254:
ball is a large sphere, and the plate is flat circular plate. In soft clays, soil flows around the probe similar to a viscous fluid. The pressure due to overburden stress and pore water pressure is equal on all sides of the probes (unlike with CPT's), so no correction is necessary, reducing a source of error and increasing accuracy. Especially desired in soft soils due to the very low loads on the measuring sensors. Full flow probes can also be cycled up and down to measure remolded soil resistance. Ultimately the geotechnical professional can use the measured penetration resistance to estimate undrained and remolded shear strengths.
192:
pressure vents. Generally used in cohesive soils, this sampler is advanced into the soil layer, generally 6" less than the length of the tube. The vacuum created by the check valve and cohesion of the sample in the tube cause the sample to be retained when the tube is withdrawn. Standard ASTM dimensions are; 2" OD, 36" long, 18 gauge thickness; 3" OD, 36" long, 16 gauge thickness; and 5" OD, 54" long, 11 gauge thickness. ASTM allows other diameters as long as they are proportional to the standardized tube designs, and tube length is to be suited for field conditions. Soil sampled in this manner is considered undisturbed.
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85:, or it can be as simple as a geotechnical professional walking around on the site to observe the physical conditions at the site. To obtain information about the soil conditions below the surface, some form of subsurface exploration is required. Methods of observing the soils below the surface, obtaining samples, and determining physical properties of the soils and rocks include test pits, trenching (particularly for locating
1189:
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20:
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can be conducted quickly by one person. During testing, the probe is driven to the desired depth and the torque required to turn the probe is used as a measure to determine the soil's characteristics. Preliminary ASTM testing has determined that the HPT method correlates well to standard penetration testing (SPT) and cone penetration testing (CPT) with empirical calibration.
184:
opening is attached to the bottom end, and a one-way valve and drill rod adapter at the sampler head. It is driven into the ground with a 140-pound (64 kg) hammer falling 30". The blow counts (hammer strikes) required to advance the sampler a total of 18" are counted and reported. Generally used for non-cohesive soils, samples taken this way are considered disturbed.
273:
carbon dioxide concentrations are also measured. A more accurate method used to monitor over the longer term, consists of gas monitoring standpipes should be installed in boreholes. These typically comprise slotted uPVC pipework surrounded by single sized gravel. The top 0.5 m to 1.0 m of pipework is usually not slotted and is surrounded by
243:(CPT) is performed using an instrumented probe with a conical tip, pushed into the soil hydraulically at a constant rate. A basic CPT instrument reports tip resistance and shear resistance along the cylindrical barrel. CPT data has been correlated to soil properties. Sometimes instruments other than the basic CPT probe are used, including:
257:
Helical probe test soil exploration and compaction testing by the helical probe test (HPT) has become popular for providing a quick and accurate method of determining soil properties at relatively shallow depths. The HPT test is attractive for in-situ footing inspections because it is lightweight and
253:
Full flow penetrometers (T-bar, ball, and plate) probes are used in extremely soft clay soils (such as sea-floor deposits) and are advanced in the same manner as the CPT. As their names imply, the T-bar is a cylindrical bar attached at right angles to the drill string forming what look likes a T, the
187:
Modified
California Sampler. in the 'Standard Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling ofSoils1' (ASTM D 3550). Similar in concept to the SPT sampler, the sampler barrel has a larger diameter and is usually lined with metal tubes to contain samples. Samples from the Modified
183:
Split-spoon / SPT Sampler. Utilized in the 'Standard Test Method for
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils' (ASTM D 1586). This sampler is typically an 18"-30" long, 2.0" outside diameter (OD) hollow tube split in half lengthwise. A hardened metal drive shoe with a 1.375"
153:
Offshore soil collection introduces many difficult variables. In shallow water, work can be done off a barge. In deeper water a ship will be required. Deepwater soil samplers are normally variants of
Kullenberg-type samplers, a modification on a basic gravity corer using a piston. Seabed samplers are
141:
of soil deposits and possibly the water content) can be accurately determined. An undisturbed sample is one where the condition of the soil in the sample is close enough to the conditions of the soil in-situ to allow tests of structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties
305:
The
Atterberg limits define the boundaries of several states of consistency for plastic soils. The boundaries are defined by the amount of water a soil needs to be at one of those boundaries. The boundaries are called the plastic limit and the liquid limit, and the difference between them is called
272:
In-situ gas tests can be carried out in the boreholes on completion and in probe holes made in the sides of the trial pits as part of the site investigation. Testing is normally with a portable meter, which measures the methane content as its percentage volume in air. The corresponding oxygen and
210:
Pitcher Barrel sampler. This sampler is similar to piston samplers, except that there is no piston. There are pressure-relief holes near the top of the sampler to prevent pressure buildup of water or air above the soil sample. Appropriate soil sample for this sampler are clay, silt, sand, partially
326:
ASTM D3080. The direct shear test determines the consolidated, drained strength properties of a sample. A constant strain rate is applied to a single shear plane under a normal load, and the load response is measured. If this test is performed with different normal loads, the common shear strength
268:
A flat plate dilatometer test (DMT) is a flat plate probe often advanced using CPT rigs, but can also be advanced from conventional drill rigs. A diaphragm on the plate applies a lateral force to the soil materials and measures the strain induced for various levels of applied stress at the desired
294:
A wide variety of laboratory tests can be performed on soils to measure a wide variety of soil properties. Some soil properties are intrinsic to the composition of the soil matrix and are not affected by sample disturbance, while other properties depend on the structure of the soil as well as its
191:
Shelby Tube
Sampler. Utilized in the 'Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical Purposes' (ASTM D 1587). This sampler consists of a thin-walled tube with a cutting edge at the toe. A sampler head attaches the tube to the drill rod, and contains a check valve and
113:
Borings come in two main varieties: large diameter and small diameter. Large-diameter borings are rarely used because of safety concerns and expense but are sometimes used to allow a geologist or an engineer to visually and manually examine the soil and rock stratigraphy in-situ. Small-diameter
129:; however, "undisturbed" samples are not truly undisturbed. A disturbed sample is one in which the structure of the soil has been changed sufficiently that tests of structural properties of the soil will not be representative of in-situ conditions, and only properties of the soil grains (e.g.,
235:
is an in situ test in which a weight is manually lifted and dropped on a cone which penetrates the ground. the number of mm per hit are recorded and this is used to estimate certain soil properties. This is a simple test method and usually needs backing up with lab data to get a good
199:, with the piston remaining at the surface of the soil while the tube slides past it. These samplers will return undisturbed samples in soft soils, but are difficult to advance in sands and stiff clays, and can be damaged (compromising the sample) if gravel is encountered. The
295:
composition, and can only be effectively tested on relatively undisturbed samples. Some soil tests measure direct properties of the soil, while others measure "index properties" which provide useful information about the soil without directly measuring the property desired.
114:
borings are frequently used to allow a geologist or engineer to examine soil or rock cuttings or to retrieve samples at depth using soil samplers, and to perform in-place soil tests. Recommendations for the spacing and depth of investigations are presented in annex B.3 of
377:. The distinction between coarse and fine particles is usually made at 75 μm. The sieve analysis shakes the sample through progressively smaller meshes to determine its gradation. The hydrometer analysis uses the rate of sedimentation to determine particle gradation.
604:
Lunne, Tom & Berre, Toralv & Andersen, Knut & Strandvik, Stein & Sjursen, Morten. (2011). Effects of sample disturbance and consolidation procedures on measured shear strength of soft marine
Norwegian clays. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 43.
277:
pellets to seal the borehole. Valves are fitted and the installations protected by lockable stopcock covers normally fitted flush with the ground. Monitoring is again with a portable meter and is usually done on a fortnightly or monthly basis.
249:
A seismic piezocone penetrometer probe is advanced using the same equipment as a CPT or CPTu probe, but the probe is also equipped with either geophones or accelerometers to detect shear waves and/or pressure waves produced by a source at the
175:
Hand/Machine Driven Auger. This sampler typically consists of a short cylinder with a cutting edge attached to a rod and handle. The sampler is advanced by a combination of rotation and downward force. Samples taken this way are disturbed
179:
Continuous Flight Auger. A method of sampling using an auger as a corkscrew. The auger is screwed into the ground then lifted out. Soil is retained on the blades of the auger and kept for testing. The soil sampled this way is considered
388:
This test measures the lateral response of a compacted sample of soil or aggregate to a vertically applied pressure under specific conditions. This test is used by
Caltrans for pavement design, replacing the California bearing ratio
50:
for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions; this type of investigation is called a site investigation. Geotechnical investigations are also used to measure the
419:
This is a type of test that is used to determine the shear strength properties of a soil. It can simulate the confining pressure a soil would see deep into the ground. It can also simulate drained and undrained
207:, is a commonly used piston sampler. A modification of the Livingstone corer with a serrated coring head allows it to be rotated to cut through subsurface vegetable matter such as small roots or buried twigs.
314:
ASTM D 1883. A test to determine the aptitude of a soil or aggregate sample as a road subgrade. A plunger is pushed into a compacted sample, and its resistance is measured. This test was developed by
246:
A piezocone penetrometer probe is advanced using the same equipment as a regular CPT probe, but the probe has an additional instrument which measures the groundwater pressure as the probe is advanced.
66:
Geotechnical investigations are very important before any structure can be built, ranging from a single house to a large warehouse, a multi-storey building, and infrastructure projects like bridges,
480:
228:
is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the properties of soil, while also collecting a disturbed soil sample for grain-size analysis and soil classification.
232:
351:. They include the constant head, falling head, and constant flow methods. The soil samples tested can be any type include remolded, undisturbed, and compacted samples.
980:
306:
the plasticity index. The shrinkage limit is also a part of the
Atterberg limits. The results of this test can be used to help predict other engineering properties.
1091:
1067:
844:
Kavand, A (2006-06-06). "Determination of Shear Wave
Velocity Profile of Sedimentary Deposits in Bam City (Southeast of Iran) using Microtremor Measurements".
334:
59:
disposal, and solar thermal storage facilities. A geotechnical investigation will include surface exploration and subsurface exploration of a site. Sometimes,
637:
1115:
901:
1168:
162:
Soil samples are taken using a variety of samplers; some provide only disturbed samples, while others can provide relatively undisturbed samples.
426:
ASTM D2166. This test compresses a soil sample to measure its strength. The modifier "unconfined" contrasts this test to the triaxial shear test.
63:
are used to obtain data about sites. Subsurface exploration usually involves soil sampling and laboratory tests of the soil samples retrieved.
1055:
461:
velocity, the dynamic response of that soil can be estimated. There are a number of methods used to determine a site's shear wave velocity:
195:
Piston samplers. These samplers are thin-walled metal tubes which contain a piston at the tip. The samplers are pushed into the bottom of a
1866:
782:"D5084-10 Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter"
434:
This test provides the water content of the soil, normally expressed as a percentage of the weight of water to the dry weight of the soil.
318:, but it is no longer used in the Caltrans pavement design method. It is still used as a cheap method to estimate the resilient modulus.
97:
tests. These can also be used to identify contamination in soils prior to development in order to avoid negative environmental impacts.
873:
405:. These tests are used to determine the maximum unit weight and optimal water content a soil can achieve for a given compaction effort.
188:
California
Sampler are considered disturbed due to the large area ratio of the sampler (sampler wall area/sample cross sectional area).
1911:
315:
894:
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are relatively small hand or machine excavated tranches used to determine groundwater levels and take disturbed samples from.
702:
200:
2032:
731:
849:
24:
570:
1321:
919:
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261:
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can be used to survey soil and rock properties and existing underground infrastructure in construction projects.
166:
Shovel. Samples can be obtained by digging out soil from the site. Samples taken this way are disturbed samples.
1569:
1450:
992:
147:
333:
This test uses a remolded soil sample to determine the Expansion Index (EI), an empirical value required by
1882:
593:
832:
1482:
540:
1785:
1180:
509:
Locate conduits, post-tension cables, and rebar/reinforcing wire mesh, detect current carrying cables
225:
732:"D3080-04 Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions"
1861:
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1713:
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of soils or backfill materials required for underground transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines,
47:
43:
35:
677:"D1883-07e2 Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils"
1701:
1676:
1616:
1296:
1237:
512:
Detect and Map of Metallic or Plastic Utilities, Conduits & Voids, Gas Lines and Power Cables
398:
1964:
1775:
1589:
1425:
1400:
1251:
1230:
1122:
651:"D4318-10 Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils"
445:
348:
60:
359:
This can be used to determine consolidation (ASTM D2435) and swelling (ASTM D4546) parameters.
1651:
1460:
968:
240:
204:
142:
of the soil in-situ. Specimens obtained by undisturbed method are used to determine the soil
39:
16:
Work done to obtain information on the physical properties of soil earthworks and foundations
2004:
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1813:
1706:
1631:
1014:
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8:
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1326:
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ASTM D1586-08a Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel
1731:
1440:
1223:
1142:
812:
786:
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655:
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Several hydrometers in use to record the distribution of fine particles in soil samples
52:
1828:
1574:
1465:
1435:
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321:
56:
1878:
1765:
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1621:
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1455:
1276:
853:
638:
Deep Scan Tech uncovers hidden structures at the site of Denmark's tallest building
626:
D1587 -08 Standard Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical
453:
methods are used in geotechnical investigations to evaluate a site's behavior in a
300:
134:
105:
1103:
1994:
1818:
1736:
1671:
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1156:
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67:
1941:
1833:
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Innovative Solutions for Pavement, Bridge & Concrete Inspection Challenges.
402:
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86:
82:
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1405:
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429:
71:
1176:
1029:
1989:
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1954:
1641:
1584:
1415:
1132:
1075:
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143:
78:
1041:
976:
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755:
676:
650:
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614:
1999:
1696:
1579:
1518:
1087:
807:
535:
450:
1138:
1063:
964:
808:"D422-63(2007) Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils"
1823:
1803:
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1503:
1498:
1420:
1410:
1291:
1036:
956:
458:
374:
286:
130:
109:
A soil sample recovered from a test boring using a split spoon sampler
1979:
1959:
1845:
1661:
1646:
1262:
1204:
1004:
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on typical drilling and sampling methods in geotechnical engineering.
550:
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169:
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also available, which push the collection tube slowly into the soil.
138:
90:
2009:
1896:
1626:
1601:
1528:
1445:
1111:
196:
1164:
1152:
27:
soil scientist advances a Giddings Probe direct push soil sampler.
1949:
1921:
1606:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1508:
1216:
1188:
454:
94:
1099:
150:, density, consolidation and other engineering characteristics.
1931:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1838:
1611:
1559:
1369:
1212:
1128:
1051:
952:
137:, compaction characteristic of soil, to determine the general
1384:
756:"D4829-08a Standard Test Method for Expansion Index of Soils"
474:
Suspension logging (also known as P-S logging or Oyo logging)
1200:
1000:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1339:
468:
Downhole method (with a seismic CPT or a substitute device)
19:
703:"CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (CBR) AND ROAD PAVEMENT DESIGN"
42:
to obtain information on the physical properties of soil
347:
There are several tests available to determine a soil's
337:, at a water content of 50% for expansive soils, like
571:"Contaminated Land Assessment Consultants Nottingham"
373:
portion, and the finer particles are analyzed with a
121:Soil samples are often categorized as being either
401:(ASTM D698), Modified Proctor (ASTM D1557), and
2024:
895:
909:
902:
888:
439:
707:The Idiots' Guide to Highways Maintenance
594:Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2
477:Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW)
369:. Coarser particles are separated in the
116:Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical design - Part 2
285:
104:
18:
2025:
843:
481:Multichannel analysis of surface waves
883:
846:Site and Geomaterial Characterization
471:Surface wave reflection or refraction
494:Electromagnetic (radar, resistivity)
497:Optical/acoustic tele viewer survey
281:
13:
14:
2044:
920:Offshore geotechnical engineering
867:
568:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1137:
1127:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1028:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
503:Seismic processing and modelling
215:
157:
100:
77:Surface exploration can include
837:
826:
800:
774:
748:
724:
515:Groundwater table investigation
695:
669:
643:
630:
619:
608:
598:
587:
562:
365:This is done to determine the
233:dynamic cone penetrometer test
1:
1570:Mechanically stabilized earth
556:
486:Refraction microtremor (ReMi)
457:event. By measuring a soil's
327:parameters can be determined.
1322:Hydraulic conductivity tests
344:Hydraulic conductivity tests
7:
2033:Geotechnical investigations
1883:Stress distribution in soil
519:
423:Unconfined compression test
81:, geophysical methods, and
32:Geotechnical investigations
10:
2049:
1033:Pore pressure measurement
541:Nippon Screw Weight System
443:
1940:
1895:
1794:
1786:Preconsolidation pressure
1758:
1749:
1722:
1542:
1491:
1478:
1393:
1347:
1338:
1261:
1181:Standard penetration test
939:
926:
917:
226:standard penetration test
1282:California bearing ratio
1080:Rotary-pressure sounding
911:Geotechnical engineering
526:Geotechnical engineering
310:California bearing ratio
1702:Geosynthetic clay liner
1677:Expanded clay aggregate
1297:Proctor compaction test
1238:Crosshole sonic logging
1224:Nuclear densometer test
981:Geo-electrical sounding
636:Deep Scan Tech (2023):
440:Geophysical exploration
1965:Earthquake engineering
1776:Lateral earth pressure
1401:Hydraulic conductivity
1252:Wave equation analysis
1231:Exploration geophysics
1123:Deformation monitoring
1092:Rotary weight sounding
446:Exploration geophysics
362:Particle-size analysis
349:hydraulic conductivity
291:
110:
40:engineering geologists
36:geotechnical engineers
28:
1143:Settlement recordings
1068:Rock control drilling
969:Cone penetration test
833:Soil moisture content
500:Surface wave analysis
335:building design codes
289:
262:Electrical tomography
241:cone penetration test
108:
22:
2005:Agricultural science
1707:Cellular confinement
858:10.1061/40861(193)25
415:Triaxial shear tests
330:Expansion Index test
1897:Numerical analysis
1781:Overburden pressure
1771:Pore water pressure
1551:Shoring structures
1426:Reynolds' dilatancy
1327:Water content tests
1312:Triaxial shear test
1272:Soil classification
1245:Pile integrity test
848:. Shanghai, China:
531:Engineering geology
403:California Test 216
386:California Test 301
61:geophysical methods
1872:Slab stabilisation
1852:Stability analysis
813:ASTM International
787:ASTM International
761:ASTM International
736:ASTM International
682:ASTM International
656:ASTM International
408:Soil suction tests
292:
111:
53:thermal resistance
29:
2020:
2019:
1891:
1890:
1867:Sliding criterion
1829:Response spectrum
1745:
1744:
1575:Pressure grouting
1474:
1473:
1334:
1333:
1287:Direct shear test
993:Permeability test
322:Direct shear test
205:D. A. Livingstone
201:Livingstone corer
57:radioactive waste
34:are performed by
2040:
1879:Bearing capacity
1766:Effective stress
1756:
1755:
1657:Land reclamation
1597:Land development
1492:Natural features
1489:
1488:
1456:Specific storage
1345:
1344:
1277:Atterberg limits
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1141:
1131:
1116:Screw plate test
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1032:
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991:
979:
967:
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936:
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897:
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841:
835:
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772:
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768:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
728:
722:
721:
719:
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709:. Archived from
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689:
673:
667:
666:
664:
663:
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634:
628:
623:
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591:
585:
584:
582:
581:
569:Point, Rangoon.
566:
465:Crosshole method
399:Standard Proctor
301:Atterberg limits
282:Laboratory tests
269:depth interval.
211:weathered rocks.
135:Atterberg limits
93:), borings, and
79:geologic mapping
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
1995:Earth materials
1936:
1898:
1887:
1796:
1790:
1741:
1718:
1672:Earth structure
1667:Erosion control
1565:Ground freezing
1555:Retaining walls
1538:
1480:
1470:
1431:Angle of repose
1389:
1330:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1217:Visible bedrock
1169:Simple sounding
1157:Shear vane test
933:instrumentation
932:
930:
922:
913:
908:
870:
865:
842:
838:
831:
827:
818:
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603:
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592:
588:
579:
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522:
490:Other methods:
448:
442:
437:
393:Soil compaction
339:expansive clays
284:
221:
203:, developed by
160:
103:
68:high-speed rail
17:
12:
11:
5:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2018:
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2015:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
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1942:Related fields
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1862:Classification
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1854:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1834:Seismic hazard
1831:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:Shear strength
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Friction angle
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Oedometer test
1314:
1309:
1307:Sieve analysis
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1193:Total sounding
1184:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
996:
995:
984:
983:
972:
971:
960:
959:
948:
947:
945:
934:
924:
923:
918:
915:
914:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
878:
877:
874:UC Davis Video
869:
868:External links
866:
864:
863:
836:
825:
799:
773:
747:
723:
694:
668:
642:
629:
618:
607:
597:
586:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
548:
546:Soil mechanics
543:
538:
533:
528:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
488:
487:
484:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
436:
435:
432:
427:
424:
421:
417:
412:
409:
406:
396:
390:
383:
378:
371:sieve analysis
367:soil gradation
363:
360:
357:
355:Oedometer test
352:
345:
342:
331:
328:
324:
319:
312:
307:
303:
297:
283:
280:
266:
265:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
237:
229:
220:
214:
213:
212:
208:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
159:
156:
144:stratification
133:distribution,
102:
99:
83:photogrammetry
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1970:Geomorphology
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Consolidation
1812:
1810:
1809:Frost heaving
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:Geosynthetics
1685:
1683:
1682:Crushed stone
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Cut-and-cover
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Water content
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:Sample series
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
990:
986:
985:
982:
978:
974:
973:
970:
966:
962:
961:
958:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
938:
935:
929:
928:Investigation
925:
921:
916:
912:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
882:
875:
872:
871:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
834:
829:
815:
814:
809:
803:
789:
788:
783:
777:
763:
762:
757:
751:
737:
733:
727:
713:on 2007-02-08
712:
708:
704:
698:
684:
683:
678:
672:
658:
657:
652:
646:
639:
633:
627:
622:
616:
611:
601:
595:
590:
576:
575:Rangoon Point
572:
565:
561:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
491:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
460:
456:
452:
447:
433:
431:
430:Water content
428:
425:
422:
418:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
323:
320:
317:
313:
311:
308:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
288:
279:
276:
270:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
223:
222:
218:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
158:Soil samplers
155:
151:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
107:
101:Soil sampling
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1990:Biogeography
1985:Hydrogeology
1975:Soil science
1955:Geochemistry
1714:Infiltration
1642:Cut and fill
1585:Soil nailing
1451:Permeability
1416:Bulk density
1133:Inclinometer
1056:Ram sounding
941:
927:
845:
839:
828:
817:. Retrieved
811:
802:
791:. Retrieved
785:
776:
765:. Retrieved
759:
750:
739:. Retrieved
735:
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
697:
686:. Retrieved
680:
671:
660:. Retrieved
654:
645:
632:
621:
610:
600:
589:
578:. Retrieved
574:
564:
489:
449:
381:R-Value test
293:
271:
267:
236:correlation.
216:
161:
152:
148:permeability
126:
122:
120:
112:
91:slide planes
76:
65:
31:
30:
2000:Archaeology
1724:Foundations
1697:Geomembrane
1580:Slurry wall
1519:Water table
1483:Interaction
1479:Structures
1466:Sensitivity
1263:Laboratory
605:pp.726-750.
536:Geotechnics
451:Geophysical
420:conditions.
411:ASTM D5298.
127:undisturbed
48:foundations
1857:Mitigation
1839:Shear wave
1824:Earthquake
1819:Compaction
1804:Permafrost
1795:Phenomena/
1692:Geotextile
1617:Embankment
1607:Excavation
1544:Earthworks
1504:Vegetation
1499:Topography
1421:Thixotropy
1411:Void ratio
1394:Properties
1292:Hydrometer
1037:Piezometer
957:Core drill
819:2007-02-07
793:2011-01-16
767:2011-01-16
741:2007-02-07
717:2007-02-07
688:2011-01-16
662:2011-01-16
580:2019-04-09
557:References
459:shear wave
375:hydrometer
180:disturbed.
170:Trial pits
131:grain size
44:earthworks
1980:Hydrology
1960:Petrology
1848:analysis
1846:Landslide
1751:Mechanics
1662:Track bed
1647:Fill dirt
1632:Terracing
1205:Trial pit
1020:Statnamic
1005:Load test
551:Soil test
275:bentonite
139:lithology
123:disturbed
2027:Category
2010:Agrology
1899:software
1797:problems
1627:Causeway
1602:Landfill
1529:Subgrade
1446:Porosity
1441:Cohesion
520:See also
316:Caltrans
250:surface.
197:borehole
176:samples.
1950:Geology
1922:SVSlope
1732:Shallow
1652:Grading
1590:Tieback
1534:Subsoil
1524:Bedrock
1514:Topsoil
1509:Terrain
1302:R-value
1265:testing
1015:Dynamic
942:in situ
940:Field (
455:seismic
217:In situ
95:in situ
1932:Plaxis
1927:UTEXAS
1917:SVFlux
1907:SEEP2D
1759:Forces
1612:Trench
1560:Gabion
1370:Gravel
1010:Static
483:(MASW)
87:faults
72:metros
70:, and
1912:STABL
1385:Loess
1348:Types
395:tests
389:test.
219:tests
1737:Deep
1380:Loam
1375:Peat
1365:Sand
1360:Silt
1355:Clay
1340:Soil
1042:Well
850:ASCE
89:and
46:and
25:USBR
1622:Cut
931:and
854:doi
125:or
74:.
38:or
2029::
1881:*
852:.
810:.
784:.
758:.
734:.
705:.
679:.
653:.
573:.
239:A
231:A
224:A
146:,
118:.
23:A
1485:)
1481:(
944:)
903:e
896:t
889:v
860:.
856::
822:.
796:.
770:.
744:.
720:.
691:.
665:.
640:.
583:.
341:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
