Eradication of infectious diseases

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is successful, interventions often need to continue to prevent a disease becoming re-established. Three of the diseases here listed (lymphatic filariasis, measles, and rubella) are among the diseases believed to be potentially eradicable by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, and if successful, regional elimination programs may yet prove a stepping stone to later global eradication programs. This section does not cover elimination where it is used to mean control programs sufficiently tight to reduce the burden of an infectious disease or other health problem to a level where they may be deemed to have little impact on

1051:—reported cases of guinea worm. As of 2010, the WHO predicted it would be "a few years yet" before eradication is achieved, on the basis that it took 6–12 years for the countries that have so far eliminated guinea worm transmission to do so after reporting a similar number of cases to that reported by Sudan in 2009. Nonetheless, the last 1% of the effort may be the hardest, with cases not substantially decreasing from 2015 (22) to 2020 (24). As a result of missing the 2020 target, the WHO has revised its target for eradication to 2030. The worm is now understood to be able to infect 1838: 349: 1635:. In Africa, it is estimated that greater than 102 million people in 19 countries are at high risk of onchocerciasis infection, and in 2008, 56.7 million people in 15 of these countries received community-directed treatment with ivermectin. Since adopting such treatment measures in 1997, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control reports a reduction in the prevalence of onchocerciasis in the countries under its mandate from a pre-intervention level of 46.5% in 1995 to 28.5% in 2008. Some African countries, such as 1441: 1515:. The number of reported cases dropped from 670,000 in the year 2000 to below 15,000 in 2018, and the global coverage of rubella vaccination was estimated at 69% in 2018 by the WHO. The WHO region of the Americas declared on 29 April 2015 it had eliminated rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. The last confirmed endemic case of rubella in the Americas was in Argentina in February 2009. Australia achieved eradication in 2018. As of September 2019, 82 countries were certified to have eliminated rubella. 168:, the minimal size of the population below which a pathogen ceases to circulate. The use of vaccination programs before the introduction of an eradication campaign can reduce the susceptible population. The disease to be eradicated should be clearly identifiable, and an accurate diagnostic tool should exist. Economic considerations, as well as societal and political support and commitment, are other crucial factors that determine eradication feasibility. 38: 1109:, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses programme between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million (a 95% reduction). However, following the cessation of this program these diseases remained at a low prevalence in parts of Asia, Africa and the Americas with sporadic outbreaks. In 2012, the WHO targeted the disease for eradication by 2020, a goal that was missed. 2019: 203: 757:. (There have been no cases caused by wild strains of poliovirus in Nigeria since August 2016, though cVDPV2 was detected in environmental samples in 2017.) Nigeria was removed from the WHO list of polio-endemic countries in September 2015 but added back in 2016, and India was removed in 2014 after no new cases were reported for one year. 1267:. Studies have demonstrated that transmission of the infection can be broken when a single dose of combined oral medicines is consistently maintained annually for approximately seven years. The strategy for eliminating transmission of lymphatic filariasis is mass distribution of medicines that kill the 43: 39: 1789:

parasite by 2030, though it acknowledges that this goal "leaves no room for complacency." The eradication and control efforts have been progressing well, with the number of reported cases dropping below 10,000 in 2009 for the first time; with only 992 cases reported in 2019 and 565 cases in 2020. The

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In 2005, a global target was agreed for a 90% reduction in measles deaths by 2010 from the 757,000 deaths in 2000 (later updated to 95% by 2015). Estimates in 2008 showed a 78% decline to 164,000 deaths, further declining to 145,700 in 2013. however, progress has since stalled since and both the 2010

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therapy for guinea worm. Eradication efforts have been based on making drinking water supplies safer (e.g. by provision of borehole wells, or through treating the water with larvicide), on containment of infection and on education for safe drinking water practices. These strategies have produced many

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The lowest annual wild polio prevalence seen so far was in 2017, with only 22 reported cases, although there were more total reported cases (including circulated vaccine-derived cases) than in 2016, mainly due to reporting of circulated vaccine-derived cases in Syria, where it likely had already been

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After two years' detailed analysis of national records, the global eradication of smallpox was certified by an international commission of smallpox clinicians and medical scientists on 9 December 1979, and endorsed by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization on 8 May 1980. However, there

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in Central and Western Europe. As of 2018, 39 countries out of 53 European countries have eliminated endemic Rubella and three additional ones that have interrupted transmission; a total of 850 confirmed rubella cases were reported in the European region in 2018 with 438 of these in Poland. European

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The current WHO goals are to control soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) by 2020 to a point where it does not pose a serious public health problem any more in children and 75% of children have received deworming interventions. By 2018, an average of 60% of school children were reached, however only

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As of October 2008, the efforts of the Global Programme to Eliminate LF are estimated to have already prevented 6.6 million new filariasis cases from developing in children, and to have stopped the progression of the disease in another 9.5 million people who have already contracted it. Overall,

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While 31 out of 92 endemic countries were estimated to be on track with the WHO goals for 2020, 15 countries reported an increase of 40% or more between 2015 and 2020. Between 2000 and 30 June 2021, twelve countries were certified by the WHO as being malaria-free. Argentina and Algeria were declared

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in cattle across the European Union and beyond which have achieved large reductions in the number of cattle with this disease. Cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease have also fallen since then, from an annual peak of 29 cases in 2000 to five in 2008 and none in 2012. Two cases were reported in

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Some diseases have already been eliminated from large regions of the world, and/or are currently being targeted for regional elimination. This is sometimes described as "eradication", although technically the term only applies when this is achieved on a global scale. Even after regional elimination

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In 1955, WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Program. Support waned, and the program was suspended in 1969. Since 2000, support for eradication has increased, although some actors in the global health community (including voices within the WHO) thought that eradication as goal was premature

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as well as humans, providing a natural reservoir for the pathogen and thus complicating eradication efforts. In response, the eradication effort is now also targeting animals (especially wild dogs) for treatment and isolation since animal infections far outnumber human infections now (in 2020 Chad

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and by low uptake in certain groups, and despite achieving low levels by 2008, European countries have since experienced a small resurgence in cases. The Eastern Mediterranean also had goals to eliminate measles by 2010 (later revised to 2015), the Western Pacific aims to eliminate the disease by

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16 countries reached more than 75% coverage of pre-school children and 28 countries reached over 75% coverage of school-age children. In 2018, the number of countries with endemic STH was estimated to be 96 (down from 112 in 2010). Sizeable donations of a total of 3.3 billion deworming tablets by

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and with over 80% of all cases coming from one of three countries in the 2010-2013 period: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. A WHO meeting report in 2018 estimated the total cost of elimination to be US$ 175 million (excluding Indonesia). In the South-East Asian Regional Office of the

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On 20 September 2015, the World Health Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 2 had been eradicated worldwide, as it has not been seen since 1999. On 24 October 2019, the World Health Organization announced that wild poliovirus type 3 had also been eradicated worldwide. This leaves only

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According to the WHO's World Malaria Report 2015, the global mortality rate for malaria fell by 60% between 2000 and 2015. The WHO targeted a further 90% reduction between 2015 and 2030, with a 40% reduction and eradication in 10 countries by 2020. However, the 2020 goal was missed with a slight

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has been reduced by over 95%. The success of the treatment has prompted the WHO in 1991 to set a target of less than one case per 10,000 people (eliminate the disease as a public health risk) which was achieved in 2000. The elimination of transmission of leprosy is part of the WHO "Towards zero

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Following the ongoing eradication effort, only seven cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy were reported worldwide in 2013: three in the United Kingdom, two in France, one in Ireland and one in Poland. This is the lowest number of cases since at least 1988. In 2015, there were at least six

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The WHO region of the Americas declared on 27 September 2016 it had eliminated measles. The last confirmed endemic case of measles in the Americas was in Brazil in July 2015. May 2017 saw a return of measles to the US after an outbreak in Minnesota among unvaccinated children. Another outbreak

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2012, and in 2009 the regional committee for Africa agreed a goal of measles elimination by 2020. In 2019, the WHO South-East Asian region has set a target to eliminate measles by 2023. As of September 2019, a total of 82 countries were certified to have eliminated endemic measle transmission.

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set a goal in 1994 to eliminate measles and rubella transmission by 2000, and successfully achieved to reduce cases from over 250,000 in 1990 to only 105 cases in 2003. However, while eradication in the Americas was certified in 2015, the certification was lost in 2018 due to endemic measles

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The WHO European region missed its elimination target of 2010 as well as the new target of 2015 despite overall coverage of 90% of the first dose of the measles vaccine. In 2018, 84,000 cases were reported in the European region (an increase from 25,000 in 2017); with the majority of cases

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The targeting of infectious diseases for eradication is based on narrow criteria, as both biological and technical features determine whether a pathogenic organism is (at least potentially) eradicable. The targeted pathogen must not have a significant non-human (or non-human-dependent)

4583: 1966:(PPR), is the next disease amenable to global eradication. PPR is a highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, painful sores in the mouth, tongue and feet, diarrhea, pneumonia and death, especially in young animals. It is caused by a virus of the genus 164:). This requires sufficient understanding of the life cycle and transmission of the pathogen. An efficient and practical intervention (such as a vaccine or antibiotic) must be available to interrupt transmission. Studies of measles in the pre-vaccination era led to the concept of the 1210:. The WHO defines "elimination" (or "malaria free") as having no domestic transmission (indigenous cases) for the past three years. They also define "pre-elimination" and "elimination" stages when a country has fewer than 5 or 1, respectively, cases per 1000 people at risk per year. 1936:

leprosy" strategy to be implemented until 2030. It aims to reduce transmission to zero in 120 countries and reduce the number of new cases to about 60,000 per year (from ca. 200,000 cases in 2019). These goals are supported by the Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy (GPZL) and the

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from 2013 to 2014; a single oral dose of the macrolide antibiotic reduced disease prevalence from 2.4% to 0.3% at 12 months. The WHO now recommends both treatment courses (oral azithromycin and injected penicillin), with oral azithromycin being the preferred treatment.

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Montresor A, Mupfasoni D, Mikhailov A, Mwinzi P, Lucianez A, Jamsheed M, Gasimov E, Warusavithana S, Yajima A, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Levecke B, Vlaminck J, Cools P, Vercruysse J, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, Blouin B, Gyorkos TW (10 August 2020).

136:, which is the reduction of an infectious disease's prevalence in a regional population to zero, or the reduction of the global prevalence to a negligible amount. Further confusion arises from the use of the term 'eradication' to refer to the total removal of a given 1654:

had become the first country in the world to eliminate the parasitic disease onchocerciasis. It has also been eliminated in Ecuador (2014), Mexico (2015), and Guatemala (2016). The only remaining countries in America in which the disease is endemic are

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regarding the continued storage of the smallpox virus by labs in the US and Russia, as any accidental or deliberate release could create a new epidemic in people born since the late 1980s due to the cessation of vaccinations against the smallpox virus.

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dramatically from over 100,000 in 1995 to less than 100 cases since 2015. While success has been slower than was hoped (the original goal for eradication was 1995), the WHO has certified 180 countries free of the disease, and in 2020 six

324:. On 14 October 2010, with no diagnoses for nine years, the FAO announced that the disease had been completely eradicated, making this the first (and so far the only) disease of livestock to have been eradicated by human undertakings. 1461:

transmission in Venezuela and subsequent spread to Brazil and Colombia; while additional limited outbreaks have occurred elsewhere as well. Europe had set a goal to eliminate measles transmission by 2010, which was missed due to the

1823:(SIT). The use of SIT in Zanzibar proved effective in eliminating the entire population of tsetse flies but was expensive and is relatively impractical to use in many of the endemic countries afflicted with African trypanosomiasis. 1369:

since 2010 to the WHO allowed progress on its goals. In 2019, the WHO targets were updated to eliminate morbidity of STH by 2030, with less than 2% of all children being infected by that date in all 98 currently endemic countries.

1567:. The disease remains problematic in other regions as well; the WHO regions of Africa and South-East Asia have the highest rates of congenital rubella syndrome and a 2013 outbreak of rubella in Japan resulted in 15,000 cases. 3727:

Mitjà O, Houinei W, Moses P, Kapa A, Paru R, Hays R, Lukehart S, Godornes C, Bieb SV, Grice T, Siba P, Mabey D, Sanz S, Alonso PL, Asiedu K, Bassat Q (February 2015). "Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for yaws".

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and 2015 target were missed: in 2018, still over 140,000 deaths were reported. As of 2018, global vaccination efforts have reached 86% coverage of the first dose of the measles vaccine and 68% coverage of the second dose.

1599:. The current WHO goal is to increase the number of countries free of transmission from 4 (in 2020) to 12 in 2030. Elimination of this disease is under way in the region of the Americas, where this disease was endemic to 1352:(which are caused by roundworms, whipworms and hookworms). It is estimated that between 576 and 740 million individuals are infected with hookworm. Of these infected individuals, about 80 million are severely affected. 4735: 4852: 1299:(comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic). An elimination effort to address this is currently under way alongside the malaria effort described above; both countries intend to eliminate the disease by 2020. 3526:

Mitjà O, Marks M, Konan DJ, Ayelo G, Gonzalez-Beiras C, Boua B, Houinei W, Kobara Y, Tabah EN, Nsiire A, Obvala D, Taleo F, Djupuri R, Zaixing Z, Utzinger J, Vestergaard LS, Bassat Q, Asiedu K (19 May 2015).

694:, supplementary immunization campaigns, and surveillance of possible outbreaks. The WHO estimates that global savings from eradication, due to forgone treatment and disability costs, could exceed one billion 6259:"Tackling animal diseases to protect human health: As veterinary science celebrates cattle plague eradication, the inextricable link between human, animal and ecosystem health is increasingly appreciated" 2086:

Due to the large increase in the number of vaccinators and field workers since 1998, the number of estimated cases is thought to be reasonably close to the actual reported number of cases in recent years.

690:. Its goal was to eradicate polio by the year 2000. The updated strategic plan for 2004–2008 expects to achieve global eradication by interrupting poliovirus transmission, using the strategies of routine 1917:. There are over 30,000 new cases per year and 12,000 deaths due to the disease. Eradication efforts focus on the elimination of vector-borne transmission and the elimination of the vectors themselves. 41: 5116: 3064: 2627: 222:

Smallpox is the first disease, and so far the only infectious disease of humans, to be eradicated by deliberate intervention. It became the first disease for which there was an effective

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also achieved certification. Nevertheless, eradication of syphilis by all transmission methods remains unresolved and many questions about the eradication effort remain to be answered.

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Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Beck J, Mead S, Thomas DJ, Alpers MP (June 2006). "Kuru in the 21st century—an acquired human prion disease with very long incubation periods".

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Four out of six WHO regions have goals to eliminate rubella, with the WHO recommending using existing measles programmes for vaccination with combined vaccines such as the

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by 2020 and eliminate the public health problems associated with it by 2025 (bringing infections down to less than 1% of the population). The effort is assisted by the

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circulating, but gone unreported, presumably due to the civil war. Only two or three countries remain in which poliovirus transmission may never have been interrupted:

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Birn AE, Solórzano A (November 1999). "Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s".

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had been attained due to scientific advances. Despite the United States declaring that it had eliminated hookworm decades ago, a 2017 study showed it was present in

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wild poliovirus type 1 and vaccine-derived polio circulating in a few isolated pockets, with all wild polio cases after August 2016 in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

1819:, by use of insecticide-impregnated targets, fly traps, insecticide-treated cattle, ultra-low dose aerial/ground spraying (SAT) of tsetse resting sites and the 5242:

Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JH (July 2009). Basáñez MG (ed.).

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Smith CS, Aerts A, Saunderson P, Kawuma J, Kita E, Virmond M (September 2017). "Multidrug therapy for leprosy: a game changer on the path to elimination".

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considered the endemic measles eliminated in 33 out of 53 member states, with the transmission interrupted in one more and re-established in five others.

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Dowdle, Walter; Cochi, Stephen L (editors) (2011). Disease Eradication in the 21st Century. Implications for Global Health. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

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transmitted malaria by 2025 and elimination of all malaria by 2030, having achieved a 97% and 90% reduction of cases respectively since 2000. Ahead of

6323: 9658: 6739: 2042: 1937: 1341: 5039: 3975: 3799: 2756: 3074: 2564: 2516: 1783:, is underway as the rate of reported cases continues to decline and passive treatment is continued. The WHO aims to eliminate transmission of the 1684:

reported cases (three of the atypical H-type). Four cases were reported globally in 2017, and the condition is considered to be nearly eradicated.

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Public upheaval by means of war, famine, political means, and infrastructure destruction can disrupt or eliminate eradication efforts altogether.

6488: 5409: 2194:"Free, at last! The progress of new disease eradication campaigns for Guinea worm disease and polio, and the prospect of tackling other diseases" 5244:"Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal" 4002: 3877: 2143: 8806: 8235: 4783: 2862:"Certification of poliomyelitis eradication: fifteenth meeting of the European Regional Certification Commission, Copenhagen, 19–21 June 2002" 8695: 5453: 5061: 8846: 8841: 7789: 6906: 6843: 1101:, spread through skin to skin contact with infectious lesions. The global prevalence of this disease and the other endemic treponematoses, 6098: 3035: 4058: 1426:. This use of health campaigns by political leaders for political and economic advantages has been termed the science-politics paradox. 1295:, also reduces the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. In the Americas, 95% of the burden of lymphatic filariasis is on the island of 6481: 4838: 683: 6422:

Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (November 2018).

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was on track to meet WHO's 2020 goals, while Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean and West Pacific regions were off-track. The six

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communities. Subsequent outbreaks occurred in New Jersey and Washington state with over 30 cases reported in the Pacific Northwest.

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A major challenge to malaria elimination is the persistence of malaria in border regions, making international cooperation crucial.

105:. Five more infectious diseases have been identified as of April 2008 as potentially eradicable with current technology by the 6344:

Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (April 2017).

3248: 1287:. Using a combination of treatments better reduces the number of microfilariae in blood. Avoiding mosquito bites, such as by using 1120:. In 2020, 82,564 cases of yaws were reported to the WHO and 153 cases were confirmed. The majority of the cases are reported from 6387:

Field MC, Horn D, Fairlamb AH, Ferguson MA, Gray DW, Read KD, De Rycker M, Torrie LS, Wyatt PG, Wyllie S, Gilbert IH (July 2017).

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virus is almost always caught from animals, rabies eradication has focused on reducing the population of wild and stray animals,

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in May 2010, delegates agreed to move towards eventual eradication, although no specific global target date has yet been agreed.

9027: 6710: 1167: 8856: 8570: 8557: 7171: 6927: 6238: 5813:"The elimination of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? Challenges of reservoir hosts and transmission cycles: Expect the unexpected" 3957: 1418:

and other rural areas. However, the campaign was politically influenced, causing it to be less successful, and regions such as

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Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030: overview

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of 83 endemic countries, mass treatment has been rolled out in 48, and elimination of transmission reportedly achieved in 21.

1243:, 25 April 2021, WHO named 25 countries in which it is working to eliminate malaria by 2025 as part of its E-2025 initiative. 21: 9709: 9637: 7842: 6081: 5500: 5157: 4456: 4422: 3710: 1672: 7184: 4980: 9243: 8359: 7817: 6780: 5351: 4584:"WHO/Europe; 8th meeting of the European regional verification commission for measles and rubella elimination (RVC) (2019)" 1984: 1794:. However, some researchers have argued that total elimination may not be achievable due to human asymptomatic carriers of 9275: 9032: 8958: 8811: 7496: 6744: 1255: 687: 8638: 5377: 2801: 2597: 1713:

In 2007, the WHO launched a roadmap for the elimination of congenital syphilis (mother to child transmission). In 2015,

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As of 2020, there were 15 countries known to be endemic for yaws, with the recent discovery of endemic transmission in

160:(or, in the case of animal diseases, the infection reservoir must be an easily identifiable species, as in the case of 7566: 4718: 4355:"The global progress of soil-transmitted helminthiases control in 2020 and World Health Organization targets for 2030" 1494: 1414:'s hookworm campaign in the 1920s was supposed to focus on the eradication of hookworm infections for those living in 9097: 7992: 7987: 5927:"Non-target effects of chemical malaria vector control on other biological and mechanical infectious disease vectors" 5703:

Moseley P, Bamford A, Eisen S, Lyall H, Kingston M, Thorne C, Piñera C, Rabie H, Prendergast AJ, Kadambari S (2023).

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McKenna ML, McAtee S, Bryan PE, Jeun R, Ward T, Kraus J, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Flowers CC, Mejia R (November 2017).

3279: 2769: 2255: 1011: 679: 317: 7597: 4955: 1639:, are also attempting elimination and successful elimination was reported in 2009 from two endemic foci in Mali and 9726: 9664: 8639: 8531: 8071: 7478: 7094: 6863: 2813: 1791: 1676: 1647: 5199:"African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control – report of the sixth meeting of national task forces, October 2009" 3581:

Report of a global meeting on yaws eradication surveillance, monitoring and evaluation: Geneva, 29–30 January 2018

3096: 2490: 2144:"Diseases considered as candidates for global eradication by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication" 9285: 9253: 9248: 9082: 7665: 6775: 6749: 4986:(Report). Copenhagen, Denmark: WHO Regional Office for Europe. 8–10 November 2022. WHO-EURO-2023-7719-47486-69809 4869:

The last case of endemic measles in the Americas in the post-elimination era was reported in July 2015 in Brazil.

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Gasser RB, Cantacessi C, Campbell BE (January 2009). "Improved molecular diagnostic tools for human hookworms".

9343: 8953: 8406: 8004: 7723: 7701: 7132: 5436:"Number of reported cases worldwide (excluding the United Kingdom): OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health" 1349: 6603: 5552: 1940:. However, a lack of understanding of the disease and its transmission, and the long incubation period of the 9141: 8851: 8374: 7072: 6554: 6308: 5645: 4765: 2840:"Public Health Dispatch: Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication --- Western Pacific Region, October 2000" 770: 6858: 1214:

and that setting strict deadlines for eradication may be counterproductive as they are likely to be missed.

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Video recording of a set of presentations given in 2010 about humanity's efforts towards malaria eradication

9753: 8401: 7554: 7317: 7032: 5293: 4639: 3148: 1785: 1730: 1102: 7226: 5383:. The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. 4 March 2013. Archived from 4904: 8443: 8314: 8250: 8218: 8166: 7463: 7445: 5931: 3803: 2775: 2571: 2052: 6608: 6301: 2520: 316:, primarily through the use of a live attenuated vaccine. The final, successful campaign was led by the 9263: 8705: 8688: 7999: 7412: 7152: 5659: 5580: 2659: 1518:

The WHO European region missed its elimination target of 2010 as well as the new target of 2015 due to

988:, also called Guinea worm disease, is a painful and disabling parasitic disease caused by the nematode 5413: 3673:

Friedrich M (20 September 2016). "WHO Declares India Free of Yaws and Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus".

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announced the global eradication of smallpox. It is the only human disease to be eradicated worldwide.

9763: 9313: 8503: 8493: 8188: 8124: 7847: 7812: 7615: 7592: 7378: 7191: 6838: 6688: 5862:"Strengthening coordination and collaboration of one health approach for zoonotic diseases in Africa" 5315: 5294:"NEWS SCAN: Columbia ousts river blindness; Vaccine-derived polio in India; Danish Salmonella trends" 4981:

Eleventh meeting of the European Regional Verification Commission for Measles and Rubella Elimination

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free of malaria in 2019. El Salvador and China were declared malaria free in the first half of 2021.

671: 30: 5110:"Eliminating measles and rubella: Framework for the verification process in the WHO European Region" 9268: 9233: 9228: 9223: 8321: 8183: 8058: 7912: 7027: 7017: 6870: 6790: 6645: 6424:"Author Correction: Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need" 4248: 2067: 1820: 1230: 1023: 656: 6231: 5311: 3902: 3213: 2905: 9714: 9647: 9628: 9424: 9396: 9358: 9353: 9333: 8861: 8508: 8426: 8292: 7822: 7620: 7327: 7265: 7099: 7067: 6853: 6623: 6531: 6202: 2951:"Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission—worldwide, January 2007–April 2008" 1926: 1776: 1770: 1708: 1462: 1407: 165: 7179: 5337: 2924: 2883: 9695: 9624: 8623: 8095: 7880: 7630: 7503: 7109: 6966: 6956: 6574: 6102: 5793: 3021: 2542: 1996: 1528: 1411: 1336:

Other than Dracunculiasis and lymphatic filariasis, there is no global commitment to eliminate

990: 6221:"Leprosy (Hansen's disease): interrupting transmission and achieving zero autochthonous cases" 3036:"Summary of the April 2017 meeting of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization" 312:, a viral disease that infected cattle and other ruminants and belonged to the same family as 9758: 9690: 9524: 9519: 8975: 8921: 8831: 8416: 8048: 7917: 7425: 7332: 7251: 5471:

Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide

3916: 1726: 1479: 1453: 1264: 1234: 7196: 6640: 5412:. The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. Archived from 1125:

WHO, the eradication efforts are focused on the remaining endemic countries in this region (

9573: 9514: 9305: 8948: 8826: 8777: 8744: 8678: 8498: 8391: 8337: 8265: 8255: 7947: 7802: 7675: 7282: 6891: 6650: 6189:"Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy; Accelerating progress toward a world without leprosy" 5008: 1942: 1832: 1680:

both 2013 and 2014: two in France; one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States.

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is an infection of the lymph system by mosquito-borne microfilarial worms which can cause

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has led the effort to eradicate the disease, along with the CDC, the WHO, UNICEF, and the

8: 9496: 9462: 9348: 9171: 9114: 9109: 9060: 8891: 8759: 8731: 8683: 8585: 8575: 8541: 8146: 7584: 7420: 7231: 6584: 6389:"Erratum: Anti-trypanosomatid drug discovery: an ongoing challenge and a continuing need" 6096: 4682: 2950: 2839: 2301: 1992: 1988: 1866: 1722: 663:

in industrialized countries followed the development of a vaccine in the 1950s. In 1960,

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is a rarely fatal but highly disfiguring disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium (

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9529: 9363: 9104: 9070: 9055: 8931: 8916: 8901: 8821: 8739: 8309: 8304: 8213: 8193: 7827: 7670: 7635: 7489: 7455: 7005: 6463: 6370: 6345: 6285: 6258: 6054: 5996: 5969: 5903: 5837: 5812: 5732: 5660:"WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba" 5646:"WHO; the global elimination of congenital syphilis: Rationale and strategy for action" 5627: 5557: 5492: 5270: 5243: 4824: 4660: 4512: 4487: 4381: 4354: 4329: 4199: 4168: 4098: 3853: 3827:"Some lessons for the future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955-1969)" 3826: 3763: 3628: 3603: 3553: 3528: 3486: 3459: 3440: 3366: 3069: 2466: 2449: 2430: 2218: 2193: 2120: 2107: 2057: 1882: 1284: 1272: 257:, with a mortality rate of less than one percent. The last naturally occurring case of 176:

So far, only two diseases have been successfully eradicated—one specifically affecting

7241: 6163: 6032: 5945: 5926: 5720: 5615: 4548: 3544: 3427: 3410: 3265: 2361: 1881:, managed to eliminate rabies during the twentieth century, and more recently much of 9652: 9619: 9452: 9293: 9183: 9077: 8938: 8763: 8726: 8616: 8595: 8536: 8396: 8349: 8151: 7653: 7322: 7312: 7302: 7287: 7104: 7087: 6951: 6802: 6564: 6473: 6445: 6410: 6375: 6290: 6167: 6077: 6046: 6019:

Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C (January 2010). "Human African trypanosomiasis".

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Regional strategic plan for elimination of yaws from South-East Asia Region 2012-2020

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pathogen have so far prevented the formulation of a full-scale eradication strategy.

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Casalone C, Hope J (2018). "Atypical and classic bovine spongiform encephalopathy".

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Asiedu K, Amouzou B, Dhariwal A, Karam M, Lobo D, Patnaik S, Meheus A (July 2008).

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on animals entering the country, and vaccination of pets and wild animals. Many

1440: 1022:

successes: two decades of eradication efforts have reduced Guinea worm's global

9720: 9447: 9338: 9298: 9178: 9004: 8943: 8488: 8421: 8364: 8136: 8025: 8017: 7942: 7895: 7890: 7837: 7561: 7342: 7337: 7297: 7246: 7211: 7049: 6985: 6815: 6550: 5922: 5880: 4282: 2928: 1894: 1878: 1858: 1808: 1742: 1692: 1581: 1576: 1475: 1395: 1383: 1271:

and stop transmission of the parasite by mosquitoes in endemic communities. In

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to treat the disease, whereas elsewhere in the world albendazole is used with

9747: 9603: 9588: 9558: 9553: 9408: 9161: 9156: 9065: 8710: 8369: 8326: 8285: 8178: 8161: 8119: 7832: 7383: 7352: 6973: 6361: 5384: 2817: 2345: 1968: 1914: 1399: 1337: 1313: 1268: 1199: 1183: 1007: 660: 227: 126: 90: 8965: 7219: 6405: 6388: 6203:"Towards zero leprosy. Global leprosy (Hansen's Disease) strategy 2021–2030" 5174:"Report from the Inter-American Conference on Onchocerciasis, November 2007" 4317: 4269:

Fenwick A (March 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases".

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During the twentieth century, there were a series of campaigns to eradicate

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treatment. If successful, the only remaining endemic locations would be in

1191: 1149: 1141: 691: 285:. All 211 contacts were traced, revaccinated, and kept under surveillance. 4503: 3741: 3619: 2369: 2317: 2299: 2209: 1749:—have been certified that they have ended transmission of mother-to-child 1478:

between 2018 and 2019, causing over 200 confirmed measles cases in mostly

1444:

Immunization coverage with measles-containing vaccines in infants, in 2007

9467: 9457: 9318: 9124: 9012: 8980: 8906: 8768: 8659: 8651: 8473: 8275: 8198: 8173: 7922: 7902: 7807: 7767: 7691: 7062: 7057: 6978: 6961: 6875: 6795: 5907: 4121:"Lymphatic Filariasis Disease—Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Program" 3800:"Malaria Elimination Group description and list of elimination countries" 1906: 1695:

died in 2005 or 2009, but the disease has a very long incubation period.

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Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001 - 2011, strategic plan 2012 - 2020

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Since the introduction of multi-drug therapy in 1981, the prevalence of

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Keys HM, Noland GS, De Rochars MB, Blount S, Gonzales M (27 May 2019).

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vast majority of the 565 cases in 2020 (over 60%) were recorded in the

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The concept of disease eradication is sometimes confused with disease

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From 30 million cases to zero: China is certified malaria-free by WHO

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became the first country in the world to eliminate mother-to-child

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Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio, there is no vaccine or

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2030 targets for soil-transmitted helminthiases control programmes

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Carter Center International Task Force for Disease Eradication

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Global polio eradication initiative: strategic plan 2004–2008

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became the first country certified to have eliminated polio.

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Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign

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The following world regions have been declared polio-free:

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Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated:

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reported 1570 animal infections and 12 human infections).

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Global eradication of measles: report by the Secretariat

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As of 2018, all six WHO regions have goals to eliminate

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Nájera JA, González-Silva M, Alonso PL (January 2011).

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Drug and a syphilis test offer hope of yaws eradication

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can be used instead of the previous standard, injected

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Smallpox (variola) occurred in two clinical varieties:

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and the WHO aim to control worm infections, including

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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The last naturally occurring case of smallpox ( 249:, with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent, and 9745: 6183: 6181: 5033: 5031: 5029: 4754: 4683:"CDC MMWR, progress towards measles elimination" 4347: 4345: 4343: 3977:Eliminating malaria: 21 countries, a common goal 3717:, Thomas Reuter Foundation, accessed 10 May 2013 3312: 1841:Rabies-free countries and territories as of 2018 6252: 6250: 6248: 6122: 6120: 5967: 5810: 5191: 5166: 4853:"PAHO WHO: Measles elimination in the Americas" 4719:"PAHO/WHO; Measles elimination in the Americas" 4147:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2925:"Polio outbreak is reported in Syria, WHO says" 5961: 5050: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4607: 4605: 3141: 2447: 327: 8624: 7273: 6907: 6489: 6178: 6145: 6143: 6141: 5026: 4663:. 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Global Health 3371:World Health Organization 3291:World Health Organization 3266:"Parasites - Guinea Worm" 3197:"Guinea Worm Wrap up 209" 3127:World Health Organization 3101:World Health Organization 3043:World Health Organization 2735:World Health Organization 2114:. 76 Suppl 2 (S2): 22–5. 2038:Globalization and disease 1826: 1671:Following an epidemic of 1474:occurred in the state of 978: 731:region (2014), including 672:World Health Organization 648: 356:This section needs to be 31:World Health Organization 9028:Clostridioides difficile 8322:Protective sequestration 8184:Pre-exposure prophylaxis 7475:Generational difference 7028:Horizontal gene transfer 7018:Antimicrobial resistance 6871:Tuberculosis elimination 6791:India National PolioPlus 6362:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.193 5187:(29): 256–60. July 2008. 4825:Measles Fact sheet N°286 3579:Organization WH (2018). 3409:Maurice J (April 2012). 3184:(10): 81–92. March 2011. 2604:. Unicef. 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Mol. Diagn 3713:13 August 2013 at the 2999:10.1001/jama.300.7.839 2662:. Polioeradication.org 2517:"PolioPlus Milestones" 2172:. Ser. A (120): 48–70. 1997:foot and mouth disease 1842: 1588:. It is caused by the 1529:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1445: 1412:Rockefeller Foundation 1172: 1077: 991:Dracunculus medinensis 219: 48: 34: 9691:Vaccinate Your Family 9142:Japanese encephalitis 8417:Universal precautions 7375:Endogenous overgrowth 7227:Poultry and livestock 6671:agricultural diseases 6309:"Disease Eradication" 4504:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0396 3742:10.1056/NEJMoa1408586 3620:10.2471/BLT.08.055608 2850:(1). 12 January 2001. 2394:on 21 September 2007. 2210:10.1038/embor.2009.19 1840: 1727:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1646:On 29 July 2013, the 1480:ultra-Orthodox Jewish 1454:World Health Assembly 1443: 1367:Johnson & Johnson 1332:Other worm infections 1170: 1161:Further information: 1075: 333:Poliomyelitis (polio) 218:, on 26 October 1977. 205: 46: 24: 9574:John Franklin Enders 8519:Genomic reassortment 8499:Genetic epidemiology 8338:Health communication 8266:Flattening the curve 8256:Disease surveillance 8039:Systemic/Generalized 7803:Animal disease model 7283:Asymptomatic carrier 6609:Lymphatic filariasis 5908:0000-0002-2984-78171 5485:Human Prion Diseases 4721:. 27 September 2016. 3396:www.cartercenter.org 2886:. WHO. 27 March 2014 2781:on 27 September 2007 1833:Prevalence of rabies 1261:Lymphatic filariasis 1250:Lymphatic filariasis 676:Rotary International 125:(elephantiasis) and 123:lymphatic filariasis 70:population to zero. 9754:Eradicated diseases 8760:Virus-like particle 8684:Vaccine ingredients 8586:Pandemic prevention 8542:Viral phylodynamics 8523:Re-emerging disease 8412:Travel restrictions 7616:Postoperative wound 7585:Blood-borne disease 7567:Respiratory droplet 7479:Vertical/Congenital 7464:Nosocomial/Hospital 7421:Spillover infection 6585:Eradication of yaws 6099:"Control of rabies" 5610:(9528): 2068–2074. 5583:on 10 December 2015 5064:on 22 February 2011 4859:. 27 September 2016 4742:. 27 September 2016 4590:on 15 February 2022 2912:. 29 December 2023. 2820:on 29 December 2022 2577:on 11 February 2007 2413:(5870): 1606–1609. 1993:bovine tuberculosis 1989:African swine fever 1987:(WOAH) prioritises 1913:to 21 countries in 1723:Antigua and Barbuda 1593:Onchocerca volvulus 1279:is being used with 777: 381: 172:Eradicated diseases 101:(Guinea worm), and 9731:Never to phase III 9530:Hexavalent vaccine 9344:Epstein–Barr virus 9239:Oxford–AstraZeneca 8932:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 8532:Selection pressure 7828:Force of infection 7456:Contagious disease 7391:Endogenous seeding 7288:Chain of infection 7212:Injection drug use 7123:Vaccination status 7006:Case fatality rate 6924:infectious disease 6134:. 16 October 2023. 6105:on 25 January 2016 5867:One Health Outlook 5340:. 7 February 2024. 5318:. 23 November 2018 5044:The New York Times 4770:The New York Times 4123:. Cartercenter.org 3905:. 9 December 2015. 3458:Rinaldi A (2012). 3070:The Times of India 2660:"Polio Now – GPEI" 2497:on 3 December 2006 2149:. Cartercenter.org 2106:Dowdle WR (1998). 2058:Planned extinction 1883:continental Europe 1843: 1452:, and at the 63rd 1446: 1291:-treated mosquito 1285:diethylcarbamazine 1273:sub-Saharan Africa 1173: 1078: 775: 715:region, including 379: 220: 148:and certain other 61:infectious disease 49: 35: 9741: 9740: 9653:Vaccines and SIDS 9540: 9539: 9314:Hepatitis A and B 9290:Varicella zoster 8752:Subunit/component 8606: 8605: 8596:Tropical medicine 8537:Synthetic biology 8438: 8437: 8397:Social distancing 8350:Outbreak response 7971: 7970: 7798:Agent-based model 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7323:Natural reservoir 7313:Infectious period 7303:Incubation period 7260: 7259: 7216:Natural disaster 7185:Tropical diseases 7168:Biodiversity loss 7105:Risk of infection 7095:Microbiome health 7088:Immunosuppression 6889: 6888: 6827: 6826: 6803:Polio in Pakistan 6719: 6718: 6664: 6663: 6565:Polio eradication 6083:978-0-470-75239-5 5929:. Personal View. 5577:Monash University 5502:978-0-444-63945-5 5416:on 24 August 2018 5209:(4): 23–28. 2010. 5159:978-92-4-001879-2 5090:. 31 October 2018 4936:. 15 January 2019 4884:. CNN. 8 May 2017 4458:978-92-4-150317-4 4424:978-92-4-000031-5 4095:The Carter Center 4039:, 21 April 2021, 3327:The Carter Center 3103:. 12 January 2012 3099:(Press release). 3022:"Polio This Week" 2608:on 5 January 2018 2281:. 14 October 2010 2074:Explanatory notes 1902:Trypanosoma cruzi 1817:protozoan disease 1781:sleeping sickness 1486:originating from 1402:, elimination of 1326:obstetric fistula 1241:World Malaria Day 983: 982: 686:(CDC) passed the 653: 652: 377: 376: 339:Polio eradication 129:(pork tapeworm). 44: 9771: 9764:Health campaigns 9632:MMR autism fraud 9579:Maurice Hilleman 9564:Hilary Koprowski 8877: 8876: 8633: 8626: 8619: 8610: 8609: 8591:Tropical disease 8527:Reverse zoonosis 8514:One Health Model 8343:Health education 8332:Community health 8251:Cordon sanitaire 8224:Ring vaccination 8194:Repurposed drugs 8081: 8080: 8000:Gastrointestinal 7843:Machine learning 7647:Gastrointestinal 7598:Intravenous line 7535: 7534: 7449:/Cross-infection 7436:Reverse zoonosis 7409: 7408: 7366: 7365: 7271: 7270: 7252:War and conflict 7120:Nutrition status 7083:Immunodeficiency 6940: 6939: 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6809:Every Last Child 6730: 6729: 6706:Ovine rinderpest 6675: 6674: 6518: 6517: 6498: 6491: 6484: 6475: 6474: 6453: 6443: 6418: 6408: 6383: 6373: 6332: 6331: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6288: 6254: 6243: 6242: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6158:(9): e293–e297. 6147: 6136: 6135: 6124: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6101:. Archived from 6094: 6088: 6087: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6044: 6027:(9709): 148–59. 6016: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5989: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5948: 5939:(8): e706–e717. 5918: 5912: 5911: 5893: 5883: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5390:on 19 March 2013 5389: 5382: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5354:. 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Archived from 4580: 4561: 4560: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4498:(5): 1623–1628. 4483: 4477: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4384: 4374: 4349: 4338: 4337: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4229:. 8 October 2008 4219: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4192: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4101:on 14 April 2008 4097:. Archived from 4087: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4011:, 30 June 2021, 3999: 3993: 3992: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3936: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3856: 3846: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3802:. Archived from 3796: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3724: 3718: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3556: 3539:(6): e324–e331. 3523: 3517: 3516: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3479: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3430: 3421:(9824): 1377–8. 3406: 3400: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3284: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3216:. Carter Center. 3210: 3204: 3203: 3202:. Carter Center. 3201: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3129:. 4 January 2019 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3073:. Archived from 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2816:. Archived from 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2774:. Archived from 2763: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2708:. 4 January 2022 2703: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2469: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390:. Archived from 2380: 2374: 2373: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2103: 2087: 2084: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2020: 1978:canine distemper 1960:ovine rinderpest 1806: 1805: 1779:, also known as 1520:undervaccination 1148:, was tested on 1122:Papua New Guinea 778: 774: 382: 378: 372: 369: 363: 351: 350: 343: 253:, also known as 45: 9781: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9736: 9721:Clinical trials 9700: 9669: 9608: 9584:Stanley Plotkin 9546: 9536: 9448:Cancer vaccines 9431: 9425:Schistosomiasis 9403: 9397:Trypanosomiasis 9370: 9334:Cytomegalovirus 9244:Pfizer–BioNTech 9044: 8868: 8817:Vaccine wastage 8787: 8715: 8667: 8637: 8607: 8602: 8546: 8459:Antigenic shift 8454:Antigenic drift 8445: 8434: 8298:Barrier nursing 8246:Contact tracing 8237: 8230: 8075: 8073: 8066: 7977: 7967: 7868: 7862: 7853:Serial interval 7772: 7756: 7747:Cervico-vaginal 7742: 7733:Trans-placental 7728: 7712: 7680: 7642: 7578:Vascular system 7577: 7571: 7526: 7514: 7508: 7448: 7440: 7400: 7357: 7275: 7256: 7147: 7078:Immune response 7044: 7023:Drug resistance 6967:Infectious dose 6931: 6920: 6890: 6885: 6823: 6759: 6725: 6715: 6694: 6670: 6660: 6596: 6590: 6543: 6537: 6513: 6507: 6502: 6460: 6340: 6338:Further reading 6335: 6320: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6255: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6179: 6148: 6139: 6126: 6125: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6070: 6066: 6017: 6013: 5966: 5962: 5919: 5915: 5858: 5854: 5809: 5805: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5549: 5545: 5522: 5518: 5503: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5358:on 27 June 2011 5350: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5300:. 30 July 2013. 5292: 5291: 5287: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5088:Daily Telegraph 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5036: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4821: 4817: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4762: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4564: 4543:(9): 1197–213. 4533: 4529: 4484: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4365:(8): e0008505. 4350: 4341: 4302: 4298: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4055: 4051: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3938: 3937: 3924: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3874: 3870: 3837:(1): e1000412. 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3806:on 27 July 2011 3798: 3797: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3725: 3721: 3715:Wayback Machine 3706: 3702: 3671: 3667: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3614:(7): 499–499A. 3600: 3596: 3577: 3570: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3503: 3456: 3452: 3407: 3403: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3268:. 13 June 2023. 3264: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3077:on 10 June 2012 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 2978: 2974: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2921: 2917: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2764:. Geneva: WHO. 2761: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2596:Lee JW (1995). 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2523:on 3 March 2007 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2487: 2483: 2446: 2442: 2403: 2399: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2343: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2312:(42): 990–994. 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2244: 2235: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2170:J. R. Stat. Soc 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2025:Medicine portal 2023: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2005: 1952: 1929: 1923: 1897: 1891: 1853:and compulsory 1835: 1829: 1803: 1802: 1796:T. b. gambiense 1773: 1767: 1711: 1703:Main articles: 1701: 1669: 1579: 1573: 1509: 1503: 1495:regional office 1438: 1432: 1424:parasitic worms 1392: 1380:schistosomiasis 1376: 1374:Schistosomiasis 1363:GlaxoSmithKline 1358: 1346:schistosomiasis 1334: 1309: 1258: 1252: 1208:Southern Africa 1198:, and parts of 1165: 1159: 1070: 773: 767: 713:Western Pacific 373: 367: 364: 361: 352: 348: 341: 335: 330: 306: 300: 271:Ali Maow Maalin 208:Ali Maow Maalin 200: 194: 174: 37: 29:. In 1980, the 17: 12: 11: 5: 9779: 9778: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9622: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9599:Katalin Karikó 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9550: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9445: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9413: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9354:Herpes simplex 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9308: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9254:Sinopharm BIBP 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9204:Bharat Biotech 9201: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9007: 9002: 9001: 9000: 8995: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8832:Vaccine injury 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8795: 8793: 8792:Administration 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8766: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8681: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8636: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8489:Emergent virus 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8448: 8440: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8424: 8422:Vector control 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8365:N95 respirator 8357: 8352: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8300: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8238:pharmaceutical 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8105: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8087: 8085: 8084:Pharmaceutical 8078: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8035:Cardiovascular 8033: 8028: 8023: 8020: 8015: 8014:Nervous system 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7838:Infection rate 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7661: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7610: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7600: 7595: 7593:Injection site 7587: 7581: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7562:Dental aerosol 7559: 7558: 7557: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7484: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446:Human-to-human 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7389: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7370: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7343:Super-spreader 7340: 7338:Superinfection 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7247:Vector control 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7182: 7176:Climate zones 7174: 7172:Climate change 7169: 7166: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7054: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6988: 6986:Quorum sensing 6983: 6982: 6981: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6832:Related topics 6829: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6816:The Final Inch 6812: 6800: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6681: 6679: 6672: 6669:Eradication of 6666: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:Onchocerciasis 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6551:Dracunculiasis 6547: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6524: 6522: 6515: 6514:human diseases 6512:Eradication of 6509: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6458:External links 6456: 6455: 6454: 6419: 6384: 6356:(4): 217–231. 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6314: 6300: 6244: 6230: 6212: 6194: 6177: 6137: 6116: 6089: 6082: 6064: 6011: 5960: 5913: 5852: 5803: 5782: 5768: 5757:. 18 July 2018 5742: 5715:(1): e24–e35. 5695: 5677: 5666:. 30 June 2015 5651: 5637: 5594: 5564: 5543: 5516: 5501: 5475: 5463: 5445: 5427: 5401: 5369: 5343: 5329: 5303: 5285: 5234: 5212: 5190: 5165: 5158: 5133: 5101: 5075: 5049: 5025: 4997: 4972: 4960:www.doh.wa.gov 4947: 4921: 4895: 4873: 4844: 4830: 4815: 4793: 4775: 4753: 4724: 4710: 4688: 4674: 4652: 4628: 4601: 4562: 4527: 4478: 4464: 4457: 4430: 4423: 4396: 4339: 4296: 4261: 4240: 4214: 4159: 4134: 4112: 4075: 4049: 4022: 3994: 3967: 3949: 3922: 3908: 3894: 3868: 3817: 3791: 3773: 3719: 3700: 3665: 3643: 3594: 3568: 3518: 3501: 3450: 3401: 3383: 3358: 3332: 3311: 3300:on 19 May 2010 3271: 3257: 3240: 3219: 3205: 3187: 3165: 3140: 3114: 3088: 3055: 3027: 3013: 2972: 2961:(18): 489–94. 2941: 2915: 2897: 2875: 2853: 2831: 2806:EPI Newsletter 2792: 2770: 2747: 2719: 2690: 2673: 2651: 2640:on 18 May 2013 2619: 2588: 2556: 2534: 2508: 2481: 2460:(4): 268–273. 2440: 2397: 2388:WHO Factsheets 2375: 2337: 2323: 2292: 2263: 2256: 2233: 2184: 2175: 2160: 2135: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2012: 2009: 2004: 2001: 1951: 1948: 1925:Main article: 1922: 1919: 1895:Chagas disease 1893:Main article: 1890: 1889:Chagas disease 1887: 1879:United Kingdom 1859:island nations 1831:Main article: 1828: 1825: 1769:Main article: 1766: 1763: 1743:Cayman Islands 1700: 1697: 1668: 1667:Prion diseases 1665: 1582:Onchocerciasis 1577:Onchocerciasis 1575:Main article: 1572: 1571:Onchocerciasis 1569: 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1434:Main article: 1431: 1428: 1396:North American 1391: 1388: 1375: 1372: 1357: 1354: 1333: 1330: 1316:, such as the 1308: 1305: 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1227:Southeast Asia 1158: 1155: 1069: 1066: 998:infested with 996:drinking water 986:Dracunculiasis 981: 980: 976: 975: 972: 969: 965: 964: 961: 958: 954: 953: 950: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 932: 931: 928: 925: 921: 920: 917: 914: 910: 909: 906: 903: 899: 898: 895: 892: 888: 887: 884: 881: 877: 876: 873: 870: 866: 865: 862: 859: 855: 854: 851: 848: 844: 843: 840: 837: 833: 832: 829: 826: 822: 821: 818: 815: 811: 810: 807: 804: 800: 799: 796: 793: 789: 788: 785: 784:Reported cases 782: 769:Main article: 766: 765:Dracunculiasis 763: 742: 741: 735: 729:Southeast Asia 726: 720: 710: 665:Czechoslovakia 651: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 635: 634: 631: 628: 624: 623: 620: 617: 613: 612: 609: 606: 602: 601: 598: 595: 591: 590: 587: 584: 580: 579: 576: 573: 569: 568: 565: 562: 558: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 543: 540: 536: 535: 532: 529: 525: 524: 521: 518: 514: 513: 510: 507: 503: 502: 499: 496: 492: 491: 488: 485: 481: 480: 477: 474: 470: 469: 466: 463: 459: 458: 455: 452: 448: 447: 444: 441: 437: 436: 433: 430: 426: 425: 422: 419: 415: 414: 411: 408: 404: 403: 400: 397: 393: 392: 389: 386: 375: 374: 355: 353: 346: 337:Main article: 334: 331: 329: 326: 322:United Nations 302:Main article: 299: 296: 291:ongoing debate 196:Main article: 193: 190: 173: 170: 99:dracunculiasis 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9777: 9776: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9672: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9605: 9604:Drew Weissman 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9589:H. Fred Clark 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9559:Louis Pasteur 9557: 9555: 9554:Edward Jenner 9552: 9551: 9549: 9543: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9525:DTwP-HepB-Hib 9523: 9521: 9520:DTaP-IPV-HepB 9518: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9511:combination: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9434: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9409:Helminthiasis 9406: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9310:combination: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9013:DPT/DTwP/DTaP 9011: 9010: 9009:combination: 9008: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8922:Meningococcus 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8912:Leptospirosis 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8847:Vaccine court 8845: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8802:GAVI Alliance 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8629: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8441: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8402:Sterilization 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8370:Surgical mask 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8327:Public health 8325: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8233: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8179:Phage therapy 8177: 8175: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8162:Immunotherapy 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8120:Antimicrobial 8118: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8011:Genitourinary 8010: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869:in population 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7833:Herd immunity 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717:Genitourinary 7715: 7709: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7683: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7659:Contamination 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627:Vector-borne 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7413:Cross-species 7410: 7407: 7403: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7354: 7353:Window period 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7318:Latent period 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7197:Deforestation 7195: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7142:Stress levels 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6974:Pathogenicity 6972: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6771:United States 6769: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5532:(1–2): 10–9. 5531: 5527: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5222: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5118: 5111: 5105: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4758: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4678: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4277:(3): 233–36. 4276: 4272: 4271:Public Health 4265: 4250: 4244: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4122: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3898: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3831:PLOS Medicine 3828: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736:(8): 703–10. 3735: 3731: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3470:(11): e1837. 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3215: 3209: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3059: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2992:(7): 839–41. 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2885: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2777: 2773: 2771:92-4-159117-X 2767: 2760: 2759: 2751: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2655: 2636: 2629: 2623: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2573: 2566: 2560: 2544: 2538: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2333: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2259: 2257:92-4-156110-6 2253: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2204:(3): 215–21. 2203: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2179: 2171: 2164: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1969:Morbillivirus 1965: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1915:Latin America 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:United States 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:helminthiasis 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1314:public health 1304: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269:microfilariae 1266: 1265:elephantiasis 1262: 1257: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1236:P. falciparum 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:South America 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:North America 1181: 1177: 1169: 1164: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057:domestic cats 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008:Carter Center 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 987: 977: 973: 970: 967: 966: 962: 959: 956: 955: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 933: 929: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 912: 911: 907: 904: 901: 900: 896: 893: 890: 889: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 860: 857: 856: 852: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 835: 834: 830: 827: 824: 823: 819: 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 802: 801: 797: 794: 791: 790: 786: 783: 780: 779: 772: 762: 758: 756: 752: 748: 739: 736: 734: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 702: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670:In 1988, the 668: 666: 662: 661:poliomyelitis 658: 647: 643: 640: 637: 636: 632: 629: 626: 625: 621: 618: 615: 614: 610: 607: 604: 603: 599: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 582: 581: 577: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 560: 559: 555: 552: 549: 548: 544: 541: 538: 537: 533: 530: 527: 526: 522: 519: 516: 515: 511: 508: 505: 504: 500: 497: 494: 493: 489: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 472: 471: 467: 464: 461: 460: 456: 453: 450: 449: 445: 442: 439: 438: 434: 431: 428: 427: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 406: 405: 401: 398: 395: 394: 390: 387: 384: 383: 371: 359: 354: 345: 344: 340: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 305: 295: 292: 286: 284: 280: 277:District, of 276: 272: 268: 267:variola minor 264: 260: 259:variola major 256: 252: 251:variola minor 248: 247:variola major 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:Edward Jenner 226:in 1798 when 225: 217: 213: 209: 204: 199: 189: 187: 183: 179: 169: 167: 163: 159: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 128: 127:cysticercosis 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:poliomyelitis 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 32: 28: 25:A child with 23: 19: 9759:Epidemiology 9685: 9681:Epidemiology 9657: 9629: 9515:DTaP-IPV/Hib 9306:Yellow fever 9219:EpiVacCorona 8976:Tuberculosis 8949:Pneumococcal 8917:Lyme disease 8745:Heterologous 8644:Immunization 8562: 8310:Notification 8281:Hand washing 8276:Food hygiene 8261:Disinfection 8157:Immunization 8108:Anthelmintic 8096:prophylactic 7984:Respiratory 7908:Hyperendemic 7858:WAIFW matrix 7513:Environment- 7266:Transmission 7242:Urbanization 7040:Host tropism 6936:Determinants 6922:Concepts in 6854:Transmission 6814: 6807: 6624:epidemiology 6504: 6431: 6427: 6396: 6392: 6353: 6349: 6328:Gray Matters 6327: 6317: 6303: 6271:(1): 31–35. 6268: 6264:EMBO Reports 6262: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6206: 6197: 6155: 6151: 6132:www.paho.org 6131: 6107:. 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The 1003: 989: 984: 979:References: 759: 753:, and maybe 743: 700: 696:U.S. dollars 692:immunization 669: 654: 649:References: 365: 357: 307: 287: 266: 258: 250: 246: 244: 221: 175: 154: 133: 131: 72: 52: 50: 18: 9717:from market 9613:Controversy 9547:researchers 9463:Hepatitis B 9349:Hepatitis C 9294:Chicken pox 9120:Hepatitis E 9115:Hepatitis B 9110:Hepatitis A 9061:Chikungunya 9038:Shigellosis 8892:Brucellosis 8778:Therapeutic 8732:Inactivated 8672:Development 8660:Inoculation 8652:Vaccination 8563:Eradication 8474:Biosecurity 8199:Vaccination 8174:Inoculation 8152:Drug safety 8147:Combination 8074:and Control 8022:Soft tissue 7976:Anatomical 7943:Seasonality 7923:Mesoendemic 7903:Holoendemic 7896:Farr's laws 7808:Attack rate 7606:Animal bite 7602:Insect bite 7538:Respiratory 7165:Air quality 7153:Environment 7063:Comorbidity 6979:Attack rate 6962:Infectivity 6876:Vaccination 6796:Pulse Polio 6724:Eradication 6434:(11): 714. 6225:www.who.int 6207:www.who.int 5690:www.who.int 5298:CIDRAP News 5254:(7): e497. 5227:27 February 5018:20 February 5013:www.who.int 4934:www.cdc.gov 4788:www.who.int 4448:10665/78074 4127:27 February 3962:www.who.int 3944:www.who.int 3786:www.who.int 3133:29 December 2824:29 December 2785:30 November 2740:29 December 2527:22 February 1999:, and PPR. 1907:Triatominae 1757:. 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