38:
177:, soil samples may be geolocated using GPS technology in order to estimate the geospatial distribution of nutrients in the sampled area. The geolocated samples are collected using a distribution and resolution that allows for the estimation of the geospatial variability of the soil area where the crop will be grown. Many different distributions and resolutions are used, depending upon many factors including the goals of the geospatial nutrient analysis and cost of sample collection and analysis.
2546:
2399:
2445:
2358:
2346:
2457:
2508:
2433:
2334:
2218:
1853:
2207:
2481:
2234:
2534:
2522:
2558:
2469:
1029:
2582:
2498:
2421:
2322:
2570:
2370:
199:
190:
light/radiation cycles). As a result, the chemical composition analysis accuracy can be improved if the soil is analyzed soon after its extraction — usually within a relative time period of 24 hours. The chemical changes in the soil can be slowed during storage and transportation by freezing it. Air drying can also preserve the soil sample for many months.
318:
technology (or Near InfraRed (NIR) scanning). In addition, lab tests frequently include professional interpretation of results and recommendations. Provisory statements included in a lab report may outline any anomalies, exceptions, and shortcomings in the sampling, analytical process or results.
164:
Composite sampling can be performed by combining soil from several locations prior to analysis. This is a common procedure, but should be used judiciously to avoid skewing results. This procedure must be done so that government sampling requirements are met. A reference map should be created to
189:
Soil chemistry changes over time, as biological and which chemical processes break down or combine compounds over time. These processes change once the soil is removed from its natural ecosystem (flora and fauna that penetrate the sampled area) and environment (temperature, moisture, and solar
180:
For example, in the United States corn and soybean growing regions a grid distribution with a resolution of 2.5 acres per grid (one sample for each 2.5 acre grid) is offered by many precision agriculture soil test service providers. This is generally referred to as grid soil testing.
273:
is most often measured with a chemical extraction method, and different countries have different standard methods. Just in Europe, more than 10 different soil phosphorus tests are currently in use and the results from these different tests are not directly comparable.
729:
Jordan-Meille, L.; Rubæk, G. H.; Ehlert, P. a. I.; Genot, V.; Hofman, G.; Goulding, K.; Recknagel, J.; Provolo, G.; Barraclough, P. (2012-12-01). "An overview of fertilizer-P recommendations in Europe: soil testing, calibration and fertilizer recommendations".
310:
Prepaid mail-in kits for soil and ground water testing are available to facilitate the packaging and delivery of samples to a laboratory. Similarly, in 2004, laboratories began providing fertilizer recommendations along with the soil composition report.
160:
or chemicals can change the composition of the soil, and may need to be tested separately. As soil nutrients vary with depth and soil components change with time, the depth and timing of a sample may also affect results.
292:
that measure pH, water content, and sometimes nutrient content of the soil are also available at many hardware stores. Laboratory tests are more accurate than tests with do-it-yourself kits and electrical meters. An
64:
analysis to determine the chemical, physical or biological characteristics of a soil. Possibly the most widely conducted soil tests are those performed to estimate the plant-available concentrations of
206:
Soil testing is often performed by commercial labs that offer a variety of tests, targeting groups of compounds and minerals. Laboratory tests often check for plant nutrients in three categories:
137:, or the expected growth potential of the soil which indicates nutrient deficiencies, potential toxicities from excessive fertility and inhibitions from the presence of non-essential
811:
300:
In order to avoid complex and expensive analytical techniques, prediction based on regression equations relating to more easily measurable parameters can be provided by
2349:
2460:
2436:
322:
Some laboratories analyze for all 13 mineral nutrients and a dozen non-essential, potentially toxic minerals utilizing the "universal soil extractant" (
2484:
2270:
705:
2537:
307:
Soil testing is used to facilitate fertilizer composition and dosage selection for land employed in both agricultural and horticultural industries.
822:
2015:
2424:
2051:
927:
3406:
3235:
304:. For instance, soil bulk density can be predicted using easily measured soil properties such as soil texture, pH and organic matter.
895:
856:
288:. Do-it-yourself kits are often sold at farming cooperatives, university labs, private labs, and some hardware and gardening stores.
648:
2025:
3280:
2131:
1287:
2263:
2103:
1564:
2041:
424:
2068:
1270:
775:"Development of pedotransfer functions for predicting the bulk density in the critical zone on the Loess Plateau, China"
141:. The test is used to mimic the function of roots to assimilate minerals. The expected rate of growth is modeled by the
1548:
1080:
2690:
2288:
2256:
1553:
920:
658:
706:"Using precision agriculture to improve soil fertility management and on-farm research | Integrated Crop Management"
2096:
2036:
2020:
812:
On-the-spot, real-time and affordable soil testing technology is enhancing the agricultural value chain in Uganda.
444:
2074:
1558:
2079:
2063:
1569:
952:
2938:
2819:
2361:
1090:
913:
602:
17:
3251:
2031:
1589:
834:
156:, recommend that a soil test contains 10-20 sample points for every 40 acres (160,000 m) of field.
2851:
2296:
2210:
2046:
1574:
1013:
612:
382:
31:
294:
3154:
2549:
1018:
569:
The following is a non-exhaustive list of recommendations to limit exposure to lead in garden soils:
401:
153:
86:
3230:
3220:
3092:
3082:
2912:
2650:
2448:
2279:
2168:
1962:
1584:
438:
338:
74:
885:
3070:
3045:
2985:
2665:
2606:
2237:
1579:
1542:
1263:
947:
505:
Children and pregnant women should avoid contact with soil estimated total lead levels above 300
498:
315:
66:
3333:
3144:
2958:
2794:
2769:
2620:
2599:
2491:
1856:
1230:
366:
165:
record the location and quantity of field samples in order to properly interpret test results.
46:
589:
Discard old and outer leaves before eating leafy vegetables; peel root crops; wash all produce
3020:
2829:
2337:
2227:
1911:
358:
301:
174:
82:
576:
Give planting preferences to fruiting crops (tomatoes, squash, peas, sunflowers, corn, etc.)
3373:
3225:
3182:
3075:
3000:
2383:
1992:
1886:
1710:
323:
8:
3401:
3149:
3139:
2695:
2680:
2640:
2613:
2388:
2378:
1279:
1220:
1181:
414:
880:
3100:
2809:
2592:
2511:
2183:
1830:
1463:
1256:
1176:
1119:
1075:
755:
433:
362:
142:
773:
Qiao, Jiangbo; Zhu, Yuanjun; Jia, Xiaoxu; Huang, Laiming; Shao, Ming’an (2019-01-01).
3197:
2943:
2834:
2804:
2655:
1876:
1745:
1136:
983:
890:
794:
747:
743:
654:
622:
506:
483:
419:
37:
759:
3247:
3134:
3025:
2990:
2965:
2824:
2645:
2057:
1750:
1213:
786:
739:
463:
396:
377:
289:
77:, soil tests can be used to determine the current physical state of the soil, the
3363:
3187:
3105:
3040:
3035:
2933:
2799:
2670:
2525:
2178:
2158:
2153:
1982:
1916:
1901:
1881:
1815:
1800:
1660:
1156:
1085:
1053:
501:
categorizes typical soil concentration levels and their associated health risks.
450:
3310:
3202:
3119:
2923:
2685:
2675:
2561:
2187:
2110:
1790:
1735:
1198:
1171:
1151:
1063:
1008:
1003:
627:
586:
Lime soil as recommended by soil test (a pH of 6.5 minimizes lead availability)
429:
386:
369:
of the soil. The following is a non-exhaustive list of engineering soil tests.
277:
168:
3240:
790:
497:
Lead is a particularly dangerous soil component. The following table from the
3395:
3338:
3177:
3055:
3050:
3005:
2774:
2221:
2124:
2117:
1957:
1926:
1835:
1720:
1225:
1102:
1058:
798:
751:
680:
617:
346:
345:
can be used to determine the physical characteristics of a soil, such as its
138:
2545:
2398:
823:
On-the-spot, easy and affordable soil testing for Kenyan smallholder farmers
774:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3323:
3010:
2953:
2784:
2501:
2444:
2357:
2248:
1977:
1972:
1947:
1820:
1765:
1193:
1166:
1141:
1097:
1070:
998:
993:
988:
978:
936:
409:
354:
42:
2410:
2345:
573:
Locate gardens away from old painted structures and heavily traveled roads
3368:
3065:
2948:
2887:
2456:
2173:
1987:
1921:
1891:
1825:
1805:
1725:
1705:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1203:
1126:
1107:
592:
Keep dust to a minimum by maintaining a mulched and/or moist soil surface
106:
90:
2507:
2432:
2333:
3192:
3172:
3060:
2872:
2867:
2789:
2779:
2660:
2405:
2325:
2163:
1906:
1810:
1760:
1715:
1700:
1665:
1635:
1501:
1408:
1373:
1348:
1188:
1161:
1146:
1048:
973:
607:
390:
350:
270:
259:
215:
149:
94:
70:
57:
1248:
3348:
3328:
3214:
3030:
3015:
2573:
2373:
2192:
1967:
1952:
1795:
1740:
1680:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1363:
1333:
1313:
1242:
1131:
900:
280:
kits usually only test for the three "major nutrients", and for soil
243:
233:
219:
157:
134:
3378:
3265:
2995:
2970:
2897:
2814:
2480:
2148:
1997:
1780:
1695:
1650:
1526:
1506:
1496:
1481:
1453:
1448:
1433:
1403:
1398:
1378:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1208:
968:
285:
263:
211:
130:
122:
114:
2533:
2521:
3318:
3290:
2975:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2585:
2557:
1942:
1730:
1690:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1630:
1625:
1521:
1491:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1423:
1418:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1358:
1343:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1114:
896:
Mail-in soil test kits and nutrient management/fertilizer reports
580:
475:
467:
281:
229:
126:
78:
61:
2468:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3275:
3207:
2980:
2928:
2738:
2581:
2497:
2420:
1840:
1775:
1516:
1511:
1413:
1028:
905:
479:
471:
247:
225:
2321:
2753:
1755:
728:
255:
2569:
2369:
198:
169:
Geographic distribution of samples for precision agriculture
125:
content, composition, and other characteristics such as the
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2708:
1785:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1043:
491:
487:
357:. Soil testing can also provide information related to the
326:
314:
Lab tests are more accurate and often utilize very precise
251:
239:
118:
1770:
89:
properties of the soil. Other soil tests may be used in
297:
is provided for reference by
Wallace Laboratories LLC.
857:"Lead in the Home Garden and Urban Soil Environment"
3393:
184:
2016:Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
772:
579:Incorporate organic materials such as finished
2052:National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists
45:student taking a soil sample in a garden near
2264:
1264:
921:
2278:
901:Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils
891:Colorado State University Extension Service
332:
2271:
2257:
2233:
1271:
1257:
928:
914:
100:
854:
681:"Soil Sampling for Precision Agriculture"
2026:Central Soil Salinity Research Institute
881:Pollutants/Toxics > Soil Contaminants
197:
36:
2132:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1278:
14:
3394:
2104:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
1565:Canadian system of soil classification
646:
2252:
1252:
909:
2206:
2042:International Union of Soil Sciences
457:
3407:In situ geotechnical investigations
2069:Soil and Water Conservation Society
447:(constant-head, falling-head, etc.)
73:recommendations in agriculture. In
24:
1549:Unified Soil Classification System
1081:Soil retrogression and degradation
25:
3418:
2472:
2289:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1554:AASHTO Soil Classification System
874:
647:Sumner, Malcolm E. (1999-08-31).
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2506:
2496:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2397:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2097:Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B
2037:Indian Institute of Soil Science
2021:Canadian Society of Soil Science
1852:
1851:
1027:
935:
744:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00453.x
2075:Soil Science Society of America
2080:World Congress of Soil Science
2064:Soil Science Society of Poland
1570:Australian Soil Classification
1561:(French classification system)
848:
827:
816:
805:
779:Journal of Soils and Sediments
766:
722:
698:
673:
640:
269:The amount of plant-available
193:
13:
1:
2939:Mechanically stabilized earth
1091:Soil compaction (agriculture)
633:
185:Storage, handling, and moving
2691:Hydraulic conductivity tests
603:Base-cation saturation ratio
133:. A soil test can determine
7:
3252:Stress distribution in soil
2032:German Soil Science Society
1590:List of vineyard soil types
710:crops.extension.iastate.edu
596:
519:Estimated total lead (ppm)
10:
3423:
2402:Pore pressure measurement
2211:Knowledge:WikiProject Soil
2047:International Year of Soil
1575:Polish Soil Classification
1014:Environmental soil science
837:. Wallace Laboratories LLC
613:Geotechnical investigation
295:example soil sample report
32:Geotechnical investigation
29:
3309:
3264:
3163:
3155:Preconsolidation pressure
3127:
3118:
3091:
2911:
2860:
2847:
2762:
2716:
2707:
2630:
2550:Standard penetration test
2308:
2295:
2286:
2201:
2141:
2088:
2008:
1935:
1869:
1849:
1599:Non-systematic soil types
1598:
1535:
1462:
1286:
1241:
1036:
1025:
1019:Agricultural soil science
961:
943:
791:10.1007/s11368-018-2040-1
154:Colorado State University
2651:California bearing ratio
2449:Rotary-pressure sounding
2280:Geotechnical engineering
2169:Infiltration (hydrology)
1963:Geotechnical engineering
1585:List of U.S. state soils
439:California bearing ratio
339:geotechnical engineering
333:Engineering soil testing
202:Soil testing in progress
75:geotechnical engineering
3071:Geosynthetic clay liner
3046:Expanded clay aggregate
2666:Proctor compaction test
2607:Crosshole sonic logging
2593:Nuclear densometer test
2350:Geo-electrical sounding
2238:List of soil scientists
1580:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1559:Référentiel pédologique
1543:FAO soil classification
732:Soil Use and Management
499:University of Minnesota
148:Labs, such as those at
113:commonly refers to the
101:Agricultural soil tests
3334:Earthquake engineering
3145:Lateral earth pressure
2770:Hydraulic conductivity
2621:Wave equation analysis
2600:Exploration geophysics
2492:Deformation monitoring
2461:Rotary weight sounding
2009:Societies, Initiatives
1231:Soil water (retention)
583:, humus, and peat moss
302:pedotransfer functions
203:
49:
47:Lawrenceville, Georgia
2512:Settlement recordings
2437:Rock control drilling
2338:Cone penetration test
2228:Category soil science
1912:Soil salinity control
224:Secondary nutrients:
201:
175:precision agriculture
40:
3374:Agricultural science
3076:Cellular confinement
1993:Agricultural science
1887:Soil guideline value
1711:Calcareous grassland
1288:World Reference Base
516:Extracted lead (ppm)
324:ammonium bicarbonate
121:sample to determine
69:in order to provide
30:For other uses, see
3266:Numerical analysis
3150:Overburden pressure
3140:Pore water pressure
2920:Shoring structures
2795:Reynolds' dilatancy
2696:Water content tests
2681:Triaxial shear test
2641:Soil classification
2614:Pile integrity test
2089:Scientific journals
1280:Soil classification
1221:Soil organic matter
1182:Pore water pressure
886:Common Contaminants
859:. Extension.umn.edu
509:
415:Triaxial shear test
383:Grain size analysis
3241:Slab stabilisation
3221:Stability analysis
2184:Impervious surface
1464:USDA soil taxonomy
1290:for Soil Resources
1177:Pore space in soil
1120:Soil acidification
1076:Soil contamination
504:
445:Permeability tests
204:
143:Law of the Maximum
50:
3389:
3388:
3260:
3259:
3236:Sliding criterion
3198:Response spectrum
3114:
3113:
2944:Pressure grouting
2843:
2842:
2703:
2702:
2656:Direct shear test
2362:Permeability test
2246:
2245:
1877:Soil conservation
1863:
1862:
1137:Soil biodiversity
984:Soil microbiology
623:Plant tissue test
567:
566:
464:soil contaminants
458:Soil contaminants
420:Direct shear test
406:Swelling pressure
290:Electrical meters
238:Minor nutrients:
210:Major nutrients:
16:(Redirected from
3414:
3248:Bearing capacity
3135:Effective stress
3125:
3124:
3026:Land reclamation
2966:Land development
2861:Natural features
2858:
2857:
2825:Specific storage
2714:
2713:
2646:Atterberg limits
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2510:
2500:
2485:Screw plate test
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2401:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2306:
2305:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2058:OPAL Soil Centre
1855:
1854:
1751:Hydrophobic soil
1273:
1266:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1214:Soil respiration
1031:
930:
923:
916:
907:
906:
868:
867:
865:
864:
852:
846:
845:
843:
842:
831:
825:
820:
814:
809:
803:
802:
770:
764:
763:
726:
720:
719:
717:
716:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
677:
671:
670:
668:
667:
644:
510:
503:
425:Relative density
402:Free swell index
397:Atterberg limits
378:Specific gravity
97:investigations.
81:properties, the
27:Analysis of soil
21:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3364:Earth materials
3305:
3267:
3256:
3165:
3159:
3110:
3087:
3041:Earth structure
3036:Erosion control
2934:Ground freezing
2924:Retaining walls
2907:
2849:
2839:
2800:Angle of repose
2758:
2699:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2586:Visible bedrock
2538:Simple sounding
2526:Shear vane test
2302:instrumentation
2301:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2277:
2247:
2242:
2197:
2179:Crust (geology)
2159:Land management
2154:Land conversion
2137:
2084:
2004:
1983:Earth materials
1931:
1917:Erosion control
1902:Soil governance
1882:Soil management
1865:
1864:
1859:
1845:
1816:Subaqueous soil
1801:Serpentine soil
1661:Parent material
1594:
1531:
1458:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1237:
1157:Soil resilience
1086:Soil compaction
1054:Soil morphology
1032:
1023:
957:
939:
934:
877:
872:
871:
862:
860:
855:Carl J. Rosen.
853:
849:
840:
838:
833:
832:
828:
821:
817:
810:
806:
771:
767:
727:
723:
714:
712:
704:
703:
699:
690:
688:
679:
678:
674:
665:
663:
661:
645:
641:
636:
599:
462:Common mineral
460:
455:
451:Vane shear test
335:
196:
187:
171:
103:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3311:Related fields
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
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3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:Classification
3228:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3203:Seismic hazard
3200:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2830:Shear strength
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2805:Friction angle
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2718:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Oedometer test
2683:
2678:
2676:Sieve analysis
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2562:Total sounding
2553:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2188:Surface runoff
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2111:Plant and Soil
2107:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1936:Related fields
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Prime farmland
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1746:Fuller's earth
1743:
1738:
1736:Expansive clay
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1199:Soil biomantle
1196:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1172:Soil structure
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:Soil fertility
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1064:Soil formation
1061:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Soil chemistry
1006:
1004:Soil mechanics
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
963:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
944:
941:
940:
933:
932:
925:
918:
910:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
876:
875:External links
873:
870:
869:
847:
826:
815:
804:
785:(1): 366–372.
765:
738:(4): 419–435.
721:
697:
672:
659:
638:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
628:SESL Australia
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
577:
574:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
514:
459:
456:
454:
453:
448:
442:
436:
430:Oedometer test
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
404:
399:
394:
387:sieve analysis
380:
375:
371:
359:shear strength
334:
331:
316:flow injection
278:Do-it-yourself
267:
266:
236:
222:
195:
192:
186:
183:
170:
167:
139:trace minerals
102:
99:
83:shear strength
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3419:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Geomorphology
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:Consolidation
3181:
3179:
3178:Frost heaving
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:Geosynthetics
3054:
3052:
3051:Crushed stone
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Cut-and-cover
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Water content
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:Sample series
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2297:Investigation
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:Category soil
2214:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2125:Soil Research
2122:
2120:
2119:
2118:Pochvovedenie
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Geomorphology
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1927:Liming (soil)
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1857:Types of soil
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Tropical peat
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:Dry quicksand
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:Other systems
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:Soil moisture
1224:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:Soil salinity
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Pedodiversity
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
938:
931:
926:
924:
919:
917:
912:
911:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
858:
851:
836:
830:
824:
819:
813:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
769:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
711:
707:
701:
686:
682:
676:
662:
660:9780849331367
656:
652:
651:
643:
639:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Liming (soil)
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
571:
570:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:
502:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
435:
434:consolidation
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:Water content
373:
372:
370:
368:
364:
363:consolidation
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:water content
344:
340:
330:
328:
325:
320:
317:
312:
308:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
265:
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19:
3359:Biogeography
3354:Hydrogeology
3344:Soil science
3324:Geochemistry
3083:Infiltration
3011:Cut and fill
2954:Soil nailing
2820:Permeability
2785:Bulk density
2631:
2502:Inclinometer
2425:Ram sounding
2310:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
1978:Biogeography
1973:Hydrogeology
1948:Geochemistry
1896:
1870:Applications
1766:Martian soil
1194:Soil horizon
1167:Soil texture
1142:Soil quality
1098:Soil sealing
1071:Soil erosion
999:Soil physics
994:Soil ecology
989:Soil zoology
979:Soil biology
937:Soil science
861:. Retrieved
850:
839:. Retrieved
829:
818:
807:
782:
778:
768:
735:
731:
724:
713:. Retrieved
709:
700:
689:. Retrieved
687:. 2015-09-17
684:
675:
664:. Retrieved
650:Soil Science
649:
642:
568:
496:
461:
367:permeability
355:bulk density
342:
336:
321:
313:
309:
306:
299:
276:
268:
205:
188:
179:
172:
163:
147:
110:
104:
53:
51:
43:horticulture
18:Soil testing
3369:Archaeology
3093:Foundations
3066:Geomembrane
2949:Slurry wall
2888:Water table
2852:Interaction
2848:Structures
2835:Sensitivity
2632:Laboratory
2174:Groundwater
1988:Archaeology
1922:Agroecology
1892:Soil survey
1831:Terra rossa
1826:Terra preta
1806:Spodic soil
1726:Duplex soil
1706:Brown earth
1686:Alkali soil
1676:Rhizosphere
1671:Laimosphere
1545:(1974–1998)
1502:Inceptisols
1409:Plinthosols
1374:Kastanozems
1204:Soil carbon
1127:Soil health
1108:Alkali soil
1037:Soil topics
962:Main fields
835:"wlabs.com"
410:Dry density
194:Lab testing
107:agriculture
91:geochemical
87:deformation
3402:Soil tests
3396:Categories
3226:Mitigation
3208:Shear wave
3193:Earthquake
3188:Compaction
3173:Permafrost
3164:Phenomena/
3061:Geotextile
2986:Embankment
2976:Excavation
2913:Earthworks
2873:Vegetation
2868:Topography
2790:Thixotropy
2780:Void ratio
2763:Properties
2661:Hydrometer
2406:Piezometer
2326:Core drill
2164:Vegetation
1907:Soil value
1811:Stagnogley
1761:Lunar soil
1716:Dark earth
1701:Brickearth
1666:Pedosphere
1636:Soil crust
1444:Technosols
1429:Solonchaks
1349:Ferralsols
1314:Anthrosols
1189:Soil crust
1162:Soil color
1147:Soil value
1049:Pedosphere
974:Edaphology
863:2012-11-08
841:2012-11-08
715:2019-05-22
691:2019-05-22
666:2012-11-08
634:References
608:Fertilizer
552:1000-3000
513:Lead Level
391:hydrometer
361:, rate of
351:void ratio
271:phosphorus
260:molybdenum
216:phosphorus
150:Iowa State
95:ecological
71:fertilizer
58:laboratory
3349:Hydrology
3329:Petrology
3217:analysis
3215:Landslide
3120:Mechanics
3031:Track bed
3016:Fill dirt
3001:Terracing
2574:Trial pit
2389:Statnamic
2374:Load test
2193:Petrichor
1968:Hydrology
1953:Petrology
1897:Soil test
1796:Quicksand
1741:Fill dirt
1681:Bulk soil
1527:Vertisols
1517:Spodosols
1507:Mollisols
1497:Histosols
1482:Aridisols
1454:Vertisols
1449:Umbrisols
1439:Stagnosol
1404:Planosols
1399:Phaeozems
1379:Leptosols
1364:Gypsisols
1354:Fluvisols
1334:Chernozem
1329:Cambisols
1324:Calcisols
1319:Arenosols
1243:Soil type
1132:Soil life
799:1614-7480
752:1475-2743
685:CropWatch
563:>3000
557:Very high
541:500-1000
343:soil test
244:manganese
234:magnesium
220:potassium
158:Tap water
135:fertility
111:soil test
67:nutrients
54:soil test
3379:Agrology
3268:software
3166:problems
2996:Causeway
2971:Landfill
2898:Subgrade
2815:Porosity
2810:Cohesion
2149:Land use
2142:See also
1998:Agrology
1781:Paleosol
1696:Blue goo
1651:Gypcrust
1522:Ultisols
1492:Gelisols
1487:Entisols
1477:Andisols
1472:Alfisols
1434:Solonetz
1424:Retisols
1419:Regosols
1394:Nitisols
1389:Luvisols
1384:Lixisols
1369:Histosol
1359:Gleysols
1344:Durisols
1339:Cryosols
1309:Andosols
1299:Acrisols
1209:Soil gas
969:Pedology
760:98596449
597:See also
530:<500
466:include
286:pH level
264:chlorine
212:nitrogen
131:pH level
123:nutrient
115:analysis
85:and the
3319:Geology
3291:SVSlope
3101:Shallow
3021:Grading
2959:Tieback
2903:Subsoil
2893:Bedrock
2883:Topsoil
2878:Terrain
2671:R-value
2634:testing
2384:Dynamic
2311:in situ
2309:Field (
2226:
2028:(India)
1943:Geology
1731:Eluvium
1691:Bay mud
1656:Caliche
1646:Hardpan
1641:Claypan
1631:Subsoil
1626:Topsoil
1512:Oxisols
1414:Podzols
1304:Alisols
1292:(1998–)
1115:Soil pH
948:History
581:compost
560:>480
549:126-480
484:mercury
476:cadmium
468:arsenic
393:method)
282:acidity
230:calcium
127:acidity
79:seepage
62:in-situ
3301:Plaxis
3296:UTEXAS
3286:SVFlux
3276:SEEP2D
3128:Forces
2981:Trench
2929:Gabion
2739:Gravel
2379:Static
2215:
1841:Yedoma
1776:Muskeg
797:
758:
750:
657:
538:43-126
535:Medium
527:<43
490:, and
480:copper
472:barium
248:copper
226:sulfur
218:, and
3281:STABL
2754:Loess
2717:Types
1821:Takir
1756:Loess
953:Index
756:S2CID
441:(CBR)
256:boron
117:of a
56:is a
3106:Deep
2749:Loam
2744:Peat
2734:Sand
2729:Silt
2724:Clay
2709:Soil
2411:Well
2071:(US)
2060:(UK)
2054:(US)
1786:Peat
1621:Loam
1616:Clay
1611:Silt
1606:Sand
1044:Soil
795:ISSN
748:ISSN
655:ISBN
546:High
492:zinc
488:lead
432:for
365:and
341:, a
327:DTPA
252:zinc
240:iron
152:and
119:soil
109:, a
2991:Cut
2300:and
1771:Mud
787:doi
740:doi
524:Low
507:ppm
389:or
353:or
337:In
329:).
284:or
173:In
129:or
105:In
93:or
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