707:. For example: A mandate from a debtor to a creditor enabling the latter to stipulate for a debt due to the former. The debtor thus gets what is due to him collected, and the creditor has two persons to whom to apply for his money. Or, for the benefit of a third party; as, for example, if A manages the affairs of B in pursuance of a mandate from C. Or, for the benefit of the
88:
These contracts were formed by the mere consent of the parties, there being no requirement for any writing or formalities, nor even for the presence of the parties. Such contracts were bilateral, that is to say, they bound both parties to them. Such contracts depended on the
519:
The heir succeeds to all the rights of a deceased hirer; the sale of the object, however, ended the contract, and the remedy of the hirer or his heir was only a personal action against the letter and not, as in the case of his having the
307:
sometimes arise from an instrument which is called a contract, and are, therefore, said to arise from a contract; the instrument in these cases wears a double aspect or has a twofold effect: to one purpose it gives
118:
does not mean that the consent of the parties is more emphatically given than in other forms of agreement, but it indicates that the obligation is annexed at once to the consensus, in the contracts of this type.
516:
The contract is terminated by the rent being two years in arrears in the case of land, by the misuse of the object hired, or by the death of a person from whom personal services are due.
217:
The contract of sale is completed by the consent of the parties; after this, the thing sold is at the risk of the buyer, who also obtained the advantage of any increase to the object.
633:
A partner was bound to use the same care in dealing with the goods belonging to the partnership as he used in the management of his own affairs. The remedy between partners was the
182:
the contract, and double the value of the earnest money was forfeited by the seller if he breaches the contract. The earnest money was considered only as evidence of the contract.
567:
By the death of one of the partners. If there are more than two partners, the death of one dissolves the whole partnership, unless an agreement to the contrary is made previously.
261:
If the price was less than half the value of the thing sold, the seller might rescind the contract unless the buyer agreed to make up the deficiency. This was termed
543:. A partnership may be formed either universally, when all the goods of the contracting parties are included in the partnership, or for a particular undertaking.
188:
A sale of a thing at a price to be fixed by a third person is valid if the person does fix a price. The price must be in money otherwise the contract is one of
819:
Written obligations are released or discharged by writings, and an obligation of mere consent is dissolved or discharged by a consent to the contrary.
560:
By the withdrawal of any one of the partners. If, however, in the case of a universal partnership, a partner withdrew for the purpose of taking an
802:
Compacts are accustomed to take their clothing from the subject matter, the words, the writing, the delivery and the consent or joining together.
711:
and a third party: for example, if A lends money to B at interest in pursuance of a mandate from C. But, mandate made for the benefit of the
779:
Though the services were performed gratuitously under the contract, it was open to the benefited party to present the other with an
862:
Amos, Sheldon. The
History and Principles of the Civil Law of Rome. Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. Paternoster Square, London. 1883.
232:, as distinguished from the contract, was completed by the delivery of the legal possession of the thing to the buyer.
699:
only. For example: a mandate granted by A to B to buy an estate or transact business for A, or for the benefit of the
553:) share the gains and losses equally, unless there is an agreement to the contrary; such an agreement would be valid.
973:
1219:
254:
or a religious place, he was liable to the buyer for any loss that the latter might have incurred by the error. A
910:
409:
388:: where the letter contracted for a piece of work being done, and the hirer undertook to do the work; e.g.
1177:
863:
676:. By the old and strict Roman law, one person could not in theory represent another, but the contract of
170:
of the contract to writing, then the contract is not complete until it is fully committed to writing. If
185:
There must be a price fixed and certain for every sale, and this price must consist of a sum of money.
1156:
1111:
1091:
1074:
1054:
1037:
1007:
990:
889:
479:
if he provides the materials, but if the materials are provided by the other, then the contract is a
275:
122:
810:
Scriptae obligationes scriptis tolluntur, et nudi consensus obligatio contrario consensu dissolvitur
491:
The hirer was bound to take the greatest care of the thing hired, the same care as the most prudent
320:
For example, by
English law, the sale of a specific movable is a conveyance and transfers the right
1192:
274:
If the object sold was totally unfit for the purpose intended, the buyer might bring an action for
17:
831:
1198:
Ancient Law: Its
Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relations to Modern Ideas
913:. Part 2 of volume 43 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series (1953)
648:
Partnerships were limited to gains in commerce, unless there was an agreement to the contrary.
933:
1214:
965:
769:
A mandate once accepted must be executed, unless some just cause supervenes to release the
379:
287:
If the object possessed some defect which diminished its value, the buyer could bring the
8:
389:
375:
236:
207:
The seller in a contract of sale had to guarantee the buyer free, undisturbed and lawful
1196:
1125:
Gaii institutionum iuris civilis commentarii quarter; or, elements of Roman law by Gaius
596:: universal partnership in which all the property of all the partners is held in common.
564:
or other gain in fraud of his co-partners, he would have to divide this with the others.
1224:
1138:
843:
728:
393:
179:
969:
906:
193:
1184:
338:: it was complete by the mere consent of the parties, after which the letter had an
606:): only for trade purposes; trade property only was held by the partners in common.
546:
365:
208:
167:
159:
947:
914:
776:
A mandate may be made conditionally, or so as to take effect from a future time.
501:
214:
The buyer was bound to put the seller in legal possession of the purchase money.
197:
171:
580:
493:
263:
793:
Re, verbis, scripto, consensu, traditione, junctura vestes sumere pacta solent
1208:
684:
was the gratuitous performance of an act for another, the rights of both the
673:
397:
837:
570:
By the accomplishment of the business for which the partnership was formed.
229:
561:
540:
460:
291:
within one year; by this he obtained a corresponding reduction in price.
280:
91:
780:
743:
255:
1155:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1110:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1090:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1073:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1053:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1036:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
1006:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
989:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
888:, 2nd edn. (Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes, 1892),
746:
before it has been performed. It is extinguished by the death of the
637:, for all cases which did not fall within the actions, such as those
475:
If a man agrees to make certain objects for another, this amounts to
439:
225:
78:
522:
405:
334:
This is a letting to hire. This contract closely resembles that of
82:
964:, ed. Eric Descheemaeker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014),
438:
If the consideration for the hiring was not a sum of money, but a
651:
A partnership in which one partner took all the gains was styled
419:
The following contracts cannot properly be ranked as examples of
361:
163:
99:
96:
178:) had been given, this was forfeited to the seller if the buyer
251:
932:(London: V & R Stevens and G S Norton, 1848), chapter 26,
239:. Accessory contracts modifying the principal one were termed
628:
612:: to carry out a particular enterprise or a special business.
427:
If the price of the hiring is not fixed, the contract is not
1189:, 2nd ed. Bell Yard, Temple Bar, London: Stevens and Haynes.
1021:
Lectures on jurisprudence, or the philosophy of positive law
211:
of the thing sold, and to secure him against latent faults.
739:
is only responsible for what is authorized by the mandate.
464:, or perpetual lease at a fixed rent, which resembles both
374:: when one let his services, and another hired them; e.g.
446:) granted to the letter, then this was regarded not as a
715:
only is considered merely as a piece of advice from the
360:: when one person let, and another hired, a thing; e.g.
110:, as were the contracts which depended on the classical
905:(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1991 ).
294:
166:
of the parties. If, however, they agree to reduce the
948:
1174:
The
History and Principles of the Civil Law of Rome
486:
450:, but as a transaction involving two loans, and an
692:('agent') being amply protected by the praetors.
1206:
508:, that is, by superior force, he is not liable.
235:A sale might be made absolutely or subject to a
1166:
342:for the hire, while the hirer's remedy was the
312:and is a contract, to another purpose it gives
246:If the seller disposed of a thing that was not
735:If the terms of the mandate are exceeded, the
880:
878:
876:
511:
624:: where a special object is owned in common.
600:Societas universorum quae ex quaestu veniunt
258:in a similar case would have had no remedy.
1176:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. pp.
924:
922:
472:, was placed by Zeno in a class by itself.
162:. This contract derives its force from the
873:
695:A mandate might be for the benefit of the
629:Liability of the partners among themselves
1102:
1100:
1065:
1063:
919:
870:, law relating to contracts so called").
412:and other property of the tenant by the
95:for their validity and were enforced by
587:
584:) of the goods of one of the partners.
14:
1207:
655:, and was deemed invalid. See Poste's
1097:
1060:
680:was an exception. The execution of a
574:*By the confiscation or forced sale (
500:If the thing is stolen, the hirer is
930:Commentaries on the Modern Civil Law
903:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law
454:would be the remedy of either party.
431:, but affords grounds for an action
327:
295:Confusion of contract and conveyance
125:classify the following contracts as
1201:. London: John Murray, p. 333.
386:Locatio conductio operis (faciendi)
24:
148:
85:which do not require formalities.
25:
1236:
721:magis consilium est quam mandatum
951:(Juta, 1976), chapter 12, p 169.
487:Rule as to the hirer's liability
404:In the case of leased land, the
192:. This was the view held by the
1145:
1130:
1117:
1080:
1043:
1026:
610:Societas negotiationis alicujus
1013:
996:
979:
954:
939:
901:Adolf Berger, “Consensus”, in
895:
856:
618:: to farm the public revenues.
604:societas quaestus et compendii
228:') in the thing, that is, the
13:
1:
1023:xiv. Student edition, p. 181.
27:Type of contract in Roman law
1167:General and cited references
962:The Roman Law of Obligations
849:
594:Societas universorum bonorum
46:obligatio consensu contracta
7:
825:
662:
529:
220:The actual transfer of the
10:
1241:
1127:. Oxford: Clarendon, 1871.
512:Termination and succession
372:Locatio conductio operarum
1186:A Compendium of Roman Law
1183:Campbell, Gordon (1892).
1153:A Compendium of Roman Law
1108:A Compendium of Roman Law
1088:A Compendium of Roman Law
1071:A Compendium of Roman Law
1051:A Compendium of Roman Law
1034:A Compendium of Roman Law
1004:A Compendium of Roman Law
987:A Compendium of Roman Law
886:A Compendium of Roman Law
786:
452:actio praescriptis verbis
960:Peter Birks, chap. 5 of
758:death is unknown to the
1220:Latin legal terminology
832:History of contract law
762:he can still bring the
497:would of his property.
52:obligations ex consensu
1172:Amos, Sheldon (1883).
688:('principal') and the
556:Partnership is ended:
318:
123:Justinian's Institutes
75:obligations by consent
58:contractus ex consensu
1123:Edward Poste, trans.
358:Locatio conductio rei
301:
269:laesio ultra dimidium
200:considering it to be
106:, and not by actions
588:Forms of partnership
380:indentured servitude
316:and is a conveyance.
289:actio quanti minoris
70:consensual contracts
1193:Maine, Henry Sumner
732:is not obligatory.
643:vi bonorum raptorum
616:Societas vectigalis
433:praescriptis verbis
1136:Cf. further Gaius
945:Paul Van Warmelo,
844:Law of obligations
783:for his services.
754:; however, if the
729:contra bonos mores
622:Societas rei unius
281:actio redhibitoria
114:of Rome. The term
64:contracts consensu
40:obligatio consensu
1151:Gordon Campbell,
1106:Gordon Campbell,
1086:Gordon Campbell,
1069:Gordon Campbell,
1049:Gordon Campbell,
1032:Gordon Campbell,
1002:Gordon Campbell,
985:Gordon Campbell,
884:Gordon Campbell,
742:A mandate can be
526:, a real action.
466:locatio conductio
429:locatio conductio
421:locatio conductio
394:building contract
351:locatio conductio
329:Locatio conductio
135:locatio conductio
16:(Redirected from
1232:
1160:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
958:
952:
943:
937:
926:
917:
899:
893:
882:
871:
860:
458:The contract of
160:contract of sale
21:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1205:
1204:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1098:
1085:
1081:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1001:
997:
984:
980:
959:
955:
944:
940:
928:George Bowyer,
927:
920:
900:
896:
883:
874:
861:
857:
852:
828:
789:
667:
635:actio pro socio
631:
590:
585:
534:
514:
489:
477:emptio venditio
470:emptio venditio
410:farm implements
336:emptio venditio
332:
310:jus in personam
297:
156:Emptio venditio
153:
150:Emptio venditio
131:emptio venditio
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1181:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1144:
1129:
1116:
1096:
1079:
1059:
1042:
1025:
1012:
995:
978:
953:
938:
918:
894:
872:
854:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
834:
827:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
814:
813:
806:
805:
804:
803:
797:
796:
788:
785:
672:is gratuitous
666:
661:
630:
627:
626:
625:
619:
613:
607:
597:
589:
586:
581:cessio bonorum
573:
572:
571:
568:
565:
533:
528:
513:
510:
494:pater familias
488:
485:
456:
455:
436:
414:actio Serviana
402:
401:
398:subcontracting
383:
369:
344:actio conducti
331:
326:
296:
293:
264:laesio enormis
152:
147:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1237:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1019:John Austin,
1016:
1009:
1005:
999:
992:
988:
982:
975:
974:9780198719274
971:
967:
963:
957:
950:
949:
942:
935:
931:
925:
923:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
891:
887:
881:
879:
877:
869:
865:
859:
855:
845:
842:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
818:
817:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
801:
800:
799:
798:
794:
791:
790:
784:
782:
777:
774:
772:
767:
765:
764:actio mandati
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
660:
658:
654:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
595:
592:
591:
583:
582:
577:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
532:
527:
525:
524:
517:
509:
507:
503:
498:
496:
495:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
425:
424:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
355:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
323:
317:
315:
311:
306:
300:
299:Austin said:
292:
290:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
270:
266:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
215:
212:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
172:earnest money
169:
165:
161:
157:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
108:stricti juris
105:
101:
98:
94:
93:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
41:
36:
35:
30:
19:
1215:Contract law
1197:
1185:
1173:
1152:
1147:
1142:17, 1, 2, 6.
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1107:
1087:
1082:
1070:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1003:
998:
986:
981:
961:
956:
946:
941:
929:
902:
897:
885:
867:
858:
838:Ius privatum
836:
809:
792:
778:
775:
770:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
741:
736:
734:
727:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
668:
663:
656:
652:
650:
647:
642:
638:
634:
632:
621:
615:
609:
603:
599:
593:
579:
575:
555:
550:
545:
536:
535:
530:
521:
518:
515:
505:
499:
492:
490:
480:
476:
474:
469:
465:
459:
457:
451:
447:
443:
440:loan for use
432:
428:
420:
418:
413:
403:
392:contract or
385:
371:
364:or tenancy (
357:
350:
348:
343:
340:actio locati
339:
335:
333:
328:
321:
319:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
288:
286:
279:
273:
268:
262:
260:
250:, such as a
248:in commercio
247:
245:
240:
234:
221:
219:
216:
213:
206:
201:
189:
187:
184:
175:
155:
154:
149:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
115:
111:
107:
103:
90:
87:
74:
69:
68:
63:
62:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
38:
33:
32:
31:
29:
562:inheritance
541:partnership
504:; if taken
461:emphyteusis
408:could take
243:('pacts').
127:ex consensu
104:bonae fidei
92:ius gentium
1209:Categories
1180:–244, 367.
1159:& 136.
1057:& 133.
911:0871694352
781:honorarium
756:mandator's
726:A mandate
576:publicatio
444:commodatum
376:employment
353:might be:
314:jus in rem
276:rescission
256:stipulator
230:conveyance
209:possession
194:Proculeans
190:permutatio
116:consensual
112:ius civile
97:praetorian
1225:Roman law
850:Citations
771:mandatary
760:mandatary
752:mandatary
713:mandatary
709:mandatary
701:mandatary
690:mandatary
659:, p 426.
366:leasehold
237:condition
226:ownership
198:Sabinians
83:contracts
79:Roman law
1195:(1861).
868:Consensu
826:See also
748:mandator
737:mandator
717:mandator
705:mandator
703:and the
697:mandator
686:mandator
682:mandatum
678:mandatum
670:Mandatum
664:Mandatum
547:Partners
537:Societas
531:Societas
523:usufruct
406:landlord
222:dominium
202:venditio
180:breaches
143:mandatum
139:societas
81:, those
77:are, in
34:Consensu
18:Societas
1139:Digesta
744:revoked
653:leonina
645:, etc.
481:locatio
448:locatio
390:service
303:Rights
164:consent
100:actions
1010:- 132.
972:
909:
787:Quotes
674:agency
502:liable
362:rental
322:in rem
305:in rem
278:– the
252:temple
196:, the
1157:p 135
1112:p 134
1094:–134.
1075:p 133
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