747:
600:
646:
559:
86:, with the tip facing down, into the ground at a controlled rate (controlled between 1.5 -2.5 cm/s accepted). The resolution of the CPT in delineating stratigraphic layers is related to the size of the cone tip, with typical cone tips having a cross-sectional area of either 10 or 15 cm, corresponding to diameters of 3.6 and 4.4 cm. A very early ultra-miniature 1 cm subtraction penetrometer was developed and used on a US mobile ballistic missile launch system (
547:
658:
32:
709:
634:
535:
40:
682:
735:
723:
759:
670:
783:
699:
622:
99:
523:
771:
571:
20:
110:. The original cone penetrometers involved simple mechanical measurements of the total penetration resistance to pushing a tool with a conical tip into the soil. Different methods were employed to separate the total measured resistance into components generated by the conical tip (the "tip friction") and friction generated by the rod string. A
123:
data. The filter is usually located either on the cone tip (the so-called U1 position), immediately behind the cone tip (the most common U2 position) or behind the friction sleeve (U3 position). Pore water pressure data aids determining stratigraphy and is primarily used to correct tip friction
232:
monitoring activities. For geotechnical soil investigations, CPT is more popular compared to SPT as a method of geotechnical soil investigation. Its increased accuracy, speed of deployment, more continuous soil profile and reduced cost over other soil testing methods. The ability to advance
370:
Strutynsky, A.I., R. Sandiford, D. Cavaliere, 1991. Use of
Piezometric Cone Penetration Testing with Electrical Conductivity Measurements (CPTU-EC) for Detection of Hydrocarbon Contamination in Saturated Granular Soils. Current Practices in Ground Water and Vadose Zone Investigations,
398:
Strutynsky, A.I., T. Sainey, 1990. Use of the
Piezometric Cone Penetration Test and Penetrometer Groundwater Sampling for Volatile Organic Contaminant Plume Detection. Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater: Prevention, Detection and Restoration.
114:
sleeve was added to quantify this component of the friction and aid in determining soil cohesive strength in the 1960s. Electronic measurements began in 1948 and improved further in the early 1970s. Most modern electronic CPT cones now also employ a
128:
data is called CPTU testing. CPT and CPTU testing equipment generally advances the cone using hydraulic rams mounted on either a heavily ballasted vehicle or using screwed-in anchors as a counter-force. One advantage of CPT over the
148:
In addition to the mechanical and electronic cones, a variety of other CPT-deployed tools have been developed over the years to provide additional subsurface information. One common tool advanced during CPT testing is a
212:. The magnetometer in the cone detects ferrous materials of 50 kg or larger within a radius of up to about 2 m distance from the probe depending on the material, orientation and soil conditions.
173:
analysis and low-strain soil strength analysis. Engineers use the shear wave velocity and shear modulus to determine the soil's behavior under low-strain and vibratory loads. Additional tools such as
417:
ASTM, 2004, "Standard Method of Deep Quasi-Static Cone and
Friction-Cone Penetration Tests of Soil"; ASTM Standard D 3441, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 7 pp.
550:
75:
to investigate soft soils. Based on this history it has also been called the "Dutch cone test". Today, the CPT is one of the most used and accepted soil methods for
661:
252:
Begemann, H. K. S, 1965, "The
Friction Jacket Cone as an Aid in Determining the Soil Profile"; Proceedings, 6th ICSMFE, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Vol I, pp.17-20.
637:
685:
471:
224:
Standard D 3441 (ASTM, 2004). ISSMGE provides international standards on CPT and CPTU. Later ASTM Standards have addressed the use of CPT for various
738:
193:, temperature and membrane interface probe and cameras for capturing video imagery are also increasingly advanced in conjunction with the CPT probe.
625:
136:
Manufacturers of cone penetrometer probes and data acquisition systems include
Hogentogler, which has been acquired by the Vertek Division of
411:"Cone Penetration Testing in Geotechnical Practice"; T. Lunne, P.K. Robertson and J.J.M. Powell. Blackie Academic & Professional. London.
1602:
1436:
133:(SPT) is a more continuous profile of soil parameters, with data recorded at intervals typically of 20 cm but as small as 1 cm.
423:
International
Reference Test Procedure for CPT and CPTU - International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE)
342:
196:
An additional CPT deployed tool used in
Britain, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and France is a piezocone combined with a tri-axial
261:
De
Reister, J., 1971, "Electric Penetrometer for Site Investigations"; Journal of SMFE Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, SM-2, pp. 457-472.
1481:
464:
317:
271:
420:
ASTM D-5778 "Standard Test Method for
Performing Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of Soils".
891:
489:
457:
428:
1139:
1020:
562:
102:
The result of a cone penetration test: resistance and friction on the left, friction ratio (%) on the right.
1452:
137:
1052:
497:
174:
90:) soil/structure design program in 1984 at the Earth Technology Corporation of Long Beach, California.
76:
1355:
750:
130:
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649:
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60:
289:
1271:
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1186:
866:
807:
182:
1534:
1345:
1159:
995:
970:
821:
800:
692:
414:
Meigh, A.C., 1987 "Cone
Penetration Testing - Methods and Interpretation", CIRIA, Butterworths.
106:
The early applications of CPT mainly determined the logistics of soil geotechnical property of
1221:
1030:
350:
1574:
1426:
1383:
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8:
1350:
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896:
881:
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814:
589:
579:
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71:. It was initially developed in the 1950s at the Dutch Laboratory for Soil Mechanics in
1301:
1010:
793:
712:
221:
178:
166:
1398:
1144:
1035:
1005:
856:
170:
87:
1448:
1335:
1226:
1191:
1166:
1025:
846:
158:
107:
673:
436:
Proceedings, International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Vol. 1 (CPT '95)
427:
Mayne, Paul; Auxt, Jay A.; Mitchell, James K.; Yilmaz, Recep (October 4–5, 1995).
321:
1564:
1388:
1306:
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1000:
871:
726:
201:
1511:
1403:
1320:
1124:
886:
876:
762:
275:
64:
1441:
237:, including the seismic tools described above, are accelerating this process.
1596:
1539:
1378:
1256:
1251:
1206:
975:
162:
746:
599:
1559:
1554:
1544:
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1211:
1154:
985:
702:
645:
558:
449:
234:
197:
68:
611:
546:
1569:
1266:
1149:
1088:
657:
229:
186:
16:
Method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils
708:
633:
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31:
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832:
774:
574:
39:
1579:
1466:
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1171:
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681:
438:. Linköping, Sweden: Swedish Geotechnical Society. pp. 263–276
150:
111:
734:
722:
1519:
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1176:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1078:
786:
758:
669:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1408:
1181:
1129:
939:
782:
698:
621:
200:. This is used to attempt to ensure that tests, boreholes, and
98:
522:
220:
CPT for geotechnical applications was standardized in 1986 by
124:
values for those effects. CPT testing which also gathers this
954:
72:
770:
570:
949:
944:
934:
929:
924:
909:
233:
additional in situ testing tools using the CPT direct push
83:
24:
19:
303:
209:
140:, GeoPoint Systems BV and Pagani Geotechnical Equipment.
143:
426:
190:
320:. Pagani Geotechnical Equipment. 2015. Archived from
290:"CPT Cones and Data Acquisition Systems - Vertek CPT"
82:
The test method consists of pushing an instrumented
1594:
465:
479:
274:. Hogentogler & Co., Inc. Archived from
472:
458:
161:velocities. This data helps determine the
93:
43:Simplified version of a cone penetrometer.
292:. Applied Research Associates, Inc. 2016.
169:at intervals through the soil column for
97:
38:
30:
18:
1595:
453:
318:"CPT - Cones and Acquisition Systems"
144:Additional in situ testing parameters
215:
59:) is a method used to determine the
1603:In situ geotechnical investigations
13:
14:
1614:
490:Offshore geotechnical engineering
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
707:
697:
680:
668:
656:
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632:
620:
598:
569:
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405:
392:
383:
374:
364:
335:
310:
296:
282:
264:
255:
246:
1:
1140:Mechanically stabilized earth
429:"U.S. National Report on CPT"
240:
892:Hydraulic conductivity tests
306:. Geopoint Systems BV. 2016.
23:A CPT truck operated by the
7:
1453:Stress distribution in soil
343:"Home | Chemistry Division"
138:Applied Research Associates
10:
1619:
603:Pore pressure measurement
228:site characterization and
175:laser-induced fluorescence
1510:
1465:
1364:
1356:Preconsolidation pressure
1328:
1319:
1292:
1112:
1061:
1048:
963:
917:
908:
831:
751:Standard penetration test
509:
496:
487:
131:Standard Penetration Test
852:California bearing ratio
650:Rotary-pressure sounding
481:Geotechnical engineering
119:with a filter to gather
61:geotechnical engineering
1272:Geosynthetic clay liner
1247:Expanded clay aggregate
867:Proctor compaction test
808:Crosshole sonic logging
794:Nuclear densometer test
551:Geo-electrical sounding
94:History and development
35:Symbol used in drawings
1535:Earthquake engineering
1346:Lateral earth pressure
971:Hydraulic conductivity
822:Wave equation analysis
801:Exploration geophysics
693:Deformation monitoring
662:Rotary weight sounding
347:chemistry.nrl.navy.mil
153:set to gather seismic
103:
53:cone penetrometer test
44:
36:
28:
713:Settlement recordings
638:Rock control drilling
539:Cone penetration test
101:
67:and delineating soil
42:
34:
22:
1575:Agricultural science
1277:Cellular confinement
1467:Numerical analysis
1351:Overburden pressure
1341:Pore water pressure
1121:Shoring structures
996:Reynolds' dilatancy
897:Water content tests
882:Triaxial shear test
842:Soil classification
815:Pile integrity test
206:unexploded ordnance
204:, do not encounter
121:pore water pressure
117:pressure transducer
1442:Slab stabilisation
1422:Stability analysis
179:X-ray fluorescence
104:
77:soil investigation
45:
37:
29:
1590:
1589:
1461:
1460:
1437:Sliding criterion
1399:Response spectrum
1315:
1314:
1145:Pressure grouting
1044:
1043:
904:
903:
857:Direct shear test
563:Permeability test
278:on March 4, 2016.
216:Standards and use
171:soil liquefaction
88:MGM-134 Midgetman
1610:
1449:Bearing capacity
1336:Effective stress
1326:
1325:
1227:Land reclamation
1167:Land development
1062:Natural features
1059:
1058:
1026:Specific storage
915:
914:
847:Atterberg limits
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
711:
701:
686:Screw plate test
684:
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
602:
573:
561:
549:
537:
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506:
474:
467:
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443:
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349:. Archived from
339:
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314:
308:
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294:
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268:
262:
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159:compression wave
108:bearing capacity
49:cone penetration
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1565:Earth materials
1506:
1468:
1457:
1366:
1360:
1311:
1288:
1242:Earth structure
1237:Erosion control
1135:Ground freezing
1125:Retaining walls
1108:
1050:
1040:
1001:Angle of repose
959:
900:
834:
827:
826:
787:Visible bedrock
739:Simple sounding
727:Shear vane test
503:instrumentation
502:
500:
492:
483:
478:
441:
439:
431:
408:
403:
397:
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288:
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272:"CPT Equipment"
270:
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167:Poisson's ratio
146:
96:
17:
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11:
5:
1616:
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1567:
1562:
1557:
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1514:
1512:Related fields
1508:
1507:
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1432:Classification
1429:
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1404:Seismic hazard
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1042:
1041:
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1038:
1033:
1031:Shear strength
1028:
1023:
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1006:Friction angle
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998:
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983:
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887:Oedometer test
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877:Sieve analysis
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763:Total sounding
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63:properties of
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1540:Geomorphology
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1384:Consolidation
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1379:Frost heaving
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1257:Geosynthetics
1255:
1253:
1252:Crushed stone
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1207:Cut-and-cover
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976:Water content
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674:Sample series
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499:
498:Investigation
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367:
353:on 2007-08-21
352:
348:
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324:on 2021-06-22
323:
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304:"Geopoint.nl"
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226:environmental
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163:shear modulus
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21:
1560:Biogeography
1555:Hydrogeology
1545:Soil science
1525:Geochemistry
1284:Infiltration
1212:Cut and fill
1155:Soil nailing
1021:Permeability
986:Bulk density
703:Inclinometer
626:Ram sounding
538:
511:
440:. Retrieved
435:
406:Bibliography
394:
385:
376:
366:
355:. Retrieved
351:the original
346:
337:
326:. Retrieved
322:the original
312:
298:
284:
276:the original
266:
257:
248:
235:drilling rig
219:
198:magnetometer
195:
183:conductivity
147:
135:
105:
81:
69:stratigraphy
56:
52:
48:
46:
1570:Archaeology
1294:Foundations
1267:Geomembrane
1150:Slurry wall
1089:Water table
1053:Interaction
1049:Structures
1036:Sensitivity
833:Laboratory
230:groundwater
187:resistivity
79:worldwide.
1427:Mitigation
1409:Shear wave
1394:Earthquake
1389:Compaction
1374:Permafrost
1365:Phenomena/
1262:Geotextile
1187:Embankment
1177:Excavation
1114:Earthworks
1074:Vegetation
1069:Topography
991:Thixotropy
981:Void ratio
964:Properties
862:Hydrometer
607:Piezometer
527:Core drill
442:2011-09-26
357:2015-04-20
328:2017-02-04
241:References
155:shear wave
126:piezometer
1550:Hydrology
1530:Petrology
1418:analysis
1416:Landslide
1321:Mechanics
1232:Track bed
1217:Fill dirt
1202:Terracing
775:Trial pit
590:Statnamic
575:Load test
389:ASTM 6067
380:ASTM 6001
208:(UXO) or
1597:Category
1580:Agrology
1469:software
1367:problems
1197:Causeway
1172:Landfill
1099:Subgrade
1016:Porosity
1011:Cohesion
399:API/NWWA
151:geophone
112:friction
1520:Geology
1492:SVSlope
1302:Shallow
1222:Grading
1160:Tieback
1104:Subsoil
1094:Bedrock
1084:Topsoil
1079:Terrain
872:R-value
835:testing
585:Dynamic
512:in situ
510:Field (
181:, soil
1502:Plaxis
1497:UTEXAS
1487:SVFlux
1477:SEEP2D
1329:Forces
1182:Trench
1130:Gabion
940:Gravel
580:Static
1482:STABL
955:Loess
918:Types
432:(PDF)
202:piles
73:Delft
65:soils
1307:Deep
950:Loam
945:Peat
935:Sand
930:Silt
925:Clay
910:Soil
612:Well
371:ASTM
222:ASTM
210:duds
165:and
157:and
84:cone
47:The
25:USGS
1192:Cut
501:and
57:CPT
51:or
1599::
1451:*
434:.
345:.
191:pH
189:,
177:,
1055:)
1051:(
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473:e
466:t
459:v
445:.
360:.
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185:/
55:(
27:.
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