129:
825:
678:
724:
637:
625:
736:
787:
712:
613:
760:
32:
813:
801:
837:
748:
861:
777:
700:
601:
334:
with a slightly different tip shape, so the disturbance of the sample is minimized, and testing of structural properties is meaningful for all but soft soils. However, this results in blow counts which are not easily converted to SPT N-values – many conversions have been proposed, some of which depend on the type of soil sampled, making reliance on blow counts with non-standard samplers problematic.
849:
649:
137:
470:
Youd, T. L.; Member, Asce, I. M. Idriss, Chair; Fellow, Asce, Ronald D. Andrus, Co-Chair; Arango, Ignacio; Castro, Gonzalo; Christian, John T.; Dobry, Richardo; Finn, W. D. Liam; et al. (2001). "Liquefaction
Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF Workshops on
176:
AS 1289.6.3.1. The test provides samples for identification purposes and provides a measure of penetration resistance which can be used for geotechnical design purposes. Various local and widely published international correlations that relate blow count, or N-value, to the engineering properties of
337:
Standard penetration test blow counts do not represent a simple physical property of the soil, and thus must be correlated to soil properties of interest, such as strength or density. There exist multiple correlations, none of which are of very high quality. Use of SPT data for direct prediction of
333:
The standard penetration test recovers a highly disturbed sample, which is generally not suitable for tests which measure properties of the in-situ soil structure, such as density, strength, and consolidation characteristics. To overcome this limitation, the test is often run with a larger sampler
197:
by blows from a hammer with a mass of 63.5 kg (140 lb) falling a distance of 75 cm (30 in). The sample tube is driven a total of 45 cm into the ground and the number of blows needed for the tube to penetrate each 15 cm (6 in) interval up to a depth of 45 cm
222:
Another benefit of the test is the collection of a disturbed soil sample for moisture content determination, as well identification and classification purposes. While sample quality is generally not suitable for laboratory testing for engineering properties because of the disturbance of the soil
230:
level, the soil may become loosened. In certain circumstances, it can be useful to continue driving the sampler beyond the distance specified, adding further drilling rods as necessary. Although this is not a standard penetration test, and should not be regarded as such, it may at least give an
254:
One approximate relationship between SPT N-value, relative density, and bulk density for coarse-grained material can be seen in the table below. This is cited in the US Army Corps of
Engineers engineering manual publication on sheet pile design developed after Terzaghi and Peck (1948) and Teng
250:
Despite its many flaws, it is usual practice to correlate SPT results with soil properties relevant for geotechnical engineering design. SPT results are in-situ field measurements and are often the only test results available. As such, the use of correlations has become common practice in many
209:
The test may be stopped if any of the following conditions are met: (1) a total of 50 blows have been applied in any one of the 15 cm (6 in) intervals, (2) a total of 100 blows have been applied over the total 45 cm (18 in) depth, or (3) there is no observed advance of the
218:
The great merit of the test is that it is simple, inexpensive, and widely used. The soil strength parameters which can be inferred from SPT results are approximate, but may give a useful guide in ground conditions where more advanced laboratory testing is not practical or possible.
338:
liquefaction potential suffers from roughness of correlations and from the need to "normalize" SPT data to account for overburden pressure, sampling technique, and other factors. Additionally, the method cannot collect accurate data for weak soil layers for several reasons:
192:
The test uses a thick-walled sampling tube, with an outside diameter of 5.01 cm (2 in) and an inside diameter of 3.5 cm (1.375 in), and a length of at least 60 cm (24 in). The sampling tube is driven into the ground at the bottom of a
198:(18 in) is recorded. The sum of the number of blows required for the second and third 15 cm (6 in) intervals of penetration is termed the "standard penetration resistance" or the "N-value". N-value provides an indication of the
185:
A borehole shall be advanced incrementally to permit intermittent or continuous sampling. Intervals are typically 1.5 m (5 ft) or less in homogeneous strata. Tests and sampling should be done at every change in strata.
342:
The results are limited to whole numbers for a specific driving interval, but with very low blow counts, the granularity of the results, and the possibility of a zero result, makes handling the data cumbersome.
628:
739:
392:
ASTM D1586/D1586M–18. 2018. Standard Test Method for
Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils. ASTM International, West Conshokocken, PA.
715:
763:
549:
816:
498:
168:. This test is the most frequently used subsurface exploration drilling test performed worldwide. The test procedure is described in ISO 22476-3,
703:
1680:
1514:
96:
189:
After the borehole has been advanced to a desired depth and excess cuttings have been removed, testing and sampling can be conducted.
49:
68:
223:
causing changes in engineering properties, the use of a thin-walled tube sampler may result in less disturbance in soft soils.
1685:
1559:
353:
A variety of techniques have been proposed to compensate for the deficiencies of the standard penetration testing, including the
75:
513:
414:
542:
516:[Beware, soft ground and the standard penetration test] (in Japanese). Public Works Research Institute. Archived from
82:
431:"ASTM D1586 / D1586M - 18 Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils"
64:
969:
567:
535:
345:
In loose sands and very soft clays, the act of driving the sampler will significantly disturb the soil, including by
115:
242:, and others. When used for this purpose, the N-value should be normalized to a standard overburden stress level.
53:
1217:
1098:
640:
454:
349:
of loose sands, giving results based on the disturbed soil properties rather than the intact soil properties.
484:
1530:
1130:
575:
375:
89:
19:
This article is about testing of geotechnical properties of soil. For testing of computer systems, see
1433:
1509:
1499:
1371:
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1191:
929:
727:
558:
161:
469:
1349:
1324:
1264:
944:
885:
443:
US Army Corps of
Engineers, Engineering Manual EM 1110-2-2504, Table 3-1, dated 31 March 1994>
42:
1612:
1423:
1237:
1073:
1048:
899:
878:
770:
1299:
1108:
616:
492:
370:
354:
411:
Knappet, J.A. & Craig, R.F. (2012) Craig's Soil
Mechanics. 8th ed. Abingdon: Spon Press.
1652:
1504:
1461:
1354:
1279:
662:
173:
231:
indication as to whether the deposit is really as loose as the standard test may indicate
8:
1428:
1418:
974:
959:
919:
892:
667:
657:
1379:
1088:
871:
790:
459:. Ithaca, New York: Electric Power Research Institute. pp. 2–17 to 2–26. EL-6800.
1476:
1222:
1113:
1083:
934:
517:
346:
235:
234:
SPT can also be used for empirical determination of a sand layer's susceptibility to
1526:
1413:
1304:
1269:
1244:
1103:
924:
480:
20:
751:
1642:
1466:
1384:
1319:
1314:
1212:
1078:
949:
804:
160:) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on the
1589:
1481:
1398:
1202:
964:
954:
840:
380:
239:
165:
1519:
1674:
1617:
1456:
1334:
1329:
1284:
1053:
824:
677:
128:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1602:
1289:
1232:
1063:
780:
723:
636:
527:
689:
624:
430:
1647:
1344:
1227:
1166:
735:
227:
786:
711:
612:
1471:
1451:
1339:
1151:
1146:
1068:
1058:
939:
684:
604:
358:
1627:
1607:
1493:
1309:
1294:
910:
852:
652:
203:
31:
1657:
1544:
1274:
1249:
1176:
1093:
759:
194:
812:
800:
1597:
1569:
1254:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1156:
864:
836:
399:
A Guide to
Practical Geotechnical Engineering in Southern Africa.
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1486:
1259:
1207:
1017:
860:
776:
699:
600:
245:
1032:
848:
648:
177:
soils are available for geotechnical engineering purposes.
136:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1002:
987:
169:
456:
Manual on
Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design
473:
226:
When the test is carried out in granular soils below
140:
Standard penetration test N values from a surficial
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
471:Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils".
1672:
16:Geotechnical engineering test of soil properties
543:
238:, based on research performed by Harry Seed,
557:
497:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
453:Kulhawy, F. H.; Mayne, P. W. (August 1990).
452:
406:An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering.
246:Correlation with soil mechanical properties
210:sampling tube during 10 successive blows.
550:
536:
401:4th ed. Cape Town: VIVO Design Associates.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
485:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:10(817)
135:
127:
511:
1673:
404:Holtz, R.D. & Kovacs, W.D. (1981)
202:of the ground, and it is used in many
531:
206:geotechnical engineering formulae.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1681:In situ geotechnical investigations
13:
14:
1697:
568:Offshore geotechnical engineering
180:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
785:
775:
758:
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
676:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
357:, in-situ vane shear tests, and
30:
41:needs additional citations for
1686:Geotechnical penetration tests
505:
463:
446:
437:
423:
415:University of Missouri – Rolla
1:
1218:Mechanically stabilized earth
386:
970:Hydraulic conductivity tests
7:
1531:Stress distribution in soil
364:
328:
65:"Standard penetration test"
10:
1702:
681:Pore pressure measurement
512:Zatsuwa, Monosagu (2005).
408:New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
376:Geotechnical investigation
18:
1588:
1543:
1442:
1434:Preconsolidation pressure
1406:
1397:
1370:
1190:
1139:
1126:
1041:
995:
986:
909:
829:Standard penetration test
587:
574:
565:
154:standard penetration test
930:California bearing ratio
728:Rotary-pressure sounding
559:Geotechnical engineering
162:geotechnical engineering
1350:Geosynthetic clay liner
1325:Expanded clay aggregate
945:Proctor compaction test
886:Crosshole sonic logging
872:Nuclear densometer test
629:Geo-electrical sounding
417:Class notes on the SPT.
361:velocity measurements.
213:
132:Symbol used in drawings
1613:Earthquake engineering
1424:Lateral earth pressure
1049:Hydraulic conductivity
900:Wave equation analysis
879:Exploration geophysics
771:Deformation monitoring
740:Rotary weight sounding
149:
133:
791:Settlement recordings
716:Rock control drilling
617:Cone penetration test
397:Braatvedt, I. (2008)
371:Cone penetration test
355:Cone penetration test
139:
131:
1653:Agricultural science
1355:Cellular confinement
520:on January 20, 2013.
514:"気をつけよう，軟弱地盤と標準貫入試験"
267:Bulk density (kg/m)
174:Australian Standards
50:improve this article
1545:Numerical analysis
1429:Overburden pressure
1419:Pore water pressure
1199:Shoring structures
1074:Reynolds' dilatancy
975:Water content tests
960:Triaxial shear test
920:Soil classification
893:Pile integrity test
1520:Slab stabilisation
1500:Stability analysis
150:
134:
1668:
1667:
1539:
1538:
1515:Sliding criterion
1477:Response spectrum
1393:
1392:
1223:Pressure grouting
1122:
1121:
982:
981:
935:Direct shear test
641:Permeability test
347:soil liquefaction
326:
325:
236:soil liquefaction
126:
125:
118:
100:
1693:
1527:Bearing capacity
1414:Effective stress
1404:
1403:
1305:Land reclamation
1245:Land development
1140:Natural features
1137:
1136:
1104:Specific storage
993:
992:
925:Atterberg limits
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
789:
779:
764:Screw plate test
762:
750:
738:
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714:
702:
680:
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261:Relative density
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26:
21:Penetration test
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1643:Earth materials
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1546:
1535:
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1438:
1389:
1366:
1320:Earth structure
1315:Erosion control
1213:Ground freezing
1203:Retaining walls
1186:
1128:
1118:
1079:Angle of repose
1037:
978:
912:
905:
904:
865:Visible bedrock
817:Simple sounding
805:Shear vane test
581:instrumentation
580:
578:
570:
561:
556:
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510:
506:
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479:(10): 297–313.
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1590:Related fields
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1510:Classification
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1482:Seismic hazard
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1225:
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1215:
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1205:
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1187:
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1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1109:Shear strength
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:Friction angle
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
990:
984:
983:
980:
979:
977:
972:
967:
965:Oedometer test
962:
957:
955:Sieve analysis
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
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906:
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902:
896:
895:
889:
888:
882:
881:
875:
874:
868:
867:
856:
855:
844:
843:
841:Total sounding
832:
831:
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819:
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807:
796:
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523:
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462:
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419:
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412:
409:
402:
395:
393:
388:
385:
384:
383:
381:Soil mechanics
378:
373:
366:
363:
351:
350:
343:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
313:
312:
311:1 750 - 2 245
309:
306:
302:
301:
300:1 750 - 2 100
298:
295:
291:
290:
289:1 530 - 2 000
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
273:
269:
268:
265:
262:
247:
244:
240:T. Leslie Youd
215:
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182:
181:Test procedure
179:
164:properties of
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106:September 2014
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1618:Geomorphology
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1556:
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1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:Consolidation
1460:
1458:
1457:Frost heaving
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:Geosynthetics
1333:
1331:
1330:Crushed stone
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Cut-and-cover
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:Water content
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
989:
985:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
914:
908:
901:
898:
897:
894:
891:
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
876:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
858:
857:
854:
850:
846:
845:
842:
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
822:
821:
818:
814:
810:
809:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
753:
752:Sample series
749:
745:
744:
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1638:Biogeography
1633:Hydrogeology
1623:Soil science
1603:Geochemistry
1362:Infiltration
1290:Cut and fill
1233:Soil nailing
1099:Permeability
1064:Bulk density
828:
781:Inclinometer
704:Ram sounding
589:
518:the original
507:
493:cite journal
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1648:Archaeology
1372:Foundations
1345:Geomembrane
1228:Slurry wall
1167:Water table
1131:Interaction
1127:Structures
1114:Sensitivity
911:Laboratory
322:> 2 100
278:< 1 600
264:SPT N-value
251:countries.
228:groundwater
1675:Categories
1505:Mitigation
1487:Shear wave
1472:Earthquake
1467:Compaction
1452:Permafrost
1443:Phenomena/
1340:Geotextile
1265:Embankment
1255:Excavation
1192:Earthworks
1152:Vegetation
1147:Topography
1069:Thixotropy
1059:Void ratio
1042:Properties
940:Hydrometer
685:Piezometer
605:Core drill
387:References
359:shear wave
316:Very dense
272:Very loose
172:D1586 and
76:newspapers
1628:Hydrology
1608:Petrology
1496:analysis
1494:Landslide
1399:Mechanics
1310:Track bed
1295:Fill dirt
1280:Terracing
853:Trial pit
668:Statnamic
653:Load test
204:empirical
144:in south
1658:Agrology
1547:software
1445:problems
1275:Causeway
1250:Landfill
1177:Subgrade
1094:Porosity
1089:Cohesion
365:See also
329:Problems
255:(1962).
195:borehole
1598:Geology
1570:SVSlope
1380:Shallow
1300:Grading
1238:Tieback
1182:Subsoil
1172:Bedrock
1162:Topsoil
1157:Terrain
950:R-value
913:testing
663:Dynamic
590:in situ
588:Field (
319:> 50
308:30 - 50
297:10 - 30
200:density
146:Florida
142:aquifer
90:scholar
1580:Plaxis
1575:UTEXAS
1565:SVFlux
1555:SEEP2D
1407:Forces
1260:Trench
1208:Gabion
1018:Gravel
658:Static
294:Medium
286:4 - 10
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1560:STABL
1033:Loess
996:Types
305:Dense
283:Loose
275:0 - 4
97:JSTOR
83:books
1385:Deep
1028:Loam
1023:Peat
1013:Sand
1008:Silt
1003:Clay
988:Soil
690:Well
499:link
214:Uses
170:ASTM
166:soil
152:The
69:news
1270:Cut
579:and
481:doi
477:127
158:SPT
52:by
1677::
1529:*
495:}}
491:{{
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