Smallpox - Knowledge

1804: 2128: 924: 1788: 2546: 2487: 831:. This form develops in approximately 2% of infections and occurs mostly in adults. Pustules do not typically form in hemorrhagic smallpox. Instead, bleeding occurs under the skin, making it look charred and black, hence this form of the disease is also referred to as variola nigra or "black pox". Hemorrhagic smallpox has very rarely been caused by variola minor virus. While bleeding may occur in mild cases and not affect outcomes, hemorrhagic smallpox is typically fatal. Vaccination does not appear to provide any immunity to either form of hemorrhagic smallpox and some cases even occurred among people that were revaccinated shortly before. It has two forms. 3532:, literally "heaven flower"). In a related New Year's Eve custom it was prescribed that the children of the house wear ugly masks while sleeping, so as to conceal any beauty and thereby avoid attracting the goddess, who would be passing through sometime that night. If a case of smallpox did occur, shrines would be set up in the homes of the victims, to be worshipped and offered to as the disease ran its course. If the victim recovered, the shrines were removed and carried away in a special paper chair or boat for burning. If the patient did not recover, the shrine was destroyed and cursed, to expel the goddess from the house. 2949: 2981:

specific research purposes. Destroying existing stocks would reduce the risk involved with ongoing smallpox research; the stocks are not needed to respond to a smallpox outbreak. Some scientists have argued that the stocks may be useful in developing new vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic tests; a 2010 review by a team of public health experts appointed by WHO concluded that no essential public health purpose is served by the U.S. and Russia continuing to retain virus stocks. The latter view is frequently supported in the scientific community, particularly among veterans of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program.

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preventing smallpox infection in 95 percent of those vaccinated. Smallpox vaccination provides a high level of immunity for three to five years and decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is vaccinated again later, the immunity lasts even longer. Studies of smallpox cases in Europe in the 1950s and 1960s demonstrated that the fatality rate among persons vaccinated less than 10 years before exposure was 1.3 percent; it was 7 percent among those vaccinated 11 to 20 years prior, and 11 percent among those vaccinated 20 or more years before infection. By contrast, 52 percent of unvaccinated persons died.

812:) was extensive. Skin lesions matured slowly, were typically confluent or semi-confluent, and by the seventh or eighth day, they were flat and appeared to be buried in the skin. Unlike ordinary-type smallpox, the vesicles contained little fluid, were soft and velvety to the touch, and may have contained hemorrhages. Malignant smallpox was nearly always fatal and death usually occurred between the 8th and 12th day of illness. Often, a day or two before death, the lesions turned ashen gray, which, along with abdominal distension, was a bad prognostic sign. This form is thought to be caused by deficient 2018:

1970s. Routine vaccination of health care workers was discontinued in the U.S. in 1976, and among military recruits in 1990 (although military personnel deploying to the Middle East and Korea still receive the vaccination). By 1986, routine vaccination had ceased in all countries. It is now primarily recommended for laboratory workers at risk for occupational exposure. However, the possibility of variola virus being used as a biological weapon has rekindled interest in the development of newer vaccines. The smallpox vaccine is also effective in, and therefore administered for, the prevention of

3210:. A research ship of the Aral fleet came to within 15 km of the island (it was forbidden to come any closer than 40 km). The lab technician of this ship took samples of plankton twice a day from the top deck. The smallpox formulation – 400 gr. of which was exploded on the island – "got her" and she became infected. After returning home to Aralsk, she infected several people including children. All of them died. I suspected the reason for this and called the Chief of General Staff of the Ministry of Defense and requested to forbid the stop of the 2495: 2636: 2428: 784: 2868: 2758: 1826: 62: 904:. This form of smallpox occurs anywhere from 3% to 25% of fatal cases, depending on the virulence of the smallpox strain. Most people with the late-stage form die within eight to 10 days of illness. Among the few who recover, the hemorrhagic lesions gradually disappear after a long period of convalescence. The case fatality rate for late hemorrhagic smallpox is around 90–95%. Pregnant women are slightly more likely to experience this form of the disease, though not as much as early hemorrhagic smallpox. 840: 3262: 950: 1986: 1772: 1946:, which is Latin for cow. The procedure was much safer than variolation and did not involve a risk of smallpox transmission. Vaccination to prevent smallpox was soon practiced all over the world. During the 19th century, the cowpox virus used for smallpox vaccination was replaced by the vaccinia virus. Vaccinia is in the same family as cowpox and variola virus but is genetically distinct from both. The origin of the vaccinia virus and how it came to be in the vaccine are not known. 616: 1233: 3431:. While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. Paul was later inoculated as well. Catherine then sought to have inoculations throughout her empire stating: "My objective was, through my example, to save from death the multitude of my subjects who, not knowing the value of this technique, and frightened of it, were left in danger." By 1800, approximately two million inoculations had been administered in the Russian Empire. 3082:] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands". On 24 June 1763, William Trent, a local trader and commander of the Fort Pitt militia, wrote, "Out of our regard for them, we gave them two Blankets and an Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired effect." The effectiveness of this effort to broadcast the disease is unknown. There are also accounts that smallpox was used as a weapon during the 2143:

the highest fatality rates. The fatality rate for flat or late hemorrhagic type smallpox is 90% or greater and nearly 100% is observed in cases of early hemorrhagic smallpox. The case-fatality rate for variola minor is 1% or less. There is no evidence of chronic or recurrent infection with variola virus. In cases of flat smallpox in vaccinated people, the condition was extremely rare but less lethal, with one case series showing a 67% death rate.

2573:, "Pox Rash Teachings") published in 1549, with earliest hints of the practice in China during the 10th century. In China, powdered smallpox scabs were blown up the noses of the healthy. People would then develop a mild case of the disease and from then on were immune to it. The technique did have a 0.5–2.0% mortality rate, but that was considerably less than the 20–30% mortality rate of the disease itself. Two reports on the Chinese practice of 755: 1281:

disease in those areas and thus rapidly decreasing mortality rates. Along with variola major, the minor form has now been totally eradicated from the globe. The last case of indigenous variola minor was reported in a Somali cook, Ali Maow Maalin, in October 1977, and smallpox was officially declared eradicated worldwide in May 1980. Variola minor was also called white pox, kaffir pox, Cuban itch, West Indian pox, milk pox, and pseudovariola.

880:, liver, gonads and bladder. Historically, this condition was frequently misdiagnosed, with the correct diagnosis made only at autopsy. This form is more likely to occur in pregnant women than in the general population (approximately 16% of cases in unvaccinated pregnant women were early hemorrhagic smallpox, versus roughly 1% in nonpregnant women and adult males). The case fatality rate of early hemorrhagic smallpox approaches 100%. 3581:, who were accordingly blamed for the disease. Such beliefs were prominent in Japan, Europe, Africa, and other parts of the world. Nearly all cultures who believed in the demon also believed that it was afraid of the color red. This led to the invention of the so-called red treatment, where patients and their rooms would be decorated in red. The practice spread to Europe in the 12th century and was practiced by (among others) 698: 3131:, confirm that bottles of "variolous matter" were carried to Australia for use as a vaccine, but think it unlikely the virus could have survived till 1789. In 2007, Christopher Warren offered evidence that the British smallpox may have been still viable. However, the only non-Aborigine reported to have died in this outbreak was a seaman called Joseph Jeffries, who was recorded as being of "American Indian" origin. 2520:

end of the 19th century. Improved vaccines and the practice of re-vaccination led to a substantial reduction in cases in Europe and North America, but smallpox remained almost unchecked everywhere else in the world. By the mid-20th century, variola minor occurred along with variola major, in varying proportions, in many parts of Africa. Patients with variola minor experience only a mild systemic illness, are often

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prodromal illness still occurred but may have been less severe than in the ordinary type. There was usually no fever during the evolution of the rash. The skin lesions tended to be fewer and evolved more quickly, were more superficial, and may not have shown the uniform characteristic of more typical smallpox. Modified smallpox was rarely, if ever, fatal. This form of variola major was more easily confused with

1950: 2002:), spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body, and spread to other individuals. Potentially life-threatening reactions occurred in 14 to 500 people out of every 1 million people vaccinated for the first time. Based on past experience, it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1 million (0.000198 percent) who receive the vaccine may die as a result, most often the result of postvaccinial 2816: 3499: 3253:. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and unemployment of many of the weapons program's scientists, U.S. government officials have expressed concern that smallpox and the expertise to weaponize it may have become available to other governments or terrorist groups who might wish to use virus as means of biological warfare. Specific allegations made against Iraq in this respect proved to be false. 11133: 11121: 7195: 896:), and the rash is often flat and does not progress beyond the vesicular stage. Hemorrhages in the mucous membranes appear to occur less often than in the early hemorrhagic form. Sometimes the rash forms pustules which bleed at the base and then undergo the same process as in ordinary smallpox. This form of the disease is characterized by a decrease in all of the elements of the 2287: 347:. In 18th-century Europe, it is estimated that 400,000 people died from the disease per year, and that one-third of all cases of blindness were due to smallpox. Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence. Earlier deaths included six European 3574:

the disease and a pot of cool water in the other hand in an attempt to soothe patients. Shrines were created where many Indian natives, both healthy and not, went to worship and attempt to protect themselves from this disease. Some Indian women, in an attempt to ward off Shitala, placed plates of cooling foods and pots of water on the roofs of their homes.

1719:. Guarnieri bodies are readily identified in skin biopsies stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and appear as pink blobs. They are found in virtually all poxvirus infections but the absence of Guarnieri bodies could not be used to rule out smallpox. The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly by 3134:

W. S. Carus, an expert in biological weapons, has written that there is circumstantial evidence that smallpox was deliberately introduced to the Aboriginal population. However Carmody and the Australian National University's Boyd Hunter continue to support the chickenpox hypothesis. In a 2013 lecture

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In the early 1950s, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year. To eradicate smallpox, each outbreak had to be stopped from spreading, by isolation of cases and vaccination of everyone who lived close by. This process is known as "ring vaccination". The key to this

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Given these risks, as smallpox became effectively eradicated and the number of naturally occurring cases fell below the number of vaccine-induced illnesses and deaths, routine childhood vaccination was discontinued in the United States in 1972 and was abandoned in most European countries in the early

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in the mouth and pharynx. The virus can be transmitted throughout the course of the illness, but this happened most frequently during the first week of the rash when most of the skin lesions were intact. Infectivity waned in 7 to 10 days when scabs formed over the lesions, but the infected person was

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Smallpox was highly contagious, but generally spread more slowly and less widely than some other viral diseases, perhaps because transmission required close contact and occurred after the onset of the rash. The overall rate of infection was also affected by the short duration of the infectious stage.

1126:, the divergence date of variola virus from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago. While this is consistent with the other published estimates, it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete. Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed. 867:

and mucous membranes. Death often occurs suddenly between the fifth and seventh days of illness, when only a few insignificant skin lesions are present. Some people survive a few days longer, during which time the skin detaches and fluid accumulates under it, rupturing at the slightest injury. People

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Sometimes, the blisters merged into sheets, forming a confluent rash, which began to detach the outer layers of skin from the underlying flesh. Patients with confluent smallpox often remained ill even after scabs had formed over all the lesions. In one case series, the case-fatality rate in confluent

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in particular, were hampered by indigenous preference for inoculation and distrust of vaccination, despite tough legislation, improvements in the local efficacy of the vaccine and vaccine preservative, and education efforts. By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox

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allowed it to do so. By the 16th century, smallpox had become entrenched across most of Europe, where it had a mortality rate as high as 30 percent. This endemic occurrence of smallpox in Europe is of particular historical importance, as successive exploration and colonization by Europeans tended to

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to smallpox. Because the person was infected with variola virus, a severe infection could result, and the person could transmit smallpox to others. Variolation had a 0.5–2 percent mortality rate, considerably less than the 20–30 percent mortality rate of smallpox. Two reports on the Chinese practice

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was commonly confused with smallpox in the immediate post-eradication era. Chickenpox and smallpox could be distinguished by several methods. Unlike smallpox, chickenpox does not usually affect the palms and soles. Additionally, chickenpox pustules are of varying size due to variations in the timing

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Ordinary smallpox generally produced a discrete rash, in which the pustules stood out on the skin separately. The distribution of the rash was most dense on the face, denser on the extremities than on the trunk, and denser on the distal parts of the extremities than on the proximal. The palms of the

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By the sixth or seventh day, all the skin lesions had become pustules. Between seven and ten days the pustules had matured and reached their maximum size. The pustules were sharply raised, typically round, tense, and firm to the touch. The pustules were deeply embedded in the dermis, giving them the

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did not exist played a significant role in the eradication of smallpox. The WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. Early on, donations of vaccine were provided primarily by the Soviet Union and the United States, but by

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throughout the course of the disease, and are therefore able to more easily spread disease. Infection with variola minor virus induces immunity against the more deadly variola major form. Thus, as variola minor spread all over the US, into Canada, the South American countries, and Great Britain, it

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Ordinary type-confluent is fatal about 50–75% of the time, ordinary-type semi-confluent about 25–50% of the time, in cases where the rash is discrete the case-fatality rate is less than 10%. The overall fatality rate for children younger than 1 year of age is 40–50%. Hemorrhagic and flat types have

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The clinical definition of ordinary smallpox is an illness with acute onset of fever equal to or greater than 38.3 °C (101 °F) followed by a rash characterized by firm, deep-seated vesicles or pustules in the same stage of development without other apparent cause. When a clinical case was

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for smallpox, although an effective vaccine is already available. The horsepox virus had previously seemed to have gone extinct, raising concern about potential revival of variola major and causing other scientists to question their motives. Critics found it especially concerning that the group was

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Because variola minor was a less debilitating disease than smallpox, people were more frequently ambulant and thus able to infect others more rapidly. As such, variola minor swept through the United States, Great Britain, and South Africa in the early 20th century, becoming the dominant form of the

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portions of extremities. The process took no more than 24 to 36 hours, after which no new lesions appeared. At this point, variola major disease could take several very different courses, which resulted in four types of smallpox disease based on the Rao classification: ordinary, modified, malignant

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was both worshipped and feared during her reign. It was believed that this goddess was both evil and kind and had the ability to inflict victims when angered, as well as calm the fevers of the already affected. Portraits of the goddess show her holding a broom in her right hand to continue to move

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pantheon, smallpox was seen as a form of punishment from Shopona. Worship of Shopona was highly controlled by his priests, and it was believed that priests could also spread smallpox when angered. However, Shopona was also seen as a healer who could cure the diseases he inflicted, and he was often

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The cost of the eradication effort, from 1967 to 1979, was roughly US$ 300 million. Roughly a third came from the developed world, which had largely eradicated smallpox decades earlier. The United States, the largest contributor to the program, has reportedly recouped that investment every 26

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in a few countries, notably Great Britain, its North American colonies, and China, somewhat reduced the impact of smallpox among the wealthy classes during the latter part of the 18th century, but a real reduction in its incidence did not occur until vaccination became a common practice toward the

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induced by the vaccinia vaccine are cross-protective for other orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and variola (smallpox) viruses. Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first-time vaccination and seven days after revaccination. Historically, the vaccine has been effective in

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and others, that “careful epidemiologic investigation rarely implicated fomites as a source of infection”; noted that “Current recommendations for control of secondary smallpox infections emphasize transmission ‘by expelled droplets to close contacts (those within 6–7 feet)’”; but warned that the

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The more common, infectious form of the disease was caused by the variola major virus strain, known for its significantly higher mortality rate compared to its counterpart, variola minor. Variola major had a fatality rate of around 30%, while variola minor’s mortality rate was about 1%. Throughout

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Having considered the development and results of the global program on smallpox eradication initiated by WHO in 1958 and intensified since 1967 … Declares solemnly that the world and its peoples have won freedom from smallpox, which was a most devastating disease sweeping in epidemic form through

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Referring to the character of the eruption and the rapidity of its development, modified smallpox occurred mostly in previously vaccinated people. It was rare in unvaccinated people, with one case study showing 1–2% of modified cases compared to around 25% in vaccinated people. In this form, the

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virus to demonstrate that the variola virus can be recreated in a small lab at a cost of about $ 100,000, by a team of scientists without specialist knowledge. This makes the retention controversy irrelevant since the virus can be easily recreated even if all samples are destroyed. Although the

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WHO first recommended destruction of the virus in 1986 and later set the date of destruction to be 30 December 1993. This was postponed to 30 June 1999. Due to resistance from the U.S. and Russia, in 2002 the World Health Assembly agreed to permit the temporary retention of the virus stocks for

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that is dipped into the vaccine solution. The needle is used to prick the skin (usually the upper arm) several times in a few seconds. If successful, a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in three or four days. In the first week, the bump becomes a large blister (called a "Jennerian

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of the virus, would be the only allowed modification of the genome. The committee stated the proposed modification would aid in research of treatments by making it easier to assess whether a potential treatment was effective in killing viral samples. The recommendation could only take effect if

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Variola minor virus, also called alastrim, was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although variola minor had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, it is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to variola major's 30%. Like

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was the variola major strains (the more clinically severe form of smallpox) which spread from Asia between 400 and 1,600 years ago. A second clade included both alastrim (a phenotypically mild smallpox) described from the American continents and isolates from West Africa which diverged from an

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smallpox is known as ṣọpọná, but it was also written as shakpanna, shopona, ṣhapana, and ṣọpọnọ. The word is a combination of 3 words, the verb ṣán, meaning to cover or plaster (referring to the pustules characteristic of smallpox), kpa or pa, meaning to kill, and enia, meaning human. Roughly

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In malignant-type smallpox (also called flat smallpox) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles would have formed in the ordinary type. It is unknown why some people developed this type. Historically, it accounted for 5–10% of cases, and most (72%) were

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and then other states required smallpox vaccination. Although some disliked these measures, coordinated efforts against smallpox went on, and the disease continued to diminish in the wealthy countries. In Northern Europe a number of countries had eliminated smallpox by 1900, and by 1914, the

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Smallpox vaccination within three days of exposure will prevent or significantly lessen the severity of smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people. Vaccination four to seven days after exposure can offer some protection from disease or may modify the severity of the disease. Other than

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in 1751. Jackson developed the illness after being taken prisoner by the British during the American Revolution, and though he recovered, his brother Robert did not. Lincoln contracted the disease during his presidency, possibly from his son Tad, and was quarantined shortly after giving the

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and died on 11 September 1978. Although it has remained unclear how Parker became infected, the source of the infection was established to be the variola virus grown for research purposes at the Medical School laboratory. All known stocks of smallpox worldwide were subsequently destroyed or

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the rarity of smallpox transmission via fomites suggests that mucosal exposure was not the primary means of transmission and is consistent with a preference for infection via the lower respiratory tract. The rarity of transmission on crowded buses and trains could be evidence that airborne

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Henderson DA, Inglesby TV, Bartlett JG, Ascher MS, Eitzen E, Jahrling PB, Hauer J, Layton M, McDade J, Osterholm MT, O'Toole T, Parker G, Perl T, Russell PK, Tonat K (June 1999). "Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense".

2632:, in writings on Notions' technique that were published in 1809, stated, "Had every practitioner been as uniformly successful in the disease as he was, the small-pox might have been banished from the face of the earth, without injuring the system, or leaving any doubt as to the fact." 3076:, who wrote to Bouquet stating: "Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet agreed with the proposal, writing back that "I will try to inocculate [ 1411:

of viral DNA. The first set of expressed genes are transcribed by pre-existing viral machinery packaged within the infecting virion. These genes encode the factors necessary for viral DNA synthesis and for transcription of the next set of expressed genes. Unlike most DNA viruses,

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The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases, as many cases did not come to the attention of the authorities. The fact that humans are the only reservoir for smallpox infection (the virus only infected humans and not other animals) and that

2192:. Respiratory complications tend to develop on about the eighth day of the illness and can be either viral or bacterial in origin. Secondary bacterial infection of the skin is a relatively uncommon complication of smallpox. When this occurs, the fever usually remains elevated. 729:

feel of a small bead in the skin. Fluid slowly leaked from the pustules, and by the end of the second week, the pustules had deflated and began to dry up, forming crusts or scabs. By day 16–20 scabs had formed over all of the lesions, which had started to flake off, leaving

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India's first records of smallpox can be found in a medical book that dates back to 400 CE. This book describes a disease that sounds exceptionally like smallpox. India, like China and the Yorùbá, created a goddess in response to its exposure to smallpox. The Hindu goddess

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in 1874 through the Reichs Vaccination Act. In Lutheran Sweden, the Protestant clergy played a pioneering role in voluntary smallpox vaccination as early as 1800. The first vaccination was carried out in Liechtenstein in 1801, and from 1812 it was mandatory to vaccinate.

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The global eradication of smallpox was certified, based on intense verification activities, by a commission of eminent scientists on 9 December 1979 and subsequently endorsed by the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980. The first two sentences of the resolution read:

2887:, where there were few roads. Civil war, famine, and refugees made the task even more difficult. An intensive surveillance, containment, and vaccination program was undertaken in these countries in early and mid-1977, under the direction of Australian microbiologist 3114: – a more infectious disease which, at the time, was often confused, even by surgeons, with smallpox, and may have been comparably deadly to Aborigines and other peoples without natural immunity to it. Carmody noted that in the 8-month voyage of the 2651:

demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796, after which various attempts were made to eliminate smallpox on a regional scale. In Russia in 1796, the first child to receive this treatment was bestowed the name "Vaccinov" by

3007:. The smallpox vials were subsequently transferred to the custody of the CDC in Atlanta, where virus taken from at least two vials proved viable in culture. After studies were conducted, the CDC destroyed the virus under WHO observation on February 24, 2015. 1267:

In the first half of the 20th century, variola major was the primary cause of smallpox outbreaks across Asia and most of Africa. Meanwhile, variola minor was more commonly found in regions of Europe, North America, South America, and certain parts of Africa.

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was accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations, and subsequently among the native-born colonists. Case fatality rates during outbreaks in Native American populations were as high as 90%. Smallpox was introduced into

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the 18th century, variola major was responsible for around 400,000 deaths annually in Europe alone. Survivors of the disease often faced lifelong consequences, such as blindness and severe scarring, which were nearly universal among those who recovered.

1122:) at 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. This is consistent with archaeological and historical evidence regarding the appearance of smallpox as a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. If the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the 1277:

variola major, variola minor was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor virus conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major virus.

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In September 2019, the Russian lab housing smallpox samples experienced a gas explosion that injured one worker. It did not occur near the virus storage area, and no samples were compromised, but the incident prompted a review of risks to containment.

1939:, rural England, discovered that immunity to smallpox could be produced by inoculating a person with material from a cowpox lesion. Cowpox is a poxvirus in the same family as variola. Jenner called the material used for inoculation vaccine from the 9326: 2479:(which could be almost equally fatal to Aborigines), were divided as to whether the 1829–1830 epidemic was chickenpox or smallpox. Although smallpox was never endemic on the continent, it has been described as the principal cause of death in 1765:

of pustule eruption: smallpox pustules are all very nearly the same size since the viral effect progresses more uniformly. A variety of laboratory methods were available for detecting chickenpox in the evaluation of suspected smallpox cases.

3163:) were involved in research into producing a biological weapon from smallpox. Plans of large scale production were never carried through as they considered that the weapon would not be very effective due to the wide-scale availability of a 1655:

Concern about possible use of smallpox for biological warfare led in 2002 to Donald K. Milton's detailed review of existing research on its transmission and of then-current recommendations for controlling its spread. He agreed, citing Rao,

3142:(and earlier) identifications of smallpox outbreaks were dubious because: "surgeons … would have been unaware of the distinction between smallpox and chickenpox – the latter having traditionally been considered a milder form of smallpox." 1598:

areas, the number of smallpox infections was highest during the winter and spring. In tropical areas, seasonal variation was less evident and the disease was present throughout the year. Age distribution of smallpox infections depended on

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alleged that the Soviet bioweapons program at Zagorsk had produced a large stockpile – as much as twenty tons – of weaponized smallpox (possibly engineered to resist vaccines, Alibek further alleged), along with refrigerated

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The date of the appearance of smallpox is not settled. It most probably evolved from a terrestrial African rodent virus between 68,000 and 16,000 years ago. The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the

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smallpox. The proposal (Resolution WHA11.54) was accepted in 1959. At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. Overall, the progress towards eradication was disappointing, especially in Africa and in the

1348:(ITR) sequences. These sequences are identical but oppositely oriented on either end of the genome, leading to the genome being a continuous loop of DNA. Components of the ITR sequences include an incompletely base paired A/T rich 3118:

and the following 14 months there were no reports of smallpox amongst the colonists and that, since smallpox has an incubation period of 10–12 days, it is unlikely it was present in the First Fleet; however, Warren argued in the

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everywhere in the world except in Australia and small islands untouched by outside exploration. In 18th century Europe, smallpox was a leading cause of death, killing an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year. Up to 10 percent of

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scientists performed the research to help development of new vaccines as well as trace smallpox's history, the possibility of the techniques being used for nefarious purposes was immediately recognized, raising questions on

1182:. Variola virus infects only humans in nature, although primates and other animals have been infected in an experimental setting. Vaccinia, cowpox, and monkeypox viruses can infect both humans and other animals in nature. 892:). The prodrome is severe and similar to that observed in early hemorrhagic smallpox, and the fever persists throughout the course of the disease. Bleeding appears in the early eruptive period (but later than that seen in 319:

could potentially have helped, but such medications did not become available until after the disease was eradicated. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often, those who survived had extensive

9532: 2856:, enforced quarantine, and undertook widespread re-vaccination of the population, enlisting the help of the WHO. In two months, the outbreak was over. Prior to this, there had been a smallpox outbreak in May–July 1963 in 1863:

medical texts described the process of inoculation. Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century, and the procedure was widely practiced by the 16th century, during the

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There are side effects and risks associated with the smallpox vaccine. In the past, about 1 out of 1,000 people vaccinated for the first time experienced serious, but non-life-threatening, reactions, including toxic or

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Duggan AT, Perdomo MF, Piombino-Mascali D, Marciniak S, Poinar D, Emery MV, Buchmann JP, Duchêne S, Jankauskas R, Humphreys M, Golding GB, Southon J, Devault A, Rouillard JM, Sahl JW, Dutour O, Hedman K, Sajantila A,

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The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the descriptions of smallpox-like disease in medical writings from ancient India (as early as 1500 BCE), and China (1122 BCE), as well as a study of the

1787: 671:, associated with the disease. A rash developed on the skin 24 to 48 hours after lesions on the mucous membranes appeared. Typically the macules first appeared on the forehead, then rapidly spread to the whole face, 1305:. The genes are usually not overlapping and typically occur in blocks that point towards the closer terminal region of the genome. The coding sequence of the central region of the genome is highly consistent across 1858:

to avoid possible confusion), which likely occurred in India, Africa, and China well before the practice arrived in Europe. The idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged, as few of the ancient

9026: 11011: 10996: 10981: 2146:

In fatal cases of ordinary smallpox, death usually occurs between days 10–16 of the illness. The cause of death from smallpox is not clear, but the infection is now known to involve multiple organs. Circulating

1527:. When the WHA discussed the proposal in 2005, it refrained from taking a formal vote on the proposal, stating that it would review individual research proposals one at a time. Addition of the GFP gene to the 2620:, Scotland. Notions found success in treating people from at least the late 1780s through a method devised by himself despite having no formal medical background. His method involved exposing smallpox pus to 7248: 1485:

for variola major virus was sequenced from a strain that circulated in India in 1967. In addition, there are sequences for samples of other strains that were collected during the WHO eradication campaign. A

2155:

may be contributing factors. In early hemorrhagic smallpox, death occurs suddenly about six days after the fever develops. The cause of death in early hemorrhagic cases is commonly due to heart failure and

2457:

population had no acquired immunity to this new disease, their peoples were decimated by epidemics. Such disruption and population losses were an important factor in the Spanish achieving conquest of the

684:

of about 30%, and the malignant and hemorrhagic forms were usually fatal. The modified form was almost never fatal. In early hemorrhagic cases, hemorrhages occurred before any skin lesions developed. The

9885: 3109:

and by David Day. However it is disputed by some medical academics, including Professor Jack Carmody, who in 2010 claimed that the rapid spread of the outbreak in question was more likely indicative of

6405: 9318: 2318:

human disease for at least 2000 years. Smallpox was probably introduced into China during the 1st century CE from the southwest, and in the 6th century was carried from China to Japan. In Japan, the

3612: 1185:

The life cycle of poxviruses is complicated by having multiple infectious forms, with differing mechanisms of cell entry. Poxviruses are unique among human DNA viruses in that they replicate in the

6298: 859:) begins with a prodromal phase characterized by a high fever, severe headache, and abdominal pain. The skin becomes dusky and erythematous, and this is rapidly followed by the development of 7150: 2722:

a program was launched to propagate smallpox vaccination, through Indian vaccinators, under the supervision of European officials. Nevertheless, British vaccination efforts in India, and in

2841:

1973, more than 80 percent of all vaccine was produced in developing countries. The Soviet Union provided one and a half billion doses between 1958 and 1979, as well as the medical staff.

369:

introduced the modern smallpox vaccine. In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease. Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being

6531: 1140:

to the other presently sequenced strains. The mutation rate of this virus is well modeled by a molecular clock. Diversification of strains only occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries.

9440: 3565:

called upon by his victims to heal them. The British government banned the worship of the god because it was believed his priests were purposely spreading smallpox to their opponents.

1974:

vesicle") which fills with pus and begins to drain. During the second week, the blister begins to dry up, and a scab forms. The scab falls off in the third week, leaving a small scar.

2628:

for up to 8 years, and then inserting the matter into a person's skin using a knife, and covering the incision with a cabbage leaf. He was reputed not to have lost a single patient.

1510:

of the variola virus. However, in 2004, a committee advisory to the WHO voted in favor of allowing editing of the genome of the two remaining samples of variola major virus to add a

2108:. Efficacy and adverse reaction incidence are similar to Dryvax. The vaccine is not routinely available to the US public; it is, however, used in the military and maintained in the 9296: 2996:. The envelope was labeled as containing scabs from a vaccination and gave scientists at the CDC an opportunity to study the history of smallpox vaccination in the United States. 9524: 4799:

Fenner, Frank, Henderson, Donald A, Arita, Isao, Jezek, Zdenek, Ladnyi, Ivan Danilovich. et al. (1988). Smallpox and its eradication / F. Fenner ... . World Health Organization.

2227:, and atrophy of the optic nerve. Blindness results in approximately 35–40% of eyes affected with keratitis and corneal ulcer. Hemorrhagic smallpox can cause subconjunctival and 1635:), but this was found to be rare. Also rarely, smallpox was spread by virus carried in the air in enclosed settings such as buildings, buses, and trains. The virus can cross the 1416:

in variola virus and other poxviruses takes place within the cytoplasm of the infected cell. The exact timing of DNA replication after infection of a host cell varies across the

307:

over and fell off, leaving scars. The disease was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person or (rarely) via

10076: 7223: 6178: 2999:

On July 1, 2014, six sealed glass vials of smallpox dated 1954, along with sample vials of other pathogens, were discovered in a cold storage room in an FDA laboratory at the

1631:

Some infections of laundry workers with smallpox after handling contaminated bedding suggested that smallpox could be spread through direct contact with contaminated objects (

7493: 705:

At least 90% of smallpox cases among unvaccinated persons were of the ordinary type. In this form of the disease, by the second day of the rash the macules had become raised

6208: 3135:

at the Australian National University, Carmody pointed out that chickenpox, unlike smallpox, was known to be present in the Sydney Cove colony. He also suggested that all

9034: 1911:. Voltaire does not speculate on where the Circassians derived their technique from, though he reports that the Chinese have practiced it "these hundred years". In 1721, 12006: 8300: 4220:

transmission was not important. However, Fenner et al. (1988) state that transmission on public transport was rare because patients seldom traveled after becoming ill.

3246: 2974: 1518:, or green fluorescent protein, would cause live samples of the virus to glow green under fluorescent light. The insertion of this gene, which would not influence the 1449: 10922: 8437: 7260: 7180: 2924:

many countries since earliest time, leaving death, blindness and disfigurement in its wake and which only a decade ago was rampant in Africa, Asia and South America.

1368:

vary in length across strains and species. The coding sequence for most of the viral proteins in variola major virus have at least 90% similarity with the genome of

2891:. As the campaign neared its goal, Fenner and his team played an important role in verifying eradication. The last naturally occurring case of indigenous smallpox ( 2804:. In 1967, the World Health Organization intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $ 2.4 million annually to the effort, and adopted the new 12424: 3522:). Chinese believers actively worked to appease the goddess and pray for her mercy, by such measures as referring to smallpox pustules as "beautiful flowers" as a 7655: 4123: 2322:

is believed to have killed as much as one-third of the population. At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox, such as the god

9210: 3229:

Responding to international pressures, in 1991 the Soviet government allowed a joint U.S.–British inspection team to tour four of its main weapons facilities at

3223: 2754:

are two notable exceptions; neither experienced endemic smallpox and never vaccinated widely, relying instead on protection by distance and strict quarantines.

10338: 9877: 3483:

fell ill with smallpox at the age of seven. His face was badly scarred by the disease. He later had photographs retouched to make his pockmarks less apparent.

2453:

in 1507, and into the mainland in 1520, when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arrived in Mexico, inadvertently carrying smallpox with them. Because the native

9951: 6397: 1572:

virus using publicly available sequence data for horsepox. The researchers argued that their work would be beneficial to creating a safer and more effective

2779:. The campaign was successful in eliminating smallpox from all countries of the Americas except Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. In 1958 Professor 11165: 9355: 5085: 3775: 2424:

spread the disease to other nations. By the 16th century, smallpox had become a predominant cause of morbidity and mortality throughout much of the world.

3345:

died of it in 1527 (causing a civil war of succession in the Inca empire and the eventual conquest by the Spaniards). More recent public figures include

2419:

several smallpox outbreaks occurred in Europe. However, smallpox had not become established there until the population growth and mobility marked by the

1903:, writing detailed accounts of the practice in her letters, and enthusiastically promoted the procedure in England upon her return in 1718. According to 3233:. The inspectors were met with evasion and denials from the Soviet scientists and were eventually ordered out of the facility. In 1992, Soviet defector 12281: 10051: 9266: 9091: 7470: 6773: 6526: 6290: 6232:"The Perennial Use of the Green Fluorescent Protein Marker in a Live Vaccinia Virus Ankara Recombinant Platform Shows No Acute Adverse Effects in Mice" 365:

for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s. Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century. In 1796,

10913: 10693: 9809:

Bennett MJ (2009). "Smallpox and cowpox under the Southern Cross: the smallpox epidemic of 1789 and the advent of vaccination in colonial Australia".

7079: 664:, and throat, and the temperature fell to near-normal. These lesions rapidly enlarged and ruptured, releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva. 12250: 8675: 7142: 1771: 1436:

and other essential enzymes for new viral particles. These proteins are then packaged into new infectious virions capable of infecting other cells.

8247: 5165: 3423:, so much that she made sure that large crowds were kept at bay and sought to isolate him. Eventually, she decided to have herself inoculated by a 1547:

The public availability of the variola virus complete sequence has raised concerns about the possibility of illicit synthesis of infectious virus.

5884:. Bernard N. Fields, David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013. 12696: 11999: 10097: 2683:

to ensure that safe smallpox vaccine would be available to the American public. By about 1817, a robust state vaccination program existed in the

598:. In addition, there were two very rare and fulminating types of smallpox, the malignant (flat) and hemorrhagic forms, which were usually fatal. 578:

is a less common presentation, causing less severe disease, typically discrete smallpox, with historical death rates of 1% or less. Subclinical (

9709: 6325:"Cloning the vaccinia virus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome in Escherichia coli and recovery of infectious virus in mammalian cells" 8279: 3956: 3372:

Prominent families throughout the world often had several people infected by and/or perish from the disease. For example, several relatives of

2314:(died 1145 BCE). It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BCE, where it remained as an 1628:

of an infected person. It was transmitted from one person to another primarily through prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person.

10380: 10135:

Biohazard: The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons Program in the World – Told from Inside by the Man Who Ran It

6521: 4894: 1669:

Once inhaled, the variola virus invaded the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and respiratory tract. From there, it migrated to regional

1610:

declined over time and was probably lost within thirty years. Smallpox was not known to be transmitted by insects or animals and there was no

1577:

able to recreate viable virus in a short time frame with relatively little cost or effort. Although the WHO bans individual laboratories from

344: 12709: 11948: 9450: 4822: 2360: – with smallpox, many scholars agree it is very unlikely such a serious disease as variola major would have escaped being described by 9673: 2852:

returned from the Middle East, where he had contracted the virus. The epidemic infected 175 people, causing 35 deaths. Authorities declared

12417: 12354: 5128: 2957: 2085: 1969:

The current formulation of the smallpox vaccine is a live virus preparation of the infectious vaccinia virus. The vaccine is given using a

356: 8048: 7709: 3991: 1424:

of the genome occurs within actively infected cells. Following the onset of viral DNA replication, an intermediate set of genes codes for

12762: 9288: 7873: 1452:

in Koltsovo, Russia. Research with the remaining virus samples is tightly controlled, and each research proposal must be approved by the

1111: 10931: 9057: 7282:

Shchelkunov SN (December 2011). "Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine".

5975: 4937: 11992: 11751: 11422: 8954: 2970: 1758:(ELISA), which measured variola virus-specific immunoglobulin and antigen were also developed to assist in the diagnosis of infection. 1673:

and began to multiply. In the initial growth phase, the virus seemed to move from cell to cell, but by around the 12th day, widespread

1445: 10514: 10073: 9909: 7212: 6742: 6682: 2340:

The timing of the arrival of smallpox in Europe and south-western Asia is less clear. Smallpox is not clearly described in either the

2100:. While the Dryvax virus was cultured in the skin of calves and freeze-dried, ACAM2000s virus is cultured in kidney epithelial cells ( 1107:

ancestral strain between 1,400 and 6,300 years before present. This clade further diverged into two subclades at least 800 years ago.

8357: 8123: 6162: 3407:

through a series of deaths of smallpox or measles among those higher in the succession line. He himself died of the disease in 1774.

8838: 8718: 8562: 7593: 4034: 2337:

A different viewpoint is that smallpox emerged 1588 CE and the earlier reported cases were incorrectly identified as smallpox.

11158: 8776: 7024: 5093:

From the training course titled "Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention" (www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/training/overview)

4647: 1747: 7501: 5031:"Developments in understanding acquired immunity and innate susceptibility to norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis in children" 2164:

and poor immune response were often cited as causes of death. In flat smallpox modes of death are similar to those in burns, with

2031:

vaccination, treatment of smallpox is primarily supportive, such as wound care and infection control, fluid therapy, and possible

12434: 12410: 12265: 8327: 7387: 6522:"Smallpox: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis" 6200: 3560:, is the deity of smallpox and other deadly diseases (like leprosy, HIV/AIDS, and fevers). One of the most feared deities of the 2961: 2952:

Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Program read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.

2043:. People with semi-confluent and confluent types of smallpox may have therapeutic issues similar to patients with extensive skin 1661:“emphasis on spread via large droplets may reduce the vigilance with which more difficult airborne precautions are maintained”. 381:, which was then known as the "great pox". Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague. 12221: 1809:

An Italian female smallpox patient whose skin displayed the characteristics of late-stage confluent maculopapular scarring, 1965

586:(smallpox without rash) was seen generally in vaccinated persons. This form was marked by a fever that occurred after the usual 12611: 4295: 2319: 83: 10781: 10578: 8513: 8304: 8225:

Silvia Klein, Irene Schöneberg, Gérard Krause (21 October 2012), "Vom Zwang zur Pockenschutzimpfung zum Nationalen Impfplan",

5737: 3854: 3242:

to deliver it. Alibek's stories about the former Soviet program's smallpox activities have never been independently verified.

3068:, the commander of the fort, ordered his subordinate Simeon Ecuyer to give smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary to a 1432:

of the later genes include transcription factors necessary for transcribing the early genes for new virions, as well as viral

1312:

The center of the variola virus genome contains the majority of the essential viral genes, including the genes for structural

12757: 10879: 10847: 10775: 10664: 10545: 10494: 10464: 10413: 10322: 10294: 10143: 9861: 9606: 9566: 8929: 8807: 8507: 8431: 8396: 8079: 8042: 7817: 7692: 7464: 7352: 7039: 6666: 5889: 5656: 5631: 4707: 4680: 4574: 4514: 4487: 4425: 4400: 4156: 3929: 3813: 3769: 3682: 3655: 3510:

In the face of the devastation of smallpox, various smallpox gods and goddesses have been worshipped throughout parts of the

3045: 2728: 2273: 2139:

The mortality rate from variola minor is approximately 1%, while the mortality rate from variola major is approximately 30%.

6889: 3607: 3206:, the strongest recipes of smallpox were tested. Suddenly I was informed that there were mysterious cases of mortalities in 2391:

armies first carried smallpox from Africa into Southwestern Europe during the 7th and 8th centuries. In the 9th century the

1581:

more than 20% of the genome at a time, and purchases of smallpox genome fragments are monitored and regulated, a group with

12752: 12291: 11953: 8418: 7524: 3893: 3282: 3191: 1491: 7172: 4803: 3218:, who at that time was Chief of KGB, and informed him of the exclusive recipe of smallpox obtained on Vozrazhdenie Island. 2449:

before the westward exploration by Europeans in the 15th century CE. Smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of

12255: 11151: 9213:

Advisory Group of Independent Experts to review the smallpox research program (AGIES) WHO document WHO/HSE/GAR/BDP/2010.4

5007: 2127: 827:

smallpox is a severe form accompanied by extensive bleeding into the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, and

10433: 12015: 7945: 7788: 7761: 7650: 5622:

Moss B (2006). "Poxviridae: the viruses and their replication". In Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al. (eds.).

4548: 4354: 4115: 3073: 2792: 2660: 2119:

was approved for medical use in the United States for the treatment of human smallpox disease caused by variola virus.

1490:

for a complete database of annotated sequences of variola virus and other poxviruses is publicly available through the

281: 248: 10813: 939:. The "dumbbell-shaped" structure inside the virion is the viral core, which contains the viral DNA; Mag. = ~370,000× 10572: 10349: 9648: 7835:"Camphor, cabbage leaves and vaccination: the career of Johnie "Notions" Williamson, of Hamnavoe, Eshaness, Shetland" 7652:"A Great Deal of Sickness": Introduced diseases among the Aboriginal People of colonial Southeast Australia 1788–1900 7634: 7576: 7430: 7370: 6636: 6611: 2475:

in 1789 and again in 1829, though colonial surgeons, who by 1829 were attempting to distinguish between smallpox and

1755: 8204: 2746:

Vaccination continued in industrialized countries as protection against reintroduction until the mid to late 1970s.

12374: 11353: 9943: 8096: 6720: 3366: 2776: 2353: 932: 12714: 1677:

of infected cells occurred and the virus could be found in the bloodstream in large numbers, a condition known as

12564: 12286: 12260: 11675: 5096: 2943: 2845: 2707: 2281: 385: 9348: 5320:

Esposito JJ, Sammons SA, Frace AM, Osborne JD, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Zhang M, Govil D, Damon IK, Kline R, Laker M,

3746: 2800:. In 1966 an international team, the Smallpox Eradication Unit, was formed under the leadership of an American, 2399:, provided one of the most definitive descriptions of smallpox and was the first to differentiate smallpox from 2238:. Bony lesions are symmetrical, most common in the elbows, legs, and characteristically cause separation of the 11690: 10202: 9965: 8977: 8889: 7950:

The Statistical Account of Scotland Drawn up from the Communications of the Ministers of the Different Parishes

5369: 4747:

Barquet N, Domingo P (October 1997). "Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death".

1912: 1742:) and examining the resulting pock lesions under defined temperature conditions. Strains were characterized by 1647:

period and viral shedding was usually delayed until the appearance of the rash, which was often accompanied by

12114: 3919: 2864:

by a Swedish sailor; this had been dealt with by quarantine measures and vaccination of the local population.

2062:

treatments have improved since the last large smallpox epidemics, and studies suggest that the antiviral drug

12065: 11907: 10754: 9258: 9083: 8898: 6784: 4538: 4504: 3470: 3278: 3000: 2396: 2277: 1554: 377:) in 2011. The term "smallpox" was first used in England in the 16th century to distinguish the disease from 12369: 10043: 8502:. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 366–418. 7454: 7034:. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 31, 125. 4441:

Henderson DA (December 2011). "The eradication of smallpox – an overview of the past, present, and future".

12747: 11973: 11919: 10910: 10689: 8823: 7219: 7176: 7071: 3756:. History of International Public Health. Vol. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 209–44. 3514:, for example in China and India. In China, the smallpox goddess was referred to as T'ou-Shen Niang-Niang ( 3250: 3245:

In 1997, the Russian government announced that all of its remaining smallpox samples would be moved to the

2545: 2253:

Between 65 and 80% of survivors are marked with deep pitted scars (pockmarks), most prominent on the face.

2109: 2051: 1198: 8665: 1466:

as a model organism. Vaccinia virus, which is used to vaccinate for smallpox, is also under research as a

949: 11963: 11854: 11599: 11333: 11143: 4729: 3617: 3419:, was spared but fear of the virus clearly had its effects on her. She feared for the safety of her son, 12119: 9731:

Fenn EA (March 2000). "Biological warfare in eighteenth-century North America: beyond Jeffery Amherst".

9349:"Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel to Review the 2014 Smallpox (variola) Virus Incident on the NIH Campus" 5157: 1989:

A demonstration by medical personnel on use of a bifurcated needle to deliver the smallpox vaccine, 2002

11653: 11343: 11338: 11281: 11111: 7626: 5913: 3083: 2884: 2486: 2357: 1220:. Infection with either variola major virus or variola minor virus confers immunity against the other. 808:. The prodromal symptoms continued even after the onset of the rash. The rash on the mucous membranes ( 73:

in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.

10104: 9699: 3461:

all contracted and recovered from the disease. Washington became infected with smallpox on a visit to

12742: 12621: 12349: 12199: 11968: 11554: 10345: 7805: 7256: 3623: 2735:. The British government introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination by an Act of Parliament in 1853. 2606: 2035:

assistance. Flat and hemorrhagic types of smallpox are treated with the same therapies used to treat

1936: 1896: 1743: 1578: 1515: 1503: 1481:

in its entirety in the 1990s. The complete coding sequence is publicly available online. The current

1453: 1293:

of variola major virus is about 186,000 base pairs in length. It is made from linear double stranded

654:

stage usually lasted 2–4 days. By days 12–15, the first visible lesions – small reddish spots called

277: 172: 17: 10370: 6064: 5766: 5693: 4905: 3948: 3020: 2703: 2667:, boyhood friend and medical colleague of Jenner. As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organized the 2379:

became the patron saint of smallpox victims for having supposedly survived a bout in 450, and Saint

12584: 12493: 12381: 12301: 12156: 11774: 11660: 11246: 11026: 10957: 8274: 4830: 4770: 4761: 3274: 3061: 2948: 2612:

An early mention of the possibility of smallpox's eradication was made in reference to the work of

1778: 1735: 1585:

could compile, from multiple sources, the full synthetic genome necessary to produce viable virus.

864: 816:

to smallpox. If the person recovered, the lesions gradually faded and did not form scars or scabs.

273: 33: 6683:"Modern History Sourcebook: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey" 5672: 3613:

Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas § Depopulation by Old World diseases

12498: 12488: 12364: 12134: 12042: 11924: 11594: 11256: 10030: 9665: 9640:

Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America

7991: 3266: 3049: 2467: 2231:

hemorrhages. In 2–5% of young children with smallpox, virions reach the joints and bone, causing

1404: 1321: 824: 304: 123: 112: 10159:

Shoham D, Wolfson Z (2004). "The Russian biological weapons program: vanished or disappeared?".

9382:"Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments" 7753:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine

7713: 7072:"Press Announcements – FDA approves the first drug with an indication for treatment of smallpox" 5124: 4506:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine

4392: 384:

The United States and Russia retain samples of variola virus in laboratories, which has sparked

355:

in 1774. As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year. The final known fatal case

284:

of the disease in 1980, making smallpox the only human disease to have been eradicated to date.

12701: 12638: 12085: 11348: 11314: 9441:"How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $ 100,000 using mail-order DNA" 8024: 7684: 6398:"How Canadian researchers reconstituted an extinct poxvirus for $ 100,000 using mail-order DNA" 4756: 3983: 3647:

The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes

3586: 3179: 3160: 2676: 2550: 2503: 2480: 2315: 1244: 813: 647: 179: 11066: 10990: 10286: 10280: 7834: 7620: 7566: 4697: 4670: 3803: 3645: 3222:

Others contend that the first patient may have contracted the disease while visiting Uyaly or

3214:–Moscow train in Aralsk. As a result, the epidemic around the country was prevented. I called 2184:

Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory system and range from simple

888:

There is also a later form of hemorrhagic smallpox (referred to late hemorrhagic smallpox, or

11815: 11780: 11703: 10928: 10236:

Enserink M (June 2002). "Biowarfare. Did bioweapons test cause a deadly smallpox outbreak?".

5931: 5753: 5680: 5396:"On the origin of smallpox: correlating variola phylogenics with historical smallpox records" 4945: 4477: 4146: 3672: 3577:

In cultures that did not recognize a smallpox deity, there was often nonetheless a belief in

3415:

caught the virus and suffered greatly from it. He was left scarred and disfigured. His wife,

3373: 3146: 3011: 2867: 2832:

strategy was the monitoring of cases in a community (known as surveillance) and containment.

2788: 2723: 1524: 1457: 1137: 713: 192: 12151: 8946: 6746: 6230:

Daian e Silva DS, Pinho TM, Rachid MA, Barbosa-Stancioli DF, Da Fonseca FG (15 March 2019).

5707: 12683: 12616: 12554: 12161: 11877: 11518: 11508: 11222: 10510: 9921: 9393: 8740: 8030: 6686: 6336: 6102: 5469: 5407: 5337: 3393: 3199: 2993: 2837: 2805: 2695: 2105: 2011: 1723:

examination of pustular fluid or scabs. All orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick-shaped

1611: 1467: 1425: 1193:. To replicate, poxviruses produce a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other 944: 844: 582:) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common. In addition, a form called 316: 9995:

Carus WS (2015). "The History of Biological Weapons Use: What We Know and What We Don't".

8365: 8138: 4042: 2597:(1742) reports that the Chinese had practiced smallpox inoculation "these hundred years". 2348:

of the Bible or in the literature of the Greeks or Romans. While some have identified the

8: 12483: 12478: 12453: 12095: 11427: 11378: 11015: 9223:

Lane JM, Poland GA (April 2011). "Why not destroy the remaining smallpox virus stocks?".

8871: 8766: 8698: 8539: 7956:(50). University of Edinburgh, University of Glasgow: Edinburgh: William Creech: 569–71. 7597: 6914:

Metzger W, Mordmueller BG, et al. (Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group) (July 2007).

4904:(9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from 3590: 3582: 3416: 3412: 3286: 2797: 2680: 2653: 2494: 2262: 2036: 1999: 1924: 1920: 1720: 1507: 630:

The initial symptoms were similar to other viral diseases that are still extant, such as

292: 9397: 8034: 7045: 6340: 6106: 5473: 5411: 5341: 4639: 4334: 3528: 2675:

in the Americas and the Philippines, and establish mass vaccination programs there. The

1915:

and colleagues provoked controversy in Boston by inoculating hundreds. After publishing

711:. By the third or fourth day, the papules had filled with an opalescent fluid to become 12463: 12458: 12448: 11670: 11559: 11549: 11413: 11276: 11241: 11211: 10261: 10184: 10133: 9834: 9791: 9748: 9559:

Empire of fortune : crowns, colonies, and tribes in the Seven Years War in America

9500: 9473: 9416: 9381: 9188: 9163: 9139: 9114: 8858: 8817: 8771: 8623: 8588: 8196: 7923: 7865: 7341: 7002: 6989: 6964: 6940: 6915: 6579: 6554: 6498: 6473: 6264: 6231: 6136: 6033: 5999:"Vaccinia Virus: From Crude Smallpox Vaccines to Elaborate Viral Vector Vaccine Design" 5998: 5967: 5907: 5547: 5522: 5490: 5457: 5430: 5395: 5361: 5297: 5272: 5218: 5193: 5055: 5030: 4782: 4616: 4591: 4385: 4261: 4236: 4205: 4178: 4092: 4057: 3526:

intended to avert offending the goddess, for example (the Chinese word for smallpox is

3408: 3400: 3362: 3354: 3057: 3004: 2989: 2772: 2699: 2691: 2586: 2376: 1940: 1886: 1869: 1607: 1357: 998: 923: 397: 374: 352: 336: 261: 90: 11958: 10831: 9002: 8335: 7394: 6367: 6324: 6291:"A paper showing how to make a smallpox cousin just got published. Critics wonder why" 5596: 5572:"Structure of intracellular mature vaccinia virus observed by cryoelectron microscopy" 5571: 3540:

translated, it means One who kills a person by covering them with pustules. Among the

2743:

incidence in most industrialized countries had decreased to comparatively low levels.

2246:

reactions. Swollen joints limit movement, and arthritis may lead to limb deformities,

12737: 12670: 12590: 12514: 12468: 12313: 12075: 11984: 11902: 11746: 11665: 11643: 11513: 11368: 11271: 11037: 10875: 10868: 10843: 10771: 10568: 10541: 10490: 10460: 10409: 10403: 10318: 10290: 10253: 10176: 10139: 10012: 9857: 9826: 9795: 9756: 9644: 9602: 9562: 9505: 9445: 9421: 9240: 9193: 9144: 9007: 8925: 8863: 8803: 8710: 8628: 8610: 8554: 8503: 8468: 8427: 8392: 8241: 8188: 8180: 8075: 8038: 7997: 7987: 7957: 7915: 7857: 7813: 7784: 7757: 7688: 7677: 7630: 7572: 7460: 7426: 7366: 7348: 7299: 7124: 7035: 7006: 6994: 6945: 6897: 6871: 6845: 6826: 6662: 6632: 6607: 6584: 6503: 6445: 6372: 6354: 6269: 6251: 6170: 6128: 6120: 6038: 6020: 5959: 5951: 5895: 5885: 5824: 5816: 5652: 5647:

Damon I (2006). "Poxviruses". In Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM, et al. (eds.).

5627: 5601: 5552: 5518: 5495: 5435: 5353: 5321: 5302: 5223: 5060: 4977: 4774: 4703: 4676: 4621: 4570: 4544: 4510: 4483: 4458: 4421: 4396: 4346: 4338: 4266: 4210: 4152: 4097: 4079: 3925: 3809: 3765: 3678: 3651: 3602: 3593:

showing that red light reduced scarring, this belief persisted even until the 1930s.

3545: 3450: 3358: 2684: 2668: 2629: 2165: 2040: 1995: 1970: 1838: 1716: 1600: 686: 587: 400:

and frequency of smallpox by type and vaccination status according to Rao case study

166: 78: 11077: 11020: 10859:

The End of a Global Pox: America and the Eradication of Smallpox in the Cold War Era

10801:

Smallpox: the death of a disease: the inside story of eradicating a worldwide killer

10265: 10188: 9838: 9525:"Russian Lab Explosion Raises Question: Should Smallpox Virus Be Kept Or Destroyed?" 8200: 7927: 7456:

Smallpox- the Death of a Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer

6140: 5971: 5651:. Vol. 2 (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 2947–76. 5626:. Vol. 2 (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven. pp. 2905–46. 5587: 5365: 4942:

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases

4786: 4287: 3487: 2427: 1734:

Definitive laboratory identification of variola virus involved growing the virus on

1395:, and follows a distinct progression during infection. After entry of an infectious 680:(or flat), and hemorrhagic smallpox. Historically, ordinary smallpox had an overall 12675: 12544: 12519: 12473: 12319: 12216: 11625: 11614: 11395: 11236: 10940: 10762: 10562: 10245: 10168: 10004: 9818: 9783: 9740: 9495: 9485: 9411: 9401: 9232: 9183: 9175: 9134: 9126: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8902: 8853: 8618: 8600: 8492: 8230: 8172: 8164: 7907: 7849: 7446: 7291: 7114: 6984: 6976: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6861: 6818: 6574: 6566: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6437: 6362: 6344: 6259: 6243: 6110: 6028: 6010: 5947: 5943: 5806: 5591: 5583: 5542: 5534: 5485: 5477: 5425: 5415: 5345: 5292: 5284: 5213: 5205: 5050: 5042: 4766: 4611: 4603: 4450: 4330: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4200: 4190: 4087: 4069: 3846: 3757: 3515: 3420: 3350: 3346: 3207: 3041: 2801: 2757: 2635: 2536: 2433: 2392: 2380: 2349: 2161: 2081: 1962: 1928: 1855: 1820: 1712: 1708: 1618: 1482: 1333: 1079: 873: 839: 718: 332: 312: 299:. Over a number of days, the skin rash turned into the characteristic fluid-filled 206: 10660: 10249: 9236: 9027:"How terrorism prevented smallpox being wiped off the face of the planet for ever" 7869: 7295: 6980: 5733: 5326:"Genome sequence diversity and clues to the evolution of variola (smallpox) virus" 4454: 3124: 2383:

recorded a similar outbreak in France and Italy in 580, the first use of the term

667:

Variola virus tended to attack skin cells, causing the characteristic pimples, or

12661: 12402: 12129: 11806: 11481: 11402: 11125: 11031: 10935: 10917: 10080: 9787: 9638: 9490: 9406: 8283: 8005: 7778: 7751: 7659: 7450: 7420: 6656: 5481: 5268: 5153: 5046: 4807: 4179:"What was the primary mode of smallpox transmission? Implications for biodefense" 3557: 3536: 3458: 3428: 3310: 3306: 3102: 2896: 2732: 2613: 2557:

The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author

2368: 2327: 2295: 2157: 2152: 2132: 1558: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1384: 1345: 1317: 1213: 1179: 1099: 1010: 828: 689:

between contraction and the first obvious symptoms of the disease was 7–14 days.

574:

is the severe and most common form, with a more extensive rash and higher fever.

216: 61: 12146: 9179: 9130: 8493:"Chapter 9: Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1958–1966" 7516: 7025:"Chapter 9: Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme, 1958–1966" 6850:"Prevalence of antibodies to Vaccinia virus after smallpox vaccination in Italy" 6015: 3885: 1444:

Two live samples of variola major virus remain, one in the United States at the

1336:

the hosts' immune systems, and are primarily responsible for the variability in

1071:

Smallpox is caused by infection with variola virus, which belongs to the family

650:

was commonly involved, nausea, vomiting, and backache often occurred. The early

12326: 12061: 11764: 11735: 11708: 11685: 11498: 11261: 11174: 11137: 11042: 10129: 8646: 7911: 7853: 6822: 6247: 5400:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4800: 3578: 3454: 3381: 3377: 3302: 2876: 2780: 2672: 2602: 2590: 2208: 2148: 2059: 1900: 1890: 1487: 1478: 1433: 1392: 1361: 1205: 783: 730: 12141: 10172: 9474:"Synthetic horsepox viruses and the continuing debate about dual use research" 8176: 7961: 7737:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology

5538: 5209: 4999: 3261: 3186:

in 1971. General Prof. Peter Burgasov, former Chief Sanitary Physician of the

2809: 2466:. Similarly, English settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in 1356:

DNA (a stretch of DNA containing multiple copies of the same sequence), a few

619: 12731: 12534: 12524: 11843: 11741: 11564: 11455: 11200: 10945: 10429: 8614: 8605: 8224: 8184: 8001: 7199: 6745:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7 February 2007. Archived from 6441: 6358: 6255: 6174: 6124: 6024: 5955: 5899: 5820: 5394:

Li Y, Carroll DS, Gardner SN, Walsh MC, Vitalis EA, Damon IK (October 2007).

4607: 4342: 4195: 4083: 3541: 3480: 3424: 3318: 3314: 3215: 3098: 3065: 2827:

was the last person infected with naturally occurring variola major, in 1975.

2739: 2719: 2711: 2648: 2582: 2578: 2438: 2345: 2341: 2304: 2233: 2224: 2216: 2116: 2067: 1985: 1958: 1954: 1932: 1882: 1878: 1825: 1400: 1341: 1329: 1325: 1306: 1298: 1217: 1160: 1115: 1085: 1046: 681: 595: 366: 269: 228: 11005: 10764:

Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6)

8696: 8009: 5811: 5794: 5420: 5349: 4724: 3322: 2694:

became the first country in the world to introduce compulsory vaccinations.

1557:

scientists. They used a previously established method that involved using a

11893: 11725: 11648: 11638: 11585: 11545: 11536: 11384: 10375: 10257: 10180: 10016: 9830: 9760: 9509: 9425: 9244: 9197: 9148: 8867: 8632: 8558: 8540:"Karel Raška: An active participant in the eradication program of smallpox" 8192: 7919: 7898:

Conacher ID (November 2001). "The enigma of Johnnie "Notions" Williamson".

7861: 7303: 7128: 6998: 6963:

Aljabali AA, Obeid MA, Nusair MB, Hmedat A, Tambuwala MM (September 2022).

6949: 6875: 6588: 6570: 6507: 6449: 6376: 6349: 6273: 6132: 6042: 5963: 5828: 5556: 5499: 5439: 5357: 5306: 5288: 5064: 4902:

Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)

4625: 4462: 4350: 4318: 4270: 4214: 4101: 3490:, who wrote the Hungarian national anthem, lost his right eye to smallpox. 3476: 3435: 3342: 3334: 3294: 3171: 3152: 3072:

delegation outside the fort. Bouquet had discussed this with his superior,

2903:, on 26 October 1977. The last naturally occurring case of the more deadly 2888: 2784: 2639:

Vaccination during the Smallpox Eradication and Measles Control Program in

2498:

Gravestone from 1711 for 4 children who died of smallpox (Rastede, Germany)

2372: 2196: 2003: 1865: 1727:

by electron microscopy. If particles with the characteristic morphology of

1657: 1582: 1429: 1190: 1164: 986: 974: 901: 579: 11173: 10690:"Smallpox controlfrom Africa to America and back again | African Art" 9011: 8906: 8714: 6866: 6849: 6830: 5879: 5605: 5227: 4981: 4778: 3549: 2934:

days since in money not spent on vaccinations and the costs of incidence.

2084:

developed by Acambis. It was approved for use in the United States by the

1731:

are seen this will eliminate smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections.

1460:(WHA). Most research on poxviruses is performed using the closely related 1328:

synthesis. The ends of the genome vary more across strains and species of

12578: 12572: 12529: 12386: 12306: 11882: 11061: 10210: 10008: 9704: 8670: 8472: 7119: 7102: 6229: 5192:

Downie AW, Fedson DS, Saint Vincent L, Rao AR, Kempe CH (December 1969).

3389: 3230: 3187: 3123:

article that the likely source was bottles of variola virus possessed by

3115: 3053: 2985: 2912: 2853: 2820: 2751: 2664: 2598: 2574: 2540: 2516: 2416: 2361: 2200: 2169: 2055: 1874: 1850: 1845: 1830: 1728: 1705: 1686: 1670: 1604: 1553:, a cousin of the variola virus, was artificially synthesized in 2002 by 1511: 1373: 1194: 1148:

Variola virus is large and brick-shaped and is approximately 302 to 350

1123: 1119: 897: 877: 804:

phase that lasted 3–4 days, prolonged high fever, and severe symptoms of

635: 362: 327:

The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BC in Egyptian

10906:

Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks

9289:"Forgotten smallpox vials found in cardboard box at Maryland laboratory" 8100: 2525:

became the dominant form of smallpox, further reducing mortality rates.

1643:

smallpox was relatively low. Smallpox was not notably infectious in the

1232: 12539: 12195: 11912: 11868: 11525: 11444: 11323: 11088: 11083: 10661:"Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox | David J. Sencer CDC Museum" 9822: 9752: 9211:

Comments on the Scientific Review of Variola Virus Research, 1999–2010.

8653:(in Russian). Moscow: Знание (издательство, Москва) (Knowledge): 44–55. 6712: 3761: 3411:

died of the disease at 14 years of age. Also, before becoming emperor,

3293:

Famous historical figures who contracted smallpox include Lakota Chief

3234: 3111: 2908: 2731:. In 1842, the United Kingdom banned inoculation, later progressing to 2476: 2454: 2450: 2404: 2243: 2185: 2032: 1978: 1794: 1761: 1701: 1640: 1417: 1365: 1353: 1073: 1034: 1022: 788: 772: 370: 223: 184: 70: 10029:

See a fuller discussion of their views and those of Dr. G. E. Ford in

8137:. The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS). Archived from 5515: 4148:

Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies

3392:

in 1562. Elizabeth tried to disguise the pockmarks with heavy makeup.

3376:

survived the disease but were scarred by it. These include his sister

2960:. A medical photographer, Janet Parker, contracted the disease at the 2066:

might be useful as a therapeutic agent. The drug must be administered

1309:, and the arrangement of genes is consistent across chordopoxviruses. 12549: 11833: 11796: 11680: 11266: 11190: 11072: 9878:"Chicken pox or smallpox in the colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789" 6629:

The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention

5996: 4074: 3523: 3511: 3404: 3015: 2857: 2747: 2511:

infants died of smallpox each year, and the death rate of infants in

2472: 2247: 2239: 2212: 2189: 2101: 2063: 1908: 1907:(1742), the Turks derived their use of inoculation from neighbouring 1751: 1595: 1533:

genome is routinely performed during research on the closely related

1519: 1403:

can be detected within 20 minutes. About half of the viral genome is

1388: 1349: 1337: 1186: 1149: 869: 868:

are usually conscious until death or shortly before. Autopsy reveals

852: 787:

Malignant hemorrhagic smallpox in a baker during an 1896 epidemic in

754: 651: 631: 340: 296: 235: 12632: 10973: 10905: 10214: 9973: 9966:"Friends of the First Government House Site Inc – Smallpox Epidemic" 9744: 9599:

The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814

9058:"Final Stock of the Smallpox Virus Now Nearer to Extinction in Labs" 8328:"State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma" 7618: 6604:

Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing

6115: 6090: 5997:

Kaynarcalidan O, Moreno Mascaraque S, Drexler I (26 November 2021).

5325: 2445:

There were no credible descriptions of smallpox-like disease in the

843:

An unvaccinated person with probable hemorrhagic smallpox in a 1925

12655: 12391: 12359: 11503: 11474: 11328: 10949: 10834:

anecdotal accounts from letters and editorials in local newspapers.

8950: 8389:

Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907

8288:

Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein.

7996:. Vol. II. Edinburgh: John Ballantyne and Co. pp. 83–91. 5523:"17th Century variola Virus Reveals the Recent History of Smallpox" 3498: 3462: 3399:

In Europe, deaths from smallpox often changed dynastic succession.

3338: 3326: 3298: 3211: 3203: 3183: 3156: 2861: 2617: 2594: 2558: 2446: 2420: 2364:

if it had existed in the Mediterranean region during his lifetime.

2311: 2089: 2077: 2007: 1904: 1860: 1644: 1636: 1621:

variola virus, usually droplets expressed from the oral, nasal, or

1569: 1549: 1535: 1529: 1462: 1369: 1171: 1110:

A second estimate has placed the separation of variola virus from

860: 809: 801: 672: 656: 591: 575: 378: 321: 188: 157: 108: 11097: 9164:"Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus?" 9115:"Should the US and Russia destroy their stocks of smallpox virus?" 8234: 5570:

Dubochet J, Adrian M, Richter K, Garces J, Wittek R (March 1994).

3337:, died of smallpox in 1520, shortly after its introduction to the 701:

A child showing rash due to ordinary-type smallpox (variola major)

12166: 12124: 12081: 11849: 11820: 11589: 11569: 11390: 11303: 11293: 10098:"USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook" 9624:

Haughty Conquerors: Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763

8800:

Nature, Nurture and Chance: The Lives of Frank and Charles Fenner

7198:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

3570: 3503: 3396:, contracted the disease as a child but had no visible scarring. 3270: 3239: 3175: 3164: 2900: 2625: 2400: 2331: 2093: 1834: 1724: 1678: 1622: 1573: 1562: 1471: 1313: 1209: 805: 792: 759: 722: 697: 643: 639: 348: 300: 10941:

Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae

8589:"Lessons from a modern review of the smallpox eradication files" 8169:

Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung -Gesundheitsschutz

7976:– via The Statistical Accounts of Scotland online service. 4144: 3155:, scientists from the United Kingdom, United States, and Japan ( 2871:

Bifurcated needle used in the WHO's smallpox eradication program

2356:" and Egypt – or the plague that lifted Carthage's 396 BCE 2160:. In late hemorrhagic cases, high and sustained viremia, severe 12688: 11493: 11251: 11231: 11000: 10985: 10344:. Smallpox: Disease, Prevention, and Intervention. CDC and the 6426: 3561: 3553: 3443: 3439: 3385: 3069: 2849: 2659:

The introduction of the vaccine to the New World took place in

2512: 2508: 2323: 2291: 2228: 2220: 2204: 2173: 2097: 1949: 1739: 1682: 1648: 1632: 1625: 1290: 1175: 1156: 936: 707: 676: 668: 661: 308: 9774:

Warren C (2013). "Smallpox at Sydney Cove – who, when, why?".

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A view of the ancient and present state of the Zetland islands

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Rodrigues BA (1975). "Smallpox eradication in the Americas".

6555:"Strengthening national preparedness for smallpox: an update" 3330: 2966: 2640: 2459: 2307: 2071: 1674: 1396: 1352:, a region of roughly 100 base pairs necessary for resolving 1153: 1103: 961: 763: 328: 288: 265: 11132: 10408:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 8802:. Canberra, ACT 0200: Australian National University Press. 8491:

Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988).

8364:. Rockville, MD: Indian Health Service. 1976. Archived from 8026:

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Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID (1988).

3677:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Chapter 1. 2131:

Smallpox survivor with facial scarring, blindness and white

1681:. This resulted in the second wave of multiplication in the 1216:

membranes containing viral-specific polypeptides, including

12091: 11634: 11486: 8124:"Against all odds: vanquishing smallpox in far-flung Japan" 7842:

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Otri AM, Singh AD, Dua HS (October 2008). "Abu Bakr Razi".

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Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005).

4237:"Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination" 2880: 2775:-wide effort to eradicate smallpox was made in 1950 by the 2621: 2521: 2463: 2388: 2044: 2019: 1961:'s vaccination procedure, showing using his cowpox-derived 1302: 268:(often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus 196: 10861:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. xviii, 268. 10480: 10478: 10476: 8697:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (June 1996).

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5932:"WHO Gives a Cautious Green Light to Smallpox Experiments" 3182:

occurred during testing at a facility on an island in the

2975:

State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR

2490:

Global number of reported smallpox cases from 1920 to 2016

2431:

Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century

10953: 10430:"President Abraham Lincoln: Health & Medical History" 10339:"History and Epidemiology of Global Smallpox Eradication" 9601:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 144. 9528: 8490: 8276:

Zum 200. Geburtstag von Landesphysikus Gebhard Schaedler.

7707: 7022: 6962: 6843: 6056: 5708:"The Spread and Eradication of Smallpox | Smallpox | CDC" 4319:"History of Smallpox and Its Spread in Human Populations" 4145:

Lebwohl MG, Heymann WR, Berth-Jones J, Coulson I (2013).

3747:"The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World" 3744: 3589:. Afforded scientific credibility through the studies by 3078: 2330:

in West Africa. In India, the Hindu goddess of smallpox,

2286: 1698:

observed, smallpox was confirmed using laboratory tests.

1294: 1170:

Four orthopoxviruses cause infection in humans: variola,

800:

children. Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe

737:

hands and soles of the feet were involved in most cases.

9910:"Could First Fleet smallpox infect Aborigines? – A note" 9586:(1st ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 226. 7848:(3). Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh: 395–406. 7619:

Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C, Langsjoen O (1998).

6844:

Pütz MM, Alberini I, Midgley CM, Manini I, Montomoli E,

6163:"W.H.O. Panel Backs Gene Manipulation in Smallpox Virus" 1797:

occurs mostly on the torso, spreading less to the limbs.

10473: 8586: 8301:"The control and eradication of smallpox in South Asia" 5455: 4387:

Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

1212:

are infectious. The viral envelope is made of modified

12014: 8978:"The smallpox story: life and death of an old disease" 8099:. Society of Philippine Health History. Archived from 8074:. Trinity: The Trinity Historical Society. p. 1. 7069: 6631:. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. pp. 135–37. 6474:"Smallpox and biological warfare: a disease revisited" 4699:

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3650:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. 3174:

established a smallpox weapons factory in the city of

2907:

had been detected in October 1975 in a three-year-old

2375:

in 165–180 CE may have been caused by smallpox, Saint

2092:

virus, cloned from the same strain used in an earlier

11109: 10751:

Pox Americana: the great smallpox epidemic of 1775–82

10285:. New York: American Management Association. p. 9693: 9691: 7739:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134. 7143:"Smallpox Preparedness and Response Updates from FDA" 5393: 4993: 4991: 2250:, malformed bones, flail joints, and stubby fingers. 2058:, the first drug approved for treatment of smallpox. 1899:

observed smallpox inoculation during her stay in the

660:– appeared on mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, 10963: 10627:

When Plague Strikes: The Black Death, Smallpox, AIDS

10511:"Biography at the Edwards Center at Yale University" 9319:"FDA found more than smallpox vials in storage room" 8587:

Metzger WG, Köhler C, Mordmüller B (December 2015).

7494:"Child Mummy Found With Oldest Known Smallpox Virus" 5792: 4316: 2844:

The last major European outbreak of smallpox was in

2334:, was worshipped in temples throughout the country. 1844:

The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was

1561:

viral genome to create a self-replicating bacterial

1197:, the most important of which is a viral-associated 10046:

The 'myth' of smallpox at Sydney Cove in April 1789

9251: 8332:

ABIM – An Annotated Bibliography of Indian Medicine

8162: 7315: 7313: 7205: 6743:"Frequently Asked Questions About Smallpox Vaccine" 6527:

Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy

5456:Hughes AL, Irausquin S, Friedman R (January 2010). 5028: 3674:

Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology

3473:died of smallpox in 1758 following an inoculation. 3101:used smallpox in 1789 against indigenous tribes in 2956:The last case of smallpox in the world occurred in 2875:By the end of 1975, smallpox persisted only in the 2515:might have been even higher. The widespread use of 1917:

The present method of inoculating for the small-pox

335:. It was one of several diseases introduced by the 12432: 10891:The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 10867: 10362: 9688: 9380:Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH (19 January 2018). 9379: 8097:"Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy" 7939: 7937: 7676: 7622:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology 7594:"Smallpox The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge" 7340: 6913: 6606:. 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If successful, inoculation produced lasting 32:"Variola" redirects here. For other uses, see 12594: 12418: 12000: 11949:Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood 11159: 10158: 9802: 9438: 9259:"Century-old smallpox scabs in N.M. envelope" 9155: 8531: 8405: 8334:. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan. Archived from 8229:(in German), vol. 55, pp. 1512–23, 7891: 7783:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. 7500:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 6701: 6661:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. 6552: 5511: 5509: 5451: 5449: 5239: 5237: 4543:(2nd ed.). Academic Press. p. 293. 4282: 4280: 4172: 4170: 4168: 3943: 3941: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3105:. This theory was also considered earlier in 2568: 2562: 855:form of hemorrhagic smallpox (referred to as 311:. Prevention was achieved mainly through the 287:The initial symptoms of the disease included 10958:Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer 10717:Medical Anthropology: A Biocultural Approach 10611: 10503: 10395: 8791: 8246:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8156: 7545: 7325: 6956: 6904: 6420: 6201:"WHO smallpox vaccine reserve gains support" 5313: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5148: 5146: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5022: 4976:(1st ed.). Bombay: Kothari Book Depot. 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4817: 4815: 4801:https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 4558: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3805:Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History 3277:, who became the second consecutive wife of 3178:, 75 km to the northeast of Moscow. An 3056:region. A group of Native American warriors 2973:(CDC) and the Soviet Union's (now Russia's) 2585:who received a report by an employee of the 2441:of conquest-era central Mexico with smallpox 1885:who received a report by an employee of the 1617:Transmission occurred through inhalation of 1477:The genome of variola major virus was first 1387:of variola virus occurs entirely within the 1152:by 244 to 270 nm, with a single linear 721:and turbid within 24–48 hours, resulting in 10655: 10653: 10651: 10489:. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–71. 10459:. New York: Random House. pp. 387–88. 10308: 10306: 8830: 8703:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 8486: 8484: 8482: 8022: 7776: 7756:. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. 7665: 7425:. Princeton University Press. p. 285. 7281: 7241: 7165: 6920:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6654: 5158:"A reporter at large: Demon in the Freezer" 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4702:. 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In response, 2607:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 2569: 1937:Berkeley, Gloucestershire 1897:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1744:polymerase chain reaction 943: 930: 921: 914: 613: 608: 550: 410: 407: 404: 278:World Health Organization 244: 234: 222: 212: 202: 178: 165: 148: 140: 132: 122: 89: 77: 69:A child with smallpox in 68: 59: 51: 46: 12382:Tuberculosis elimination 12302:India National PolioPlus 11974:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome 11775:Merkel cell polyomavirus 11661:Laryngeal papillomatosis 11247:Herpes simplex keratitis 10925:, Center for Biosecurity 10315:The Demon in the Freezer 9920:: 152–64. Archived from 9113:Hammond E (April 2007). 9033:. London. Archived from 8822:: CS1 maint: location ( 8606:10.1177/0141076815605211 8538:Zikmund V (March 2010). 8012:– via archive.org. 7808:(1997). Grundy I (ed.). 7359:Originally published as 6823:10.1093/infdis/125.2.161 6442:10.1001/jama.281.22.2127 5332:(Submitted manuscript). 4608:10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430 4196:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00150 3341:, and the Incan emperor 2727:vaccination program for 2070:, and may cause serious 1779:chorioallantoic membrane 1736:chorioallantoic membrane 1474:for unrelated diseases. 907: 834: 621:Smallpox (US Army, 1967) 34:Variola (disambiguation) 27:Eradicated viral disease 12043:Eradication of smallpox 11925:Boston exanthem disease 11595:Yaba monkey tumor virus 11277:Herpetiform esophagitis 11257:Neonatal herpes simplex 10540:. Phoenix. p. 61. 9666:"Colonial germ warfare" 8982:Microbiological Reviews 8282:27 October 2021 at the 8262:Sveriges Kyrkohistoria. 7780:A History of Immunology 7777:Silverstein AM (2009). 7710:"Smallpox and Vaccinia" 7320:Vaccine and Serum Evils 7255:. Geneva, Switzerland: 6890:"Questions and Answers" 6658:A History of Immunology 6655:Silverstein AM (2009). 6462:Donald K. Milton, ibid. 5812:10.1111/1469-0691.12536 5421:10.1073/pnas.0609268104 5350:10.1126/science.1125134 5194:"Haemorrhagic smallpox" 4540:A History of Immunology 4537:Silverstein AM (2009). 3267:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2848:, after a pilgrim from 2468:Plymouth, Massachusetts 2371:that swept through the 1927:of Russia and her son, 1715:, and are the sites of 1639:, but the incidence of 883: 594:studies or, rarely, by 476:Ordinary semiconfluent 161:(spread between people) 12086:Eradication of malaria 11349:Zoster-associated pain 10536:Montefiore SS (2008). 10132:, Handelman S (1999). 8227:Bundesgesundheitsblatt 8023:Ben-Menahem A (2009). 6969:Microbial Pathogenesis 6717:Letters on the English 6571:10.3201/eid0701.010125 6350:10.1073/pnas.192420599 5912:: CS1 maint: others ( 5761:Cite journal requires 5688:Cite journal requires 5289:10.3201/eid1704.101960 5198:The Journal of Hygiene 3587:Elizabeth I of England 3507: 3494:Tradition and religion 3469:The famous theologian 3290: 3220: 3161:Imperial Japanese Army 2953: 2926: 2872: 2828: 2768: 2647:The English physician 2644: 2554: 2499: 2491: 2442: 2299: 2136: 1990: 1966: 1841: 848: 814:cell-mediated immunity 796: 767: 702: 584:variola sine eruptione 408:Case fatality rate (%) 180:Differential diagnosis 12182:agricultural diseases 11781:Merkel cell carcinoma 11704:Bovine papillomavirus 10857:Reinhardt BH (2015). 10642:Man, past and present 10567:. Budapest: Arcanum. 9884:. 17 September 2010. 8837:Pennington H (2003). 7833:Smith B (July 1998). 7393:. WHO. Archived from 6900:on 16 September 2008. 6867:10.1099/vir.0.81265-0 4696:Roossinck MJ (2016). 4391:. 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London: Churchill. 4669:Guidotti TL (2015). 4565:Strathern P (2005). 4476:Henderson D (2009). 3990:. 13 December 2017. 3847:"Signs and Symptoms" 3671:Schaller KF (2012). 3394:Mary, Queen of Scots 3200:Vozrozhdeniya Island 3125:First Fleet surgeons 2994:Santa Fe, New Mexico 2806:disease surveillance 2690:On August 26, 1807, 2106:African green monkey 2012:progressive vaccinia 1721:electron microscopic 1612:asymptomatic carrier 1583:malicious intentions 1514:. This gene, called 945:Virus classification 876:, skeletal muscles, 845:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 717:. This fluid became 309:contaminated objects 280:(WHO) certified the 12748:Eradicated diseases 12442:Individual diseases 12435:infectious diseases 12096:Eradication of yaws 11379:Human herpesvirus 6 10828:Smallpox: A History 10808:Hopkins, Donald R. 10749:Fenn, Elizabeth A. 10603:Hopkins DR (1983). 10561:Szinnyei J (2000). 10513:. Yale University. 10485:Oldstone M (2010). 10138:. New York: Delta. 9582:Peckham HH (1947). 9398:2018PLoSO..1388453N 9323:The Washington Post 9084:"Stay of execution" 8103:on 23 December 2004 8035:2009henm.book.....B 7600:on 7 September 2008 7504:on 7 November 2018. 7498:National Geographic 7361:Hopkins DR (1983). 7339:Hopkins DR (2002). 7290:(Suppl 4): D49–53. 6781:Smallpox Fact Sheet 6749:on 16 November 2015 6341:2002PNAS...9912415D 6107:2004Natur.432..263C 5576:Journal of Virology 5474:2010InfGE..10...50H 5412:2007PNAS..10415787L 5342:2006Sci...313..807E 4806:26 May 2020 at the 4640:"Smallpox vaccines" 3886:"What is Smallpox?" 3591:Niels Ryberg Finsen 3583:Charles V of France 3417:Catherine the Great 3413:Peter III of Russia 3365:in 1774 (died) and 3287:Mozart and smallpox 3140: 18th century 3074:Sir Jeffrey Amherst 3048:confederacy led by 3031:Society and culture 2895:) was diagnosed in 2798:Indian subcontinent 2681:Vaccine Act of 1813 2654:Catherine the Great 2561:(1499–1582) in his 2320:epidemic of 735–737 2263:History of smallpox 2041:fluid resuscitation 2000:erythema multiforme 1953:An 1802 cartoon by 1925:Catherine the Great 1738:(part of a chicken 1689:, and lymph nodes. 1508:genetic engineering 1498:Genetic engineering 1358:open reading frames 1154:double stranded DNA 401: 386:debates over safety 375:even-toed ungulates 295:in the mouth and a 158:variola minor virus 153:variola major virus 11857:("German measles") 11671:Bowenoid papulosis 11242:Herpes gladiatorum 11053:External resources 10916:6 May 2013 at the 10866:Tucker JB (2001). 10842:. UK: Amazon KDP. 10830:(McFarland, 2013) 10753:(Macmillan, 2001) 10730:Tucker JB (2001). 10625:Giblin JC (1995). 10455:Massie RK (2011). 10313:Preston R (2003). 10217:on 14 October 2007 10083:, by Tom McIlroy, 9914:Aboriginal History 9823:10.1353/bhm.0.0167 9622:Nester WR (2000). 9597:Grenier J (2008). 9037:on 28 October 2011 8924:. UK: Amazon KDP. 8772:The New York Times 8387:Durbach N (2005). 7750:Needham J (2000). 7592:Koplow DA (2003). 7419:Thieme HR (2003). 7120:10.1093/jac/dkh286 7051:on 15 January 2011 6860:(Pt 11): 2955–60. 6774:"Vaccine Overview" 6689:on 4 December 2010 6167:The New York Times 5714:. 19 February 2019 5000:"CBRNE – Smallpox" 4755:(8 Pt 1): 635–42. 4503:Needham J (2000). 3508: 3502:The Hindu goddess 3409:Peter II of Russia 3401:Louis XV of France 3363:Louis XV of France 3355:Peter II of Russia 3291: 3036:Biological warfare 3005:Bethesda, Maryland 2954: 2929:Costs and benefits 2873: 2846:1972 in Yugoslavia 2829: 2769: 2698:followed in 1809, 2645: 2587:East India Company 2555: 2500: 2492: 2443: 2377:Nicasius of Rheims 2300: 2172:, and fulminating 2137: 2050:In July 2018, the 1991: 1967: 1921:Dr Thomas Dimsdale 1887:East India Company 1842: 1833:kit including the 1483:reference sequence 1376:against smallpox. 1285:Genome composition 1243:. You can help by 1000:Nucleocytoviricota 849: 797: 768: 746:smallpox was 62%. 703: 602:Signs and symptoms 513:Malignant aka Flat 458:Ordinary confluent 398:Case fatality rate 396: 353:Louis XV of France 337:Columbian exchange 282:global eradication 264:caused by variola 262:infectious disease 84:Infectious disease 12725: 12724: 12639:Taxon identifiers 12630: 12629: 12591:COVID-19 pandemic 12585:HIV/AIDS pandemic 12515:Alexander Fleming 12400: 12399: 12338: 12337: 12314:Polio in Pakistan 12230: 12229: 12175: 12174: 12076:Polio eradication 11982: 11981: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11903:Coxsackie A virus 11883:Chikungunya fever 11791: 11790: 11747:Reticulocytopenia 11719: 11718: 11608: 11607: 11514:Eczema vaccinatum 11438: 11437: 11391:Exanthema subitum 11362: 11361: 11339:Ophthalmic zoster 11304:B virus infection 11272:Eczema herpeticum 11107: 11106: 10881:978-0-8021-3939-9 10849:978-1-9804-5522-6 10838:Pallen M (2018). 10819:Koplow, David A. 10777:978-92-4-156110-5 10761:Fenner F (1988). 10663:. 30 April 2021. 10640:Keane AH (1920). 10547:978-1-4072-2145-8 10496:978-0-19-532731-1 10466:978-0-679-45672-8 10432:. 24 March 2007. 10415:978-0-520-23732-2 10402:Koplow D (2003). 10355:on 15 July 2007. 10324:978-0-345-46663-1 10296:978-0-8144-0865-0 10244:(5576): 2116–17. 10145:978-0-385-33496-9 10110:on 12 August 2015 10050:. 3 August 2013. 9863:978-0-7322-6976-0 9608:978-0-521-73263-5 9568:978-0-7351-0021-3 8931:978-1-9804-5522-6 8920:Pallen M (2018). 8877:on 23 March 2022. 8809:978-1-920942-62-5 8798:Fenner F (2006). 8509:978-92-4-156110-5 8433:978-0-7216-7443-8 8398:978-0-8223-3423-1 8081:978-0-9810017-0-8 8044:978-3-540-68831-0 7819:978-0-14-043490-3 7812:. Penguin Books. 7694:978-0-521-84542-7 7649:Peter J Dowling, 7565:Hoxie FE (1996). 7466:978-1-59102-722-5 7354:978-0-226-35168-1 7041:978-92-4-156110-5 6848:(November 2005). 6790:on 2 January 2008 6711:Voltaire (1742). 6668:978-0-08-091946-1 6627:Temple R (1986). 5942:(5700): 1270–71. 5891:978-1-4511-0563-6 5658:978-0-7817-6060-7 5633:978-0-7817-6060-7 5244:Dixon CW (1962). 4948:on 9 October 2007 4827:Smallpox Overview 4709:978-1-4008-8325-7 4682:978-0-19-932568-9 4576:978-1-84529-155-6 4516:978-0-521-63262-1 4489:978-1-61592-230-7 4449:(Suppl 4): D7–9. 4427:978-0-936741-11-6 4402:978-1-85109-658-9 4158:978-0-7020-5236-1 3931:978-0-8385-8529-0 3815:978-1-4654-5893-3 3771:978-92-4-156110-5 3684:978-3-642-76200-0 3657:978-1-59745-391-2 3603:List of epidemics 3546:Dahomean religion 3451:George Washington 3359:George Washington 3023:and regulations. 3021:dual use research 2938:Since eradication 2685:Dutch East Indies 2669:Balmis expedition 2630:Arthur Edmondston 2393:Persian physician 2358:siege of Syracuse 2268:Disease emergence 1996:allergic reaction 1839:bifurcated needle 1750:(RFLP) analysis. 1717:viral replication 1601:acquired immunity 1297:and contains the 1261: 1260: 1069: 1068: 894:purpura variolosa 857:purpura variolosa 687:incubation period 628: 627: 588:incubation period 568: 567: 532:Early hemorrhagic 439:Ordinary discrete 255: 254: 240:30% risk of death 167:Diagnostic method 41:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 12770: 12743:Chordopoxvirinae 12718: 12717: 12705: 12704: 12692: 12691: 12679: 12678: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12634: 12633: 12596: 12545:Ignaz Semmelweis 12520:Maurice Hilleman 12427: 12420: 12413: 12404: 12403: 12320:Every Last Child 12241: 12240: 12217:Ovine rinderpest 12186: 12185: 12029: 12028: 12009: 12002: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11802: 11801: 11628: 11621: 11620: 11615:Papillomaviridae 11451: 11450: 11428:Kaposi's sarcoma 11396:Roseola vaccinia 11317: 11297: 11252:Herpetic sycosis 11237:Herpetic whitlow 11225: 11218: 11217: 11207: 11206: 11196: 11195: 11187: 11186: 11168: 11161: 11154: 11145: 11144: 11136: 11135: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11115: 10965: 10964: 10894: 10885: 10873: 10862: 10853: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10786: 10769: 10736: 10735: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10686: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10657: 10646: 10645: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10622: 10609: 10608: 10600: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10482: 10471: 10470: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10426: 10420: 10419: 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10348:. 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Archived from 9446:Science Magazine 9436: 9430: 9429: 9419: 9409: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9360: 9353: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9325:. 16 July 2014. 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9201: 9191: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9142: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9005: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8896: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8870:. 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Archived from 7705: 7699: 7698: 7682: 7672: 7663: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7399: 7392: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7358: 7346: 7336: 7323: 7317: 7308: 7307: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7263:on 25 March 2013 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7228: 7217: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7044:. Archived from 7029: 7020: 7011: 7010: 6992: 6975:(Pt A): 105794. 6960: 6954: 6953: 6943: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6896:. Archived from 6886: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6783:. Archived from 6778: 6770: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6582: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6469: 6463: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6394: 6381: 6380: 6370: 6352: 6335:(19): 12415–20. 6320: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6158: 6145: 6144: 6118: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6018: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5927: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5876: 5833: 5832: 5814: 5790: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5676: 5675:. 21 March 2024. 5669: 5663: 5662: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5599: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5406:(40): 15787–92. 5391: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5336:(5788): 807–12. 5317: 5311: 5310: 5300: 5265: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5156:(12 July 1999). 5150: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5101: 5095:. Archived from 5090: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4969: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4944:. Archived from 4934: 4913: 4912: 4911:on 6 March 2010. 4910: 4899: 4890: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4829:. Archived from 4819: 4810: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4764: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4619: 4602:(7361): 430–32. 4587: 4581: 4580: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4390: 4383:Hays JN (2005). 4380: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294:. 25 July 2017. 4284: 4275: 4274: 4264: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4208: 4198: 4174: 4163: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4095: 4077: 4075:10.3390/v7031100 4053: 4047: 4046: 4041:. Archived from 4031: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3955:. 25 July 2017. 3945: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3820: 3819: 3800: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3751: 3742: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3641: 3556:, also known as 3548:, Trinidad, and 3531: 3521: 3471:Jonathan Edwards 3449:U.S. Presidents 3369:in 1777 (died). 3357:in 1730 (died), 3353:in 1724 (died), 3351:Louis I of Spain 3347:Guru Har Krishan 3247:Vector Institute 3141: 3138: 3060:to British-held 2802:Donald Henderson 2787:, called on the 2767: 2764: 2729:Native Americans 2710:in 1816 and the 2673:Spanish colonies 2572: 2571: 2566: 2537:Smallpox vaccine 2434:Florentine Codex 2381:Gregory of Tours 2350:Plague of Athens 2149:immune complexes 2082:smallpox vaccine 1963:smallpox vaccine 1856:smallpox vaccine 1821:Smallpox vaccine 1806: 1790: 1774: 1713:Guarnieri bodies 1709:inclusion bodies 1523:approved by the 1450:Vector Institute 1256: 1253: 1235: 1228: 1208:and unenveloped 1135: 1132: 1080:Chordopoxvirinae 1060: 953: 952: 926: 912: 911: 874:serous membranes 622: 618: 617: 606: 605: 551:Late hemorrhagic 433: 428: 423: 418: 405:Type of disease 402: 395: 313:smallpox vaccine 207:Smallpox vaccine 64: 44: 43: 21: 12778: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12767: 12728: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12713: 12708: 12700: 12695: 12687: 12682: 12674: 12669: 12660: 12659: 12654: 12641: 12631: 12626: 12600: 12565:Major epidemics 12559: 12503: 12437: 12431: 12401: 12396: 12334: 12270: 12236: 12226: 12205: 12181: 12171: 12107: 12101: 12054: 12048: 12024: 12018: 12013: 11983: 11978: 11959:Lipschütz ulcer 11929: 11887: 11862: 11827: 11807:Paramyxoviridae 11787: 11758: 11715: 11695: 11624: 11604: 11574: 11550:Milker's nodule 11530: 11482:Monkeypox virus 11434: 11407: 11358: 11313: 11308: 11291: 11286: 11221: 11181: 11175:Skin infections 11172: 11142: 11130: 11120: 11118: 11110: 11108: 11103: 11102: 11048: 11047: 10976: 10936:Wayback Machine 10918:Wayback Machine 10902: 10897: 10882: 10850: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10767: 10745: 10743:Further reading 10740: 10739: 10728: 10724: 10713: 10709: 10699: 10697: 10692:. 3 July 2017. 10688: 10687: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10649: 10638: 10634: 10623: 10612: 10601: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10548: 10534: 10530: 10520: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10483: 10474: 10467: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10437: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10416: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10367: 10363: 10352: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10325: 10311: 10304: 10297: 10277: 10273: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10157: 10153: 10146: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10107: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10081:Wayback Machine 10071: 10067: 10057: 10055: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10028: 10024: 9997:Health Security 9993: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9964: 9957: 9955: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9924:on 5 March 2016 9906: 9902: 9891: 9889: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9850: 9846: 9807: 9803: 9772: 9768: 9745:10.2307/2567577 9729: 9725: 9715: 9713: 9696: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9635: 9631: 9620: 9616: 9609: 9595: 9591: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9555: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9521: 9517: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9454: 9437: 9433: 9392:(1): e0188453. 9378: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9295:. 8 July 2014. 9287: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9231:(16): 2823–24. 9221: 9217: 9209: 9205: 9160: 9156: 9111: 9107: 9097: 9095: 9080: 9076: 9066: 9064: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9031:The Independent 9023: 9019: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8918: 8914: 8894: 8886: 8882: 8874: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8796: 8792: 8782: 8780: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8724: 8722: 8695: 8691: 8681: 8679: 8662: 8658: 8644: 8640: 8585: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8542: 8536: 8532: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8495: 8489: 8480: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8423: 8415: 8406: 8399: 8385: 8381: 8371: 8369: 8368:on 14 July 2015 8356: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8338:on 24 July 2011 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8307:on 14 July 2015 8299: 8298: 8294: 8284:Wayback Machine 8272: 8268: 8259: 8255: 8239: 8238: 8223: 8219: 8210: 8208: 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8045: 8021: 8017: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7942: 7935: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7748: 7744: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7717: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7673: 7666: 7660:Wayback Machine 7648: 7644: 7637: 7629:. p. 205. 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7571:. p. 164. 7563: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7513: 7509: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7467: 7444: 7440: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7355: 7337: 7326: 7318: 7311: 7280: 7276: 7266: 7264: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7222:. 4 June 2021. 7215: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7194: 7186: 7184: 7179:. 4 June 2021. 7171: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7149:. 4 June 2021. 7141: 7140: 7136: 7099: 7095: 7085: 7083: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7027: 7021: 7014: 6961: 6957: 6926:(3): CD004913. 6912: 6905: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6842: 6838: 6807: 6803: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6709: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6600: 6596: 6551: 6547: 6537: 6535: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6436:(22): 2127–37. 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6402:www.science.org 6396: 6395: 6384: 6321: 6314: 6304: 6302: 6295:www.science.org 6289: 6288: 6281: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6207:. 1 June 2005. 6199: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6159: 6148: 6116:10.1038/432263a 6087: 6080: 6070: 6068: 6055: 6054: 6050: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5979: 5928: 5921: 5905: 5904: 5892: 5881:Fields virology 5878: 5877: 5836: 5791: 5774: 5762: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5689: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5649:Fields Virology 5645: 5641: 5634: 5624:Fields Virology 5620: 5613: 5568: 5564: 5533:(24): 3407–12. 5527:Current Biology 5514: 5507: 5454: 5447: 5392: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5318: 5314: 5266: 5253: 5242: 5235: 5190: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5151: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5072: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4989: 4972:Rao AR (1972). 4970: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4936: 4935: 4916: 4908: 4897: 4891: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4833:on 2 April 2013 4821: 4820: 4813: 4808:Wayback Machine 4798: 4794: 4745: 4738: 4721: 4717: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4653: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4381: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4278: 4233: 4226: 4175: 4166: 4159: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4054: 4050: 4033: 4032: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3916: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3892:. 7 June 2016. 3884: 3883: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3853:. 7 June 2016. 3845: 3844: 3823: 3816: 3802: 3801: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3749: 3743: 3692: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3599: 3579:smallpox demons 3537:Yoruba language 3496: 3486:Hungarian poet 3459:Abraham Lincoln 3429:Thomas Dimsdale 3329:(ruler) of the 3311:Tongzhi Emperor 3307:Shunzhi Emperor 3259: 3149: 3139: 3103:New South Wales 3046:Native American 3044:broke out as a 3038: 3033: 2946: 2940: 2931: 2897:Ali Maow Maalin 2819:Three-year-old 2765: 2665:Dr. John Clinch 2614:Johnnie Notions 2543: 2531: 2504:endemic disease 2369:Antonine Plague 2328:Yoruba religion 2284: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2182: 2158:pulmonary edema 2153:immune response 2125: 2028: 1929:Grand Duke Paul 1823: 1817: 1810: 1807: 1798: 1791: 1782: 1775: 1702:Microscopically 1695: 1667: 1591: 1545: 1506:currently bans 1500: 1442: 1414:DNA replication 1385:Gene expression 1382: 1380:Gene expression 1330:orthopoxviruses 1318:DNA replication 1307:orthopoxviruses 1299:coding sequence 1287: 1274: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1241:needs expansion 1226: 1146: 1133: 1100:molecular clock 1095: 1058: 1012:Pokkesviricetes 947: 910: 886: 837: 822: 781: 752: 743: 695: 648:digestive tract 620: 615: 609:External videos 604: 394: 343:, resulting in 217:Supportive care 118: 107:: Fluid filled 42: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12776: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12723: 12722: 12720: 12719: 12706: 12693: 12680: 12667: 12651: 12649: 12643: 12642: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12608: 12606: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12588: 12587:(1981–present) 12582: 12576: 12569: 12567: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12511: 12509: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12430: 12429: 12422: 12415: 12407: 12398: 12397: 12395: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12346: 12344: 12343:Related topics 12340: 12339: 12336: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327:The Final Inch 12323: 12311: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12247: 12245: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12224: 12219: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12192: 12190: 12183: 12180:Eradication of 12177: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12152:Onchocerciasis 12149: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12122: 12117: 12111: 12109: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12089: 12079: 12069: 12062:Dracunculiasis 12058: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12046: 12035: 12033: 12026: 12025:human diseases 12023:Eradication of 12020: 12019: 12012: 12011: 12004: 11997: 11989: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11916: 11915: 11910: 11899: 11897: 11894:Picornaviridae 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11874: 11872: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11852: 11839: 11837: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11812: 11810: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11770: 11768: 11765:Polyomaviridae 11760: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11736:Parvovirus B19 11731: 11729: 11721: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11709:Equine sarcoid 11700: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11686:Pigmented wart 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11666:Butcher's wart 11663: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11646: 11644:Heck's disease 11641: 11631: 11629: 11618: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11542: 11540: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11523: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11499:Vaccinia virus 11496: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11461: 11459: 11448: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11419: 11417: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11374: 11372: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11320: 11318: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11300: 11298: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11262:Genital herpes 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11232:Herpes simplex 11228: 11226: 11215: 11204: 11193: 11183: 11182: 11171: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11148: 11141: 11140: 11128: 11105: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11091: 11080: 11069: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11034: 11023: 11008: 10993: 10977: 10972: 10971: 10969: 10968:Classification 10962: 10961: 10943: 10938: 10926: 10920: 10908: 10901: 10900:External links 10898: 10896: 10895: 10886: 10880: 10863: 10854: 10848: 10835: 10824: 10817: 10805: 10804: 10797: 10776: 10758: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10722: 10707: 10678: 10647: 10632: 10610: 10592: 10573: 10553: 10546: 10528: 10502: 10495: 10472: 10465: 10447: 10421: 10414: 10394: 10361: 10330: 10323: 10302: 10295: 10271: 10228: 10209:(in Russian). 10194: 10151: 10144: 10121: 10089: 10065: 10035: 10022: 9987: 9935: 9900: 9882:Radio National 9869: 9862: 9852:Day D (2001). 9844: 9801: 9766: 9739:(4): 1552–80. 9723: 9687: 9656: 9649: 9629: 9614: 9607: 9589: 9574: 9567: 9546: 9515: 9478:PLOS Pathogens 9464: 9453:on 9 July 2017 9431: 9372: 9340: 9310: 9280: 9250: 9215: 9203: 9154: 9105: 9074: 9062:New York Times 9048: 9017: 8988:(4): 455–509. 8968: 8937: 8930: 8912: 8888:Jane Seymour, 8880: 8852:(10): 762–67. 8829: 8808: 8790: 8757: 8732: 8709:(25): 538–45. 8689: 8656: 8638: 8599:(12): 473–77. 8579: 8530: 8508: 8478: 8451: 8432: 8404: 8397: 8379: 8349: 8318: 8292: 8266: 8253: 8217: 8155: 8114: 8087: 8080: 8062: 8043: 8015: 7979: 7933: 7890: 7825: 7818: 7797: 7790:978-0080919461 7789: 7769: 7763:978-0521632621 7762: 7742: 7727: 7716:on 1 June 2009 7700: 7693: 7664: 7642: 7635: 7611: 7584: 7577: 7557: 7538: 7507: 7484: 7465: 7438: 7431: 7411: 7378: 7371: 7353: 7324: 7309: 7274: 7240: 7204: 7164: 7134: 7093: 7062: 7040: 7012: 6955: 6903: 6881: 6836: 6801: 6760: 6734: 6700: 6674: 6667: 6647: 6637: 6619: 6612: 6594: 6545: 6513: 6464: 6455: 6419: 6382: 6312: 6279: 6222: 6192: 6146: 6078: 6048: 5989: 5919: 5890: 5834: 5805:(3): 210–218. 5772: 5763:|journal= 5725: 5699: 5690:|journal= 5664: 5657: 5639: 5632: 5611: 5582:(3): 1935–41. 5562: 5505: 5445: 5383: 5312: 5271:(April 2011). 5251: 5233: 5179: 5162:The New Yorker 5142: 5113: 5102:on 10 May 2016 5070: 5021: 4987: 4959: 4914: 4844: 4823:"CDC Smallpox" 4811: 4792: 4762:10.1.1.695.883 4736: 4715: 4708: 4688: 4681: 4661: 4631: 4582: 4575: 4557: 4550:978-0080919461 4549: 4529: 4515: 4495: 4488: 4468: 4433: 4426: 4408: 4401: 4368: 4309: 4276: 4224: 4164: 4157: 4137: 4107: 4068:(3): 1100–12. 4048: 4005: 3970: 3937: 3930: 3907: 3868: 3821: 3814: 3792: 3770: 3690: 3683: 3663: 3656: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3495: 3492: 3488:Ferenc Kölcsey 3455:Andrew Jackson 3434:In China, the 3382:Anne of Cleves 3303:Kangxi Emperor 3258: 3255: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2877:Horn of Africa 2823:of Bangladesh 2781:Viktor Zhdanov 2591:Clopton Havers 2530: 2527: 2415:). During the 2346:New Testaments 2269: 2266: 2261:Main article: 2258: 2255: 2209:conjunctivitis 2181: 2178: 2168:, protein and 2124: 2121: 2115:In June 2021, 2027: 2024: 1935:, a doctor in 1901:Ottoman Empire 1891:Clopton Havers 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1694: 1691: 1666: 1663: 1590: 1587: 1544: 1541: 1536:Vaccinia virus 1499: 1496: 1488:genome browser 1463:Vaccinia virus 1441: 1438: 1434:RNA polymerase 1381: 1378: 1301:for about 200 1286: 1283: 1273: 1270: 1259: 1258: 1238: 1236: 1225: 1222: 1161:kilobase pairs 1145: 1142: 1094: 1091: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1004: 1003: 996: 992: 991: 984: 980: 979: 972: 965: 964: 959: 955: 954: 941: 940: 928: 927: 919: 918: 909: 906: 885: 882: 836: 833: 821: 818: 780: 777: 751: 748: 742: 739: 694: 691: 626: 625: 611: 610: 603: 600: 566: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 528: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 509: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 490: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 435: 434: 429: 424: 419: 413: 412: 411:Frequency (%) 409: 406: 393: 392:Classification 390: 373:(a disease of 253: 252: 246: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 226: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 182: 176: 175: 169: 163: 162: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 120: 119: 117: 116: 102: 95: 93: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12775: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12716: 12711: 12707: 12703: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12685: 12681: 12677: 12672: 12668: 12663: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12647:Variola virus 12644: 12640: 12635: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12593:(2019–present 12592: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12535:Louis Pasteur 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525:Edward Jenner 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12494:Typhoid fever 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12428: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12414: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12329: 12328: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12315: 12312: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12282:United States 12280: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12239: 12233: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12178: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12104: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12051: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12021: 12017: 12010: 12005: 12003: 11998: 11996: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11871: 11870: 11865: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11844:Rubella virus 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11834:Matonaviridae 11830: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11808: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11722: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11681:Verruca plana 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11611: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11446: 11441: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11329:Herpes zoster 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11201:Herpesviridae 11197: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11169: 11164: 11162: 11157: 11155: 11150: 11149: 11146: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11051: 11044: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10892: 10887: 10883: 10877: 10872: 10871: 10864: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10733: 10726: 10718: 10711: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10666: 10662: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10643: 10636: 10628: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10606: 10599: 10597: 10580: 10576: 10574:963-86029-9-6 10570: 10566: 10565: 10557: 10549: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10516: 10512: 10506: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10468: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10340: 10334: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10309: 10307: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10283: 10275: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10167:(4): 241–61. 10166: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10125: 10106: 10099: 10093: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10069: 10053: 10049: 10047: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10003:(4): 219–55. 10002: 9998: 9991: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9904: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9727: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9701: 9694: 9692: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9660: 9652: 9650:0-8061-3656-1 9646: 9642: 9641: 9633: 9625: 9618: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9593: 9585: 9578: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9551: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9468: 9452: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9383: 9376: 9357: 9350: 9344: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9212: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9174:(7597): 775. 9173: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9125:(7597): 774. 9124: 9120: 9116: 9109: 9093: 9089: 9088:New Scientist 9085: 9078: 9063: 9059: 9052: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8892: 8884: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8825: 8819: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8422: 8421: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8322: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8257: 8249: 8243: 8236: 8235:10.25646/1620 8232: 8228: 8221: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8118: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7938: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7906:(4): 208–12. 7905: 7901: 7894: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7671: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7646: 7638: 7636:0-521-55203-6 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7578:0-395-66921-9 7574: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7434: 7432:0-691-09291-5 7428: 7424: 7423: 7415: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7374: 7372:0-226-35177-7 7368: 7364: 7356: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7200:public domain 7182: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7019: 7017: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6817:(2): 161–69. 6816: 6812: 6805: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6659: 6651: 6644: 6640: 6638:0-671-62028-2 6634: 6630: 6623: 6615: 6613:0-906026-36-9 6609: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6565:(1): 155–57. 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6317: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6242:(2): 347–55. 6241: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6101:(7015): 263. 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5768: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5388: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5283:(4): 676–80. 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5247: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204:(4): 619–29. 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5118: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5041:(1): 105–09. 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4992: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4665: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4627: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4039:WHO Factsheet 4036: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:Yorùbá people 3538: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3481:Joseph Stalin 3478: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Date Masamune 3316: 3315:Emperor Komei 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3275:Maria Josepha 3272: 3268: 3263: 3257:Notable cases 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3170:In 1947, the 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3099:Royal Marines 3096: 3092: 3087: 3086:(1775–1783). 3085: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3066:Henry Bouquet 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:Pontiac's War 3028: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2945: 2935: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:Variola major 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893:Variola minor 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2759: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2740:Massachusetts 2736: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2720:British India 2716: 2713: 2712:German Empire 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:U.S. Congress 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2649:Edward Jenner 2642: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583:Martin Lister 2580: 2579:Royal Society 2576: 2565: 2564:Dòuzhěn xīnfǎ 2560: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2264: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2234:osteomyelitis 2230: 2226: 2225:iridocyclitis 2222: 2218: 2217:corneal ulcer 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2180:Complications 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:loss of fluid 2163: 2162:platelet loss 2159: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2117:brincidofovir 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2068:intravenously 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1959:Edward Jenner 1956: 1955:James Gillray 1951: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Edward Jenner 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Cotton Mather 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:Martin Lister 1880: 1879:Royal Society 1876: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1729:herpesviruses 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1543:Controversies 1540: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422:Recombination 1419: 1415: 1410: 1407:prior to the 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:orthopoxvirus 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:transcription 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1278: 1272:Variola minor 1269: 1265: 1255: 1246: 1242: 1239:This section 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224:Variola major 1221: 1219: 1218:hemagglutinin 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1167:at each end. 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1141: 1139: 1127: 1125: 1124:herpesviruses 1121: 1117: 1116:Orthopoxvirus 1113: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1086:Orthopoxvirus 1082: 1081: 1076: 1075: 1065: 1064: 1063:Variola virus 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048:Orthopoxvirus 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 967: 966: 963: 960: 957: 956: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 925: 920: 917: 916:Variola virus 913: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 881: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 851:The early or 846: 841: 832: 830: 826: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 794: 790: 785: 776: 774: 765: 761: 756: 747: 738: 734: 732: 726: 724: 720: 716: 715: 710: 709: 699: 690: 688: 683: 682:fatality rate 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 623: 612: 607: 599: 597: 596:viral culture 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:Variola minor 573: 572:Variola major 563: 560: 557: 554: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 525: 522: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 474: 470: 467: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 430: 425: 420: 415: 414: 403: 399: 389: 387: 382: 380: 376: 372: 368: 367:Edward Jenner 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 283: 279: 275: 271: 270:Orthopoxvirus 267: 263: 259: 250: 247: 243: 239: 237: 233: 230: 229:Brincidofovir 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 208: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 181: 177: 174: 170: 168: 164: 160: 159: 154: 151: 147: 144:About 4 weeks 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 125: 124:Complications 121: 114: 110: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 94: 92: 88: 85: 82: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 39: 35: 30: 19: 12646: 12499:Yellow fever 12489:Tuberculosis 12365:Transmission 12325: 12318: 12135:epidemiology 12038: 11892: 11867: 11842: 11832: 11805: 11773: 11763: 11734: 11726:Parvoviridae 11724: 11649:Genital wart 11639:plantar wart 11613: 11586:Yatapoxvirus 11560:Pseudocowpox 11546:Farmyard pox 11535: 11469: 11464: 11454: 11443: 11412: 11385:Roseolovirus 11383: 11377: 11367: 11292: 11210: 11199: 11093: 11082: 11071: 11060: 11036: 11025: 11010: 10995: 10980: 10890: 10869: 10858: 10839: 10827: 10820: 10809: 10800: 10789:. 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Retrieved 5104:. Retrieved 5097:the original 5092: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5014:23 September 5012:. Retrieved 5003: 4973: 4950:. Retrieved 4946:the original 4941: 4906:the original 4901: 4835:. Retrieved 4831:the original 4826: 4795: 4752: 4748: 4728: 4718: 4698: 4691: 4671: 4664: 4652:. Retrieved 4643: 4634: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4566: 4560: 4539: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4505: 4498: 4478: 4471: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4417: 4411: 4386: 4361:11 September 4359:. Retrieved 4326: 4322: 4312: 4300:. Retrieved 4291: 4247:(1): 21–25. 4244: 4240: 4218: 4189:(150): 150. 4186: 4182: 4147: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4119: 4110: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4043:the original 4038: 3996:. Retrieved 3987: 3961:. Retrieved 3952: 3920: 3898:. Retrieved 3889: 3859:. Retrieved 3850: 3804: 3783:. Retrieved 3753: 3673: 3666: 3646: 3639: 3622: 3576: 3567: 3552:, The deity 3534: 3509: 3485: 3475: 3468: 3448: 3436:Qing dynasty 3433: 3398: 3388:in 1527 and 3371: 3361:(survived), 3343:Huayna Capac 3335:Tenochtitlan 3305:(survived), 3295:Sitting Bull 3292: 3244: 3228: 3221: 3197: 3172:Soviet Union 3169: 3153:World War II 3150: 3133: 3128: 3120: 3106: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3077: 3039: 3025: 3009: 3003:location in 2998: 2992:medicine in 2983: 2979: 2955: 2932: 2922: 2917: 2904: 2892: 2889:Frank Fenner 2874: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2770: 2745: 2737: 2717: 2689: 2658: 2646: 2611: 2556: 2532: 2501: 2444: 2432: 2412: 2408: 2384: 2373:Roman Empire 2366: 2339: 2336: 2301: 2252: 2232: 2197:encephalitis 2194: 2183: 2170:electrolytes 2145: 2141: 2138: 2133:corneal scar 2114: 2076: 2049: 2029: 2016: 2004:encephalitis 1992: 1976: 1968: 1943: 1916: 1895: 1866:Ming dynasty 1849: 1843: 1760: 1733: 1700: 1696: 1668: 1654: 1630: 1616: 1592: 1589:Transmission 1579:synthesizing 1567: 1548: 1546: 1534: 1528: 1501: 1476: 1468:viral vector 1461: 1443: 1391:of the host 1383: 1354:concatomeric 1350:hairpin loop 1311: 1288: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1249: 1245:adding to it 1240: 1203: 1184: 1169: 1165:hairpin loop 1147: 1128: 1109: 1096: 1084: 1078: 1077:, subfamily 1072: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1047: 1035: 1024:Chitovirales 1023: 1011: 999: 988:Bamfordvirae 987: 976:Varidnaviria 975: 968: 958:(unranked): 915: 902:antithrombin 893: 889: 887: 856: 850: 823: 798: 769: 744: 735: 727: 712: 706: 704: 666: 655: 629: 583: 580:asymptomatic 571: 569: 383: 361: 351:, including 326: 286: 257: 256: 156: 152: 104: 98: 38: 29: 12581:(1918–1920) 12579:Spanish flu 12575:(1346–1353) 12573:Black Death 12530:Robert Koch 12433:History of 12387:Vaccination 12307:Pulse Polio 12235:Eradication 11869:Togaviridae 11062:MedlinePlus 10791:7 September 10357:Slide 16–17 10211:Moscow News 9705:BBC History 9365:24 February 9333:24 February 9098:23 November 9067:23 November 8783:27 November 8671:BBC History 8523:7 September 7604:22 February 7554:(10): 1324. 7531:22 February 7386:Hopkins D. 7267:26 December 7076:www.fda.gov 6753:28 December 6713:"Letter XI" 6538:27 December 6478:Proceedings 5712:www.cdc.gov 5106:26 December 4837:26 December 4302:14 December 4241:Proceedings 4120:Mayo Clinic 3998:14 December 3963:14 December 3900:14 December 3861:14 December 3785:14 December 3762:10665/39485 3390:Elizabeth I 3380:, his wife 3325:, the 10th 3231:Biopreparat 3188:Soviet Army 3116:First Fleet 3054:Great Lakes 2913:Rahima Banu 2909:Bangladeshi 2854:martial law 2821:Rahima Banu 2810:Karel Raška 2766: 1910 2752:New Zealand 2704:Württemberg 2679:passed the 2663:in 1800 by 2599:Variolation 2575:inoculation 2541:Inoculation 2529:Eradication 2517:variolation 2417:Middle Ages 2362:Hippocrates 2242:and marked 2201:conjunctiva 2056:tecovirimat 1875:inoculation 1851:variolation 1846:inoculation 1831:vaccination 1706:cytoplasmic 1687:bone marrow 1671:lymph nodes 1605:Vaccination 1559:recombinant 1512:marker gene 1409:replication 1405:transcribed 1374:vaccination 1340:across the 1195:DNA viruses 1134: 1650 898:coagulation 878:pericardium 865:conjunctiva 825:Hemorrhagic 820:Hemorrhagic 731:depigmented 640:muscle pain 636:common cold 363:Inoculation 133:Usual onset 52:Other names 12732:Categories 12540:Jonas Salk 12370:horizontal 12196:Rinderpest 12189:Successful 12108:(regional) 12032:Successful 11913:Herpangina 11526:Buffalopox 11445:Poxviridae 11324:Chickenpox 11084:Patient UK 11038:DiseasesDB 10585:19 January 9908:Warren C. 8961:8 December 8372:8 February 8342:15 October 8211:5 November 8055:31 January 7972:10 October 7962:1045293275 7883:12 October 7806:Montagu MW 7720:15 October 7249:"Smallpox" 7113:(1): 1–5. 6693:15 October 5135:6 February 4952:28 October 4938:"Smallpox" 4895:"Smallpox" 4725:"Smallpox" 4723:Harper D. 4035:"Smallpox" 3631:References 3323:Cuitláhuac 3313:of China, 3235:Ken Alibek 3112:chickenpox 3058:laid siege 2825:(pictured) 2773:hemisphere 2771:The first 2553:by country 2535:See also: 2481:Aboriginal 2477:chickenpox 2455:Amerindian 2451:Hispaniola 2405:chickenpox 2367:While the 2290:Statue of 2272:See also: 2244:periosteal 2186:bronchitis 2104:) from an 2102:Vero cells 2074:toxicity. 2039:, such as 2033:ventilator 2006:or severe 1979:antibodies 1815:Prevention 1795:chickenpox 1762:Chickenpox 1754:tests and 1746:(PCR) and 1641:congenital 1623:pharyngeal 1418:poxviridae 1366:poxviridae 1150:nanometers 1074:Poxviridae 1036:Poxviridae 789:Gloucester 773:chickenpox 624:on YouTube 371:rinderpest 249:Eradicated 224:Medication 203:Prevention 185:Chickenpox 71:Bangladesh 12662:Q11877169 12550:John Snow 11942:Ungrouped 11797:RNA virus 11487:Monkeypox 11267:Cold sore 11191:DNA virus 11078:emerg/885 11073:eMedicine 10072:See also 9796:143644513 9782:: 68–86. 9539:11 August 9457:11 August 8907:Q99372019 8818:cite book 8647:Zhdanov V 8615:0141-0768 8326:Naono A. 8185:1437-1588 8010:23529045M 8002:213599237 7451:Preston R 7055:2 January 7007:252612981 6794:2 January 6359:0027-8424 6256:1517-8382 6175:0362-4331 6125:1476-4687 6025:2227-9059 5956:0036-8075 5908:cite book 5900:825740706 5821:1198-743X 5376:23 August 5172:3 January 5154:Preston R 5004:EMedicine 4757:CiteSeerX 4343:2165-0497 4084:1999-4915 3550:in Brazil 3524:euphemism 3512:Old World 3405:Louis XIV 3062:Fort Pitt 3040:In 1763, 3016:horse pox 2990:Civil War 2858:Stockholm 2793:eradicate 2748:Australia 2706:in 1818, 2702:in 1815, 2473:Australia 2248:ankylosis 2240:epiphysis 2236:variolosa 2213:keratitis 2190:pneumonia 2188:to fatal 2123:Prognosis 2064:cidofovir 2060:Antiviral 2054:approved 2026:Treatment 1941:root word 1919:in 1767, 1909:Circassia 1752:Serologic 1693:Diagnosis 1665:Mechanism 1645:prodromal 1596:temperate 1520:virulence 1479:sequenced 1389:cytoplasm 1338:virulence 1252:June 2023 1206:enveloped 1187:cytoplasm 1180:monkeypox 1112:Taterapox 1093:Evolution 1055:Species: 983:Kingdom: 870:petechiae 861:petechiae 853:fulminant 802:prodromal 779:Malignant 741:Confluent 652:prodromal 632:influenza 341:New World 333:outbreaks 297:skin rash 245:Frequency 236:Prognosis 213:Treatment 79:Specialty 18:Small pox 12738:Smallpox 12702:11461155 12656:Wikidata 12484:Syphilis 12479:Smallpox 12454:HIV/AIDS 12392:Zoonosis 12375:vertical 12360:Pandemic 12275:Regional 12237:programs 12210:Underway 12157:Syphilis 12147:Trachoma 12115:Hookworm 12106:Underway 12055:(global) 12053:Underway 12039:Smallpox 11504:Vaccinia 11475:Alastrim 11470:Smallpox 11126:Medicine 11089:Smallpox 10950:BBC Four 10932:Archived 10914:Archived 10782:Archived 10694:Archived 10665:Archived 10579:Archived 10515:Archived 10434:Archived 10381:Archived 10266:27029430 10258:12077372 10189:30487628 10181:15646399 10130:Alibek K 10085:WA Today 10077:Archived 10052:Archived 10017:26221997 9980:29 March 9958:29 March 9952:Archived 9950:. 1767. 9928:31 March 9886:Archived 9839:24057488 9831:19329841 9761:18271127 9710:Archived 9680:15 April 9674:Archived 9533:Archived 9510:30286190 9426:29351298 9386:PLOS ONE 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