1579:
1334:
681:
1567:
165:
179:
734:
706:
891:
240:
36:
1271:
1591:
250:
904:
720:
667:
1541:
1020:, formed a Belarusian National Council in late 1917. The Council started working on establishing Belarusian governmental institutions. Both the Bolsheviks and Germans refused to recognize it and interfered in its activity. However, the Germans saw an independent Belarus as part of the implementation of their plan for
1194:
1069:
On March 25, 1918, the All-Belarusian
Congress proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian People's Republic (Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, abbreviated as BNR). As the German army retreated, the Government of the BNR left Minsk in December 1918 for the Lithuanian Republic, and in the spring of
1266:
hoping to gain recognition for the independence of
Belarus by Soviet Russia. The Belarusian delegation even proposed the creation of a federation with the RSFSR and the adoption of the Soviet Constitution in Belarus in exchange for Russia recognizing the independent status of Belarus, but Lenin did
1151:
1834:
Ladysieŭ, U. F., & Bryhandzin, P. I. (2003). BNR: stanaŭliennie, dziejnasć. Ministerstva bielaruskich spraŭ pry Litoŭskaj
Tarybie . In Pamiž Uschodam i Zachadam. Stanaŭliennie dziaržaŭnasci i terytaryjaĺnaj celasnasci Bielarusi (1917–1939) (pp. 117–119). Minsk: Belarusian State
1824:
Ladysieŭ, U. F., & Bryhandzin, P. I. (2003). BNR: stanaŭliennie, dziejnasć. Ministerstva bielaruskich spraŭ pry Litoŭskaj
Tarybie . In Pamiž Uschodam i Zachadam. Stanaŭliennie dziaržaŭnasci i terytaryjaĺnaj celasnasci Bielarusi (1917–1939) (pp. 84–88). Minsk: Belarusian State
222:
221:
48:
219:
1487:
in 1990, it was stated then that the Rada was ready to hand its status to a democratically elected parliament of
Belarus. The parliament of Belarus of that time had been elected under Soviet rule. However, these plans were dropped after president
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1106:, and parts of bordering governorates populated by Belarusians, rejecting the then split of the Belarusian lands between Germany and Russia. The areas were claimed because of a Belarusian majority or large minority (as in
1054:
declaring the council the only legitimate power on the territory of
Belarus. Neither the occupying authorities, nor its government in Berlin, however, were interested in the idea of an independent Belarusian state.
1464:
troops. In
February 1948, the Rada passed a special manifesto, by which it declared its return to activity. In April 1948, the Rada, together with deputies of the Belarusian post-war refugees, held a conference in
1209:
1062:. On 6 March, the Belarusian Council passed the Second Charter declared the establishment of the Belarusian People's Republic. The Council became the provisional government of Belarus and was renamed the
1687:
and they constitute roughly 60% of all the BNR official documents from 1918. Another 20% of BNR official documentation is located in the Minsk archives, and the fate of the remaining 20% is unknown.
220:
1189:
1028:. The Bolsheviks had negotiations with the Belarusian Democratic Republic regarding eventual recognition, but later decided instead to establish a pro-Soviet government of Belarus – the
2269:
2312:
1480:
in the 1990s, similar governments-in-exile of the neighboring countries (Lithuania, Poland and others) handed back their mandates to the corresponding independent governments.
218:
2504:
479:
434:
2062:"From the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Belarusian Democratic Republic: the Idea of Belarusian Statehood during the German Occupation of Belarusian Lands, 1915–1919"
1683:). The total size of the two volumes is more than 1700 pages. Essentially these are the processed and re-organized documents from the Lithuanian archival fund #582 in
1017:
1514:
Since the late 1980s, March 25, the
Independence Day of the Belarusian Democratic Republic, is widely celebrated by the Belarusian national democratic opposition as
1204:
2247:
1578:
2494:
2399:
1846:
816:
699:
2489:
267:
2286:
1669:
1566:
807:
The government of the
Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative
79:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
2313:"Дипломатия БНР в период послевоенного обустрйоства Европы и польско-советской войны (ноябрь 1918 г. – март 1921 г.) (КУЛЬТУРА И ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ)"
2193:
178:
17:
1185:
921:
2220:
1386:
727:
1951:
1902:
1607:
1063:
2273:
1377:
The government also managed to create between 150 and 350 schools and preparations for the creation of a university in Minsk were initiated.
968:
1286:, attempting to gain international recognition of the independence of Belarus. On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by
940:
832:
808:
686:
164:
2168:"Selected Bibliography of works on the struggle for Belarusian Independence 1900–1921 in the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library in London"
1138:, mostly in towns and cities (in some towns they made up a majority). Some of the Jews spoke Russian as their native tongue; others spoke
572:
1043:, with continuing internal discussions on whether it should become an autonomous region within Russia or declare national independence.
871:
843:
947:
2469:
1760:
882:
appears in publications, however, its use is comparatively limited, e.g. it does not appear in the titles of scholarly publications.
1787:
1733:
1333:
1396:
1029:
812:
2474:
1674:
1414:
In 1925, the exiled Rada of the
Belarusian Democratic Republic (Rada BDR) discussed relinquishing its authority in favor of the
954:
2484:
2479:
1590:
2459:
2001:
1927:
1878:
1493:
1484:
1415:
936:
2167:
1166:
of the newly established Belarusian People's Republic. Belarusian military units started to form within the disorganized
109:
2431:
1181:
1155:
87:
847:
249:
2036:
1797:
1770:
1743:
987:
100:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2417:
1532:
and by celebration events of the Belarusian diaspora organizations supporting the Belarusian government in exile.
2196:[25 questions and answers on history of BNR] (in Belarusian). Euroradio.fm. 24 March 2014. Archived from
1477:
1969:
1008:
or declaring independence. Deputies of most Belarusian regions and of different political powers, including the
1849:[Lithuanian-Belarusian border in the proposals of Belarusian People's Republic politicians 1918-1919].
1701:
1553:
1248:
1013:
925:
232:
184:
1644:
534:
1501:
1242:
1009:
961:
1411:, the Rada went into exile and facilitated an anti-Communist struggle within the country during the 1920s.
1283:
2197:
2298:
1511:
and attempts to lobby for interests of the Belarusian diaspora in countries where it has its deputies.
789:
768:
263:
2102:
1188:
and openly positioned his army as a Belarusian national army. In 1920, his units became a part of the
2499:
2224:
1051:
797:
2464:
1557:
1549:
1403:(Council) of the BNR moved to Hrodna, the center of a semi-autonomous Belarusian region within the
827:, but ceased to exist due to the partition of the whole Belarusian territory between the Bolshevik
95:
1177:, about 11,000 people, mostly volunteers, served in the Army of the Belarusian People's Republic.
1855:
Petition presented by the Delegation of the Government of the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic
1442:
1059:
914:
1321:. On November 11, 1920, the Belarusian People's Republic signed a treaty with the government of
1446:
1251:, organized food supplies to Belarus from Ukraine and thereby prevented hunger in the country.
713:
427:
423:
2272:[Four governments on international Arena in 1918–1920] (in Belarusian). Archived from
1004:
in Russia, active discussions started in Belarus about either gaining autonomy within the new
1696:
1626:
1516:
1452:
The advance of the Red Army in 1945 forced the BNR's Rada to relocate to the western part of
1423:
1404:
1362:
1307:
1218:
1167:
836:
498:
116:
2444:
1720:
Druhaja Ŭstaŭnaja Hramata da narodaŭ Bielarusi . (n.d.). Retrieved December 29, 2017, from
1638:
1497:
1489:
1279:
1255:
1103:
801:
522:
170:
8:
2336:[The Belarusian People's Republic was declared on March 25, 1918.]. charter97.org
1786:
Fedor, Julie; Kangaspuro, Markku; Lassila, Jussi; Zhurzhenko, Tatiana (5 December 2017).
1521:
1508:
1127:
1123:
1099:
1079:
1039:, the Belarusian Council started actively demanding recognition of autonomous status for
1001:
759:
394:
374:
272:
1945:
1896:
1354:
1338:
1291:
1107:
1087:
398:
1247:
During its short existence, the government of Belarus established close ties with the
2356:
2124:
2083:
2042:
2032:
2007:
1997:
1933:
1923:
1884:
1874:
1793:
1766:
1739:
1408:
1358:
1299:
1111:
1095:
1083:
788:, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its
410:
91:
2223:[A woman with a red baggage in front of "Europa"]. Naviny.by. Archived from
1298:. During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled foreign minister of
239:
2114:
2073:
1650:
1445:, the pro-German puppet government and issued statements in support of the Western
1005:
890:
672:
546:
382:
1762:
The European Union's Eastern Neighbourhood Today: Politics, Dynamics, Perspectives
1391:
In December 1918, the German army retreated from the territory of Belarus and the
1078:
In its Third Constituent Charter, the following territories were claimed for BNR:
2333:
1656:
1366:
1325:
in which both states declared to recognize each other and to cooperate together.
1174:
1131:
558:
386:
1812:
Treciaja Ŭstaŭnaja Hramata Rady BNR . (n.d.). Retrieved December 28, 2017, from
211:
2301:/ Santeri Ivalo // Helsingin Sanomat.: – Helsinki: 16.12.1919. – № 341. – p. 3.
2171:
2119:
2078:
2061:
1847:"Przebieg granicy białorusko-litewskiej w propozycjach działaczy BRL 1918-1919"
1632:
1457:
1350:
1303:
1287:
1278:
In 1919, a delegation of the Belarusian People's Republic under Prime Minister
1263:
1259:
1226:
1200:
796:. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its
510:
2250:[His name is the symbol of our independence] (in Belarusian). Zbsb.org
1937:
1813:
1721:
1313:
In October 1919 the Belarusian People's Republic was officially recognized by
2453:
2436:
2422:
2245:
2128:
2087:
2011:
1888:
1461:
1370:
1346:
1274:
Military and Diplomatic Mission of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in Riga
1119:
420:
2046:
1270:
1917:
1438:
1430:
1419:
1163:
1025:
1021:
1991:
1868:
1091:
2026:
1620:
1614:
1342:
1115:
793:
582:
467:
455:
2377:. The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. 20 December 2010
1544:
Belarusian People's Republic postcard with coats of arms of voivodeships
2142:
1466:
1337:
The first government of the People's Republic. Sitting, left to right:
1217:
The major military action of the Army of the People's Republic was the
1036:
928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
98:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
2170:. The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. Archived from
878:
name. It also appears in the publications originating in Belarus. The
800:
on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the
1996:. Zʹmitser Herasimovich, Jim Dingley. Minsk: Kalligram. p. 314.
1322:
1222:
2418:"The sorrows of Belarus: A government in exile, a country in a mess"
2299:
Helsinki, jouluk. 16 p. Suomi tunnustanut Walko-Wenäjan hallituksen.
903:
1392:
1150:
828:
1965:
2374:
1684:
1681:Архівы Беларускай Народнай Рэспублікі. Менск-Вільня-Прага-Нью-Ёрк
1470:
1453:
1318:
1314:
1139:
1040:
820:
405:
390:
354:
298:
1785:
1035:
Parallel with negotiations that started between the Germans and
73:
1540:
1434:
1295:
1230:
894:
1918 map of the "White Ruthenian Democratic Republic" in French
824:
364:
334:
324:
308:
2411:
1529:
1502:
Soviet policies in regards to Belarusian language and culture
1047:
344:
290:
1221:
in late 1920. The Council of the BNR, based at that time in
1528:). It is usually accompanied by mass opposition rallies in
1400:
1387:
Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic § In exile
1993:
This country called Belarus : an illustrated history
1135:
773:
204:
2410:
The Rada of the Belarusan Democratic Republic in Exile
862:
phrase was used initially. In the current scholarship,
2400:
Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia
2270:"Чатыры ўрады БНР на міжнароднай арэне ў 1918–1920 г."
2145:. The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site
2317:
1759:
Dungaciu, Dan; Naumescu, Valentin (5 February 2015).
1596:
A postage stamp of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
1426:
advocating this idea, the proposal was not approved.
1050:. On the same day, the Belarusian Council passed the
2505:
Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War
2060:
Michaluk, Dorota; Rudling, Per Anders (2014-12-11).
844:
Rada (Council) of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
69:
1679:
published a two-volume collection of BNR archives (
254:Claimed territories superimposed on modern borders
2363:(in Belarusian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
817:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
106:{{Translated|ru|Белорусская Народная Республика}}
2451:
2289:/ Julius Seljamaa // Waba Maa, 20.10.1919. p. 3.
2031:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Harwood Academic.
1828:
1758:
779:
198:
2375:"The March 20, 2006 Memorandum of the BNR Rada"
2354:
2311:Тихомиров А. В., Library BY (January 3, 2006).
2310:
2218:
2059:
1853:(in Polish) (1): 462 – via Lituanistika.
1433:, the Belarusian government-in-exile, based in
27:Short-lived state in Eastern Europe (1918–1919)
1058:On 3 March, Germans and Bolsheviks signed the
1046:On 21 February 1918, the German army captured
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
2495:States and territories disestablished in 1919
1789:War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
1966:"Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic"
1668:In 1998, Belarusian linguist and translator
2287:Päewauudised. Walge-Wene saatkond Tallinas.
2186:
1814:http://www.radabnr.org/usthramaty/hramata3/
1722:http://www.radabnr.org/usthramaty/hramata2/
1608:Council of the Belarusian People's Republic
1082:(province), as well as Belarusian parts of
1064:Council of the Belarusian People's Republic
2490:States and territories established in 1918
1950:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1714:
1214:during its actions against the Red Army.
248:
2143:"3rd Constituent Charter of the BNR Rada"
2118:
2077:
988:Learn how and when to remove this message
2445:Timeline of Belarusian People's Republic
1866:
1844:
1552:– was adopted, as well as a state seal (
1539:
1483:Upon declaration of independence of the
1397:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
1332:
1269:
1149:
1030:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia
889:
842:Currently, its government in exile, the
813:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
2221:"Баба с красным обозом перед "Европой""
2024:
1225:, sent officers to help organize armed
1122:and people speaking mixed varieties of
1114:), although there were also numbers of
14:
2452:
2194:"25 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі БНР"
2162:
2160:
2100:
2028:Belarus : a denationalized nation
1919:Belarus the last European dictatorship
1915:
1735:The Journal of Belarusian Studies 2018
2248:"Яго імя – сімвал нашай незалежнасці"
1989:
1738:. Ostrogorski Centre. 14 March 2019.
1485:Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
1416:Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic
1236:
1199:led by the Russian SR revolutionary
926:adding citations to reliable sources
897:
819:), moving its seat of government to
29:
2157:
1548:A national flag of three stripes –
1186:Government of the People's Republic
860:White Ruthenian Democratic Republic
24:
2393:
1203:which established the short-lived
858:In some historical documents, the
25:
2516:
2404:
2219:Сергей Крапивин (24 March 2009).
2066:The Journal of Belarusian Studies
1306:and the prime minister of Poland
1162:There were attempts to create an
775:Biełaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika
142:Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika
18:Belarusian People's Republic
2470:Belarusian independence movement
2101:Nadson, Alexander (2013-12-11).
1589:
1577:
1565:
1328:
937:"Belarusian Democratic Republic"
902:
815:(which later became part of the
732:
718:
704:
679:
665:
238:
216:
177:
163:
34:
2432:"Europe.view Heart of darkness"
2367:
2355:Уладзімер Арлоў (11 May 2006).
2348:
2326:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2262:
2239:
2212:
2135:
2094:
2053:
2018:
1983:
1972:from the original on 2017-09-08
1958:
1909:
1507:The Rada BNR still exists as a
1478:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1190:Russian People's Volunteer Army
913:needs additional citations for
848:functioning government in exile
604:• Independence proclaimed
1860:
1838:
1818:
1806:
1779:
1752:
1726:
1422:. Despite many members of the
1267:not agree to these proposals.
876:Belarusian Democratic Republic
864:Belarusian Democratic Republic
786:Belarusian Democratic Republic
764:Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка
728:Belarusian government-in-exile
139:Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка
134:Belarusian Democratic Republic
104:You may also add the template
13:
1:
2485:Former unrecognized countries
2480:Belarusian diaspora in Europe
2107:Journal of Belarusian Studies
1707:
1601:
1158:in a Polish general's uniform
1014:Christian democratic movement
1010:Belarusian Socialist Assembly
2460:Belarusian National Republic
1556:) based on an emblem of the
1437:, refused to cooperate with
1073:
880:Belarusian People's Republic
868:Belarusian National Republic
752:Belarusian People's Republic
7:
1702:Ukrainian People's Republic
1690:
1663:
1500:accompanied by a return to
1409:1919–1920 Soviet-Polish War
1353:. Standing, left to right:
1249:Ukrainian People's Republic
1182:Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
1173:According to the historian
1156:Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz
1145:
774:
205:
10:
2521:
2475:Post–Russian Empire states
2397:
2120:10.30965/20526512-00701007
2079:10.30965/20526512-00702002
2025:Marples, David R. (1999).
1990:Arloŭ, Uladzimier (2013).
1535:
1494:1994 presidential election
1395:moved in to establish the
1384:
1240:
1229:resistance in the town of
1018:General Jewish Labour Bund
885:
790:Second Constituent Charter
264:Partially recognized state
68:Machine translation, like
2334:"95th anniversary of BNR"
1873:. Jan Zaprudnik. Lanham.
1867:Silitski, Vitalʹ (2010).
1845:Michaluk, Dorota (2009).
1525:
1243:Belarus–Ukraine relations
1052:First Constituent Charter
798:Third Constituent Charter
780:
763:
644:
636:
632:
622:
612:
602:
592:
588:
578:
568:
564:
552:
540:
528:
516:
504:
492:
488:
478:
474:
461:
449:
445:
433:
416:
404:
370:
314:
280:
259:
247:
230:
199:
193:
159:
150:
132:
49:the corresponding article
1558:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1407:. During the subsequent
1380:
1317:and in December 1919 by
2322:– via library.by.
2103:"March 25 and All That"
1916:Wilson, Andrew (2021).
1584:25-hrašoŭ postage stamp
1572:10-hrašoŭ postage stamp
1443:Belarusian Central Rada
1420:eastern part of Belarus
1060:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
853:
792:on 9 March 1918 during
115:For more guidance, see
1765:. Cambridge Scholars.
1645:Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič
1545:
1374:
1284:Paris Peace Conference
1275:
1159:
1154:President and General
1070:1919 went into exile.
895:
614:• Disestablished
535:Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič
428:provisional government
424:parliamentary republic
1870:The A to Z of Belarus
1697:Freedom Day (Belarus)
1543:
1424:democratic government
1405:Republic of Lithuania
1385:Further information:
1336:
1308:Ignacy Jan Paderewski
1273:
1262:of Belarus, met with
1219:Slutsk defence action
1168:Imperial Russian Army
1153:
893:
784:), also known as the
371:Common languages
212:March of the Warriors
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
2246:Анатоль Грыцкевіч .
2200:on 12 September 2015
2174:on 27 September 2013
1606:Chairpersons of the
1498:authoritarian regime
1490:Alexander Lukashenko
1282:participated in the
1104:Smolensk Governorate
922:improve this article
870:names dominate. The
846:is the oldest still
802:Imperial German Army
554:• 1997–present
2426:. 16 November 2006.
1623:(1918–1919; acting)
1509:government in exile
1302:Russian government
1254:Beginning in 1918,
1100:Vitebsk Governorate
1080:Mogilev Governorate
1002:February Revolution
835:as a result of the
833:Polish Armed Forces
594:• Established
379:Minority languages:
273:Government in exile
154:Exile: 1919–present
2318:http://portalus.ru
1546:
1375:
1339:Aliaksandar Burbis
1276:
1160:
1134:, as well as many
1088:Grodno Governorate
896:
480:President in exile
96:interlanguage link
2003:978-80-8101-692-9
1929:978-0-300-26087-8
1880:978-1-4617-3174-0
1851:Europa Orientalis
1496:, established an
1492:, elected in the
1359:Pyotra Krecheuski
1300:Admiral Kolchak's
1237:Foreign relations
1170:already in 1917.
1112:Vilna Governorate
1096:Vilna Governorate
1084:Minsk Governorate
998:
997:
990:
972:
837:Polish–Soviet War
772:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
739:
692:
691:
542:• 1982–1997
530:• 1970–1982
518:• 1943–1970
506:• 1928–1943
494:• 1919–1928
463:• 1918–1919
360:
350:
340:
330:
320:
304:
286:
268:German occupation
223:
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
2512:
2500:Former republics
2441:
2440:. 13 March 2008.
2427:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2357:"Васіль Захарка"
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1678:
1627:Piotra Krečeŭski
1593:
1581:
1569:
1527:
1418:controlling the
1363:Kastuś Jezavitaŭ
1213:
1205:Belarusian State
1198:
1006:Russian Republic
993:
986:
982:
979:
973:
971:
930:
906:
898:
783:
782:
777:
767:
765:
736:
735:
722:
721:
708:
707:
696:
695:
683:
682:
673:Russian Republic
669:
668:
662:
661:
646:
645:
624:• In exile
499:Piotra Krečeŭski
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
315:Capital-in-exile
307:
302:
289:
284:
252:
242:
225:
224:
208:
202:
201:
181:
167:
155:
145:
144:
130:
129:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2465:1918 in Belarus
2450:
2449:
2430:
2416:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:Further reading
2391:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2227:on 2 April 2015
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2099:
2095:
2058:
2054:
2039:
2023:
2019:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1914:
1910:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1693:
1672:
1666:
1657:Ivonka Survilla
1639:Mikoła Abramčyk
1604:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1550:white-red-white
1538:
1389:
1383:
1367:Antoni Owsianik
1331:
1280:Anton Łuckievič
1256:Anton Łuckievič
1245:
1239:
1207:
1192:
1175:Oleg Latyszonek
1148:
1076:
1000:After the 1917
994:
983:
977:
974:
931:
929:
919:
907:
888:
856:
733:
719:
705:
680:
666:
625:
615:
605:
595:
559:Ivonka Survilla
555:
543:
531:
523:Mikoła Abramčyk
519:
507:
495:
464:
452:
436:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
361:
357:
351:
347:
341:
337:
331:
327:
321:
305:
301:
287:
275:
271:
255:
243:
236:
233:Government seal
226:
217:
209:
203:
189:
188:
187:
182:
174:
173:
168:
153:
152:
146:
140:
138:
137:
135:
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2428:
2414:
2406:
2405:External links
2403:
2398:Main article:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2366:
2347:
2325:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2276:on 2013-07-03.
2261:
2238:
2211:
2185:
2156:
2134:
2113:(1): 112–119.
2093:
2052:
2037:
2017:
2002:
1982:
1957:
1928:
1908:
1879:
1859:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1771:
1751:
1744:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:(1997–present)
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1633:Vasil Zacharka
1630:
1624:
1618:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1537:
1534:
1456:, occupied by
1382:
1379:
1351:Vasil Zacharka
1330:
1327:
1304:Sergey Sazonov
1264:Vladimir Lenin
1260:prime minister
1238:
1235:
1227:anti-Bolshevik
1201:Boris Savinkov
1184:supported the
1147:
1144:
1075:
1072:
996:
995:
910:
908:
901:
887:
884:
855:
852:
839:of 1919–1921.
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
730:
724:
723:
716:
710:
709:
702:
693:
690:
689:
684:
676:
675:
670:
658:
657:
652:
642:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
579:Historical era
576:
575:
570:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
553:
550:
549:
544:
541:
538:
537:
532:
529:
526:
525:
520:
517:
514:
513:
511:Vasil Zacharka
508:
505:
502:
501:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
482:
476:
475:
472:
471:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
431:
430:
418:
414:
413:
408:
402:
401:
372:
368:
367:
316:
312:
311:
282:
278:
277:
276:(1919–present)
261:
257:
256:
253:
245:
244:
237:
228:
227:
215:
191:
190:
183:
176:
175:
169:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
136:
133:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
63:
56:(October 2020)
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2437:The Economist
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2423:The Economist
2419:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2361:Радыё Свабода
2358:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2249:
2242:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2038:90-5702-342-3
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:. New Haven.
1921:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1799:9783319665238
1795:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1772:9781443875196
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1745:9780244767938
1741:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1670:Siarhiej Šupa
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1371:Leanard Zajac
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:Arkadź Smolič
1352:
1348:
1347:Jazep Varonka
1344:
1340:
1335:
1329:Other actions
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Tomáš Masaryk
1289:
1285:
1281:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:buffer states
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:
989:
981:
970:
967:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939: –
938:
934:
933:Find sources:
927:
923:
917:
916:
911:This section
909:
905:
900:
899:
892:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:Soviet Russia
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
776:
770:
761:
757:
753:
731:
729:
726:
725:
717:
715:
712:
711:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:
688:
685:
678:
677:
674:
671:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
617:
611:
608:25 March 1918
607:
601:
597:
591:
587:
584:
581:
577:
574:
571:
567:
563:
560:
557:
551:
548:
545:
539:
536:
533:
527:
524:
521:
515:
512:
509:
503:
500:
497:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
460:
457:
454:
448:
444:
440:
438:
432:
429:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
409:
407:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
317:
313:
310:
300:
296:
292:
283:
279:
274:
269:
265:
262:
258:
251:
246:
241:
235:
234:
229:
213:
207:
196:
192:
186:
180:
172:
166:
158:
149:
143:
131:
118:
114:
111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
2435:
2421:
2379:. Retrieved
2369:
2360:
2350:
2340:24 September
2338:. Retrieved
2328:
2320:, Library.BY
2316:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2274:the original
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:the original
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2188:
2176:. Retrieved
2172:the original
2147:. Retrieved
2137:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2027:
2020:
1992:
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1960:
1918:
1911:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1808:
1792:. Springer.
1788:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1716:
1680:
1667:
1605:
1547:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1482:
1475:
1451:
1441:or with the
1439:Nazi Germany
1431:World War II
1428:
1413:
1390:
1376:
1312:
1288:Czechoslovak
1277:
1253:
1246:
1216:
1179:
1172:
1164:armed forces
1161:
1077:
1068:
1057:
1045:
1034:
1026:Mitteleuropa
999:
984:
975:
965:
958:
951:
944:
932:
920:Please help
915:verification
912:
879:
875:
867:
863:
859:
857:
841:
811:-controlled
806:
785:
755:
751:
749:
687:Russian SFSR
655:Succeeded by
654:
649:
628:1919–present
598:6 March 1918
451:• 1918
378:
362:
359:1983–present
352:
342:
332:
322:
306:
294:
288:
231:
206:Vajacki marš
194:
141:
92:edit summary
83:
54:
46:
2072:(2): 3–36.
1835:University.
1825:University.
1673: [
1653:(1980–1997)
1651:Jazep Sažyč
1647:(1970–1980)
1641:(1944–1970)
1635:(1928–1943)
1629:(1919–1928)
1621:Jazep Losik
1615:Jan Sierada
1517:Freedom Day
1343:Jan Sierada
1208: [
1193: [
1116:Lithuanians
1090:(including
794:World War I
650:Preceded by
618:Spring 1919
583:World War I
569:Legislature
547:Jazep Sažyč
468:Jazep Losik
456:Jan Sierada
437:of the Rada
200:Ваяцкі марш
2454:Categories
1976:2021-08-30
1938:1240724890
1708:References
1602:Presidents
1526:Дзень волі
1522:Belarusian
1476:After the
1467:Osterhofen
1290:president
1241:See also:
1128:Lithuanian
1124:Belarusian
1037:Bolsheviks
978:March 2017
948:newspapers
760:Belarusian
700:Litbel SSR
417:Government
411:Belarusian
406:Demonym(s)
395:Lithuanian
375:Belarusian
51:in Russian
2129:0075-4161
2088:0075-4161
2012:842905808
1946:cite book
1897:cite book
1889:859155463
1323:Lithuania
1223:Lithuania
1074:Territory
874:uses the
769:romanized
435:President
399:Ukrainian
349:1970–1983
339:1948–1970
329:1923–1945
319:1919–1923
303:1918–1919
151:1918–1919
110:talk page
2381:15 March
2254:15 March
2231:15 March
2204:15 March
2178:15 March
2149:15 March
2047:41140236
1970:Archived
1691:See also
1664:Archives
1462:American
1393:Red Army
1180:General
1146:Military
1092:Belastok
1016:and the
872:Rada BNR
831:and the
829:Red Army
637:Currency
470:(acting)
426:under a
86:provide
2412:website
1685:Vilnius
1554:Pahonia
1536:Symbols
1471:Bavaria
1458:British
1454:Germany
1429:During
1319:Finland
1315:Estonia
1140:Yiddish
1041:Belarus
1024:within
962:scholar
886:History
821:Vilnius
771::
421:Unitary
391:Yiddish
383:Russian
355:Toronto
299:Vilnius
281:Capital
195:Anthem:
108:to the
90:in the
53:.
2127:
2086:
2045:
2035:
2010:
2000:
1936:
1926:
1887:
1877:
1796:
1769:
1742:
1617:(1918)
1447:Allies
1435:Prague
1399:. The
1296:Prague
1258:, the
1231:Slutsk
1132:Polish
1108:Grodno
1102:, and
1012:, the
964:
957:
950:
943:
935:
825:Hrodna
714:Poland
484:
441:
387:Polish
365:Ottawa
335:Prague
325:Kaunas
309:Hrodna
295:·
293:
270:(1918)
266:under
260:Status
197:
185:Emblem
1677:]
1530:Minsk
1381:Exile
1212:]
1197:]
1120:Poles
1048:Minsk
969:JSTOR
955:books
640:Ruble
345:Paris
297:
291:Minsk
70:DeepL
2383:2017
2342:2017
2256:2015
2233:2015
2206:2015
2180:2015
2151:2017
2125:ISSN
2084:ISSN
2043:OCLC
2033:ISBN
2008:OCLC
1998:ISBN
1952:link
1934:OCLC
1924:ISBN
1903:link
1885:OCLC
1875:ISBN
1794:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1460:and
1401:Rada
1136:Jews
1130:and
1110:and
941:news
866:and
854:Name
823:and
750:The
573:Rada
285:1918
171:Flag
84:must
82:You
2115:doi
2074:doi
1294:in
1094:),
924:by
781:БНР
756:BNR
72:or
2456::
2434:.
2420:.
2359:.
2315:.
2159:^
2123:.
2109:.
2105:.
2082:.
2068:.
2064:.
2041:.
2006:.
1968:.
1948:}}
1944:{{
1932:.
1899:}}
1895:{{
1883:.
1675:be
1610::
1560:.
1524::
1504:.
1473:.
1469:,
1449:.
1369:,
1365:,
1361:,
1357:,
1349:,
1345:,
1341:,
1310:.
1233:.
1210:ru
1195:ru
1142:.
1126:,
1118:,
1098:,
1086:,
1066:.
1032:.
850:.
804:.
778:,
766:,
762::
758:;
2385:.
2344:.
2258:.
2235:.
2208:.
2182:.
2153:.
2131:.
2117::
2111:7
2090:.
2076::
2070:7
2049:.
2014:.
1979:.
1954:)
1940:.
1905:)
1891:.
1802:.
1775:.
1748:.
1520:(
1373:.
991:)
985:(
980:)
976:(
966:·
959:·
952:·
945:·
918:.
754:(
214:"
210:"
119:.
112:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
