7073: 6266: 6053:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 6005:. SAGE Publications. pp. 389–. 5816:Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-1970 5664:Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han 5536:. Orient Longman. pp. 315–330. 5152:A Short History of the Mughal Empire 4105: 3737: 3560: 2490:. Shipra Publications. p. 195. 1868: 1741:, the step below the super-division 1570: 1023:led a coalition of Rajput kings and 881:, Rajasthan, which was built by the 8745:. University of Wisconsin--Madison. 8176:The Indian Princes and their States 8115:. Vol. 1. BRILL. p. 269. 7727:. SAGE Publications. pp. 44–. 7721:Kanchan Mathur (16 November 2004). 5660: 5625:An Advanced History of Modern India 5587:Peasants and Monks in British India 5416: 5103:. Taylor and Francis. p. 213. 5042: 4348:Sara R. Farris (5 September 2013). 3701: 3661:(2011). "The Agrarian Classes". In 3599: 3435:. Sterling Publishers. p. 90. 3398:Sara R. Farris (9 September 2013). 3373:. Psychology Press. pp. 180–. 3370:Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait 2483: 2398:List of Rajput dynasties and states 2249:According to Priyanka Khanna, with 1937: 1796:include Udayvanshi, Rajvanshi, and 1166:From as early as the 16th century, 865:List of Rajput dynasties and states 432:(1380) among castes inhabiting the 347: 260:clans historically associated with 13: 9209:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir 8440:. University of California Press. 8197:The Making of Early Medieval India 7794:. Sterling Publishers. p. 9. 7767:. Anthem Press. pp. 124–140. 7457:. Rawat Publications. p. 42. 7451:Cūṇḍāvata, Lakshmī Kumārī (2000). 7265:Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016). 6321:"The Absurdity of Jat Reservation" 6319:Mudgal, Vipul (22 February 2016). 5867:Bates, Crispin (16 October 2014). 5720:Srivastava, Vijai Shankar (1981). 4284:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya (2006). 3862: 3249:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 95. 2609: 2156:Brideprice or Bridewealth weddings 1657: 1575: 1223:, an important Rajput official of 439: 14: 9250: 9204:Social groups of Himachal Pradesh 9189:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan 8751: 8281:An Agrarian History of South Asia 6679:Anjali Semwal (31 January 2023). 6233:"12015/2/2007-BCC dt. 18/08/2010" 5926:The Concept of Race in South Asia 5667:. Higginbotham & Co. p. 5560:A Concise History of Modern India 5149:Michael Fisher (1 October 2015). 4195:. Psychology Press. p. 116. 3478:. Weltforum Verlag. p. 104. 2484:Roy, Ramashray (1 January 2003). 2364: 2044:There have been several cases of 1890:The Rajputs were designated as a 1835:("twig tip"). Marriages within a 1596:'s administration under the 1971 1190: 1035:and crushed Rajput forces on the 256:. The term Rajput covers various 8395:. University of Nebraska Press. 8350:Idea of Rajasthan: Constructions 8041: 8014: 7989: 7970: 7860: 7646: 7628: 7567: 7536: 7505: 7475: 7444: 7369: 7343: 7328: 7308: 7288: 7258: 7228: 7210:. APH Publishing. pp. 26–. 6859: 6793: 6757: 6739: 6712: 6694: 6672: 6637: 6614: 6584: 6559: 6541: 6519: 6498: 6479:Dipankar Gupta (20 March 2014). 6472: 6453:. Kellogg.nd.edu. Archived from 6440: 6414: 6395: 6369: 6343: 6312: 6287: 6260: 6242: 6225: 6211: 6171: 6150: 6121: 6107: 6050:Markovits, Claude, ed. (2002) . 5950: 5916: 5889: 5860: 5806: 5779: 5749: 5713: 5679: 5654: 5577: 5550: 5532:(1994). "The British alliance". 5522: 5495: 5475:Ramya Sreenivasan (1 May 2017). 5394: 5372: 5345: 5306: 5276: 5235: 5208: 5181: 5117: 5090: 5070:Vivekanandan, Jayashree (2012). 5063: 5036: 5009: 4982: 4952:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). 4897: 4869: 4840: 4820:Gyan Prakash (30 October 2003). 4503:. Psychology Press. p. 21. 3766:By the twelfth century the term 2524:. Routledge India. p. 217. 2027: 2016: 1457:The medieval bardic chronicles ( 1197:Rajput Mughal marriage alliances 1185: 1046:sacked key Rajput fortresses of 9229:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh 8638:. University of Chicago Press. 8221:. University of Chicago Press. 8091:. University of Chicago Press. 8074: 7952:. Anthem Press. pp. 128–. 7832:Slavery and South Asian History 7593:horseback. India-identification 7574:Sandhu, Gurcharn Singh (2003). 6939:. Berghahn Books. p. 135. 6029:Robert Eric Frykenberg (1984). 5692:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 3–5. 4745:. CUP Archive. pp. 18–19. 4698: 4648: 4628: 4601: 4520: 4483: 4456: 4432: 4402: 4341: 4308: 4277: 4244: 4213: 4175: 4099: 4068: 3995: 3806:Sources of The History of India 3787:Mithila In The Age Of Vidyapati 3784:Radhakrishna Choudhary (1976). 3775: 3731: 3689: 3651: 3616: 3593: 3241:Janet Tiwary Kamphorst (2004). 3234: 2537:in north Maharashtra districts. 1946:An old Rajput man poses with a 1885: 1800:. The histories of the various 1777:. The Agnivanshi clans include 1706: 1666: 1598:Constitution 26th Amendment Act 1318:Maratha Empire (or confederacy) 9219:Social groups of Punjab, India 9194:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh 8582:. African Studies Association. 8551:. Cambridge University Press. 8527:. Cambridge University Press. 8419:. Cambridge University Press. 8392:The State at War in South Asia 8308:. Cambridge University Press. 8263:. Cambridge University Press. 8242:. Cambridge University Press. 8218:Poverty and the Quest for Life 8179:. Cambridge University Press. 7512:Simoons, Frederick J. (1994). 7376:Narasimhan, Sakuntala (1992). 7271:. Cambridge University Press. 4614:. APH Publishing. p. 95. 3343:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 3297:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 3073:Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya 1994 2787:Daniel Gold (1 January 1995). 2662: 2636: 2542: 2511: 2477: 2455: 2428:Cohen, Stephen Philip (2006). 2421: 2305:These Rajput groups(khasa) of 276:from seventh century onwards. 16:Social community of South Asia 1: 8506:. Columbia University Press. 8130:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 7642:. Cambridge University Press. 7580:. Vision Books. p. 428. 7412:; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). 7315:Prabhākara, Manohara (1976). 7235:Schaflechner, Jürgen (2018). 6967:Makhan Jha (1 January 1997). 6273:. Cambria Press. p. 96. 5534:A History of Jaipur 1503–1938 3024:Ishita Banerjee-Dube (2010). 2409: 2003:Victory to the Mother Goddess 1385:had been "devastated" by the 1363:Chauhan Rajputs, Delhi (1868) 1337:, a sacred thread or claimed 9224:Social groups of Uttarakhand 8683:. Univ of California Press. 8434:Richard Gabriel Fox (1971). 8332:. Anthem Press. p. 90. 7380:Sati: Widow Burning in India 6933:Maya Unnithan-Kumar (1997). 6650:. Taylor and Francis group. 6080:Gerald James Larson (2001). 5448:Lynn Zastoupil (July 1994). 4664:. Penguin Books. p. 4. 4591:R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). 2648:. Brill. 2002. p. 155. 2616:Sabita Singh (27 May 2019). 2414: 2239:also gives and example of a 808:Marwar ra Paraganan ri Vigat 7: 8759:History of Rajputs in India 8704:. Oxford University Press. 8353:. South Asia Publications. 8200:. Oxford University Press. 7605:Harald Tambs-Lyche (1997). 7301:. Manager of Publications. 7241:. Oxford University Press. 5628:. Macmillan. pp. 73–. 5622:Sailendra Nath Sen (2010). 5401:Aqib Yousuf Rather (2022). 4739:C. A. Bayly (19 May 1988). 4409:Peter Robb (21 June 2011). 4220:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). 2822:Doris Marion Kling (1993). 2679:. Indian History Congress. 2622:. Oxford University Press. 2375: 1037:same battlefield of Taraori 410:to which the Chachnama and 10: 9255: 9214:Social groups of Jharkhand 9199:Social groups of Rajasthan 8136:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 8021:Berreman Gerald D (1963). 7653:Kasturi, Malavika (2002). 7076:European Review of History 6597:. Om Books International. 6117:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 5451:John Stuart Mill and India 5016:Richards, John F. (1995). 4778:Kumkum Chatterjee (1996). 4641:. Impex India. p. 6. 3429:Thomas R. Metcalf (1990). 2368: 2320: 2226:were used for females and 1950:in the Maharaja palace of 1898: 1726:. The Rajputs claim to be 1710: 1507:the power of the Marathas. 1292: 1194: 858: 855:History of Rajput Kingdoms 849: 515:Kshatriyas of the epics - 18: 9029: 8978: 8945: 8880: 8807: 8662:. Penguin Books Limited. 8305:Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy 8215:Bhrigupati Singh (2015). 7977:Kalikinkar Datta (1978). 7867:Khanna, Priyanka (2011). 7339:. Routledge. p. 79-. 7335:Aase J. Kvanneid (2021). 7204:Amiya K. Samanta (2000). 7109:Streets, Heather (2004). 7088:10.1080/13507480600586726 6764:Lawrence A. Babb (1975). 6570:. JHU Press. p. 66. 6408:Tribuneindia News Service 5871:. SAGE Publishing India. 5584:William R. Pinch (1996). 5426:. Encyclopædia Britannica 5124:Hansen, Waldemar (1972). 4989:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). 4855:. Routledge. p. 57. 4784:. BRILL. pp. 35–36. 4688:Sarda, Har Bilas (1970). 4536:. Penguin Books Limited. 4451:Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956 4044:Peabody, Norbert (2003). 3825:Bihar, Past & Present 3752:10.1163/9789004483002_009 3708:J.S. Grewal, ed. (2005). 3472:Detlef Kantowsky (1986). 2195:; a concubine was called 1557:Sri Rajput Pacharni Sabha 361: 342: 170: 156: 69: 51: 35: 30: 9234:Social groups of Gujarat 9184:Social groups of Haryana 8739:Hastings, James (2002). 8521:Tanuja Kothiyal (2016). 8329:Essays in Indian History 8048:Saleema Waraich (2012). 7836:Indiana University Press 7834:. Bloomington, Indiana: 7321:. Panchsheel Prakashan. 7173:Philippa Levine (2003). 7047:Heather Streets (2004). 7007:. BRILL. pp. 282–. 6800:Lawrence A Babb (2004). 6591:Anil Maheshwari (2022). 6267:Basu, Pratyusha (2009). 6035:. Manohar. p. 197. 5896:Bingley, A. H. (1986) . 5840:Robert W. Stern (1988). 5502:Chaurasia, R.S. (2004). 5194:. Taylor & Francis. 5176:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 4805:Richard Gabriel Fox 1971 4766:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 4705:Chandra, Satish (2005). 4694:. Kumar Bros. p. 1. 4564:Chandra, Satish (2004). 4463:Chandra, Satish (2004). 4257:A Brief History of India 3942:Barbara N. Ramusack 2004 3740:"The Mahārājas of India" 3404:. BRILL. pp. 140–. 3367:Reinhard Bendix (1998). 3285:Richard Gabriel Fox 1971 2288:Semi nomadic communities 2187:; a dancer was called a 2116:to the mother's breast. 1511:The Rajput practices of 1486:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1310: 696:Rajputs of Central India 688:Emergence as a community 479:, and believed that the 8677:Lindsey Harlan (2018). 8566:Norman Ziegler (1976). 8368:Lindsey Harlan (1992). 8347:Karine Schomer (1994). 8257:Cynthia Talbot (2015). 8056:. Ashgate. p. 88. 8023:Hindus of the Himalayas 7488:. Manohar. p. 61. 6871:Encyclopædia Britannica 6629:. core.ac.uk: 342,343. 6186:Oxford University Press 6157:Brass, Paul R. (1966). 5792:. BRILL. pp. 3–5. 5786:Freitag, Jason (2009). 5775:(subscription required) 5686:Freitag, Jason (2009). 5505:History of the Marathas 5215:Lindsey Harlan (2003). 4847:Farooqui, Amar (2007). 4290:. Anthem. p. 116. 4075:Jackson, Peter (2003). 2316: 2039: 1765:) from the lunar deity 1636:positive discrimination 1355:British colonial period 1140:Eastern Gangetic plains 934:. These dynasties were 803:Munhata Nainsi ri Khyat 21:Rajput (disambiguation) 9179:Social groups of Bihar 9174:Ethnic groups in Sindh 9169:Ethnic groups in India 8632:Lloyd Rudolph (1967). 8548:The Marathas 1600-1818 8500:Shail Mayaram (2013). 8461:. Rupa & Company. 8458:A History of Rajasthan 8389:Pradeep Barua (2005). 7788:Manmohan Kaur (1968). 7482:Fisher, R. J. (1997). 5846:. BRILL. p. 108. 4635:V.S Bhatnagar (1974). 4608:Naravane, M.S (1999). 4354:. BRILL. p. 145. 3318:. BRILL. p. 282. 3170:. Mouton. p. 79. 2575:Paul R. Brass (1997). 2463:"Folk-lore, Volume 21" 2335: 2149: 2129: 1955: 1911: 1865:s in their own right. 1509: 1480:, Rajput Taluqdars in 1364: 1295:Rajput War (1679–1707) 1228: 1213: 994:Rajput family of Mewar 904: 892: 697: 595:The medieval tales on 8728:Regmi Research Series 8278:David Ludden (1999). 8133:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 7298:Census of India, 1961 7143:Omar Khalidi (2003). 6899:Rolf Lunheim (1993). 5758:Archives of Asian Art 5352:Bayly, Susan (2000). 5188:Jagmal Singh (2020). 4977:Dirk H. A. Kolff 2002 4378:David Ludden (2013). 4106:Behl, Aditya (2012). 3085:Parita Mukta (1994). 2913:Bhrigupati Singh 2015 2330: 2167:and this defined the 2145: 2125: 2070:(Uttar Pradesh), the 1945: 1906: 1500: 1476:As per the historian 1362: 1219: 1204: 938:, the Chahamanas (of 936:Pratiharas of Kannauj 898: 872: 695: 501:Aryan invasion theory 457:by some scholars and 270:Rajput-ruled kingdoms 7996:R.D. Sanwal (1976). 7912:. Usha. p. 49. 7838:. pp. 136–161. 7640:Cambridge Dictionary 6806:. SAGE. p. 17. 5649:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 5313:Ahmad, Amir (2005). 3990:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3906:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3738:Wink, Andre (2002). 3273:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 3058:Tanuja Kothiyal 2016 2961:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2949:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2937:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2901:Alf Hiltebeitel 1999 2431:The idea of Pakistan 1773:from the fire deity 1640:Other Backward Class 1582:India's independence 1123:. After a few years 1115:but was defeated at 1072:Muhammad bin Tughluq 647:hypergamous marriage 499:who believed in the 469:British colonial-era 368:scriptures like the 19:For other uses, see 8572:"History in Africa" 8455:Rima Hooja (2006). 8239:India Before Europe 8171:Barbara N. Ramusack 8149:Ayan Shome (2014). 8036:Karine Schomer 1994 7934:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7906:D. D. Gaur (1978). 7678:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7439:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7035:Lindsey Harlan 1992 7001:André Wink (2002). 6873:. 11 December 2023. 6854:Cynthia Talbot 2015 5899:Handbook on Rajputs 5661:Tod, James (1873). 5379:Sayan Lodh (2019). 4032:Cynthia Talbot 2015 4009:on 9 November 2014. 3978:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3968:, pp. 121–122. 3966:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3918:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3848:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3568:Barbara N. Ramusack 3555:Cynthia Talbot 2015 3460:Stewart Gordon 2007 3355:Norman Ziegler 1976 3128:Norman Ziegler 1976 3116:Satish Chandra 1982 2963:, pp. 441–442. 2939:, pp. 440–441. 2903:, pp. 439–440. 2775:Eugenia Vanina 2012 2393:Rajput architecture 2359:Ananda Coomaraswamy 1281:Shah Jahan's period 888:Rajput architecture 885:Rajput rulers (see 702:Indo-Gangetic Plain 388:Bakshali manuscript 254:Indian subcontinent 7936:, p. 145,167. 7824:Sreenivasan, Ramya 7350:Chowdhary, Charu. 6887:Shail Mayaram 2013 6555:. 13 October 2013. 6553:The Times of India 6428:. 15 November 2021 6299:The Times of India 6139:on 6 December 2011 5987:Lloyd Rudolph 1967 5043:Lal, Ruby (2005). 4412:A History of India 4192:A History of India 4187:Dietmar Rothermund 4020:Pradeep Barua 2005 3980:, p. 121-125. 3746:. Brill.com: 293. 3600:Ali, Daud (2005). 2925:Pradeep Barua 2005 2882:Richard Eaton 2019 2552:Kumar Suresh Singh 2465:. 1980. p. 79 2336: 2193:badaran or vadaran 2063:Female infanticide 2058:Female infanticide 2022:Harald Tambs-Lyche 1956: 1912: 1879:East India Company 1691:, 3.45 % for 1626:Affirmative Action 1527:social engineering 1513:female infanticide 1402:aggressive ones". 1365: 1322:East India Company 1289:Aurangzeb's period 1229: 1214: 1147:zamindars and the 1076:Singoli in 1336 CE 1017:Prithviraj Chauhan 983:Muhammad ibn Qasim 905: 893: 836:Prithviraj Chauhan 698: 662:female infanticide 599:depicting Rajput, 590:Hindu Varna system 9239:Hindu communities 9146: 9145: 9030:Subdivision Clans 8711:978-0-19-566915-2 8690:978-0-520-30175-7 8669:978-0-14-196655-7 8645:978-0-226-73137-7 8624:978-0-7914-8385-5 8603:978-93-80607-19-1 8576:History in Africa 8558:978-0-521-03316-9 8513:978-0-231-52951-8 8468:978-81-291-1501-0 8426:978-0-521-54329-3 8402:978-0-8032-1344-9 8381:978-0-520-07339-5 8360:978-0-945921-25-7 8339:978-1-84331-061-7 8315:978-0-521-52305-9 8291:978-0-521-36424-9 8249:978-0-521-80904-7 8228:978-0-226-19468-4 8162:978-93-84318-46-8 8098:978-0-226-34055-5 7959:978-1-84331-363-2 7774:978-1-84331-092-1 7734:978-0-7619-3244-4 7707:978-1-61676-436-4 7690:Erminia Colucci; 7664:978-0-19-565787-6 7618:978-81-7304-176-1 7587:978-81-7094-525-3 7556:978-1-4746-1775-8 7525:978-0-299-14254-4 7495:978-81-7304-184-6 7464:978-81-7033-606-8 7425:978-0-8147-3619-7 7395:978-0-385-42317-5 7278:978-1-107-08031-7 7248:978-0-19-085052-4 7217:978-81-7648-166-3 7186:978-0-415-94447-2 7122:978-0-7190-6962-8 7060:978-0-7190-6962-8 7014:978-0-391-04173-8 6980:978-81-7533-034-4 6946:978-1-57181-918-5 6813:978-0-7619-3223-9 6783:978-0-231-08387-4 6732:978-81-7829-860-3 6708:. 2 October 2023. 6604:978-93-91258-48-1 6577:978-1-4214-1958-9 6357:. 16 January 2013 6280:978-1-60497-625-0 6249:A.Prasad (1997). 6195:978-0-19-566709-7 6093:978-0-253-21480-5 6063:978-1-84331-004-4 6012:978-81-321-1865-7 5936:978-0-19-563767-0 5909:978-81-206-0204-5 5878:978-93-5150-457-3 5853:978-90-04-08283-0 5826:978-1-4008-7664-8 5799:978-90-04-17594-5 5735:978-0-391-02358-1 5699:978-90-04-17594-5 5635:978-0-230-32885-3 5570:978-1-107-02649-0 5488:978-0-295-99785-8 5461:978-0-8047-6617-3 5385:AltraLANG Journal 5178:, pp. 18–19. 5162:978-0-85772-976-7 5135:978-81-208-0225-4 5083:978-1-136-70385-0 5056:978-0-521-85022-3 5029:978-0-521-56603-2 5019:The Mughal Empire 5002:978-0-19-514890-9 4963:978-81-269-0123-4 4890:978-0-521-25119-8 4881:The Mughal Empire 4877:Richards, John F. 4862:978-1-134-11988-2 4833:978-0-521-52658-6 4752:978-0-521-31054-3 4718:978-81-241-1066-9 4671:978-0-14-011854-4 4621:978-81-7648-118-2 4577:978-81-241-1064-5 4543:978-93-5214-118-0 4510:978-0-415-30786-4 4476:978-81-241-1064-5 4422:978-0-230-34549-2 4391:978-1-78074-108-6 4361:978-90-04-25409-1 4331:978-81-241-0035-6 4297:978-1-84331-132-4 4267:978-1-59477-794-3 4233:978-81-224-1198-0 4202:978-0-415-32920-0 4164:978-0-521-79842-6 4123:978-0-19-514670-7 4088:978-0-521-54329-3 4057:978-0-521-46548-9 3930:David Ludden 1999 3885:978-0-521-52305-9 3870:Kolff, Dirk H. A. 3803:S.P. Sen (1988). 3761:978-90-04-48300-2 3678:978-81-317-2791-1 3641:978-81-317-1120-0 3485:978-3-8039-0333-4 3411:978-90-04-25409-1 3380:978-0-415-17453-4 3211:978-0-19-566448-5 3196:David N. Lorenzen 3098:978-0-19-563115-9 3075:, pp. 79–80. 3037:978-0-19-806678-1 3001:978-0-19-806678-1 2804:978-0-7914-2025-6 2789:David N. Lorenzen 2567:978-0-19-563357-3 2237:Ramya Sreenivasan 1869:Culture and ethos 1609:Kashmir and Jammu 1571:Post Independence 1478:Thomas R. Metcalf 1268:Rajput family of 1052:Ranthambor (1301) 633:Thomas R. Metcalf 422:finds mention in 236: 235: 207:Jammu and Kashmir 9246: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8765: 8761: 8746: 8735: 8725: 8715: 8694: 8673: 8649: 8628: 8607: 8596:. Primus Books. 8583: 8562: 8538: 8517: 8496: 8472: 8451: 8430: 8406: 8385: 8364: 8343: 8319: 8300:Dirk H. A. Kolff 8295: 8274: 8253: 8232: 8211: 8190: 8166: 8145: 8126: 8102: 8068: 8067: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7820: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7758: 7739: 7738: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7410:Hiltebeitel, Alf 7406: 7400: 7399: 7383: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6875: 6874: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6771: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6716: 6710: 6709: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6655: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6327:. 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Archived from 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3832: 3829: 3822:PN Ojha (1987). 3818: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3541: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3260: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3027:Caste in History 3021: 3010: 3009: 2991:Caste in History 2985: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2686: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2578:Theft of an Idol 2571: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2425: 2074:, Bamungors and 1938:Rajput lifestyle 1699:, and 0.16% for 1685:Himachal Pradesh 1646:in the state of 1612:acceded to India 1452:David Ochterlony 1404:Charles Metcalfe 952:Tomaras of Delhi 651:widow remarriage 493:D. R. Bhandarkar 363: 348:Early references 313:Himachal Pradesh 199:Himachal Pradesh 28: 27: 9254: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9243: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9142: 9057:Karadiya Rajput 9025: 8974: 8941: 8876: 8803: 8793: 8757: 8754: 8749: 8723: 8712: 8691: 8670: 8646: 8625: 8604: 8559: 8535: 8514: 8493: 8469: 8448: 8427: 8403: 8382: 8361: 8340: 8316: 8292: 8271: 8250: 8229: 8208: 8187: 8163: 8123: 8099: 8083:Alf Hiltebeitel 8077: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8019: 8015: 8008: 7994: 7990: 7975: 7971: 7960: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7904: 7900: 7865: 7861: 7846: 7821: 7810: 7802: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7759: 7742: 7735: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7688: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7651: 7647: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7603: 7599: 7588: 7572: 7568: 7557: 7541: 7537: 7526: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7374: 7370: 7360: 7358: 7348: 7344: 7333: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7293: 7289: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7233: 7229: 7218: 7202: 7198: 7187: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7107: 7103: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7019: 7017: 7015: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6878: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6830:Ayan Shome 2014 6828: 6824: 6814: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6677: 6673: 6657: 6656: 6642: 6638: 6621:Anupama Verma. 6619: 6615: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6564: 6560: 6547: 6546: 6542: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6461: 6460:on 4 March 2016 6457: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6426:Hindustan Times 6420: 6419: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6383:. 28 April 2016 6381:Hindustan Times 6375: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6317: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6196: 6176: 6172: 6155: 6151: 6142: 6140: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6115:"Dogra dynasty" 6113: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6027: 6023: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5894: 5890: 5879: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5684: 5680: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5530:Jadunath Sarkar 5527: 5523: 5516: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5446: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5399: 5395: 5377: 5373: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5284:Chandra, Satish 5281: 5277: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4950: 4941: 4918:10.2307/3517716 4912:(9/10): 48–53. 4902: 4898: 4891: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4737: 4730: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4656:Giles Tillotson 4653: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4562: 4555: 4544: 4530:(1 June 2015). 4525: 4521: 4511: 4488: 4484: 4477: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4439:André Wink 1990 4437: 4433: 4423: 4407: 4403: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4313: 4309: 4298: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4249: 4245: 4234: 4218: 4214: 4203: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4146: 4142: 4124: 4104: 4100: 4089: 4073: 4069: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3954:André Wink 1990 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908:, pp. 8–9. 3904: 3897: 3886: 3867: 3863: 3854: 3846: 3835: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3776: 3762: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3706: 3702: 3696:Rima Hooja 2006 3694: 3690: 3679: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3634:, p. 566, 3621: 3617: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3544: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3427: 3423: 3412: 3396: 3392: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3212: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3099: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3060:, p. 265, 3056: 3049: 3038: 3022: 3013: 3002: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2880: 2873: 2863: 2855:. p. 171. 2840: 2836: 2820: 2816: 2805: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2743: 2724: 2720: 2704: 2683: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2614: 2610: 2604:Rima Hooja 2006 2602: 2598: 2589: 2568: 2547: 2543: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2378: 2373: 2371:List of Rajputs 2367: 2352:Mughal painting 2340:Rajput painting 2325: 2323:Rajput painting 2319: 2158: 2093:by drawing the 2060: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2019: 1940: 1901: 1888: 1871: 1843:lineages). The 1715: 1709: 1669: 1660: 1658:Rajput politics 1628: 1578: 1576:Princely States 1573: 1446:by 1817-18 and 1370:Warren Hastings 1357: 1313: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1233:Mughal emperors 1199: 1193: 1188: 1161:Ghurid invasion 1121:Krishnadevaraya 1044:Alauddin Khalji 1033:mounted archers 1003:Mahmud Ghaznavi 986:conquered Sindh 909:Rajput kingdoms 901:Mehrangarh Fort 867: 857: 852: 831:Prithviraj Raso 736:Varna Ratnakara 690: 670:Sanskritisation 668:", which, like 465:Alf Hiltebeitel 455:Sanskritization 442: 440:Scholars' views 350: 345: 42: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9252: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8951: 8949: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8792: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8753: 8752:External links 8750: 8748: 8747: 8736: 8716: 8710: 8695: 8689: 8674: 8668: 8650: 8644: 8629: 8623: 8608: 8602: 8588:Eugenia Vanina 8584: 8563: 8557: 8543:Stewart Gordon 8539: 8533: 8518: 8512: 8497: 8491: 8477:Satish Chandra 8473: 8467: 8452: 8446: 8431: 8425: 8407: 8401: 8386: 8380: 8365: 8359: 8344: 8338: 8320: 8314: 8296: 8290: 8275: 8269: 8254: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8212: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8167: 8161: 8146: 8127: 8121: 8103: 8097: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8062: 8040: 8038:, p. 338. 8028: 8013: 8006: 7988: 7969: 7958: 7938: 7926: 7898: 7859: 7845:978-0253116710 7844: 7808: 7800: 7780: 7773: 7740: 7733: 7713: 7706: 7682: 7670: 7663: 7645: 7627: 7617: 7597: 7586: 7566: 7555: 7535: 7524: 7504: 7494: 7474: 7463: 7443: 7431: 7424: 7401: 7394: 7368: 7342: 7327: 7307: 7287: 7277: 7257: 7247: 7227: 7216: 7196: 7185: 7165: 7155: 7135: 7121: 7101: 7066: 7059: 7039: 7027: 7013: 6993: 6979: 6959: 6945: 6925: 6911: 6891: 6889:, p. 269. 6876: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6832:, p. 196. 6822: 6812: 6792: 6782: 6756: 6738: 6731: 6711: 6693: 6671: 6636: 6613: 6603: 6583: 6576: 6558: 6540: 6518: 6497: 6471: 6439: 6413: 6394: 6368: 6342: 6331:on 30 May 2016 6311: 6286: 6279: 6259: 6241: 6224: 6210: 6194: 6188:. p. 84. 6170: 6149: 6120: 6106: 6092: 6072: 6062: 6042: 6021: 6011: 5991: 5989:, p. 127. 5979: 5969: 5949: 5935: 5915: 5908: 5888: 5877: 5859: 5852: 5832: 5825: 5805: 5798: 5778: 5748: 5734: 5712: 5698: 5678: 5653: 5641: 5634: 5614: 5596: 5576: 5569: 5549: 5542: 5521: 5514: 5494: 5487: 5467: 5460: 5437: 5415: 5409:. JIPIRS: 34. 5393: 5371: 5364: 5344: 5305: 5298: 5275: 5254: 5234: 5227: 5207: 5200: 5180: 5168: 5161: 5141: 5134: 5116: 5109: 5089: 5082: 5062: 5055: 5035: 5028: 5008: 5001: 4981: 4979:, p. 132. 4969: 4962: 4939: 4896: 4889: 4868: 4861: 4839: 4832: 4809: 4797: 4790: 4770: 4758: 4751: 4728: 4717: 4697: 4680: 4670: 4647: 4627: 4620: 4600: 4583: 4576: 4553: 4542: 4519: 4509: 4482: 4475: 4455: 4443: 4431: 4421: 4401: 4390: 4370: 4360: 4340: 4330: 4316:Satish Chandra 4307: 4296: 4276: 4266: 4252:Alain Danielou 4243: 4232: 4212: 4201: 4174: 4163: 4140: 4122: 4098: 4087: 4067: 4056: 4036: 4024: 4012: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3956:, p. 282. 3946: 3934: 3922: 3920:, p. 121. 3910: 3895: 3884: 3861: 3852: 3850:, p. 120. 3833: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3800: 3774: 3760: 3730: 3720: 3700: 3688: 3677: 3650: 3640: 3615: 3592: 3582: 3559: 3557:, p. 119. 3542: 3521: 3514: 3491: 3484: 3464: 3452: 3441: 3421: 3410: 3390: 3379: 3359: 3347: 3335: 3324: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3262: 3255: 3233: 3231:, p. 257. 3221: 3210: 3183: 3176: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3097: 3077: 3065: 3047: 3036: 3011: 3000: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2941: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2890: 2884:, p. 87, 2871: 2861: 2834: 2814: 2803: 2779: 2764: 2752: 2741: 2727:Satish Chandra 2718: 2716: 2715: 2702: 2687: 2661: 2654: 2635: 2628: 2608: 2606:, p. 181. 2596: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2572: 2566: 2541: 2530: 2510: 2496: 2476: 2454: 2441:978-0815715030 2440: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2388:Muslim Rajputs 2385: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2369:Main article: 2366: 2365:Notable people 2363: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2302:respectively. 2157: 2154: 2121:Hindu Shastras 2095:umbilical cord 2089:, poisoning, " 2059: 2056: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2026: 2018: 2015: 1972:khanda nariyal 1939: 1936: 1932:Sherawali Mata 1900: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1870: 1867: 1831:("twig"), and 1711:Main article: 1708: 1705: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1656: 1627: 1624: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1541:Madhya Pradesh 1356: 1353: 1312: 1309: 1290: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1255:Michael Fisher 1208:, the Rana of 1192: 1191:Akbar's period 1189: 1187: 1184: 1125:Maldev Rathore 1048:Chittor (1303) 1025:defeated Ghori 1007:Somnath Temple 932:Northern India 856: 853: 851: 848: 689: 686: 643:Stewart Gordon 637:K. M. Panikkar 624:nomadic groups 613:Nomadic tribes 446:Satish Chandra 441: 438: 349: 346: 344: 341: 329:Madhya Pradesh 301:Western Punjab 297:Eastern Punjab 274:northern India 234: 233: 223:Madhya Pradesh 195:Western Punjab 191:Eastern Punjab 172: 168: 167: 158: 154: 153: 71: 67: 66: 53: 49: 48: 37: 36:Classification 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9251: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Indian castes 9162: 9160: 9157: 9156: 9154: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9093:Sagar Rajputs 9091: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8882:Chandravanshi 8879: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8767: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8744: 8743: 8737: 8734:(12): 232–240 8733: 8729: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8654:Richard Eaton 8651: 8647: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8534:9781107080317 8530: 8526: 8525: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8498: 8494: 8492:9780333903964 8488: 8485:. Macmillan. 8484: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8447:9780520018075 8443: 8439: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8411:Peter Jackson 8408: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8306: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8270:9781107118560 8266: 8262: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8241: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8207:9780195634150 8203: 8199: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8186:9781139449083 8182: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155:. Vij Books. 8154: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8122:9789004095090 8118: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8079: 8065: 8063:9781409411895 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7776: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7717: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7680:, p. 27. 7679: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7620: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7601: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7508: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7441:, p. 88. 7440: 7435: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7372: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7311: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7291: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7231: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7208: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7169: 7162: 7158: 7156:9788188789092 7152: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7037:, p. 31. 7036: 7031: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6929: 6914: 6912:9788290896121 6908: 6904: 6903: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6831: 6826: 6819: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6769: 6760: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6648: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6528: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6456: 6449: 6443: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6234: 6228: 6220: 6214: 6207: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6116: 6110: 6095: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6033: 6025: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5970:9780199089376 5966: 5962: 5961: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5817: 5809: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5611: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5543:81-250-0333-9 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5517: 5515:81-269-0394-5 5511: 5507: 5506: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5442: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5367: 5365:9780521798426 5361: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5299:9788124110669 5295: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5265: 5257: 5255:9788323399865 5251: 5247: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5228:9780195348347 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5201:9781000196061 5197: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5112: 5110:9781316184363 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5079: 5076:. Routledge. 5075: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5012: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4801: 4793: 4791:90-04-10303-1 4787: 4783: 4782: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4754: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4735: 4733: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4631: 4623: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528:Romila Thapar 4523: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4183:Hermann Kulke 4178: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4108:Wendy Doniger 4102: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4034:, p. 33. 4033: 4028: 4022:, p. 25. 4021: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3992:, p. 11. 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3944:, p. 13. 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3704: 3697: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:Upinder Singh 3619: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3583:9781139449083 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3515:9788173040375 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3500:Hermann Kulke 3495: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3442:9788120709003 3438: 3434: 3433: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3345:, p. 59. 3344: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3325:0-391-04173-8 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3299:, p. 60. 3298: 3293: 3287:, p. 16. 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3256:9783825867584 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3179: 3177:9783112026250 3173: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3153: 3152:Hastings 2002 3148: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3118:, p. 92. 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2975:, p. 99. 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2951:, pp. 3. 2950: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2927:, p. 24. 2926: 2921: 2915:, p. 38. 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2862:90-04-10236-1 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2762:, p. 59. 2761: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2742:9788124113868 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2690:Hetukar Jha. 2688: 2685: 2682:Businessmen." 2678: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2657: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2631: 2629:9780199098286 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2605: 2600: 2590: 2588:9780691026503 2584: 2580: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531:9781136516627 2527: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2499: 2497:9788175411401 2493: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2464: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2383:Bihari Rajput 2381: 2380: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2357:According to 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344:Central India 2341: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2280:Ravana Rajput 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:Jodhpur state 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2100:breastfeeding 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:strangulation 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2037: 2034: 2028:Miscellaneous 2025: 2023: 2017:Hospitability 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966:like that of 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:Goddess Durga 1921: 1917: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1806:vamshāavalīis 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792:Lesser-noted 1790: 1789:and Chauhan. 1788: 1784: 1781:, Chaulukya ( 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:Chandravanshi 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677:Uttar Pradesh 1674: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632:General caste 1623: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1594:Indira Gandhi 1591: 1587: 1583: 1568: 1566: 1565:Sagar Rajputs 1562: 1561:Sacred thread 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Uttar Pradesh 1542: 1538: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1345:Asaf-ud-Daula 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1286: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1244:and grandson 1243: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1186:Mughal period 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1163:in the West. 1162: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1066:who defeated 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 984: 979: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 917:anachronistic 913: 910: 902: 897: 890: 889: 884: 880: 876: 875:Junagarh Fort 871: 866: 862: 847: 845: 839: 837: 833: 832: 827: 826: 820: 818: 817:Mughal Empire 812: 809: 805: 804: 799: 798:Muhnot Nainsi 794: 792: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 731:Rajatarangini 727: 725: 721: 720: 719:Rajatarangini 714: 710: 705: 703: 694: 685: 683: 678: 675: 674:Hermann Kulke 671: 667: 666:Rajputisation 663: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 581: 579: 578:varna–samkara 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 539: 535: 534:Nancy MacLean 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 459:Rajputization 456: 451: 447: 437: 435: 431: 430: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384: 379: 378: 373: 372: 367: 359: 355: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 305:Uttar Pradesh 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 244: 240: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 187:Uttar Pradesh 184: 180: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90:Chhattisgarhi 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 54: 50: 46: 41: 40:Forward caste 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 8991:Hada Chauhan 8986:Gandhavariya 8817:Bais Rajputs 8799: 8741: 8731: 8727: 8700: 8679: 8658: 8634: 8613: 8592: 8579: 8575: 8568:David Henige 8547: 8523: 8502: 8481: 8457: 8436: 8415: 8391: 8370: 8349: 8328: 8304: 8280: 8259: 8238: 8217: 8196: 8175: 8151: 8132: 8111: 8087: 8075:Bibliography 8053: 8043: 8031: 8022: 8016: 7997: 7991: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7963: 7948: 7941: 7929: 7921: 7908: 7901: 7876: 7872: 7862: 7831: 7803: 7795: 7790: 7783: 7763: 7723: 7716: 7696: 7692:David Lester 7685: 7673: 7654: 7648: 7639: 7636:"Hospitable" 7630: 7622: 7607: 7600: 7591: 7576: 7569: 7560: 7545: 7538: 7529: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7453: 7446: 7434: 7414: 7404: 7379: 7371: 7359:. Retrieved 7355: 7345: 7336: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7302: 7297: 7290: 7282: 7267: 7260: 7252: 7237: 7230: 7223:nationalism. 7221: 7206: 7199: 7190: 7175: 7168: 7160: 7145: 7138: 7126:. Retrieved 7111: 7104: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7049: 7042: 7030: 7018:. Retrieved 7003: 6996: 6984:. Retrieved 6969: 6962: 6950:. Retrieved 6935: 6928: 6916:. Retrieved 6901: 6894: 6870: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6817: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6767: 6759: 6741: 6721: 6714: 6705: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6651: 6646: 6639: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6608: 6593: 6586: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6531:. Retrieved 6521: 6509:. Retrieved 6500: 6488:. Retrieved 6484: 6474: 6462:. Retrieved 6455:the original 6442: 6430:. Retrieved 6425: 6416: 6407: 6397: 6385:. Retrieved 6380: 6371: 6359:. Retrieved 6354: 6345: 6333:. Retrieved 6329:the original 6324: 6314: 6302:. Retrieved 6298: 6289: 6269: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6227: 6213: 6202: 6199: 6180: 6173: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6141:, retrieved 6137:the original 6132: 6123: 6109: 6097:. 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