67:
2353:
6481:
6455:
2489:
7018:
1571:
6430:
6469:
47:
786:
of the acid. Next, with his collaborators, Dr. Clark developed accurate methods for measuring hydrogen-ion concentration. These methods replaced the inaccurate titration method of determining the acid content in use in biologic laboratories throughout the world. Also they were found to be applicable in many industrial and other processes in which they came into wide usage.
4677:
4690:
in the three unknowns, , and . Because the equations are non-linear and their concentrations may range over many powers of 10, the solution of these equations is not straightforward. However, many computer programs are available which can be used to perform these calculations. There may be more than
3352:
However, self-ionization of water must also be considered when concentrations of a strong acid or base is very low or high. For instance, a 5Ă10M solution of HCl would be expected to have a pH of 7.3 based on the above procedure, which is incorrect as it is acidic and should have a pH of less than 7.
2479:
In Europe, topsoil pH is influenced by soil parent material, erosional effects, climate and vegetation. A recent map of topsoil pH in Europe shows the alkaline soils in
Mediterranean, Hungary, East Romania, North France. Scandinavian countries, Portugal, Poland and North Germany have more acid soils.
3357:
substance. By accounting for the self-ionization of water, the true pH of the solution can be calculated. For example, a 5Ă10M solution of HCl would have a pH of 6.89 when treated as a mixture of HCl and water. The self-ionization equilibrium of solutions of sodium hydroxide at higher concentrations
3340:
are compounds that are essentially fully dissociated in water. This means that in an acidic solution, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) can be considered equal to the concentration of the acid. Similarly, in a basic solution, the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) can be considered equal to
1497:
recommendations. When more than two buffer solutions are used the electrode is calibrated by fitting observed pH values to a straight line with respect to standard buffer values. Commercial standard buffer solutions usually come with information on the value at 25 °C and a correction factor to
785:
In these studies Dr. Clark's attention was directed to the effect of acid on the growth of bacteria. He found that it is the intensity of the acid in terms of hydrogen-ion concentration that affects their growth. But existing methods of measuring acidity determined the quantity, not the intensity,
1916:
is a mixture of several indicators that can provide a continuous color change over a range of pH values, typically from about pH 2 to pH 10. Universal indicator paper is made from absorbent paper that has been impregnated with universal indicator. An alternative method of measuring pH is using an
3189:
is used to determine the concentration of all chemical species present in the solution. The complexity of the procedure depends on the nature of the solution. Strong acids and bases are compounds that are almost completely dissociated in water, which simplifies the calculation. However, for weak
2170:
theory. This scale is applicable to liquids, gases, and even solids. The advantages of the unified absolute pH scale include consistency, accuracy, and applicability to a wide range of sample types. It is precise and versatile because it serves as a common reference standard for pH measurements.
2165:
In 2010, a new approach to measuring pH was proposed, called the "unified absolute pH scale". This approach allows for a common reference standard to be used across different solutions, regardless of their pH range. The unified absolute pH scale is based on the absolute chemical potential of the
1547:
a solution of known concentration of a strong acid with a solution of known concentration of strong base in the presence of a relatively high concentration of background electrolyte. By knowing the concentrations of the acid and base, the concentration of hydrogen ions can be calculated and the
2896:
However, the advantage of considering this additional complexity is dependent upon the abundance of fluoride in the medium. In seawater, for instance, sulfate ions occur at much greater concentrations (>400 times) than those of fluoride. As a consequence, for most practical purposes, the
1903:
pH can be measured using indicators, which change color depending on the pH of the solution they are in. By comparing the color of a test solution to a standard color chart, the pH can be estimated to the nearest whole number. For more precise measurements, the color can be measured using a
780:
and colleagues, including herself, with developing pH measuring methods in the 1910s, which had a wide influence on laboratory and industrial use thereafter. In her memoir, she does not mention how much, or how little, Clark and colleagues knew about Sørensen's work a few years prior. She
3341:
the concentration of the base. The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+, and the pOH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of OH-. For example, the pH of a 0.01M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is equal to 2 (pH = âlog
1222:
4294:
3986:
For alkaline solutions, an additional term is added to the mass-balance equation for hydrogen. Since the addition of hydroxide reduces the hydrogen ion concentration, and the hydroxide ion concentration is constrained by the self-ionization equilibrium to be equal to
1582:. By definition, pOH is the negative logarithm(to the base 10) of the hydroxide ion concentration (mol/L). pOH values can be derived from pH measurements and vice-versa. The concentration of hydroxide ions in water is related to the concentration of hydrogen ions by
3602:. In some texts, one mass balance equation is replaced by an equation of charge balance. This is satisfactory for simple cases like this one, but is more difficult to apply to more complicated cases as those below. Together with the equation defining K
2058:
954:
3464:
and its value is assumed to have been determined by experiment. This being so, there are three unknown concentrations, , and to determine by calculation. Two additional equations are needed. One way to provide them is to apply the law of
1559:) should be calibrated in a medium similar to the one being investigated. For instance, if one wishes to measure the pH of a seawater sample, the electrode should be calibrated in a solution resembling seawater in its chemical composition.
2238:
Neutrality is not exactly 7 at 25°C, but 7 serves as a good approximation in most cases. Neutrality occurs when the concentration of hydrogen ions () equals the concentration of hydroxide ions (), or when their activities are equal. Since
2131:. Therefore, pH values on the different scales cannot be compared directly because of differences in the solvated proton ions, such as lyonium ions, which require an intersolvent scale which involves the transfer activity coefficient of
552:
4682:
There are no approximations involved in these equations, except that each stability constant is defined as a quotient of concentrations, not activities. Much more complicated expressions are required if activities are to be used.
1410:
723:
in much the same way elsewhere in the paper, and he might have arbitrarily labelled the test solution "p" and the reference solution "q"; these letters are often paired. Some literature sources suggest that "pH" stands for the
576:). The neutral value of the pH depends on the temperature and is lower than 7 if the temperature increases above 25 °C. The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated
1492:
is adjusted to be equal to the standard buffer's value. The reading from a second standard buffer solution is then adjusted using the "slope" control to be equal to the pH for that solution. Further details, are given in the
2661:. In practical terms, the three seawater pH scales differ in their pH values up to 0.10, differences that are much larger than the accuracy of pH measurements typically required, in particular, in relation to the ocean's
572:), solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Solutions with a pH of 7 at 25 °C are neutral (i.e. have the same concentration of H ions as OH ions, i.e. the same as
1488:). Two or more buffer solutions are used in order to accommodate the fact that the "slope" may differ slightly from ideal. To calibrate the electrode, it is first immersed in a standard solution, and the reading on a
4672:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}C_{\ce {A}}&=+\Sigma p\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}\\C_{\ce {B}}&=+\Sigma q\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}\\C_{\ce {H}}&=+\Sigma r\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}-K_{w}^{-1}\end{aligned}}}
2195:
of concentrated solutions can affect the electrode potentials. At high pH the glass electrode may be affected by "alkaline error", because the electrode becomes sensitive to the concentration of cations such as
1059:
2273:
produces equal numbers of both ions. However the pH of the neutral NaCl solution will be slightly different from that of neutral pure water because the hydrogen and hydroxide ions' activity is dependent on
66:
1731:
3981:
3904:
1036:
719:, which were the languages in which Sørensen published: Carlsberg Laboratory was French-speaking; German was the dominant language of scientific publishing; Sørensen was Danish. He also used the letter
4124:
4299:
3806:
3459:
2981:, typically have a pH below 4.6 with sharp and tangy taste, while basic foods tastes bitter or soapy. Maintaining the appropriate pH in foods is essential for preventing the growth of harmful
3593:
3531:
6165:
1524:
This was the original definition of Sørensen in 1909, which was superseded in favor of pH in 1924. is the concentration of hydrogen ions, denoted in modern chemistry. More correctly, the
2696:(â0.1) compared to that of seawater (â0.7), and, as a consequence, are not recommended for use in characterizing the pH of seawater, since the ionic strength differences cause changes in
2113:
1278:(e.m.f.) between a reference electrode and an electrode sensitive to the hydrogen ion activity when they are both immersed in the same aqueous solution. The reference electrode may be a
1657:
4283:
4036:
1467:
2669:
is significantly different from both the total and seawater scales. Because of the relative unimportance of the fluoride ion, the total and seawater scales differ only very slightly.
3707:
651:", with H⢠as a subscript to the lowercase p. The concept was later revised in 1924 to the modern pH to accommodate definitions and measurements in terms of electrochemical cells.
1950:
4150:, the following general method can be used to calculate the pH of a solution. For example, with three reagents, each equilibrium is characterized by an equilibrium constant, β.
1562:
The difference between p and pH is quite small, and it has been stated that pH = p + 0.04. However, it is common practice to use the term "pH" for both types of measurement.
843:
3312:
2235:, at the same concentration, has a pH of 14. Since pH is a logarithmic scale, a difference of one in pH is equivalent to a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration.
5315:
5707:
1543:
It is possible to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions directly using an electrode calibrated in terms of hydrogen ion concentrations. One common method is to
6015:
6334:
5756:
Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; FernĂĄndez-Ugalde, Oihane; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Montanarella, Luca; Panagos, Panos (2019).
438:
2704:
was developed. This new series resolves the problem of ionic strength differences between samples and the buffers, and the new pH scale is referred to as the
3150:, defined by blood pH below 7.35, is the most common disorder of acidâbase homeostasis and occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body. In contrast,
5538:
1324:
679:
Sørensen did not explain why he used the letter p, and the exact meaning of the letter is still disputed. Sørensen described a way of measuring pH using
5428:
3186:
6377:
5533:
5501:
6187:
4941:â˘) einer LĂśsungwird dann der Briggsche Logarithmus des reziproken Wertes des auf Wasserstoffionenbezagenen Normalitäts faktors de LĂśsungverstanden.
6601:
6311:
4784:
3618:, the concentration of the acid, so = . After some further algebraic manipulation an equation in the hydrogen ion concentration may be obtained.
6066:
Akdas, Zelal; Bakkalbasi, Emre (2017). "Influence of different cooking methods on color, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of kale".
1415:
The difference between the two measured electromotive force values is proportional to pH. This method of calibration avoids the need to know the
3387:
First, an acid dissociation constant is defined as follows. Electrical charges are omitted from subsequent equations for the sake of generality
5337:
2689:
1476:
is used instead of the cumbersome hydrogen electrode. A combined glass electrode has an in-built reference electrode. It is calibrated against
4138:
acids, are amenable to spreadsheet calculations. With three or more reagents or when many complexes are formed with general formulae such as A
1217:{\displaystyle E=E^{0}+{\frac {RT}{F}}\ln(a_{{\ce {H+}}})=E^{0}-{\frac {RT\ln {10}}{F}}{\ce {pH}}\approx E^{0}-{\frac {2.303RT}{F}}{\ce {pH}}}
5730:
5176:
1736:
So, at room temperature, pOH â 14 â pH. However this relationship is not strictly valid in other circumstances, such as in measurements of
5382:
4881:
6541:
6244:
3204:
Water itself is a weak acid and a weak base, so its dissociation must be taken into account at high pH and low solute concentration (see
7063:
5240:
3720:
which can also be used to calculate the pH when some additional (strong) acid or alkaline has been added to the system, that is, when C
2265:
is approximately 14 but depends on ionic strength and temperature, and so the pH of neutrality does also. Pure water and a solution of
5660:"Negative pH, efflorescent mineralogy, and consequences for environmental restoration at the Iron Mountain Superfund site, California"
5276:
259:
200:
6907:
1263:, the number of electrons transferred is one. The electrode potential is proportional to pH when pH is defined in terms of activity.
591:
to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. Primary pH standard values are determined using a
320:
1683:
600:
3911:
3813:
2598:
6137:
1929:
pH values can be measured in non-aqueous solutions, but they are based on a different scale from aqueous pH values, because the
969:
6621:
4692:
2593:(meaning a drop in pH value): Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05.
2361:
5307:
6616:
6408:
4999:
2179:
The measurement of pH can become difficult at extremely acidic or alkaline conditions, such as below pH 2.5 (ca. 0.003
6513:
5659:
4917:
4044:
2356:
Nutritional elements availability within soil varies with pH. Light blue color represents the ideal range for most plants.
3746:
3393:
2171:
However, implementation efforts, compatibility with existing data, complexity, and potential costs are some challenges.
6902:
799:
7058:
6772:
6238:
6151:
5891:
5642:
5547:
5486:
5144:
2187:
in such conditions when using a glass electrode. There are several factors that contribute to this problem. Firstly,
367:
3537:
3475:
7043:
5563:
Himmel, Daniel; Goll, Sascha K.; Leito, Ivo; Krossing, Ingo (16 August 2010). "A Unified pH Scale for All Phases".
5450:
Rossotti, F.J.C.; Rossotti, H. (1965). "Potentiometric titrations solution containing the background electrolyte".
6333:
Morriss Jr, F. H.; Brewer, E. D.; Spedale, S. B.; Riddle, L.; Temple, D. M.; Caprioli, R. M.; West, M. S. (1986).
806:, which wanted a better method for quickly testing the pH of lemons they were picking from their nearby orchards.
6862:
6832:
6802:
3325:. This equilibrium needs to be taken into account at high pH and when the solute concentration is extremely low.
3157:
Blood pH is usually slightly basic, with a pH of 7.365, referred to as physiological pH in biology and medicine.
2077:
6576:
7048:
1588:
1426:
4156:
3990:
959:
For example, for a solution with a hydrogen ion activity of 5Ă10 (i.e., the concentration of hydrogen ions in
7053:
6852:
6676:
6636:
5424:
4691:
three reagents. The calculation of hydrogen ion concentrations, using this approach, is a key element in the
2053:{\displaystyle a_{{\ce {H+}}}=\exp \left({\frac {\mu _{{\ce {H+}}}-\mu _{{\ce {H+}}}^{\ominus }}{RT}}\right)}
1921:, which directly measures the voltage difference between a pH-sensitive electrode and a reference electrode.
803:
313:
3624:
6373:
3716:
gives the hydrogen ion concentration and hence p or, more loosely, pH. This procedure is illustrated in an
3142:, cellular compartments, and organs is tightly regulated to maintain a state of acid-base balance known as
2697:
2685:
1416:
6094:
6777:
5124:
3174:
1548:
measured potential can be correlated with concentrations. The calibration is usually carried out using a
1287:
1283:
949:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(a_{{\ce {H+}}})=\log _{10}\left({\frac {1}{a_{{\ce {H+}}}}}\right)}
5817:"Ocean acidification in emission-driven temperature stabilization scenarios: the role of TCRE and non-CO
2183:/dm acid) or above pH 10.5 (above ca. 0.0003 mol/dm alkaline). This is due to the breakdown of the
1304:
Firstly, the cell is filled with a solution of known hydrogen ion activity and the electromotive force,
7068:
6917:
6684:
6335:"Relationship of human milk pH during course of lactation to concentrations of citrate and fatty acids"
6267:
6041:
4753:
3231:
754:
408:
2997:, which is responsible for the browning of food during cooking, impacting both flavor and appearance.
6689:
5405:(4 ed.). Research Triangle Park, NC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
4933:
3143:
2188:
2128:
1279:
604:
91:
5938:
Dickson, A. G. (1984). "pH scales and proton-transfer reactions in saline media such as sea water".
5551:
1552:. This procedure makes the activity of hydrogen ions equal to the numerical value of concentration.
6606:
6506:
6143:
4696:
3599:
3249:
3209:
2594:
2270:
2240:
2143:
1670:
672:
588:
306:
156:
141:
136:
17:
5336:
Quantities and units â Part 8: Physical chemistry and molecular physics, Annex C (normative): pH.
4903:"Ăber die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen"
6877:
6817:
6744:
6586:
5734:
5352:"Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"
4851:"Definitions of pH scales, standard reference values, measurement of pH, and related terminology"
3353:
In such cases, the system can be treated as a mixture of the acid or base and water, which is an
1905:
1556:
1042:
777:
161:
1574:
Relation between pH and pOH. Red represents the acidic region. Blue represents the basic region.
581:
279:
6734:
6729:
6694:
6473:
5758:"Mapping LUCAS topsoil chemical properties at European scale using Gaussian process regression"
5351:
4850:
3345:(0.01)), while the pOH of a 0.01M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is equal to 2 (pOH = âlog
2673:
2662:
2548:
1525:
1502:
795:
761:
H ion concentration", while pOH is "the negative decimal logarithm of OH- ion concentration".
425:
86:
5974:
703:, all meaning "power", or it could mean "potential". All of these words start with the letter
6201:
5236:
5123:
Lian, Ying; Zhang, Wei; Ding, Longjiang; Zhang, Xiaoai; Zhang, Yinglu; Wang, Xu-dong (2019).
4687:
3198:
2658:
2204:
in the solution. To overcome these problems, specially constructed electrodes are available.
2167:
765:
558:
289:
264:
205:
171:
131:
121:
6485:
6439:
5251:
6943:
6754:
6268:"Natural skin surface pH is on average below 5, which is beneficial for its resident flora"
5947:
5912:
5832:
5769:
5671:
5284:
5056:
4967:
4818:
4768:
4718:
3114:
2285:
When pure water is exposed to air, it becomes mildly acidic. This is because water absorbs
2207:
Runoff from mines or mine tailings can produce some extremely low pH values, down to -3.6.
1934:
1549:
827:
644:
166:
2352:
640:
547:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(a_{{\ce {H+}}})\thickapprox -\log _{10}(/{\ce {M}})}
8:
6857:
6842:
6797:
6596:
6499:
3103:
2701:
2590:
2576:
1913:
1275:
561:
51:
31:
6435:
5951:
5916:
5836:
5773:
5675:
5060:
4971:
4822:
4772:
6983:
6948:
6892:
6812:
6787:
6556:
6536:
6303:
6181:
5858:
5792:
5757:
5733:. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. Archived from
5374:
5150:
5136:
5105:
4873:
4713:
3713:
3606:, there are now three equations in three unknowns. When an acid is dissolved in water C
3194:
must be solved, and for weak bases, a cubic equation is required. In general, a set of
3191:
2071:
596:
384:
38:
5211:
2993:
can also influence their texture and color during cooking. The pH also influences the
2782:, in principle making it a simpler representation of hydrogen ion concentration. Only
7022:
6807:
6704:
6551:
6404:
6354:
6295:
6287:
6283:
6234:
6230:
6157:
6147:
5959:
5924:
5887:
5862:
5850:
5797:
5699:
5694:
5638:
5632:
5588:
5580:
5543:
5482:
5476:
5215:
5154:
5140:
5109:
4991:
4983:
4749:
3466:
2994:
2654:
2228:
1909:
392:
176:
6307:
5511:
5378:
4877:
2851:
in seawater, limiting the utility of the otherwise more straightforward free scale.
1405:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH(X)}}={\ce {pH(S)}}+{\frac {E_{{\ce {S}}}-E_{{\ce {X}}}}{z}}}
6938:
6897:
6882:
6782:
6762:
6346:
6279:
6106:
6075:
5986:
5955:
5920:
5840:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5689:
5679:
5615:
5572:
5518:
5506:
5459:
5406:
5366:
5207:
5132:
5095:
5064:
4975:
4865:
4826:
4776:
2232:
2220:
2139:
1859:
1256:
758:
743:
668:
404:
400:
344:
249:
111:
101:
6110:
6079:
2555:, an oxygen-transport enzyme, is also affected by pH in a phenomenon known as the
6973:
6847:
6561:
6224:
4955:
3052:
2681:
2626:
2586:
2536:
2266:
2184:
1477:
1473:
1050:
716:
712:
708:
608:
151:
116:
76:
5903:
Hansson, I. (1973). "A new set of pH-scales and standard buffers for seawater".
2865:, takes account of a further protonation relationship between hydrogen ions and
6998:
6978:
6968:
6963:
6953:
6933:
6872:
6767:
6699:
6641:
6626:
6571:
5845:
5816:
5664:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4902:
2982:
2693:
2572:
2286:
2275:
2192:
1930:
1737:
725:
6266:
Lambers, H.; Piessens, S.; Bloem, A.; Pronk, H.; Finkel, P. (1 October 2006).
6161:
5990:
3370:
or the conjugate acid of a weak base can be treated using the same formalism.
1484:) activity proposed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (
1045:, which are used to measure pH, respond to activity. The electrode potential,
7037:
6656:
6581:
6291:
5854:
5584:
5510:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
5100:
5083:
4987:
3322:
3318:
3158:
2974:
2614:
2504:
2294:
1772:
1271:
636:
592:
577:
96:
6459:
5522:
5410:
5370:
4869:
2568:
1540:= 1 mol/L. This ratio is a pure number whose logarithm can be defined.
735:(power of hydrogen), although this is not supported by Sørensen's writings.
7003:
6887:
6837:
6709:
6666:
6299:
5801:
5703:
5684:
5592:
5576:
5219:
4995:
4708:
3732:
3021:
2642:
2508:
2231:, at concentration 1 mol dm has a pH of 0, while a strong alkali like
2120:
1898:
1797:
1787:
1578:
pOH is sometimes used as a measure of the concentration of hydroxide ions,
1240:
824:
616:
269:
220:
215:
210:
126:
6358:
6350:
2488:
6993:
6988:
6912:
6867:
6827:
6724:
6631:
5129:
Novel
Nanomaterials for Biomedical, Environmental and Energy Applications
4944:
Two other publications appeared in 1909, one in French and one in Danish.
3337:
3333:
3205:
3162:
3161:
formation in teeth can create a local acidic environment that results in
3072:
2720:
2645:(H). The presence of free hydrogen ions (H) lowers the pH of the ocean.
2597:
from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with
2556:
2540:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2496:
2492:
2290:
2180:
2132:
960:
791:
773:
274:
225:
106:
6480:
6454:
5619:
5198:
Nørby, Jens (2000). "The origin and the meaning of the little p in pH".
6958:
6822:
6522:
4830:
4135:
3354:
3195:
3185:
When calculating the pH of a solution containing acids and/or bases, a
3139:
3041:
2970:
2610:
2552:
1837:
1295:
Reference electrode | concentrated solution of KCl || test solution | H
573:
569:
240:
5755:
5463:
5177:"When it comes to caustic wit and an acid tongue, mind your Ps and Qs"
5068:
4979:
1318:, of the same cell containing the solution of unknown pH is measured.
802:
in 1934. It was in response to a request from the local citrus grower
407:. Acidic solutions (solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen (
6792:
6739:
6591:
4780:
3717:
3367:
3151:
2700:. To resolve this problem, an alternative series of buffers based on
2544:
2154:
1851:
1674:
1544:
1266:
The precise measurement of pH is presented in
International Standard
820:
739:
620:
429:
334:
294:
284:
235:
230:
181:
5633:
Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000),
5477:
Mendham, J.; Denney, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. J. K. (2000),
3173:
have an optimal pH range for function and can become inactivated or
6719:
6611:
6546:
3147:
3124:
3031:
2866:
2582:
2524:
2512:
1918:
1489:
1267:
624:
612:
388:
5731:"Soil survey manual.1993. Chapter 3, selected chemical properties"
27:
Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
6646:
5250:. National Institutes of Health Office of History. Archived from
3170:
3082:
2986:
2978:
2716:
2665:. Since it omits consideration of sulfate and fluoride ions, the
2365:
2347:
2215:
Pure water has a pH of 7 at 25°C, meaning it is neutral. When an
1866:
1807:
963:
per litre), the pH of the solution can be calculated as follows:
565:
2900:
The following three equations summarize the three scales of pH:
2897:
difference between the total and seawater scales is very small.
1570:
6661:
6651:
6468:
6374:"pH calculation of a very small concentration of a strong acid"
3166:
2749:
2528:
2224:
1876:
1817:
1248:
418:
5400:
4288:
Next, write down the mass-balance equations for each reagent:
1726:{\displaystyle {\ce {pOH}}={\ce {p}}K_{{\ce {W}}}-{\ce {pH}}.}
350:
6566:
6491:
6332:
3092:
3062:
2677:
2142:, but there are others that can be defined. For example, the
1494:
1485:
769:
659:, I propose the name 'hydrogen ion exponent' and the symbol p
359:
46:
6016:"The Importance of Food pH in Commercial Canning Operations"
5815:
Terhaar, Jens; FrĂślicher, Thomas L.; Joos, Fortunat (2023).
3976:{\displaystyle =7.74\times 10^{-4};\quad \mathrm {pH} =3.11}
3899:{\displaystyle ^{2}+6.46\times 10^{-5}-6.46\times 10^{-7}=0}
5606:
Feldman, Isaac (1956). "Use and Abuse of pH measurements".
5402:
The IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical Terminology: The Gold Book
2990:
2790:
must be estimated using the and the stability constant of
2692:(NIST) designation). These solutions have a relatively low
2219:
is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7, while a
2216:
1827:
1780:
1031:{\displaystyle {\ce {pH}}=-\log _{10}(5\times 10^{-6})=5.3}
396:
356:
190:
81:
2531:
fruits have acidic juice primarily due to the presence of
627:, medicine, water treatment, and many other applications.
6265:
6136:
Boron, Walter, F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (13 January 2012).
4723:
2969:
The pH level of food influences its flavor, texture, and
1886:
414:
5125:"Nanomaterials for Intracellular pH Sensing and Imaging"
5022:
2748:, such that the total scale includes the effect of both
2715:. The total scale was defined using a medium containing
2653:
The measurement of pH in seawater is complicated by the
2227:, will have a pH greater than 7. A strong acid, such as
2115:
is its chemical potential in the chosen standard state,
687:
of 10 in the concentration of hydrogen ions. The letter
424:
The pH scale is logarithmic and inversely indicates the
50:
Test tubes containing solutions of pH 1â10 colored with
5562:
6223:
Marieb, Elaine N.; Mitchell, Susan J. (30 June 2011).
5728:
6139:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach
5658:
Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Alpers, Charles N. (March 1999).
5350:
Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985).
4849:
Covington, A. K.; Bates, R. G.; Durst, R. A. (1985).
4297:
4159:
4119:{\displaystyle C_{\ce {H}}={\frac {+-K_{w}}{\ce {}}}}
4047:
3993:
3914:
3816:
3749:
3627:
3540:
3478:
3396:
3252:
2080:
1953:
1686:
1591:
1429:
1327:
1062:
972:
846:
607:. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a
441:
417:) are measured to have lower pH values than basic or
368:
5975:"Effect of pH on Color and Texture of Food Products"
5814:
5449:
5047:
Myers, Rollie J. (2010). "One-Hundred Years of pH".
347:
5539:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry
5349:
5084:"Tech Talk: (11) pH Measurement and Control Basics"
4848:
3801:{\displaystyle K_{a}=10^{-4.19}=6.46\times 10^{-5}}
3731:For example, what is the pH of a 0.01M solution of
3454:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {{\ce { }}}{{\ce {}}}}}
3317:where stands for the concentration of the aqueous
2657:of seawater, and three distinct pH scales exist in
353:
5122:
4671:
4277:
4118:
4030:
3975:
3898:
3800:
3701:
3587:
3525:
3453:
3306:
2648:
2289:from the air, which is then slowly converted into
2107:
2052:
1933:used for calculating hydrogen ion concentrations (
1725:
1651:
1501:The pH scale is logarithmic and therefore pH is a
1461:
1404:
1216:
1030:
948:
546:
5534:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
5231:
5229:
4809:Lim, Kieran F. (2006). "Negative pH Does Exist".
2778:, omits this consideration and focuses solely on
2191:may not be independent of pH. Secondly, the high
1053:for the hydrogen ion, which can be expressed as:
7035:
5886:, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
3349:(0.01)), which corresponds to a pH of about 12.
2877:â HF. Resulting in the following expression for
2752:(free hydrogen ions) and hydrogen sulfate ions:
2684:across a range of pH values (often denoted with
2364:, formerly Soil Conservation Service classifies
2243:holds the product of these concentration Ă = K
1286:, and the hydrogen-ion selective electrode is a
595:by measuring the potential difference between a
37:"Negative pH" redirects here. For the band, see
6095:"The shelf life of heat-treated dairy products"
6065:
5657:
3588:{\displaystyle C_{{\ce {H}}}={\ce {}}+{\ce {}}}
3526:{\displaystyle C_{{\ce {A}}}={\ce {}}+{\ce {}}}
3154:is characterized by excessively high blood pH.
819:The pH of a solution is defined as the decimal
6222:
6042:"PH Scale: Acids, Bases, and Common Materials"
5937:
5605:
5338:International Organization for Standardization
5226:
2690:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2174:
6507:
6135:
5972:
1311:, is measured. Then the electromotive force,
564:of H (M = mol/L) in the solution. At 25
314:
6186:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6131:
6129:
6127:
5884:in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes
4937:⢠vor. Unter dem Wasserstoffionexponenten (p
4844:
4842:
4840:
3000:
2539:can be found in various living systems. The
2360:The United States Department of Agriculture
2160:
2108:{\displaystyle \mu _{{\ce {H+}}}^{\ominus }}
1937:) are different. The hydrogen ion activity,
683:differences, and it represents the negative
5902:
5343:
5197:
4896:
4894:
1532:in dilute solution should be replaced by /c
667:) of a solution, the negative value of the
6514:
6500:
5542:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
5527:
5281:Caltech Engineering & Science Magazine
2247:, it can be seen that at neutrality = =
1652:{\displaystyle ={\frac {K_{{\ce {W}}}}{}}}
1536:, where the standard state concentration c
321:
307:
6272:International Journal of Cosmetic Science
6124:
5973:Bello, Andrez; Palacios, Baretto (2013).
5878:Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (2001)
5874:
5872:
5844:
5791:
5781:
5693:
5683:
5637:(6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall,
5556:
5495:
5481:(6th ed.), New York: Prentice Hall,
5099:
4837:
4278:{\displaystyle =\beta _{pqr}^{p}^{q}^{r}}
4031:{\displaystyle {\frac {K_{w}}{{\ce {}}}}}
3328:
3321:and represents the concentration of the
2613:is absorbed by the oceans. This produces
2495:tastes sour because it contains 5% to 6%
1462:{\displaystyle {\frac {F}{RT\ln {10}}}\ }
580:or greater than 14 for very concentrated
6204:. University of California San Francisco
6092:
6068:International Journal of Food Properties
5599:
5305:
5168:
5131:. Micro and Nano Technologies: 241â273.
5081:
5075:
4900:
4891:
3469:in terms of the two "reagents" H and A.
2487:
2351:
2293:and hydrogen ions (essentially creating
2153:, has been developed in connection with
1924:
1569:
1041:The concept of pH was developed because
794:method for measuring pH was invented by
663:. Then, for the hydrogen ion exponent (p
45:
6013:
6009:
6007:
5565:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
5388:from the original on 24 September 2007.
5174:
4887:from the original on 24 September 2007.
3810:Step 2: Set up the quadratic equation.
3702:{\displaystyle ^{2}+K_{a}-K_{a}C_{a}=0}
3361:
3138:In living organisms, the pH of various
2985:. The alkalinity of vegetables such as
2585:plays an important role in the ocean's
837:+. Mathematically, pH is expressed as:
14:
7036:
6093:Rauh, Valentin; Xiao, Yinghua (2022).
6039:
5869:
5710:from the original on 23 September 2017
5635:Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis
5492:, Section 13.23, "Determination of pH"
5479:Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis
5425:"Carlsberg Group Company History Page"
5020:
4953:
4748:
4693:determination of equilibrium constants
3908:Step 3: Solve the quadratic equation.
2842:However, it is difficult to estimate K
2362:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2269:in pure water are both neutral, since
619:. Measurements of pH are important in
6495:
6398:
5235:
5191:
5046:
4790:from the original on 14 December 2019
1235:is the standard electrode potential,
6004:
5431:from the original on 18 January 2014
5417:
5398:
5116:
643:introduced the concept of pH at the
593:concentration cell with transference
391:" (or "power of hydrogen"). It is a
6371:
5648:, Section 13.19 The glass electrode
5175:Bradley, David (21 February 2018).
4808:
2499:and has a pH of 2.2 (high acidity).
1498:be applied for other temperatures.
24:
6903:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
6314:from the original on 21 March 2022
5507:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
5318:from the original on 15 April 2021
5137:10.1016/B978-0-12-814497-8.00008-4
5002:from the original on 6 August 2020
4923:from the original on 15 April 2021
4555:
4444:
4333:
3963:
3960:
3180:
2562:
1419:. The proportionality constant, 1/
800:California Institute of Technology
647:, originally using the notation "p
25:
7080:
7064:Logarithmic scales of measurement
6773:Agricultural wastewater treatment
6421:
6040:Trento, Chin (27 December 2023).
4129:
742:, the p stands for "the negative
491:
7017:
7016:
6479:
6467:
6453:
6428:
6380:from the original on 8 July 2011
6284:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00344.x
6014:McGlynn, William (1 July 2016).
5277:"Origins: Birth of the pH Meter"
4954:Francl, Michelle (August 2010).
1748:
343:
65:
6833:Industrial wastewater treatment
6803:Decentralized wastewater system
6392:
6365:
6326:
6259:
6247:from the original on 8 May 2022
6216:
6194:
6168:from the original on 8 May 2022
6086:
6059:
6033:
5966:
5931:
5896:
5808:
5749:
5722:
5651:
5626:
5470:
5443:
5392:
5330:
5299:
5269:
5021:Munroe, Randall (7 June 2024).
3958:
3187:chemical speciation calculation
2649:Three pH scales in oceanography
2605:exceeding 410 ppm (in 2020). CO
2589:. There is evidence of ongoing
2483:
2210:
1756:Average pH of common solutions
1555:The glass electrode (and other
6521:
6484:Learning materials related to
6226:Human anatomy & physiology
6146:, Saunders. pp. 652â671.
5825:Environmental Research Letters
5783:10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113912
5512:activity (relative activity),
5306:Tetrault, Sharon (June 2002).
5200:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
5040:
5014:
4947:
4802:
4742:
4653:
4644:
4622:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4549:
4541:
4511:
4502:
4493:
4484:
4475:
4466:
4438:
4430:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4327:
4319:
4266:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4199:
4160:
4110:
4104:
4086:
4078:
4072:
4064:
4021:
4008:
3930:
3915:
3865:
3857:
3826:
3817:
3667:
3659:
3637:
3628:
3580:
3574:
3564:
3558:
3518:
3512:
3502:
3496:
3444:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3307:{\displaystyle K_{w}={\ce {}}}
3299:
3286:
3281:
3268:
2599:atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2573:Ocean § pH and alkalinity
1743:
1643:
1628:
1607:
1592:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1125:
1103:
1019:
997:
893:
871:
541:
528:
513:
510:
488:
466:
13:
1:
6853:Rotating biological contactor
6458:The dictionary definition of
6111:10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105235
6080:10.1080/10942912.2016.1188308
5212:10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01517-0
5049:Journal of Chemical Education
5023:"Unsolved Chemistry Problems"
4811:Journal of Chemical Education
4761:Journal of Chemical Education
4735:
4038:, the resulting equation is:
3212:according to the equilibrium
2964:
2786:can be determined, therefore
2341:
809:
5960:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90225-4
5925:10.1016/0011-7471(73)90101-0
5729:Soil Survey Division Staff.
4956:"Urban legends of chemistry"
2854:Another scale, known as the
2719:ions. These ions experience
2686:National Bureau of Standards
2503:Plants contain pH-dependent
2282:varies with ionic strength.
1417:standard electrode potential
746:", and is used in the term p
671:of the related hydrogen ion
641:Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen
7:
6403:(3rd ed.). Wiley-VCH.
6099:International Dairy Journal
6046:Stanford Advanced Materials
5082:Otterson, David W. (2015).
4901:Sørensen, S. P. L. (1909).
4702:
4134:Some systems, such as with
2625:) which dissociates into a
2175:Extremes of pH measurements
1288:standard hydrogen electrode
755:acid dissociation constants
691:could stand for the French
10:
7085:
6918:Wastewater treatment plant
6685:Adsorbable organic halides
5399:Gold, Victor, ed. (2019).
3165:through demineralization.
3008:pH of various body fluids
2767:An alternative scale, the
2566:
2345:
2189:liquid junction potentials
2166:proton, as defined by the
1896:
1673:constant of water. Taking
731:(quantity of hydrogen) or
630:
36:
29:
7012:
6926:
6753:
6690:Biochemical oxygen demand
6675:
6529:
6020:Oklahoma State University
5991:10.1007/s12393-013-9067-2
5314:. Orange Coast Magazine.
3358:must also be considered.
3001:pH of various body fluids
2511:, such as those found in
2376:
2373:
2161:Unified absolute pH scale
2129:thermodynamic temperature
1858:
1779:
1755:
1469:, the "Nernstian slope".
1280:silver chloride electrode
1274:is set up to measure the
1231:is a measured potential,
823:of the reciprocal of the
757:, so pH is "the negative
605:silver chloride electrode
7059:Water quality indicators
6144:Elsevier Health Sciences
5940:Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
5846:10.1088/1748-9326/acaf91
5101:10.1177/0020294015600474
4697:potentiometric titration
3600:analytical concentration
2973:. Acidic foods, such as
2595:Carbon dioxide emissions
2569:Seawater § pH value
2241:self-ionization of water
2144:Hammett acidity function
1557:Ion selective electrodes
1043:ion-selective electrodes
383:, historically denotes "
157:Self-ionization of water
142:Hammett acidity function
6878:Sewage sludge treatment
6818:Fecal sludge management
6778:API oilâwater separator
6745:Wastewater surveillance
5523:10.1351/goldbook.A00115
5411:10.1351/goldbook.p04525
5371:10.1351/pac198557030531
5088:Measurement and Control
4870:10.1351/pac198557030531
2547:derivatives, including
2462:Very strongly alkaline
2138:pH is an example of an
1480:of known hydrogen ion (
778:William Mansfield Clark
375:), also referred to as
6735:Total suspended solids
6730:Total dissolved solids
6695:Chemical oxygen demand
5685:10.1073/pnas.96.7.3455
5577:10.1002/anie.201000252
5427:. Carlsberggroup.com.
4688:simultaneous equations
4673:
4279:
4120:
4032:
3977:
3900:
3802:
3703:
3589:
3527:
3455:
3329:Strong acids and bases
3308:
3199:simultaneous equations
2674:operational definition
2500:
2357:
2109:
2054:
1727:
1653:
1575:
1565:
1526:thermodynamic activity
1503:dimensionless quantity
1463:
1423:, is ideally equal to
1406:
1247:is the temperature in
1218:
1032:
950:
796:Arnold Orville Beckman
788:
677:
548:
54:
7049:Equilibrium chemistry
6602:Industrial wastewater
6351:10.1542/peds.78.3.458
5248:NIH Office of History
4674:
4280:
4121:
4033:
3978:
3901:
3803:
3704:
3590:
3528:
3456:
3309:
3232:dissociation constant
3144:acidâbase homeostasis
2676:of the pH scale, the
2659:chemical oceanography
2491:
2398:Very strongly acidic
2355:
2271:dissociation of water
2133:hydronium/lyonium ion
2110:
2074:of the hydrogen ion,
2055:
1925:Non-aqueous solutions
1728:
1654:
1573:
1464:
1407:
1219:
1033:
951:
814:
798:, a professor at the
783:
766:Alice Catherine Evans
653:
549:
172:Frustrated Lewis pair
132:Equilibrium chemistry
122:Dissociation constant
92:Acidâbase homeostasis
49:
7054:Units of measurement
6944:Groundwater recharge
6476:at Wikimedia Commons
6399:Billo, E.J. (2011).
5608:Analytical Chemistry
4719:Chemical equilibrium
4295:
4157:
4045:
3991:
3912:
3814:
3747:
3625:
3538:
3476:
3394:
3362:Weak acids and bases
3250:
3177:outside this range.
3115:Mitochondrial matrix
2680:defines a series of
2507:that can be used as
2446:Moderately alkaline
2078:
1951:
1684:
1589:
1508:
1427:
1325:
1060:
970:
844:
759:decimal logarithm of
744:decimal logarithm of
675:is to be understood.
645:Carlsberg Laboratory
615:or a color-changing
439:
395:used to specify the
167:Lewis acid catalysis
30:For other uses, see
7044:Acidâbase chemistry
6858:Secondary treatment
6843:Membrane bioreactor
6798:Constructed wetland
6597:Infiltration/Inflow
6202:"Stomach acid test"
5952:1984GeCoA..48.2299D
5917:1973DSRA...20..479H
5837:2023ERL....18b4033T
5774:2019Geode.355k3912B
5676:1999PNAS...96.3455N
5620:10.1021/ac60120a014
5552:Electronic version.
5257:on 15 December 2017
5061:2010JChEd..87...30M
4972:2010NatCh...2..600F
4823:2006JChEd..83.1465L
4773:2004JChEd..81...21J
4754:"The Symbol for pH"
3104:Cerebrospinal fluid
3009:
2708:, often denoted as
2702:artificial seawater
2698:electrode potential
2655:chemical properties
2591:ocean acidification
2577:Ocean acidification
2551:, is pH-dependent.
2368:ranges as follows:
2104:
2034:
1914:Universal indicator
1276:electromotive force
733:potentia hydrogenii
669:Briggsian logarithm
562:molar concentration
32:PH (disambiguation)
7023:Category: Sewerage
6984:Septic drain field
6949:Infiltration basin
6893:Stabilization pond
6813:Facultative lagoon
6677:Quality indicators
6557:Blackwater (waste)
6537:Acid mine drainage
6438:has a profile for
6401:EXCEL for Chemists
5550:. pp. 49â50.
5287:on 6 November 2018
4831:10.1021/ed083p1465
4750:Jensen, William B.
4714:Arterial blood gas
4669:
4667:
4275:
4116:
4028:
3973:
3896:
3798:
3714:quadratic equation
3699:
3585:
3523:
3451:
3304:
3192:quadratic equation
3007:
2501:
2454:Strongly alkaline
2438:Slightly alkaline
2414:Moderately acidic
2358:
2105:
2081:
2072:chemical potential
2050:
2011:
1723:
1649:
1576:
1459:
1402:
1214:
1028:
946:
601:standard electrode
597:hydrogen electrode
544:
87:Acidâbase reaction
55:
39:Negative pH (band)
7069:General chemistry
7031:
7030:
6808:Extended aeration
6755:Treatment options
6705:Oxygen saturation
6552:Blackwater (coal)
6530:Sources and types
6472:Media related to
6444:
6410:978-0-470-38123-6
6231:Benjamin Cummings
6229:. San Francisco:
5946:(11): 2299â2308.
5905:Deep-Sea Research
5821:greenhouse gases"
5614:(12): 1859â1866.
5571:(38): 6885â6888.
5464:10.1021/ed042p375
5179:. Materials Today
5069:10.1021/ed800002c
4980:10.1038/nchem.750
4650:
4619:
4601:
4583:
4547:
4531:
4508:
4490:
4472:
4436:
4420:
4397:
4379:
4361:
4325:
4309:
4263:
4245:
4227:
4191:
4179:
4167:
4114:
4109:
4084:
4070:
4055:
4026:
4014:
3922:
3863:
3823:
3712:Solution of this
3665:
3634:
3579:
3563:
3549:
3517:
3501:
3487:
3467:mass conservation
3449:
3443:
3430:
3419:
3292:
3274:
3134:
3133:
2995:Maillard reaction
2477:
2476:
2390:Extremely acidic
2229:hydrochloric acid
2090:
2044:
2020:
1998:
1963:
1944:, is defined as:
1910:spectrophotometer
1895:
1894:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1690:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1599:
1458:
1454:
1400:
1392:
1377:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1331:
1284:calomel electrode
1212:
1207:
1173:
1168:
1115:
1095:
976:
940:
930:
883:
850:
768:, who influenced
729:pondus hydrogenii
539:
520:
478:
445:
405:aqueous solutions
393:logarithmic scale
331:
330:
177:Chiral Lewis acid
16:(Redirected from
7076:
7020:
7019:
6939:Evaporation pond
6927:Disposal options
6898:Trickling filter
6883:Sewage treatment
6783:Carbon filtering
6763:Activated sludge
6516:
6509:
6502:
6493:
6492:
6483:
6471:
6457:
6442:
6432:
6431:
6415:
6414:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6372:Maloney, Chris.
6369:
6363:
6362:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6142:(2nd ed.).
6133:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5900:
5894:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5848:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5795:
5785:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5697:
5687:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5560:
5554:
5531:
5525:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5356:
5347:
5341:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5283:. Archived from
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5245:
5233:
5224:
5223:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
4960:Nature Chemistry
4951:
4945:
4943:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4855:
4846:
4835:
4834:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4781:10.1021/ed081p21
4758:
4746:
4686:There are three
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4509:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4437:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4326:
4323:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4246:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4085:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3954:
3953:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3834:
3833:
3824:
3821:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3775:
3774:
3759:
3758:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3645:
3644:
3635:
3632:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3383:
3377:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3241:
3226:
3225:O (aq) + OH (aq)
3201:must be solved.
3053:chromaffin cells
3010:
3006:
2977:, tomatoes, and
2949:
2876:
2872:
2858:, often denoted
2850:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2771:, often denoted
2747:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2682:Buffer solutions
2663:carbonate system
2640:
2639:
2638:
2537:carboxylic acids
2422:Slightly acidic
2406:Strongly acidic
2371:
2370:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2256:
2255:
2233:sodium hydroxide
2203:
2199:
2140:acidity function
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1531:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1483:
1478:Buffer solutions
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1431:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1300:
1262:
1257:Faraday constant
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1018:
1017:
993:
992:
977:
974:
955:
953:
952:
947:
945:
941:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
928:
917:
908:
907:
892:
891:
890:
889:
888:
881:
867:
866:
851:
848:
673:normality factor
587:The pH scale is
553:
551:
550:
545:
540:
537:
535:
527:
526:
525:
518:
506:
505:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
476:
462:
461:
446:
443:
432:in the solution
411:
372:
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
323:
316:
309:
290:Non-nucleophilic
117:Buffer solutions
102:Acidity function
69:
57:
56:
21:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7008:
6974:Reclaimed water
6922:
6848:Reverse osmosis
6749:
6671:
6637:Reverse osmosis
6562:Boiler blowdown
6525:
6520:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6411:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6370:
6366:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6315:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6241:
6221:
6217:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6179:
6178:
6171:
6169:
6154:
6134:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6091:
6087:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6012:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5971:
5967:
5936:
5932:
5901:
5897:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5738:
5727:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5631:
5627:
5604:
5600:
5561:
5557:
5532:
5528:
5500:
5496:
5489:
5475:
5471:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5359:Pure Appl. Chem
5354:
5348:
5344:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5304:
5300:
5290:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5243:
5237:Evans, Alice C.
5234:
5227:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5147:
5121:
5117:
5094:(10): 309â312.
5080:
5076:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5029:
5019:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4952:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4905:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4858:Pure Appl. Chem
4853:
4847:
4838:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4756:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4730:
4705:
4666:
4665:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4565:
4561:
4544:
4534:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4454:
4450:
4433:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4343:
4339:
4322:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4269:
4265:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4233:
4229:
4224:
4209:
4205:
4193:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4132:
4103:
4096:
4092:
4081:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3959:
3946:
3942:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3881:
3877:
3860:
3848:
3844:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3789:
3785:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3738:
3727:
3723:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3673:
3662:
3653:
3649:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3573:
3572:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3511:
3510:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3437:
3436:
3424:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3364:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3183:
3181:pH calculations
3003:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2762:
2758:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2713:
2672:As part of its
2651:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2627:bicarbonate ion
2624:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2579:
2565:
2563:pH in the ocean
2523:), and grapes (
2486:
2470:Hyper alkaline
2350:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2281:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2185:Nernst equation
2177:
2168:Lewis acidâbase
2163:
2152:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1931:standard states
1927:
1901:
1751:
1746:
1738:soil alkalinity
1715:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1671:self-ionization
1668:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1568:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1481:
1474:glass electrode
1472:In practice, a
1448:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1260:
1209:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1159:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:Nernst equation
1010:
1006:
988:
984:
973:
971:
968:
967:
931:
927:
926:
925:
921:
916:
912:
903:
899:
884:
880:
879:
878:
874:
862:
858:
847:
845:
842:
841:
836:
817:
812:
764:Bacteriologist
752:
666:
662:
650:
633:
609:glass electrode
536:
531:
521:
517:
516:
501:
497:
479:
475:
474:
473:
469:
457:
453:
442:
440:
437:
436:
409:
370:
346:
342:
327:
152:Proton affinity
77:Acceptor number
60:Acids and bases
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7082:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6999:Surface runoff
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6979:Sanitary sewer
6976:
6971:
6969:Marine outfall
6966:
6964:Marine dumping
6961:
6956:
6954:Injection well
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6934:Combined sewer
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6873:Settling basin
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6768:Aerated lagoon
6765:
6759:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6700:Coliform index
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6642:Sanitary sewer
6639:
6634:
6629:
6627:Produced water
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6572:Combined sewer
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6488:at Wikiversity
6477:
6465:
6434:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:External links
6420:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6391:
6364:
6345:(3): 458â464.
6325:
6278:(5): 359â370.
6258:
6239:
6215:
6193:
6152:
6123:
6085:
6074:(4): 877â887.
6058:
6032:
6003:
5985:(3): 158â170.
5965:
5930:
5911:(5): 479â491.
5895:
5881:
5868:
5818:
5807:
5748:
5737:on 14 May 2011
5721:
5670:(7): 3455â62.
5650:
5643:
5625:
5598:
5555:
5526:
5494:
5487:
5469:
5442:
5416:
5391:
5365:(3): 531â542.
5342:
5329:
5308:"The Beckmans"
5298:
5268:
5225:
5190:
5167:
5145:
5115:
5074:
5039:
5013:
4966:(8): 600â601.
4946:
4938:
4934:
4890:
4864:(3): 531â542.
4836:
4801:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4704:
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4680:
4679:
4662:
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4457:
4453:
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4416:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4286:
4285:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4254:
4250:
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4236:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4184:
4172:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4130:General method
4128:
4127:
4126:
4112:
4106:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4051:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3984:
3983:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3926:
3917:
3906:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3808:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3736:
3725:
3721:
3710:
3709:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3661:
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3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3630:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3582:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3544:
3533:
3520:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3493:
3482:
3462:
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3446:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3360:
3346:
3342:
3330:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3182:
3179:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3002:
2999:
2983:microorganisms
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2861:
2856:seawater scale
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2796:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2742:
2733:
2711:
2694:ionic strength
2650:
2647:
2635:
2622:
2618:
2606:
2600:
2564:
2561:
2535:, while other
2485:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2287:carbon dioxide
2279:
2276:ionic strength
2262:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2212:
2209:
2193:ionic strength
2176:
2173:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2102:
2094:
2084:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1957:
1940:
1926:
1923:
1897:Main article:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:at 25 °C
1834:
1833:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1722:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1567:
1564:
1537:
1533:
1510:
1507:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1387:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1341:
1335:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1270:as follows: A
1225:
1224:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1049:, follows the
1039:
1038:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
980:
957:
956:
944:
934:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
902:
898:
895:
887:
877:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
854:
834:
816:
813:
811:
808:
750:
664:
660:
648:
632:
629:
557:where is the
555:
554:
543:
534:
530:
524:
515:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
493:
490:
482:
472:
468:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
329:
328:
326:
325:
318:
311:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
260:BrønstedâLowry
254:
253:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:BrønstedâLowry
195:
194:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
71:
70:
62:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7081:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7024:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Sedimentation
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6657:Sewage sludge
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:Cooling water
6580:
6578:
6577:Cooling tower
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6542:Ballast water
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6512:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6487:
6482:
6478:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6464:at Wiktionary
6463:
6462:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6445:
6437:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6379:
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6360:
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6297:
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6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6246:
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6240:9780321735287
6236:
6232:
6228:
6227:
6219:
6203:
6197:
6189:
6183:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6153:9781455711819
6149:
6145:
6141:
6140:
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6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6089:
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6077:
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6036:
6021:
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6010:
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5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
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5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
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5899:
5893:
5892:0-444-50946-1
5889:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5831:(2): 024033.
5830:
5826:
5822:
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5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
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5763:
5759:
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5736:
5732:
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5701:
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5669:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5644:0-582-22628-7
5640:
5636:
5629:
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5617:
5613:
5609:
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5594:
5590:
5586:
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5548:0-632-03583-8
5545:
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5508:
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5498:
5490:
5488:0-582-22628-7
5484:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5452:J. Chem. Educ
5446:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5395:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
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5364:
5360:
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5346:
5339:
5333:
5317:
5313:
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5302:
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5282:
5278:
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5249:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5178:
5171:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5146:9780128144978
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5028:
5024:
5017:
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4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4942:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
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4751:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4660:
4657:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4608:
4590:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4538:
4536:
4525:
4515:
4497:
4479:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4427:
4425:
4414:
4404:
4386:
4368:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4316:
4314:
4303:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4270:
4252:
4234:
4216:
4213:
4210:
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4202:
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4151:
4137:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4058:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4039:
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4001:
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3970:
3967:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3924:
3907:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3809:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3715:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3601:
3598:C stands for
3569:
3553:
3542:
3534:
3507:
3491:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3323:hydroxide ion
3320:
3319:hydronium ion
3294:
3276:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:citrus fruits
2972:
2954:+ + ) = âlog
2937:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2777:
2770:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2628:
2616:
2615:carbonic acid
2612:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2509:pH indicators
2506:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:Ultra acidic
2381:
2380:
2374:Denomination
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2349:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:carbonic acid
2292:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2205:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2158:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2100:
2092:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:pH Indicators
1741:
1739:
1720:
1712:
1701:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1637:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1418:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1370:
1363:
1344:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:galvanic cell
1269:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1117:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1025:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
994:
989:
985:
981:
978:
966:
965:
964:
962:
942:
932:
922:
918:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
885:
875:
868:
863:
859:
855:
852:
840:
839:
838:
833:
829:
826:
822:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
787:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
658:
655:For the sign
652:
646:
642:
638:
635:In 1909, the
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
532:
522:
507:
502:
498:
494:
480:
470:
463:
458:
454:
450:
447:
435:
434:
433:
431:
430:hydrogen ions
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
364:
340:
336:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
304:
302:
301:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
251:
248:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
197:
196:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
97:Acid strength
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7004:Vacuum sewer
6888:Sewer mining
6838:Ion exchange
6788:Chlorination
6714:
6710:Heavy metals
6667:Urban runoff
6607:Ion exchange
6587:Fecal sludge
6460:
6440:
6400:
6394:
6382:. Retrieved
6367:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6316:. Retrieved
6275:
6271:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6225:
6218:
6206:. Retrieved
6196:
6170:. Retrieved
6138:
6114:. Retrieved
6102:
6098:
6088:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6045:
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6019:
5994:. Retrieved
5982:
5979:Food Eng Rev
5978:
5968:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5879:
5828:
5824:
5810:
5765:
5761:
5751:
5739:. Retrieved
5735:the original
5724:
5712:. Retrieved
5667:
5663:
5653:
5634:
5628:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5537:
5529:
5513:
5505:
5497:
5478:
5472:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5419:
5401:
5394:
5362:
5358:
5345:
5332:
5320:. Retrieved
5312:Orange Coast
5311:
5301:
5289:. Retrieved
5285:the original
5280:
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5252:the original
5247:
5206:(1): 36â37.
5203:
5199:
5193:
5181:. Retrieved
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5128:
5118:
5091:
5087:
5077:
5055:(1): 30â32.
5052:
5048:
5042:
5030:. Retrieved
5026:
5016:
5004:. Retrieved
4963:
4959:
4949:
4932:
4925:. Retrieved
4913:
4909:
4861:
4857:
4817:(10): 1465.
4814:
4810:
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4764:
4760:
4744:
4725:
4709:pH indicator
4685:
4681:
4287:
4133:
3985:
3733:benzoic acid
3730:
3711:
3597:
3463:
3386:
3382:HA â H + A
3376:HA â H + A
3365:
3351:
3334:Strong acids
3332:
3316:
3235:
3229:
3203:
3184:
3156:
3137:
3095:(natural pH)
3051:Granules of
3022:Gastric acid
3013:Compartment
2968:
2899:
2895:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2709:
2705:
2671:
2666:
2652:
2643:hydrogen ion
2587:carbon cycle
2580:
2502:
2484:pH in plants
2478:
2359:
2284:
2257:, or pH = pK
2237:
2214:
2211:Applications
2206:
2178:
2164:
2147:
2137:
2124:
2121:gas constant
2116:
2064:
2062:
1938:
1928:
1902:
1899:pH indicator
1871:11.0 â 11.5
1818:Black coffee
1798:Orange juice
1788:Gastric acid
1773:Battery acid
1735:
1663:
1661:
1577:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1523:
1500:
1471:
1420:
1414:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1265:
1252:
1244:
1241:gas constant
1236:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1046:
1040:
958:
831:
825:hydrogen ion
818:
789:
784:
763:
747:
737:
732:
728:
720:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
678:
656:
654:
634:
603:such as the
586:
582:strong bases
578:strong acids
556:
423:
380:
376:
338:
332:
146:
127:Donor number
52:an indicator
43:
6994:Storm drain
6989:Sewage farm
6913:Vermifilter
6868:Septic tank
6828:Imhoff tank
6725:Temperature
6632:Return flow
6622:Papermaking
6208:21 February
4916:: 131â304.
3243:defined as
3210:dissociates
3206:amphoterism
3163:tooth decay
3140:Body fluids
3073:Breast milk
2721:protonation
2706:total scale
2557:Root effect
2541:protonation
2533:citric acid
2521:anthocyanin
2517:red cabbage
2497:citric acid
2493:Lemon juice
2291:bicarbonate
1917:electronic
1906:colorimeter
1744:Measurement
776:, credited
774:food safety
559:equilibrium
421:solutions.
107:Amphoterism
7038:Categories
6959:Irrigation
6823:Filtration
6523:Wastewater
6339:Pediatrics
6162:1017876653
5768:: 113912.
5714:4 November
4910:Biochem. Z
4736:References
4136:polyprotic
3355:amphoteric
3196:non-linear
3169:and other
3127:secretions
3098:7.34â7.45
3042:Human skin
2971:shelf life
2965:pH in food
2929:+ ) = âlog
2829:( 1 + / K
2769:free scale
2667:free scale
2611:atmosphere
2581:The pH of
2567:See also:
2553:Hemoglobin
2473:> 10.5
2346:See also:
2342:pH in soil
2155:Superacids
1935:activities
1856:7.5 â 8.4
1838:Pure water
1832:6.5 â 6.8
1802:3.3 â 4.2
1792:1.0 â 1.5
1761:Substance
1675:Logarithms
810:Definition
792:electronic
790:The first
738:In modern
726:Latin term
699:or Danish
693:puissance,
574:pure water
285:Superbases
231:Superacids
137:Extraction
6793:Clarifier
6740:Turbidity
6592:Greywater
6292:1468-2494
6182:cite book
5863:255431338
5855:1748-9326
5585:1433-7851
5241:"Memoirs"
5155:104410918
5110:110716297
4988:1755-4330
4767:(1): 21.
4658:−
4632:−
4563:β
4556:Σ
4452:β
4445:Σ
4341:β
4334:Σ
4207:β
4090:−
3948:−
3940:×
3883:−
3875:×
3869:−
3850:−
3842:×
3791:−
3783:×
3769:−
3718:ICE table
3671:−
3374:Acid HA:
3368:weak acid
3295:−
3190:acids, a
3175:denatured
3152:alkalosis
3077:7.0-7.45
3032:Lysosomes
2688:(NBS) or
2609:from the
2545:phosphate
2543:state of
2465:9.0â10.5
2385:< 3.5
2377:pH range
2101:⊖
2083:μ
2031:⊖
2013:μ
2009:−
1991:μ
1980:
1852:Sea water
1822:5 â 5.03
1764:pH range
1713:−
1602:−
1550:Gran plot
1446:
1382:−
1189:−
1176:≈
1157:
1142:−
1101:
1012:−
1004:×
995:
982:−
910:
869:
856:−
821:logarithm
740:chemistry
681:potential
621:chemistry
617:indicator
589:traceable
508:
495:−
492:≈
464:
451:−
385:potential
335:chemistry
182:ECW model
162:Titration
6720:Salinity
6612:Leachate
6547:Bathroom
6443:(Q40936)
6384:13 March
6378:Archived
6312:Archived
6308:25191984
6300:18489300
6245:Archived
6166:Archived
5802:31798185
5762:Geoderma
5741:12 March
5708:Archived
5704:10097057
5593:20715223
5536:(1993).
5429:Archived
5383:Archived
5379:14182410
5322:11 March
5316:Archived
5291:11 March
5261:27 March
5239:(1963).
5220:10637613
5000:Archived
4996:20651711
4927:22 March
4918:Archived
4882:Archived
4878:14182410
4785:Archived
4752:(2004).
4703:See also
3743:Step 1:
3739:= 4.19?
3380:Base A:
3171:Proteins
3148:Acidosis
3125:Pancreas
3026:1.5â3.5
2867:fluoride
2641:) and a
2603:) levels
2583:seawater
2525:red wine
2513:hibiscus
2505:pigments
2457:8.5â9.0
2449:7.9â8.4
2441:7.4â7.8
2433:6.6â7.3
2430:Neutral
2425:6.1â6.5
2417:5.6â6.0
2409:5.1â5.5
2401:4.5â5.0
2393:3.5â4.4
1919:pH meter
1887:1 M NaOH
1846:Neutral
1490:pH meter
1268:ISO 31-8
828:activity
770:dairying
639:chemist
625:agronomy
613:pH meter
426:activity
419:alkaline
401:basicity
389:hydrogen
381:basicity
18:PH level
6647:Septage
6436:Scholia
6359:3748680
6116:20 June
6051:20 June
6025:20 June
5996:20 June
5948:Bibcode
5913:Bibcode
5833:Bibcode
5793:6743211
5770:Bibcode
5672:Bibcode
5340:, 1992.
5183:16 June
5160:16 June
5057:Bibcode
5032:10 June
5006:21 July
4968:Bibcode
4819:Bibcode
4794:15 July
4769:Bibcode
3230:with a
3221:O â H
3167:Enzymes
3083:Cytosol
2987:spinach
2979:vinegar
2750:protons
2717:sulfate
2366:soil pH
2348:Soil pH
2320:O â HCO
2249:√
2127:is the
2119:is the
2070:is the
1867:Ammonia
1808:Vinegar
1777:<âŻ1
1669:is the
1545:titrate
1255:is the
1239:is the
804:Sunkist
697:Potenz,
695:German
631:History
397:acidity
377:acidity
270:Organic
216:Organic
211:Mineral
7021:
6662:Toilet
6652:Sewage
6617:Manure
6407:
6357:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6237:
6160:
6150:
5890:
5861:
5853:
5800:
5790:
5702:
5692:
5641:
5591:
5583:
5546:
5485:
5377:
5218:
5153:
5143:
5108:
4994:
4986:
4876:
3208:). It
3159:Plaque
2942:= âlog
2921:= âlog
2908:= âlog
2869:ions,
2575:, and
2529:Citrus
2278:, so K
2261:/2. pK
2225:alkali
2063:where
1877:Bleach
1662:where
1513:": -->
1457:
1259:. For
1249:Kelvin
1227:where
717:Danish
715:, and
713:German
709:French
701:potens
637:Danish
611:and a
599:and a
280:Strong
226:Strong
6567:Brine
6318:8 May
6304:S2CID
6251:8 May
6172:8 May
5859:S2CID
5695:34288
5502:IUPAC
5435:7 May
5386:(PDF)
5375:S2CID
5355:(PDF)
5255:(PDF)
5244:(PDF)
5151:S2CID
5106:S2CID
4921:(PDF)
4906:(PDF)
4885:(PDF)
4874:S2CID
4854:(PDF)
4788:(PDF)
4757:(PDF)
3338:bases
3106:(CSF)
3093:Blood
3063:Urine
2892:+ +
2825:â =
2738:â HSO
2678:IUPAC
2223:, or
1881:12.5
1767:Type
1495:IUPAC
1486:IUPAC
1282:or a
1195:2.303
961:moles
781:said:
685:power
275:Oxide
265:Lewis
252:types
241:Solid
221:Oxide
206:Lewis
193:types
6908:UASB
6405:ISBN
6386:2011
6355:PMID
6320:2022
6296:PMID
6288:ISSN
6253:2022
6235:ISBN
6210:2024
6188:link
6174:2022
6158:OCLC
6148:ISBN
6118:2024
6053:2024
6027:2024
5998:2024
5888:ISBN
5851:ISSN
5798:PMID
5743:2011
5716:2018
5700:PMID
5639:ISBN
5589:PMID
5581:ISSN
5544:ISBN
5483:ISBN
5437:2013
5324:2018
5293:2018
5263:2018
5216:PMID
5185:2022
5162:2022
5141:ISBN
5034:2024
5027:xkcd
5008:2019
4992:PMID
4984:ISSN
4929:2021
4796:2020
3971:3.11
3937:7.74
3872:6.46
3839:6.46
3780:6.46
3772:4.19
3735:, pK
3336:and
3130:8.1
3119:7.5
3109:7.5
3087:7.2
3067:6.0
3057:5.5
3046:4.7
3036:4.5
2991:kale
2989:and
2267:NaCl
2221:base
2217:acid
2200:and
2123:and
1912:. A
1860:Base
1828:Milk
1812:4-5
1781:Acid
1515:edit
1299:| Pt
772:and
753:for
415:ions
371:AYCH
369:pee-
295:Weak
250:Base
236:Weak
191:Acid
112:Base
82:Acid
6441:pH
6347:doi
6280:doi
6107:doi
6103:125
6076:doi
5987:doi
5956:doi
5921:doi
5841:doi
5788:PMC
5778:doi
5766:355
5690:PMC
5680:doi
5616:doi
5573:doi
5519:doi
5517:".
5460:doi
5407:doi
5367:doi
5208:doi
5133:doi
5096:doi
5065:doi
4976:doi
4866:doi
4827:doi
4777:doi
4695:by
3724:â C
3614:= C
3610:= C
3217:2 H
3016:pH
2959:SWS
2940:SWS
2886:SWS
2879:SWS
2862:SWS
2792:HSO
2631:HCO
2549:ATP
2527:).
2329:+ H
2311:+ H
2297:).
2181:mol
1977:exp
1908:or
1891:14
1689:pOH
1566:pOH
1528:of
1026:5.3
986:log
901:log
860:log
707:in
568:(77
499:log
455:log
428:of
403:of
399:or
387:of
379:or
333:In
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