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91:. If the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are greater than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together, the solvent particles pull the solute particles apart and surround them. These surrounded solute particles then move away from the solid solute and out into the solution. The mixing process of a solution happens at a scale where the effects of
1813:
289:
means that the components of the mixture are of different phase. The properties of the mixture (such as concentration, temperature, and density) can be uniformly distributed through the volume but only in absence of diffusion phenomena or after their completion. Usually, the substance present in the
987: – Measurement in environmental chemistry is a common term in a range of disciplines, and can have different meanings depending on the analytical method used. In water quality, it refers to the amount of residue remaining after the evaporation of water from a sample.
310:(oxygen and other gases dissolved in nitrogen). Since interactions between gaseous molecules play almost no role, non-condensable gases form rather trivial solutions. In the literature, they are not even classified as solutions, but simply addressed as homogeneous
665:
Usually, the greater the temperature of the solvent, the more of a given solid solute it can dissolve. However, most gases and some compounds exhibit solubilities that decrease with increased temperature. Such behavior is a result of an
728:, 50% water solution), the concepts of "solute" and "solvent" become less relevant, but the substance that is more often used as a solvent is normally designated as the solvent (in this example, water).
290:
greatest amount is considered the solvent. Solvents can be gases, liquids, or solids. One or more components present in the solution other than the solvent are called solutes. The solution has the same
746:, molten metals, molten salts, molten covalent networks, and molecular liquids. In the practice of chemistry and biochemistry, most solvents are molecular liquids. They can be classified into
780:
Salts dissolve in polar solvents, forming positive and negative ions that are attracted to the negative and positive ends of the solvent molecule, respectively. If the solvent is water,
646:
decreases with increasing solute concentration. At some point, the energy loss outweighs the entropy gain, and no more solute particles can be dissolved; the solution is said to be
1485:
931:. The density of the resulting solution is considered to be equal to that of water, statement holding especially for dilute solutions, so the density information is not required.
814:
An example of the immiscibility of oil and water is a leak of petroleum from a damaged tanker, that does not dissolve in the ocean water but rather floats on the surface.
662:
solution can be prepared by raising the solubility (for example by increasing the temperature) to dissolve more solute and then lowering it (for example by cooling).
2331:
1478:
1412:
836:
In the following equations, A is solvent, B is solute, and C is concentration. Solute volume contribution is considered through the ideal solution model.
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and the permanent molecular agitation of gas molecules guarantee the homogeneity of the gaseous systems. Non-condensable gaseous mixtures (e.g., air/CO
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It is common practice in laboratories to make a solution directly from its constituent ingredients. There are three cases in practical calculation:
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of mixing. The interactions between different molecules or ions may be energetically favored or not. If interactions are unfavorable, then the
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occurs when the charged solute ions become surrounded by water molecules. A standard example is aqueous saltwater. Such solutions are called
103:
of the solvent when the solvent is the larger fraction of the mixture, as is commonly the case. One important parameter of a solution is the
1114:
467:
are examples of complex liquid solutions, containing many solutes. Many of these are electrolytes since they contain solute ions, such as
306:, only gases (non-condensable) or vapors (condensable) are dissolved under a given set of conditions. An example of a gaseous solution is
386:
The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant. (Homogenization of solutions)
370:
in water – a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction (formation of ions). The visible bubbles in
650:. However, the point at which a solution can become saturated can change significantly with different environmental factors, such as
378:
of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level.
677:
exhibit this behaviour. The solubility of liquids in liquids is generally less temperature-sensitive than that of solids or gases.
322:, or air/xenon) do not spontaneously demix, nor sediment, as distinctly stratified and separate gas layers as a function of their
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446:
795:
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming polar bonds or hydrogen bonds. As an example, all alcoholic beverages are
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1842:
996:
990:
1159:
697:. There are several ways to quantify the amount of one compound dissolved in the other compounds collectively called
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165:, at which point the excess would remain in its solid phase. A solution containing more dissolved solutes than at
803:. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve better in non-polar solvents. Examples are hydrocarbons such as
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of the properties of its components. If both solute and solvent exist in equal quantities (such as in a 50%
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forces under normal conditions prevailing on Earth. The case of condensable vapors is different: once the
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999: – Critical temperature below which components of a mixture are miscible for all compositions
206: with: distinguish from other types of mixture (could be a separate section). You can help by
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1972:
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107:, which is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solution or solvent. The term "
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479:, where significant changes in their concentrations may be a sign of severe illness or injury.
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A solution is stable, and solutes will not precipitate unless added in excess of the mixture's
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1005: – Collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state to a collapsed globule state
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is a good solvent because the molecules are polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds (1).
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354:, then almost all gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved. Here are some examples:
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are those where concentrations of solutes are accurately and precisely known.
627:. When a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid the two liquids are
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1059:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
766:, the most commonly used solvent, is both polar and sustains hydrogen bonds.
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32:"Solute" redirects here. For the sole order of the class Homoiostelea, see
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Non-aqueous solutions are when the liquid solvent involved is not water.
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Case 3: amount (mL) of final solution volume Vt is given. Solute mass m
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at a given temperature is reached, vapor excess condenses into the
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Case 3: total solution volume is known, same equation as case 1. V
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In principle, all types of liquids can behave as solvents: liquid
150:. By contrast, the particles in a suspension or colloid can cause
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that may then be diluted as needed for laboratory applications.
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change when other compounds are added. Together they are called
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Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water.
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The solutes and solvents in a solution cannot be separated by
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means that the components of the mixture form a single phase.
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658:, and contamination. For some solute-solvent combinations, a
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475:. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also essential components of
445:
Counterexamples are provided by liquid mixtures that are not
401:
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are involved, resulting in interactions that are specific to
56:
471:. Furthermore, they contain solute molecules like sugar and
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The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by the
817:
750:, according to whether their molecules possess a permanent
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754:. Another distinction is whether their molecules can form
1928:
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423:
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303:
993: – Critical temperature of miscibility in a mixture
969:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
811:
that easily mix, while being incompatible with water.
1413:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
491:, then gases, liquids, and solids can be dissolved.
59:. The salt is the solute and the water the solvent.
927:Example: Make 2 g/100mL of NaCl solution with 1 L
731:
832:Case 3: amount of final solution volume is given.
2417:
501:dissolves rather well in metals, especially in
967: – Measure of concentration of a chemical
75:composed of two or more substances. In such a
1479:
1108:
685:The physical properties of compounds such as
135:. By contrast, particles may be visible in a
29:Homogeneous mixture of a solute and a solvent
1486:
1472:
1115:
1101:
1031:Washington University Chemistry Department
826:Case 1: amount of solvent volume is given.
623:to dissolve in another compound is called
422:: When dissolving, salt dissociates into
818:Preparation from constituent ingredients
768:
38:
840:Case 1: amount (mL) of solvent volume V
829:Case 2: amount of solute mass is given.
374:are not the dissolved gas, but only an
14:
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1122:
1021:
1019:
738:Solvent § Solvent classifications
434:are especially common, and are called
111:" is used when one of the solvents is
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1096:
595:: a true solid solution of Ra in BaSO
974:Percentage solution (disambiguation)
230:
190:
1843:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1016:
997:Lower critical solution temperature
991:Upper critical solution temperature
943:= ( 2 / 100 ) g/mL Ă— 1000 mL = 20 g
788:. Whenever salt dissolves in water
345:
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142:A solution does not cause beams of
24:
2107:
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1938:
1056:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
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118:
25:
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947:Chemists often make concentrated
87:in another substance, known as a
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1811:
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505:; this is studied as a means of
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194:
900:Case 2: solute mass is known, V
863:Case 2: amount of solute mass m
732:Liquid solution characteristics
99:. The solution usually has the
792:has to be taken into account.
638:All solutions have a positive
461:are not considered solutions.
330:forces efficiently counteract
250:format but may read better as
13:
1:
2431:Homogeneous chemical mixtures
1611:Effervescent powder or tablet
1009:
886:= C Vt /100; Solvent volume V
680:
604:
2395:Patient-controlled analgesia
1700:Orally disintegrating tablet
1403:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
7:
958:
183:It is composed of only one
10:
2472:
1906:Relative analgesia machine
1388:Acid dissociation constant
867:is given. Solvent volume V
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128:of two or more substances.
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720:can be calculated by the
418:in water, which forms an
336:saturation vapor pressure
1495:Routes of administration
226:
2021:Extra-amniotic infusion
1626:Molecular encapsulation
1558:Osmotic delivery system
1553:Time release technology
1353:Solubility table (data)
1220:Apparent molar property
1069:10.1351/goldbook.S05746
1033:. Washington University
1003:Coil–globule transition
844:is given. Solute mass m
762:and aprotic solvents).
530:Water in solid salt or
259:converting this section
47:solution by dissolving
2324:Central nervous system
2112:
2050:
1978:Mucoadhesive microdisc
1943:
1318:Total dissolved solids
1313:Solubility equilibrium
1238:and related quantities
985:Total dissolved solids
979:Solubility equilibrium
777:
752:electric dipole moment
695:colligative properties
534:, forming moist solids
60:
2451:Drug delivery devices
2167:Transfersome vesicles
2111:
2049:
2026:Intravesical infusion
1942:
1418:Partition coefficient
1398:Polar aprotic solvent
772:
71:is a special type of
42:
2436:Alchemical processes
1853:Metered-dose inhaler
1838:Anesthetic vaporizer
1333:Enthalpy of solution
1260:Volume concentration
1255:Number concentration
1089:at Wikimedia Commons
671:enthalpy of solution
487:If the solvent is a
350:If the solvent is a
302:If the solvent is a
2446:Colloidal chemistry
2278:Transdermal implant
2238:(into tissue/blood)
2015:Intrauterine device
1896:Anaesthetic machine
1891:Oxygen concentrator
1245:Molar concentration
1215:Dilution (equation)
748:polar and non-polar
701:. Examples include
619:The ability of one
156:Rayleigh scattering
126:homogeneous mixture
73:homogeneous mixture
34:Solute (echinoderm)
2441:Physical chemistry
2390:Nanocell injection
2113:
2051:
1944:
1798:Dry-powder inhaler
1285:Isotopic abundance
1250:Mass concentration
1124:Chemical solutions
953:Standard solutions
778:
722:linear combination
716:The properties of
432:Solutions in water
383:Liquid in liquid:
261:, if appropriate.
180:(or mechanically).
169:is referred to as
152:Tyndall scattering
61:
2413:
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2202:Transdermal spray
2197:Transdermal patch
2187:Medicated shampoo
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1901:Medical inhalants
1848:Medical inhalants
1776:Respiratory tract
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1085:Media related to
797:aqueous solutions
514:Liquid in solid:
436:aqueous solutions
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16:(Redirected from
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566:Solid in solid:
507:hydrogen storage
372:carbonated water
346:Liquid solutions
324:relative density
298:Gaseous mixtures
294:as the solvent.
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257:You can help by
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109:aqueous solution
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477:blood chemistry
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408:Sodium chloride
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1073:
1072:
1071:
1045:
1044:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
971:
965:Molar solution
960:
957:
945:
944:
940:
936:
925:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
833:
830:
827:
819:
816:
756:hydrogen bonds
733:
730:
682:
679:
660:supersaturated
606:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
596:
593:barium sulfate
583:
573:
564:
563:
562:
544:
535:
528:
512:
511:
510:
484:
481:
443:
442:
439:
429:
428:
427:
410:(NaCl) (table
405:
392:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
379:
368:Carbon dioxide
365:
347:
344:
319:
314:of gases. The
299:
296:
292:physical state
278:
277:
243:
241:
234:
228:
225:
222:
221:
201:
199:
189:
188:
181:
174:
171:supersaturated
159:
140:
129:
120:
117:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2468:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Intramuscular
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Intracerebral
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Iontophoresis
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Topical cream
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Nasal cannula
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Mass fraction
1278:
1276:
1275:Mole fraction
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1235:Concentration
1232:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Phase diagram
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1160:Flory–Huggins
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
966:
963:
962:
956:
954:
950:
934:
933:
932:
930:
910:
899:
881:
862:
839:
838:
837:
831:
828:
825:
824:
823:
815:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
775:
771:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
729:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
711:mole fraction
708:
704:
700:
699:concentration
696:
692:
691:boiling point
688:
687:melting point
678:
676:
672:
669:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
616:
612:
594:
591:dissolved in
590:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
567:
565:
560:
556:
552:
548:
545:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
527:
524:, forming an
523:
519:
516:
515:
513:
508:
504:
500:
497:
496:
494:
493:
492:
490:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
437:
433:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
403:
399:
396:
395:
393:
388:
385:
384:
382:
377:
376:effervescence
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
355:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
293:
288:
287:Heterogeneous
284:
274:
265:is available.
264:
260:
254:
253:
249:
244:This section
242:
233:
232:
218:
209:
205:
202:This section
200:
197:
193:
192:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:concentration
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
35:
27:
19:
2456:Dosage forms
2380:Intraosseous
2370:Intracardiac
2309:Intravitreal
2271:Injector pen
2266:Subcutaneous
2237:
2207:Jet injector
2192:Dermal patch
2069:
2005:Vaginal ring
1973:Insufflation
1725:Effervescent
1640:
1499:dosage forms
1343:Raoult's law
1295:Ternary plot
1290:Mixing ratio
1131:
1123:
1054:
1035:. Retrieved
1030:
948:
946:
926:
890:=(100/C-1/ d
835:
821:
813:
794:
786:electrolytes
779:
741:
715:
684:
664:
637:
632:
628:
618:
557:(liquid) in
551:plasticizers
542:paraffin wax
486:
463:
444:
349:
340:liquid state
301:
286:
282:
281:
268:
263:Editing help
245:
212:
208:adding to it
203:
80:
68:
62:
45:saline water
26:
2365:Intravenous
2352:Circulatory
2337:Intrathecal
2261:Intradermal
2253:transdermal
2220:Parenterals
2126:Topical gel
2082:Murphy drip
2060:Suppository
1948:Nasal spray
1882:Oxygen mask
1731:Chewing gum
1670:Oral mucosa
1448:Lyonium ion
1363:Miscibility
1348:Henry's law
1027:"Solutions"
875:(100/C-1/ d
744:noble gases
675:surfactants
652:temperature
644:free energy
549:containing
465:Body fluids
455:suspensions
447:homogeneous
420:electrolyte
332:gravitation
283:Homogeneous
215:August 2021
167:equilibrium
2420:Categories
2225:Injections
1988:Urogenital
1924:Ophthalmic
1780:inhalation
1754:Toothpaste
1682:sublingual
1646:Suspension
1616:Herbal tea
1443:Amphiphile
1438:Lipophilic
1433:Hydrophile
1428:Hydrophobe
1305:Solubility
1200:Saturation
1170:Suspension
1010:References
736:See also:
681:Properties
668:exothermic
633:immiscible
625:solubility
611:Solubility
605:Solubility
404:) in water
178:filtration
163:solubility
137:suspension
49:table salt
2426:Solutions
2230:infusions
2162:Liposomes
1958:Eye drops
1953:Ear drops
1864:Vaporizer
1859:Nebulizer
1749:Mouthwash
1678:sublabial
1601:Electuary
1591:Decoction
1453:Lyate ion
1408:Solvation
1323:Solvation
1265:Normality
1087:Solutions
856:/(100-C/d
782:hydration
648:saturated
615:Solvation
555:phthalate
503:palladium
469:potassium
459:emulsions
328:Diffusion
271:June 2014
133:naked eye
97:solvation
85:dissolved
65:chemistry
43:Making a
2401:PIC line
2342:Epidural
2182:Lip balm
2157:Hydrogel
2148:solution
2131:Liniment
2116:Ointment
2075:Hydrogel
2070:Solution
2055:Ointment
1995:Ointment
1968:Hydrogel
1963:Ointment
1759:Ointment
1720:Lozenges
1710:Lollipop
1656:Tincture
1641:Solution
1621:Hydrogel
1606:Emulsion
1548:Pastille
1423:Polarity
1382:Category
1270:Molality
1132:Solution
1061:solution
1037:13 April
959:See also
703:molarity
656:pressure
629:miscible
621:compound
553:such as
547:Polymers
499:Hydrogen
451:colloids
364:in water
312:mixtures
69:solution
2101:topical
2039:enteral
2000:Pessary
1830:Liquids
1803:Smoking
1741:Liquids
1636:Softgel
1583:Liquids
1543:Capsule
1520:enteral
1373:Solvent
1175:Colloid
1165:Mixture
801:ethanol
726:ethanol
673:. Some
640:entropy
589:sulfate
561:(solid)
526:amalgam
518:Mercury
400:(table
398:Sucrose
148:scatter
89:solvent
77:mixture
18:Solutes
2296:Organs
2177:Lotion
2097:Dermal
2035:Rectal
2010:Douche
1790:Solids
1727:tablet
1692:Solids
1674:buccal
1631:Powder
1596:Elixir
1538:Tablet
1530:Solids
915:=Vt; m
809:grease
760:protic
709:, and
586:Radium
580:bronze
576:Alloys
538:Hexane
362:Oxygen
352:liquid
246:is in
81:solute
2172:Cream
2136:Paste
2065:Enema
2017:(IUD)
1933:nasal
1855:(MDI)
1763:Spray
1651:Syrup
1195:Alloy
1051:IUPAC
939:= C V
929:water
919:= C V
908:100/C
848:= C V
774:Water
764:Water
578:like
570:Steel
532:sugar
489:solid
402:sugar
252:prose
227:Types
185:phase
144:light
113:water
101:state
57:water
55:) in
2397:pump
2249:Skin
2146:DMSO
2141:Film
1929:otic
1884:and
1705:Film
1507:Oral
1039:2018
923:/100
807:and
689:and
613:and
522:gold
473:urea
424:ions
416:salt
412:salt
248:list
79:, a
67:, a
53:NaCl
1874:Gas
1065:doi
1063:".
904:= m
894:) m
871:= m
805:oil
799:of
559:PVC
540:in
520:in
308:air
304:gas
210:.
154:or
146:to
63:In
2422::
1931:,
1680:,
1676:,
1497:,
1053:,
1029:.
1018:^
713:.
705:,
654:,
635:.
457:,
453:,
449::
342:.
326:.
115:.
2354:,
2255:)
2251:(
2103:)
2099:(
2041:)
2037:(
1926:,
1822:0
1818:0
1782:)
1778:(
1684:)
1672:(
1522:)
1518:(
1487:e
1480:t
1473:v
1384:)
1380:(
1116:e
1109:t
1102:v
1067::
1041:.
941:A
937:B
935:m
921:A
917:B
913:A
906:B
902:A
896:B
892:B
888:A
884:B
879:)
877:B
873:B
869:A
865:B
860:)
858:B
854:A
852:d
850:A
846:B
842:A
758:(
597:4
509:.
438:.
426:.
320:2
273:)
269:(
255:.
217:)
213:(
187:.
173:.
158:.
139:.
51:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
