559:
420:
685:(Vilnius, Wilno) from 18 to 20 February 1919 and was attended by 220 delegates, examined the report of the Lithuanian Provisional Worker-Peasant Government on the question of union with Belorussia. The congress agreed on union of the Lithuanian and Belorussian soviet republics and their federation with the Russian Soviet republic. The resolution of the Vilna congress read "eenly conscious of our inseparable bond with all the Soviet Socialist Republics, the congress instructs the Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia to inaugurate negotiations forthwith with the workers' and peasants' governments of the R.S.F.S.R., Latvia, the Ukraine and Estonia with a view to constituting all these republics into a single R.S.F.S.R."
943:
mostly a propaganda character, and only formal trappings of an independent state." Joffe, as the representative of the Moscow centre, hand-picked many of the key government members whilst some nominations were identified by the RCP(b) Central
Committee directly. The process of forming the government was characterized by tension between Joffe and local communists, as the former didn't promote cadres from the local intelligentsia and seemingly punished local leaders that had resisted the unification of the Lithuanian and Belorussian Soviet republics by overlooking them for key posts. In the SSR LiB government bodies Lithuanians outnumbered Belorussians, the latter generally restricted to second-tier posts.
1523:
Borzęcki, Lenin liquidated SSR LiB on 17 July 1919 but the republic continued to exist formally until 1920. After the loss of its claimed territories the administration of the republic was placed in a hibernation of sorts. By late 1919 the sole SSR LiB government institution remaining operational were the agricultural representatives of the SSR LiB Council of People's
Commissars. There is no formal declaration or similar document from Lenin's side dissolving the republic. Soviet historiography identified 31 July 1920 (i.e. being replaced by the BSSR) as the end date of SSR LiB. Smith argues that the SSR LiB might have been retained as a formality until 1921.
1466:(1999) argues that the creation of the Litbel republic remains something of an enigma as there no evidence in secondary sources regarding the rationale behind the foundation of the republic. Per Smith, Joffe had been given a mandate to promote mergers between soviet republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, etc.) but that there is no evidence that the Moscow centre had ordered the creation of a specifically Lithuanian-Belorussian soviet republic (with mergers with Soviet Ukraine, Latvia or RSFSR having been equally plausible options). For Smith it is possible the Soviet leadership intended to incorporate Poland as well within the republic.
339:
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775:- per the decree issued at the meeting the republics would have a unified military organization and command, and the National Councils of Economy and Transportation and People's Commissariats of Labour of the Soviet republics would be merged. Subsequently, the SSR LiB army was merged into the RSFSR armed forces on June 7, 1919. On June 21, 1919, the SSR LiB Central Executive Committee issued a statement praising the Military-Political Union, calling a first step towards the unification of all Soviet republics.
912:- was held on 30 July 1920, which decided to reestablish a Belorussian Soviet republic. The Belorussian Military Revolutionary Committee, which was to act as an emergency temporary authority in the Belorussian areas under Soviet control, was formed - consisting of Knorin, Adamovich, Chervyakov, I. Klishevsky, Ignatovsky, Vaynshteyn. Klishevsky was named as the provisional secretary of the Belorussian Military Revolutionary Committee. Participation of A. Trofimov of the
999:
Council of People's
Commissars decided to create two new People's Commissariats; Health Care and Social Protection by removing these areas from the responsibility of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs. The People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs was inactive. Several other People's Commissariats (such as the commissariats for Military Affairs, Information, Post & Telegraphs, etc., were managed directly by the RSFSR People's Commissariats).
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Belarus was especially reluctant to participate in it. Moscow, however, continued to apply great pressure. personally selected the members of Litbel's government, although they had to be approved by Moscow. Minsk's reluctance is explained by the merger terms, amounting to the annexation of what was left of Soviet
Belarus by Soviet Lithuania." Borzęcki argues that there were no ethnic Belorussians in the Litbel government.
406:
752:. On 30 May 1919 the SSR LiB Central Executive Committee signed a treaty with the RSFSR government, remitting management of the SSR LiB military and economic affairs to the RSFSR government. The Defense Council stayed in Minsk. However, by mid-June the SSR LiB had lost control of even the peripheries of the city. A number of anti-Soviet rebellions occurred in various parts of the lands claimed by the SSR LiB, with
852:. Based on the erstwhile departments of the Minsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee the Liquidation Commission of the evacuated institutions of Lithuania and Belarus was set up. On 27 August 1919 Polish forces seized Novoalexandrovsk, whereby the SSR LiB lost control over the last town in the territories claimed by the republic. By September 1919 Polish-Soviet front had stabilized on along the line of the
662:. Prior to the opening of the congress the Belorussian Soviet leadership had, under pressure from the RCP(b), agreed to the bifurcation of their republic. At the congress the delegations from Mogilev, Smolensk, Vitebsk withdrew from the proceedings, demanding that their governorates be re-integrated in the RSFSR. The congress subsequently determined that the territory of the SSRB would be limited to the
558:
1514:." Smith (1999) also highlights the possibility of nostalgia over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania having functioned as a rationale for Litbel, noting that as of 1915 the idea of a Lithuanian-Belorussian union had championed by Belorussian nationalists with German backing and that such a union could have been perceived as having a potential to attract support from nationalist trends.
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However the evacuation had not been done in an orderly manner, much of the materials and staff of the government institutions had been left behind in Vilna. Once in Minsk the People's
Commissariats would not embark on setting up new institutions, rather they assimilated the existing structures of the Minsk Provincial Revolutionary Committee into their own commissariats.
918:
827:, June 25–26, 1919, July 3, 1919, and July 11, 1919. In the end the negotiations resulted in the release of 25 communist prisoners, including A. Drabavičiūtė, P. Svotelis-Proletaras, P. Marcinkutė, M. Juškevičius, M. Miliauskas, K. Matulaitytė, V. Bistrickas, E. Staškūtė, M. Kunickis, K. Keturaitis, J. Grigelis, M. Mickevičiūtė and V. Jakovickis.
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the initials 'SSR L and B' in five languages. Per the draft constitution of the republic the coat of arms would included "a golden hammer and sickle in the rays of the rising sun against a red background, surrounded by a wreath of ears with the inscription in five languages : Lithuanian, Polish, Yiddish, Russian and
Belorussian".
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Committee taking over its functions. The SSR LiB People's
Commissariats, now based in Bobruisk, were rebranded as departments of the Minsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee. Nevertheless, the People's Commissariats maintained the orientation that they would function as government institutions for unoccupied parts of SSR LiB.
823:) proposed an exchange of prisoners with the SSR LiB. SSR LiB agreed for negotiations, with Mickevičius-Kapsukas reportedly stated that the condition for the exchange would be 'one Lithuanian bourgeois hostage for two communists'. Negotiations between the SSR LiB and the Sleževičius government took place in three sessions in
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Different historians have provided different explanations as to why the SSR LiB was founded. At the time of the
February 1919 All-Belorussian Congress of Soviets the sole official justification rationale provided for the merger of the Lithuanian and Belorussian soviet republics was a vague commentary
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The
Council of People's Commissars adopted a plain red cloth as the merchant and military flag of the republic. Furthermore, the Council of People's Commissars decreed that the coat of arms of the republic would be identical to that of the RSFSR except with the exception that the symbol would include
794:
On 19 July 1919, the
Central Executive Committee of SSR LiB decided to create Provisional Minsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee, entrusting it the authority to manage affairs in unoccupied territories. The Council of People's Commissars ceased to function, with the Minsk Governorate Revolutionary
790:
agreed to delay the disbanding of the SSR LiB Council of People's Commissars, but called for disbanding the Defense Council. On 17 July 1919, at a joint meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the SSRLiB, the Minsk Soviet and the Central Council of Trade Unions took the decision to dissolve the
731:
As the Polish army advanced towards Vilna, the Council of People's Commissars set up the Defense Council of the SSR LiB. The situation in Vilna was chaotic, with the SSR LiB government holding as many as 16 meetings between 8 April and 15 April 1919. Local Polish populations supported the Polish army
1439:
Soviet historiography described the creation of the Litbel republic as a defensive measure against counter-revolutionaries whilst also stressing historical-cultural links between Lithuania and Belorussia. Sergey Margunsky claimed in 1958 that Lenin himself had been the architect of the union between
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withdrew from Bobruisk and entrenched themselves on the left bank of the Berezina river. The Minsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee evacuated to Smolensk. In Smolensk the Minsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee ceased to function. The authority to manage the unoccupied uyezds of the SSR LiB was
630:
arrived in Minsk, as the representative of the Moscow centre with a mission to bring order among the infighting Bolshevik leadership in Belorussia. The Belorussian Bolshevik leaders rejected the notion of merger with Lithuania and the detachment of the three eastern Belorussian governorates from the
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In March 1919 the SSR LiB government issued a decree calling for mandatory conscription of all males aged 18 to 40, as well as mandatory labour for production. The conscription decree was met with resistance from local populations, and could not be fully implemented. The Lithuanian-Belorussian Army
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The economy of the short-lived republic was in distress. War, German occupation and population displacements had disrupted industrial and agricultural production, in the weeks preceding the foundation of the republic famine prevailed in the area. Seeking to revive production, the SSR LiB government
998:
At the time of the founding of the republic, People's Commissariats for Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, Agriculture, Communications, Education, Finance, Food, Labour, Justice, Post & Telegraphs, Military Affairs and the Supreme Council for People's Economy were created. The following day the
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on 21 April 1919. The loss of the Litbel capital undermined morale of the communist movement in the region. The Litbel republic made three unsuccessful attempts to retake Vilna from the Polish army. On 28 April 1919 the government was moved to Minsk. Minsk was named the new capital of the republic.
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Even the end of the republic is a source of dispute between historians. There are different viewpoints regarding the end date of the republic. Some historians refer to Stalin's telegram to Lenin asking for the disbanding of the SSR LiB government and Defense Council as the end of the republic. Per
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The local peasantry rejected confiscations and resisted cooperation with the soviet authorities. The Communist Party deployed military and paramilitary forces to seize farm produce to counter the food shortage in the cities, further aggravating hostilities between the government and the agrarian
942:
Formally the SSR LiB was a sovereign state. However the actual role of governance of the SSR LiB government was limited. Per Kapliyev (2020) the SSR LiB government was "formed with the participation of local politicians, but were in fact fully controlled from Moscow. The statehood of LitBel had
1469:
Borzęcki (2008), writing about the foundation of the Litbel republic, states that "n contrast to the alacrity with which all previous Moscow's orders had been carried out, this one was acted upon with uncharacteristic tardiness. While Soviet Lithuania was unenthusiastic about the merger, Soviet
876:
By September 1919, Soviet Russia had already recognized independent Lithuania and offered to negotiate a peace treaty. By April 1920 Red Army began retaking Belorussia from Polish forces. Based on a decision by the RCP(b) Politburo in May 1920, by July 1920 Revolutionary Military Council of the
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Kapilyev (2020) notes that unlike their predecessors, this government was not labelled 'Provisional'. The 27 February 1919 meeting reluctantly accepted separation of the Mogilev, Smolensk and Vitebsk governorates from Belorussia. Vilna became the capital the new Lithuanian-Belorussian republic.
677:
Sverdlov held a speech calling for unity between Soviet Belorussia and Soviet Lithuania, which he stated was a necessity to combat the 'White Army-Belorussian-Lithuanian government'. He argued that a united Lithuanian-Belorussian state was a necessity to counter national-chauvinistic tendencies
1495:
argued that logic behind the launch of Litbel was the creation of a state with a predominately pro-Russian population whereby the Lithuanian drive for independence would be contained, Lithuania would be removed from the British sphere of influence and pro-Polish tendencies would be undermined.
955:
At the 27 February 1919 meeting, the 100-member Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Worker, Smallholder and Landless Peasant and Red Army Deputies of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia was named the highest authority of government of the republic. 91 out of the 100
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On 27 February 1919, a Central Executive Committee of the Lithuanian Soviet Republic and the Central Executive Committees of the SSRB held a joint meeting in Vilna. The meeting elected the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Lithuania and Belorussia it with
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sectors. By June 1919 famine prevailed in the republic. In spite of the local food shortages the SSR LiB was pressured by the RSFSR to provide food supplies to Soviet Russia and the Red Army, which caused tensions between the leaderships of the two soviet republics.
148:
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However, most SSR LiB government institutions would be based in Minsk or Smolensk. At the time of its founding, the territories under the control of the new republic in the Minsk, Vilna and Kovno governorates had a combined population of about 4 million people.
786:, proposed dissolving the SSR LiB Defense Council and Council of People's Commissars. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia opposed Stalin's proposition, arguing that the move would spell the end for the republic. The RCP(b)
1376:, was charged with overseeing Yiddish-language cultural activities; attempting to reorganize a central Soviet Yiddish library (gathering materials from expropriated archives), publishing Yiddish language educational and cultural periodicals and absorbing the
1499:
Lundén (2006) states that the creation of the Litbel republic sought to incorporate both Belorussian and Lithuanian national aspirations, noting that Vilna had overlapping claims by Lithuanian, Belorussian and Polish nationalists. Smith affirms that as the
1481:(2003) argues that in creating a multi-ethnic republic "Litbel can be understood as an experiment to create a form of state organization beyond old national patterns", but affirms that such experiments would later become impossible with the ascendance of
718:
was held in Vilna 4–6 March 1919, merging the two parties under the name of the former. On the agrarian front, the party unification congress decided against the break-up of confiscated estates. Rather than partitioning the estates for redistribution to
678:(including within the communist ranks). As Sverdlov's proposal won majority support (especially from grassroot delegates), the congress tasked the Central Executive Committee of the SSRB to work for unification with the Lithuanian soviet republic.
2022:
Kapliyev, A. A. (2020). The Formation of Authorities of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus on the Example of the People's Commissariat for Health Care at the Beginning of 1919, Lithuanian Historical Studies, 24(1), 61-74. doi:
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The governments were formed with the participation of local politicians, but were in fact fully controlled from Moscow. <...> The statehood of LitBel had mostly a propaganda character, and only formal trappings of an independent
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Western Front created Minsk Governorate Military Revolutionary Committee as the military and civil authority in the Belorussian lands retaken by the Red Army. The Military Revolutionary Committee functioned as an organ of the RSFSR.
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1115:
1132:. The SSR LiB Defense Council worked under the guidance of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia, which had Mickevičius-Kapsukas as its chairman and Knorin as its secretary.
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The republic had five official languages; Russian, Belorussian, Lithuanian, Polish and Yiddish. De facto Russian was the predominant language in public affairs, notably being the language of the Red Army soldiers.
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at its helm. Furthermore, the meeting founded the Council of People's Commissars of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia as the government cabinet for the new united Soviet republic, headed by
913:
1428:(1999) writes that "Litbel's tenuous authority extended only as far as the Red Army advanced. It was an artificial creation that had little to do with the new realities on the ground, and it was stillborn."
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issued two resolutions affecting the two new Soviet republics of the western frontier; one calling for the unification of Soviet Lithuania and Soviet Belorussia and the other calling for the transfer of the
640:
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and landless peasants the party unification congress opted for the conversion of the estates into collective state farms, a decision that soured relationships between the peasantry and the party.
527:, during its brief existence the SSR LiB government had limited authority over the territories it claimed. By August 1919, the SSR LiB had lost control over all of its claimed territories, as the
3177:
2676:Белорусская ССР, краткая энциклопедия: История. Общественный и государственный строй. Законодательство и право. Административно-территориальное устройство. Населенные пункты. Международные связи
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was ethnically diverse and contested between competing nationalisms, by creating a joint Litbel republic the Soviet leadership could avoid assigning Vilna to neither Lithuania nor Belorussia.
703:. The local communist leaders managed to resist the imposition that Joffe would become the head of the republic, albeit he remained in the area as the representative of the Moscow centre.
1432:
emphasized that the creation of the Litbel republic was a move done by Soviet Russia in the view of territorial competition with Poland over Lithuania and Belorussia. In a similar vein
1440:
Lithuania and Belorussia, but without presenting any evidence. The hypothesis that Lenin stood behind the idea of setting up the Litbel republic was reinforced in the 1980s, as
1273:-village soviet scheme. After the evacuation of the SSR LiB government to Minsk the supervision of city and uyezd administrations were managed directly by the Defense Council.
1128:
The SSR LiB Defense Council formed on 19 April 1919, included Mickevičius-Kapsukas (chairman) Unszlicht and Kalmanovich. It was later expanded to include Cichowski, Knorin and
3107:
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Belaruskai︠a︡ SSR: Historyi︠a︡. Hramadski i dzi︠a︡rshaŭny lad. Zakanadaŭstva i prava. Administratsyĭna-terytaryi︠a︡lʹny padzel, naselenyi︠a︡ punkty. Mizhnarodnyi︠a︡ suvi︠a︡zi
1714:"The Formation of Authorities of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Lithuania and Belarus on the Example of the People's Commissariat for Health Care at the Beginning of 1919"
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served as acting commander until 9 June 1919. A. N. Novikov served as the Chief of Staff of the Army. On 9 June 1919 the Lithuanian-Belorussian Army was converted into the
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had its own commissariats. Moreover, the Mingubvoyenrevkom would often by-pass the SSR LiB government and deal directly with the RSFSR Council of People's Commissars. The
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in the congress declaration about the 'historical identity of economic interests' of Lithuania and Belorussia, without any mention of ethnicity or nationality.
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1510:(2009) argues that "the Lithuanian-Belarusian Republic (Litbel), which only existed for a few months in 1919, was even presented as a revival of the medieval
3202:
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during the first weeks of the SSR LiB, uyezd administrations were supervised directly by the SSR LiB government. Local governments functioned along an uyezd-
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suffered massive desertions, as of June 1919 it was reported that there were some 33,000 deserters from the soviet military in the Minsk Governorate.
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1295:. Nationalizations had begun with of factories with absentee owners in January–February 1919, eventually all economic activities were nationalized.
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argued that the Litbel republic represented a compromise between separatists, federalists, and supporters of a Lithuanian-Belorussian state.
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2821:Территориальная организация Республики Беларусь: социально-эколого-экономическая модель перехода к устойчивому развиитю : монография
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and, between March–April 1919, the Lithuanian Rifle Division. The Lithuanian-Belorussian Army fought against Polish and German forces.
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In May 1919, with the Polish forces advancing on Minsk, the Council of People's Commissars and some People's Commissariats withdrew to
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1069:, who had been the People's Commissar for Education in the Lithuanian soviet government, was named Deputy Commissar for Education)
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and activists) in exchange for 13 detained members of the German delegation in Vilna (led by G. von Trützschler). On May 17, 1919
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Following a decision by the SSR LiB Military-Revolutionary Committee, on April 2, 1919, a prisoner swap with the took place in
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930:(BSSR) was announced at a ceremony in Minsk. The border between the Poland and the BSSR was eventually determined by the 1921
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Members of the Council of the People's Commissars (equivalent to a cabinet of ministers) as of 27 or 28 February 1919 were;
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was concluded on 12 July 1920. A meeting of three parties - the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia (represented by
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Only the Minsk Governorate had a provincial-level administration. The Minsk Governorate Military Revolutionary Committee (
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Bäuerliche Alltagsstrategien in der belarussischen SSR (1921-1941): die Zerstörung patriarchalischer Familienwirtschaft
1254:(which had belonged to the Vilna Governorate). Other governorates had only Military Commissariats at provincial level.
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1763:[Lithuanian and Belarusian SSR, a puppet state formation, which existed between February and September 1919.]
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members of the Central Executive Committee were communists. The Central Executive Committee elected a Presidium with
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2637:Борьба трудящихся Литовско-Белорусской ССР с иностранными интервентами и внутренней контрреволюцией, 1919-1920 гг
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in Moscow. A delegation of SSR LiB attended the meeting. The union would consist of the RSFSR, SSR LiB, the
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On June 1, 1919, the Military-Political Union of Soviet Republics was announced at a festive meeting of the
3001:'A Time for Tearing Down and a Time for Building Up': Recasting Jewish Culture in Eastern Europe, 1917-1921
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in Eastern Europe. By the end of December 1918, Bolshevik forces reached Lithuania. The Bolsheviks saw the
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1311:, designated as the armed forces of the SSR LiB, was formed on 13 March 1919 on the basis of the Russian
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Defense Council. At this point Polish forces controlled about 75% of the territories claimed by SSR LiB.
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in 1919. The Litbel republic was created in February 1919 formally through the merger of the short-lived
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670:. Effectively, considering the ongoing war, this move left the SSRB government in control of just six
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Okti︠a︡brʹ 1917 i sudʹby politicheskoĭ oppozit︠s︡ii: U istokov politicheskogo protivostoi︠a︡nii︠a︡
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Minority Problems in Eastern Europe Between the World Wars: With Emphasis on the Jewish Minority
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Map indicating Litbel's intended borders (thick blue line) superimposed on state borders of 1922
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On 8 August 1919, Polish forces seized Minsk. By 20 August 1919, the Polish forces reached the
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Several historians frame the Litbel experience as a failed attempt to create a Soviet Russian
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SSRB. They protested to the RCP(b) Central Committee and decried that Joffe was incompetent.
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2725:. Lithuanian Student Association, Secretariate for External Relations. 1975. p. 58.
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as official Soviet policy, whereby each nation would be assigned separate statehood.
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2766:. Izd-vo "Belorusskai︠a︡ sov. ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡" im. Petrusi︠a︡ Brovki. p. 98.
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Lietuvõs ir Baltarùsijos SSR, marionetinis valstybinis darinys, gyvavęs 1919 02–09.
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1239:) - territories with a total population of about six million. On 16 April 1919 the
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2957:. Haloŭnai︠a︡ rėdaktsyi︠a︡ Belaruskaĭ Savetskaĭ Ėntsyklapedyi. 1978. p. 711.
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Prominent participants in the activities of the SSR LiB Defense Council included
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242:• Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of Soviets
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served as the commander of the Lithuanian-Belorussian Army until 31 May 1919.
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2563:. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute for Advanced Studies. p. 46.
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in Белорусский археографический ежегодник, Issue 17 (2016). Minsk. pp. 63-92
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In a similar vein, the First Congress of Soviets of Lithuania, which met in
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Map of the areas claimed by SSR Lithuania and Belorussia in 1920 (in Green).
2782:
60 [i.e. Shestʹdesi͡a︡t] geroicheskikh let: 1918-1978 : stikhi
2465:
1436:
claimed that the Litbel republic was "a mere device for Soviet expansion".
1398:
1377:
753:
720:
627:
520:
2547:. Belorusskoe Agenstvo nauch.-tekhn. i delovoĭ informat︠s︡ii, 1993. p. 187
1688:
Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940
1250:) was set-up as the provincial-level government for Minsk Governorate and
626:
from the Belorussian Soviet republic to Soviet Russia. On 22 January 1919
2487:ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЯ БССР И РСФСР В 1919-192 1 гг.: ПРОТИВОРЕЧИВОЕ ПАРТНЕРСТВО
1507:
1353:
As the Red Army had seized Vilna, the Moscow centre directed much of the
808:
567:
2140:Создание советского государственного аппарата в Беларуси (1917—1920 гг.)
590:
as a barrier or a bridge into Western Europe, where they could join the
1681:
3071:Вопросы истории КПСС: орган Института марксизма-ленинизма при ЦК КПСС
868:
609:(SSRB) was established on 1 January 1919. On 16 January 1919, as the
497:
2218:
The Soviet-Polish Peace of 1921 and the Creation of Interwar Europe
1473:
1401:
along its western border; the term 'puppet state' has been used by
836:
749:
1424:, etc. Dorota Michaluk describes the republic as a 'paper state'.
923:
in the Belorussian Military Revolutionary Committee was foreseen.
2275:История Беларуси с древности до наших дней : учебное пособие
853:
824:
787:
493:
171:
1691:(Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 66.
1462:
presented research on correspondence of late 1918. By contrast,
1357:(Evkom) staff to move to the new Litbel capital to win over the
3178:
Countries and territories where Russian is an official language
2817:
1643:סאָציאַליסטישער סאָוועטישער רעפובליק פון ליטע און ווײַסרוסלאַנד
1270:
857:
736:
108:סאָציאַליסטישער סאָוועטישער רעפובליק פון ליטע און ווײַסרוסלאַנד
682:
671:
651:
611:
Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)
310:
175:
3018:
Crossing the Border: Boundary Relations in a Changing Europe
2606:
1629:
Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika Litvy i Belorussii
964:
as its deputy chairman. Other members of the Presidium were
2890:Самая страшная русская трагедия: правда о Гражданской войне
2886:
2438:. Byelorussian Institute of Arts and Sciences. p. 188.
1654:
sotzialistisher sovetisher republik fun lite un vaisrusland
1262:
was abolished once the SSR LiB capital was moved to Minsk.
732:
offensive on Vilna, which lasted from 17 to 21 April 1919.
492:
that existed within the parts of the territories of modern
2928:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926
2367:
Lithuania Under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, 1940-65
654:
2–3 February 1919. The Central Executive Committee of the
2746:История государства и права Белорусской ССР: 1917-1936 гг
2633:
2453:
2316:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 112–114, 128.
2556:
1618:Социалистическая Советская Республика Литвы и Белоруссии
1590:
Sacyjalistyčnaja Savieckaja Respublika Litvy i Biełarusi
1588:
658:(RSFSR) was represented at the congress by its chairman
93:Социалистическая Советская Республика Литвы и Белоруссии
2431:
1976:
Buffer for Soviet Russia: A Brief History of the Litbel
1600:
Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos socialistinė tarybų respublika
478:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and White Russia
63:
Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos socialistinė tarybų respublika
3089:
Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia
2313:
The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931
1685:; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999).
2997:
2696:
White Eagle, Red Star: the Polish-Soviet War, 1919-20
2336:
1652:
1627:
926:
The next day, on 31 July 1920, the foundation of the
470:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
78:
Litewsko-Białoruska socjalistyczna republika sowiecka
25:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
2931:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 681.
2363:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2500:
Socialistinė revoliucija Lietuvoje 1918-1919 metais
2457:
The Armed Forces of the Soviet State: A Soviet View
2343:. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 37, 309, 526.
1841:(2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. pp. 169–170.
1579:Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка Літвы і Беларусі
1243:of Minsk Governorate was transferred to the RSFSR.
48:Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка Літвы і Беларусі
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2309:
2240:
2238:
1982:, 33:1, 88-105, DOI: 10.1080/09546545.2020.1753288
1775:
1705:
254:• Chairman of Council of People's Commissars
3108:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
2924:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2251:. KLEIO Ajalookirjanduse Sihtasutus. p. 99.
2248:The Sovietization of the Baltic States, 1940-1956
2182:The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–23
1388:
3094:
2813:
2811:
2742:
2679:. Белорус. сов. энциклопедия. 1979. p. 359.
2244:
2043:The Government's Policy on the National Question
1609:Litewsko-Białoruska Socjalistyczna Republika Rad
1474:Multinational republic and Grand Duchy nostalgia
880:On 11 July 1920, the Red Army seized Minsk. The
373:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)
61:
46:
2970:
2567:
2435:Byelorussian Statehood: Reader and Bibliography
2420:
2330:
2235:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
863:
2876:. RFE/RL, Incorporated. April 1990. p. 8.
2729:
2460:. , Department of the Air Force. p. 109.
2449:
2447:
2445:
2389:. M.E. Sharpe, Incorporated. 1990. p. 74.
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2214:
1811:. University of California Press. p. 51.
1343:16th Army of the Workers and Peasants Red Army
950:
914:Belorussian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
3103:States and territories disestablished in 1920
3045:Nationalism in Late and Post-Communist Europe
3014:
2880:
2808:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2550:
2512:
2399:
2271:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
1173:The administrative divisions of SSR LiB. The
830:
634:
106:
91:
2974:Jewish Renaissance in the Russian Revolution
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2759:
2699:. Macdonald and Company. pp. 280, 283.
2610:Ocherki istorii gosudarstva i prava Belarusi
2506:
2265:
2199:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
1809:The Baltic States: The Years of Independence
1006:Chairman and Commissar for Foreign Affairs:
76:
3041:
2966:
2964:
2753:
2519:(in Russian). Вышэйшая Школа. p. 326.
2442:
2393:
2292:
1164:
1078:Commissar for Council of People's Economy:
821:Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania
712:Communist Party of Lithuania and Belorussia
605:was proclaimed on 16 December 1918 and the
16:1919–1920 soviet republic in Eastern Europe
3188:Lithuania–Second Polish Republic relations
3008:
2855:. Flag Research Center. 1988. p. 108.
2683:
2357:
2025:https://doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02401003
1834:
1517:
1483:Stalin's approach to the national question
1161:, Aleksa-Angarietis, Doletsky and Ivanov.
1097:Commissar for Social Protection (acting):
688:
146:
2977:. Harvard University Press. p. 228.
2907:
2627:
2406:. Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 44, 47.
2185:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 74–76.
2145:
1732:
1677:
1675:
993:
743:
716:Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Belorussia
656:Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
641:First All-Belorussian Congress of Soviets
500:for approximately five months during the
3035:
2991:
2961:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2818:Геннадий Владимирович Ридевский (2007).
2491:
2278:(in Russian). Книжный Дом. p. 486.
2178:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1711:
1168:
867:
735:The SSR LiB government was evacuated to
570:in November 1918, Soviet Russia began a
557:
359:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
3143:Former countries of the interwar period
2538:
2536:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1830:
1828:
1712:Kapliyev, Alexey A. (9 December 2020).
1380:into an SSR LiB Yiddish state theatre.
761:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
607:Socialist Soviet Republic of Belorussia
514:Socialist Soviet Republic of Belorussia
3095:
2925:Jonathan D. Smele (19 November 2015).
2866:
2864:
2862:
2824:. МГУ им. А.А. Кулешова. p. 109.
2775:
2773:
2669:
2667:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2379:
2377:
2340:World Communism; a Handbook, 1918-1965
2310:Per Anders Rudling (15 January 2015).
2036:
2034:
2032:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1873:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5–6.
1773:
1672:
1543:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1109:Commissar for State Control (acting):
844:transferred to the authorities of the
811:released 24 prisoners (members of the
726:
603:Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania
414:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
3074:. Изд-во "Правда". 1962. p. 190.
2838:
2794:
2792:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2607:Vadim Andreevich Krutalevich (2007).
2221:. Yale University Press. p. 16.
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1806:
1767:
1265:Apart from the areas governed by the
1037:Commissar for Post & Telegraphs:
928:Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic
3203:Belarus–Poland relations (1918–1939)
2971:Kenneth B. Moss (28 February 2010).
2887:Андрей Михайлович Буровский (2010).
2749:. Наука и техника. pp. 75, 595.
2533:
2049:
1855:
1825:
1800:
1548:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
1103:Commissar for Agriculture (acting):
510:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
476:), alternatively referred to as the
3021:. Förlags ab Gondolin. p. 54.
3004:. Stanford University. p. 303.
2859:
2770:
2763:Минск: энциклопедический справочник
2472:
2374:
2029:
1985:
1642:
782:, who had arrived to supervise the
765:Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic
107:
13:
3082:
2789:
2644:
2634:Евгения Никифоровна Шкляр (1962).
2613:. Pravo i ėkonomika. p. 124.
2454:Andreĭ Antonovich Grechko (1975).
2432:Vitaŭt Kipelʹ; Zora Kipel (1988).
1887:
1838:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania
1745:
1185:The republic sought to govern the
1123:
902:Belorussian Communist Organization
562:Frontlines as of February 27, 1919
14:
3214:
2557:Alfred Abraham Greenbaum (1988).
2215:Jerzy Borzecki (1 October 2008).
1757:Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia
1383:
1319:, the 2nd Frontier Division, the
979:, Pranas Svotelis-Proletaras and
798:
773:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic
769:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
386:Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)
3198:Belarus in the Russian Civil War
3193:Vilnius in the Russian Civil War
1974:Stanisław Boridczenko (2020). A
1870:Belarus: a denationalized nation
1365:, under supervisor of Commissar
1276:
1055:Commissar for Military Affairs:
1012:Commissar for Internal Affairs:
813:Kovno Soviet of Workers Deputies
418:
404:
390:
365:
351:
337:
130:
3062:
2945:
2713:
2640:. Гос. изд-во Бсср. p. 35.
1091:Commissar for Health (acting):
3173:Political history of Lithuania
2998:Kenneth Benjamin Moss (2003).
2785:. Voenizdat. 1978. p. 30.
2337:Witold S. Sworakowski (1973).
1753:"Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos SSR"
1566:
1389:Puppet, paper or buffer state?
882:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
710:A unification congress of the
1:
3153:Former unrecognized countries
2364:Vytas Stanley Vardys (1965).
1721:Lithuanian Historical Studies
1665:
1554:Republics of the Soviet Union
937:
580:global proletarian revolution
578:. It attempted to spread the
543:
3168:Political history of Belarus
3042:Egbert Jahn (January 2009).
2179:J. Smith (13 January 1999).
1835:Suziedelis, Saulius (2011).
864:Final stages of the republic
345:Belarusian People's Republic
7:
2893:. Яуза-пресс. p. 265.
2804:. Звязда. 1963. p. 76.
1782:. HarperPerennial. p.
1653:
1628:
1589:
1526:
1309:Lithuanian-Belorussian Army
1074:Yitzhak Weinstein-Branovsky
1043:Commissar for Information:
1008:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
951:Central Executive Committee
701:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
259:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
31:Names in official languages
10:
3219:
3163:Post–Russian Empire states
3148:Former socialist republics
3138:Former countries in Europe
3086:
2386:Russian Studies in History
1867:Marples, David R. (1999).
1734:10.30965/25386565-02401003
1348:
1285:
906:General Jewish Labour Bund
831:Fall of Minsk and Bobruisk
635:Minsk and Vilna congresses
547:
538:
2743:S. P. Margunskiĭ (1970).
2245:Olaf Mertelsmann (2003).
1807:Rauch, Georg von (1970).
1617:
1578:
1493:Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
1061:Commissar for Education:
714:(Old Occupation) and the
574:following the retreating
531:and, to a lesser extent,
316:
306:
302:
292:
282:
278:
268:
264:
252:
240:
236:
223:
181:
167:
157:
145:
127:
122:
99:
92:
84:
69:
54:
47:
39:
23:
1559:
1291:implemented a policy of
1165:Administrative divisions
1014:Zigmas Aleksa-Angarietis
582:and sought to establish
2516:Очерки истории Беларуси
2370:. Praeger. p. 112.
1774:Davies, Norman (1998).
1518:The end of the republic
1302:
1177:is marked in pink. The
1072:Commissar for Finance:
1049:Commissar for Justice:
689:Founding of the SSR LiB
182:Official languages
3133:Communism in Lithuania
3123:Early Soviet republics
3048:. Nomos. p. 216.
3015:Thomas Lundén (2006).
2693:Norman Davies (1972).
2513:П. Г Чигринов (2000).
2503:. Mintis, 1967. p. 627
2497:Bronius Vaitkevičius.
2400:Diana Siebert (1998).
2272:П. Г Чигринов (2004).
1608:
1599:
1361:intelligentsia there.
1182:
994:People's Commissariats
873:
756:taking hold of lands.
744:Evacuation to Bobruisk
674:of Minsk Governorate.
563:
400:Second Polish Republic
294:• Disestablished
77:
62:
2760:Іван Шамякін (1983).
1172:
1031:Commissar for Labor:
871:
596:Hungarian Revolutions
561:
550:Lithuanian–Soviet War
519:Often described as a
502:Lithuanian–Soviet War
3158:Former client states
3128:Communism in Belarus
2801:Коммунист Белоруссии
1980:Revolutionary Russia
1538:History of Lithuania
1215:Suvalsky Governorate
1051:Mieczysław Kozłowski
960:as its chairman and
894:Alexander Chervyakov
839:. On 28 August, the
620:Smolensk Governorate
1453:Nikolay Stashkevich
1442:Rostislav Plantinov
1355:Jewish Commissariat
1325:52nd Rifle Division
1321:17th Rifle Division
1018:Commissar of Food:
958:Kazimierz Cichowski
898:Vsevolod Ignatovsky
850:Vitebsk Governorate
817:Mykolas Sleževičius
727:Evacuation to Minsk
696:Kazimierz Cichowski
624:Mogilev Governorate
616:Vitebsk Governorate
450: /
284:• Established
247:Kazimierz Cichowski
2873:Report on the USSR
1683:Eidintas, Alfonsas
1533:History of Belarus
1512:Grand Principality
1411:Per Anders Rudling
1317:8th Rifle Division
1315:. It included the
1199:Grodno Governorate
1183:
1181:is marked in grey.
1063:Julian Leszczyński
874:
860:-Berezina rivers.
668:Grodno Governorate
572:westward offensive
564:
162:Unrecognised state
3183:Polish–Soviet War
3113:1919 in Lithuania
3055:978-3-8329-3969-4
3028:978-91-85629-03-9
2984:978-0-674-05431-8
2938:978-1-4422-5281-3
2900:978-5-9955-0152-7
2831:978-985-480-318-0
2706:978-0-356-04013-4
2620:978-985-442-395-1
2485:Tihomirov, A. V.
2413:978-3-515-07263-2
2350:978-0-8179-1081-5
2323:978-0-8229-7958-6
2258:978-9985-9304-1-0
2228:978-0-300-14501-4
2192:978-0-230-37737-0
2046:. 31 January 1919
1880:978-90-5702-343-9
1848:978-0-8108-4914-3
1778:Europe: A History
1755:(in Lithuanian).
1651:
1632:, abbreviated as
1626:
1587:
1426:Alfonsas Eidintas
1267:Mingubvoyenrevkom
1260:Mingubvoyenrevkom
1256:Mingubvoyenrevkom
1248:Mingubvoyenrevkom
1219:Avgustovsky Uyezd
1203:Belostoksky Uyezd
1195:Minsk Governorate
1191:Kovno Governorate
1187:Vilna Governorate
1105:Vaclovas Bielskis
1080:Vladimir Ginzburg
1067:Vaclovas Biržiška
1033:Semyon Dimanstein
1020:Moses Kalmanovich
846:Gomel Governorate
778:On 13 July 1919,
664:Minsk Governorate
566:After the end of
554:Polish–Soviet War
506:Polish–Soviet War
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
378:
377:
114:
113:
3210:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2922:
2905:
2904:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2671:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2307:
2290:
2289:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2176:
2143:
2138:S. S. Rudovich.
2136:
2047:
2038:
2027:
2020:
1983:
1972:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1679:
1659:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1461:
1450:
1423:
1407:David R. Marples
1375:
1238:
1227:
1160:
1149:
1119:
1088:
1028:
989:
978:
922:
841:Soviet 16th Army
825:Novoalexandrovsk
649:
584:Soviet republics
465:
464:
462:
461:
460:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
422:
421:
408:
407:
394:
393:
382:
381:
369:
368:
355:
354:
341:
340:
334:
333:
318:
317:
288:27 February 1919
150:
134:
110:
109:
95:
94:
80:
65:
50:
49:
37:
36:
21:
20:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3118:1919 in Belarus
3093:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3083:Further reading
3080:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3013:
3009:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2969:
2962:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2923:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2870:
2869:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2832:
2816:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2741:
2730:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2691:
2684:
2673:
2672:
2645:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2605:
2568:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2511:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2473:
2452:
2443:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2293:
2286:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2213:
2200:
2193:
2177:
2146:
2137:
2050:
2039:
2030:
2021:
1986:
1973:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1772:
1768:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1529:
1520:
1476:
1455:
1444:
1417:
1403:Piotr Łossowski
1391:
1386:
1369:
1367:S. G. Tomsinsky
1351:
1335:Andrei Snesarev
1305:
1288:
1279:
1241:Rechitsky Uyezd
1232:
1221:
1179:Rechitsky Uyezd
1167:
1154:
1143:
1126:
1124:Defense Council
1113:
1093:Petras Avižonis
1082:
1057:Józef Unszlicht
1045:I. P. Savitskty
1022:
996:
983:
972:
962:Józef Unszlicht
953:
940:
916:
890:Iosif Adamovich
866:
833:
801:
746:
729:
691:
643:
637:
556:
548:Main articles:
546:
541:
533:Lithuanian Army
490:Soviet republic
458:
456:
452:
449:
444:
441:
439:
437:
436:
419:
405:
391:
366:
352:
338:
295:
285:
273:Interwar period
255:
243:
231:soviet republic
174:
153:
141:
136:
135:
118:
117:
33:
32:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3087:Main article:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3061:
3054:
3034:
3027:
3007:
2990:
2983:
2960:
2944:
2937:
2906:
2899:
2879:
2858:
2837:
2830:
2807:
2788:
2769:
2752:
2728:
2712:
2705:
2682:
2643:
2626:
2619:
2566:
2549:
2532:
2525:
2505:
2490:
2471:
2441:
2419:
2412:
2392:
2373:
2356:
2349:
2329:
2322:
2291:
2284:
2264:
2257:
2234:
2227:
2198:
2191:
2144:
2048:
2040:J. V. Stalin.
2028:
1984:
1886:
1879:
1854:
1847:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1792:
1766:
1744:
1704:
1697:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1636:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1502:Vilnius region
1489:Nicholas Vakar
1475:
1472:
1415:Jerzy Borzęcki
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:Historiography
1382:
1363:Daniel Charney
1350:
1347:
1339:Filipp Mironov
1304:
1301:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1252:Vileysky Uyezd
1230:Suvalsky Uyezd
1211:Sokolsky Uyezd
1175:Vileysky Uyezd
1166:
1163:
1137:Waclaw Bogucki
1130:Yevgenia Bosch
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1016:
1010:
995:
992:
966:Yakov Doletsky
952:
949:
939:
936:
910:Arn Vaynshteyn
886:Vilhelm Knorin
865:
862:
837:Berezina river
832:
829:
807:, whereby the
800:
799:Prisoner swaps
797:
745:
742:
728:
725:
690:
687:
660:Yakov Sverdlov
636:
633:
545:
542:
540:
537:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
416:
410:
409:
402:
396:
395:
388:
379:
376:
375:
370:
362:
361:
356:
348:
347:
342:
330:
329:
324:
314:
313:
308:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
269:Historical era
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
250:
249:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
225:
221:
220:
183:
179:
178:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
143:
142:
137:
129:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
104:
97:
96:
89:
82:
81:
74:
67:
66:
59:
52:
51:
44:
30:
29:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2852:Flag Bulletin
2846:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2526:9789850605467
2522:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2285:9789854288048
2281:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1818:0-520-02600-4
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1793:0-06-097468-0
1789:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1698:0-312-22458-3
1694:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1434:Richard Pipes
1431:
1430:Jan Zaprudnik
1427:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:war communism
1283:
1277:State symbols
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1141:Victor Yarkin
1138:
1133:
1131:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:Karl Rozental
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
991:
987:
982:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
948:
944:
935:
933:
932:Peace of Riga
929:
924:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
870:
861:
859:
855:
854:Western Dvina
851:
847:
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:Western Front
781:
780:Joseph Stalin
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
741:
738:
733:
724:
722:
717:
713:
708:
704:
702:
697:
686:
684:
679:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
642:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:Baltic states
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
560:
555:
551:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:Soviet Russia
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
463:
417:
415:
412:
411:
403:
401:
398:
397:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
374:
371:
364:
363:
360:
357:
350:
349:
346:
343:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
291:
287:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
251:
248:
245:
239:
235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
149:
144:
140:
133:
126:
121:
105:
102:
98:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
45:
42:
38:
35:
34:
22:
19:
3070:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3017:
3010:
3000:
2993:
2973:
2953:
2947:
2927:
2889:
2882:
2872:
2851:
2820:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2755:
2745:
2721:
2715:
2695:
2675:
2636:
2629:
2609:
2559:
2552:
2542:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2456:
2434:
2402:
2395:
2385:
2366:
2359:
2339:
2332:
2312:
2274:
2267:
2247:
2217:
2181:
2041:
1979:
1975:
1869:
1837:
1808:
1802:
1777:
1769:
1760:
1747:
1738:
1727:(1): 61–74.
1724:
1720:
1707:
1687:
1633:
1568:
1521:
1506:
1498:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1438:
1399:puppet state
1396:
1392:
1378:Vilna Troupe
1352:
1333:
1329:
1313:Western Army
1306:
1297:
1289:
1280:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1217:(except the
1207:Belsky Uyezd
1201:(except the
1184:
1134:
1127:
1111:S. I. Berson
1001:
997:
954:
945:
941:
925:
879:
875:
834:
802:
793:
777:
758:
754:green armies
747:
734:
730:
709:
705:
692:
680:
676:
650:was held in
638:
628:Adolph Joffe
600:
565:
521:puppet state
518:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
435:
327:Succeeded by
326:
321:
298:31 July 1920
213:
205:
197:
189:
18:
1550:(1940–1991)
1479:Mertelsmann
1456: [
1445: [
1418: [
1370: [
1233: [
1222: [
1155: [
1144: [
1114: [
1099:Josif Oldak
1083: [
1023: [
984: [
981:S.V. Ivanov
973: [
917: [
809:German Army
805:Kaišiadorys
721:smallholder
644: [
576:German Army
568:World War I
529:Polish Army
457: /
322:Preceded by
3097:Categories
1666:References
1596:Lithuanian
1575:Belarusian
1359:Yiddishist
1213:) and the
970:R.V. Pikel
938:Government
544:Background
535:advanced.
480:or simply
224:Government
194:Lithuanian
186:Belarusian
56:Lithuanian
41:Belarusian
1648:romanized
1623:romanized
1584:romanized
1152:Yan Perno
498:Lithuania
488:), was a
454:54°N 27°E
228:Socialist
123:1919–1920
2722:Lituanus
1527:See also
1228:and the
1209:and the
904:and the
848:and the
771:and the
750:Bobruisk
666:and the
622:and the
594:and the
512:and the
504:and the
307:Currency
2466:3043559
1650::
1639:Yiddish
1634:SSR LiB
1625::
1614:Russian
1586::
1349:Culture
1286:Economy
908:led by
788:Orgburo
539:History
494:Belarus
486:Lit-Bel
474:SSR LiB
218:Yiddish
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