1002:(韓). The Khitan had abducted the Hán clan from Jizhou and despite being ethnic Han, they were thoroughly Kitanized culturally and linguistically and served the Liao loyally in military and political positions along with several other ethnic Han elite families who were Kitanized. The loyalty of the Han population of the Liao to the Liao rulers frustrated the Song dynasty ruled by ethnic Han. Khitan women from the imperial consort clan were given to the men of the Hán family for marriage. One member of this lineage was Han Derang (韓德讓), who was close to the Liao imperial family and whose paternal ancestors served the Liao dynasty from the time of Abaoji's reign.
3177:
2255:
915:. The Emperor Taizong of Liao quickly became disillusioned with governing so many sedentary people who resented Liao rule, and decided to retreat back to his Southern Capital. Heavy resistance on the retreat route and Taizong's death in 947 provoked a succession crisis in the Liao government, and an opportunity for a new dynasty in northern China.
895:. Under Liao rule, the Sixteen Prefectures thus represented two of the Liao dynasty's five divisions. Both sections were part of the Southern Chancellery, one of two broader divisions the Liao empire had been divided into. The Sixteen Prefectures had become the springboard from which the Liao dynasty would exert its influence on northern China.
902:
refused to recognize the
Emperor Taizong of Liao as his superior. After a year of tense diplomatic exchanges, in 943 the Liao dynasty finally resolved to punish Shi for his insubordination. For two years the engagements were indecisive, until in 945, the Emperor Taizong of Liao, who was leading his
1013:
Through the 990s, relations between the Song and Liao steadily worsened. Beginning in 999, the Liao would use the
Sixteen Prefectures as the launching pad for repeated but indecisive attacks on the Song. Then, in 1004, the Emperor Shengzong of Liao launched another major campaign against the Song.
20:
1029:
When the Song dynasty reclaimed the
Sixteen Prefectures, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jin dynasty invaded that area, the Han population did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day
969:
and led military campaigns along with her son until her death. The Song dynasty once again tried to attack in 986, to take advantage of
Shengzong's youth. They sent forces against the territory on three fronts, but the Liao scored decisive victories over all three Song forces. Empress Dowager
945:
led his weary and ill-supplied troops from toward the Liao
Southern Capital (present-day Beijing). The Liao boundary was reached in May and they initially encountered little resistance. By July 20, they had attacked the Southern Capital. Ten days later, the first contingent of Liao
934:. The Song dynasty was still focusing on trying to reunify southern China. However, despite the exchange of embassies in 974 and the growth of profitable trade between the two, there were still two fatal flaws to the relationship. One concerned continued support for the
270:
before the Tang built the Great Wall along these mountains. Seven of the
Sixteen Prefectures were located inside (south) of the Inner Great Wall. The other eleven were located in between the Inner and Outer Great Walls. The Tang did not build Great Walls but used
1034:, then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jin dynasty were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. Ethnic Han who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty. Ethnic Han from the Song dynasty also defected to the Jin.
907:; he had to flee the battlefield on a camel. The following year, however, the Liao emperor launched a new campaign from his Southern Capital (within the Sixteen prefectures), triggering the collapse of the Later Jin. Having seized the Later Jin capital of
860:
The
Sixteen Prefectures passed into Liao hands in 938, when the Liao dynasty supported Shi Jingtang, another military governor of Shanxi, in his revolt against the Later Tang. Confident in his own military strength, the Liao emperor, Abaoji's second son
820:
tribe after some two centuries of leadership by the
Yaolian clan. Abaoji coveted the plains of North China, a rich source of plunder that was guarded by a line of passes and fortifications stretching from mountainous northern Shanxi to the
275:
to guard against the northern tribes. The
Fanyang or Youzhou-Jizhou Commandery, based in modern-day Beijing commanded 11 of the Sixteen Prefectures. The other seven were commanded by the Hedong Commandery based in Yunzhou, modern Datong.
832:
The rise of Khitan power under Abaoji occurred just as China was falling into turmoil. The fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 led to power struggles among rival warlords and to the creation of a number of short-lived polities known as the
869:), but also to cede a large band of territory to the Liao that represented the entire northern China defense line. The Liao dynasty now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the northern China plains.
1666:
992:(遼史) described and praised Empress Chengtian's capture and mass castration of Chinese boys in a biography on the eunuch Wang Ji'en. The fifteen-year-old Emperor Shengzong led the Liao's decisive victory at the Battle of Qigou Pass.
1655:
208:
In 1123, the Jin ceded most of the territories except
Yunzhou to the Northern Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China (zhongyuan) to the
1021:
This treaty was the guide by which relations between the two dynasties would progress until the fall of the Liao dynasty. The Sixteen Prefectures would remain in their possession until that time.
898:
Shi Jingtang, the Later Jin emperor who had ceded the Sixteen Prefectures to the Liao dynasty in 937, died in 942. He had been a staunch ally (some say a puppet) of the Khitan, but his successor
970:
Chengtian personally led the Liao army in campaigns against the Song during their invasion of Liao in 986 and defeated them in battle, fighting the retreating Chinese army. She then ordered the
262:
in Shanxi Province, extending contiguously along the mountains that divide the agrarian plains of central China from the pastoralist steppes to the north. Several dynasties including the
1136:'s usurpation of Tang state power in 907, and Abaoji's takeover of Khitan leadership in 907, each marking significant realignments of power, changed the shape of East Asian history."
808:
The year 907 and subsequent collapse of the Tang dynasty was a turning point in East Asian history. On that year the pastoral and nomadic people known as the Khitan crowned
1357:
258:
was a unit of administration larger than a county but smaller than a province. The Sixteen Prefectures stretched from Ji County in modern-day Tianjin Municipality to
2286:
941:
When the Song were successful in finally incorporating the Northern Han in 979, the Song decided to launch an offensive against the Liao in the Sixteen Prefectures.
1644:
922:
had ended the turmoil that northern China had endured since 907, and by 979, they had essentially unified southern China, but lost the Sixteen Prefectures.
950:
arrived. The ensuing Battle of Gaoliang River on August 1 near the Southern Capital resulted in a complete rout of Song forces, who had to retreat back to
3207:
1368:
786:, Hebei), which fell to the Liao after the cession, is also excluded from the count of 16. The Liao created two new prefectures, Jingzhou (景州 modern
1497:
1452:
2074:
883:
The Khitan-led Liao dynasty kept using Chinese administrative forms to administer the counties and prefectures they had captured. They named
2500:
825:. In 905 Abaoji had already started to intervene in northern China by leading a massive army to Datong in Shanxi to swear brotherhood with
3104:
2828:
2767:
2659:
2274:
2956:
1048:
676:
2494:
3217:
1148:, pp. 32 (on Khitan's nomadic lifestyle) and 37–38 (for the rise of Abaoji, his title of Great Khan, and his tribal affiliation).
589:
2135:
930:
The Liao and Song were actually developing reasonably amicable relations in the 960s into the mid-970s, during the reign of the
3242:
3227:
3068:
834:
803:
3237:
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1959:
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who nominally served the severely weakened Tang dynasty as Jiedushi of Shanxi on the westernmost point of the defense line.
3232:
3202:
2396:
2381:
2368:
2333:
2298:
2269:
1524:
1425:
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3212:
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elites held a prominent position in the Liao state alongside Khitan elites. One of them was a lineage with the surname
1733:
1324:
1313:
1302:
2165:
2067:
1886:
1335:
774:, Hebei) to be part of the Sixteen Prefectures because they had already been occupied by the Liao dynasty during the
3043:
2391:
2281:
1400:
1346:
3247:
1635:
Journal of Central Eurasian Studies, Volume 3 (October 2012): 85–108 © 2012 Center for Central Eurasian Studies))
267:
887:(on the western end of the Sixteen Prefectures) their Western Capital, and in 938 built a new fortified city at
2123:
2008:
1929:
618:
118:
52:
911:
in early 947, later that year he declared the name of his dynasty as "Great Liao" (大遼) and proclaimed himself
2929:
2227:
2118:
762:
writes that there were actually 19 prefectures but does not specify them. Chinese historians do not consider
44:
251:
The Sixteen Prefectures were administrative units established during the Tang dynasty. Under the Tang, each
3197:
2427:
2096:
2060:
1481:
938:. The other was the Song dynasty's refusal to accept continued Liao possession of the Sixteen Prefectures.
842:
93:. It was a site of constant military and political conflict between various dynasties from the end of the
2888:
2419:
2415:
2341:
2313:
2092:
202:
2254:
3167:
2303:
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866:
175:
1501:
2175:
1976:
1562:
966:
2751:
2506:
2160:
2128:
1878:
1872:
1449:
958:
429:
212:
in the 13th century. The Mongols would later conquer the Jin and Song dynasties, establishing the
147:
collapsed, they became a site of contention between various ethnicities of North China, including
3013:
2782:
2357:
2190:
942:
862:
763:
647:
450:
2607:
2155:
892:
560:
1755:
1118:
1018:
signed in early 1005 resulted in annual tribute paid to the Liao dynasty by the Song dynasty.
3137:
2376:
1706:
1679:
999:
931:
809:
1895:
Smith, Paul Jakov (2009), "Introduction: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279", in
3023:
2512:
2232:
1952:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 5, Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279
1901:
Cambridge History of China, Vol. 5, Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907–1279
1787:
The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade
8:
3062:
2902:
2237:
1007:
962:
3038:
2998:
2205:
2200:
1947:
1896:
1739:. In Mullaney, Tomhas S.; Leibold, James; Gros, Stéphane; Bussche, Eric Vanden (eds.).
1388:
1076:
1043:
846:
252:
3077:
2917:
2912:
2849:
2386:
2210:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2140:
2032:
2004:
2003:. Vol. 47 of Sinica Leidensia / Sinica Leidensia (illustrated ed.). BRILL.
1955:
1925:
1904:
1882:
1847:
1819:
1791:
1761:
1712:
1685:
767:
759:
309:
1539:
986:. The boys were all under ten years old and were selected for their good looks. The
2988:
2922:
2469:
2437:
2220:
2215:
1681:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
1467:
912:
783:
626:
402:
321:
182:. The northern territories were then the site of contention between the subsequent
1741:
Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority
1677:
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2105:
2026:
1998:
1988:
1919:
1841:
1813:
1785:
1613:
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1456:
1015:
988:
348:
2975:
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597:
375:
243:
and establishing Ming. The Sixteen Prefectures were then restored to Han rule.
220:
156:
1429:
3191:
3054:
3048:
3033:
2855:
2843:
2323:
2318:
1843:
Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao
1566:
983:
771:
539:
209:
152:
28:
235:
to call for the restoration of Han rule. They sent a Northern Expedition to
3181:
3149:
3028:
3003:
2837:
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2637:
2529:
2484:
2479:
2351:
2083:
1678:
Denis C. Twitchett; Herbert Franke; John King Fairbank (25 November 1994).
1594:
935:
919:
899:
878:
779:
240:
232:
224:
213:
187:
179:
167:
144:
98:
94:
24:
1708:
China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History
1550:
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2983:
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2934:
2824:
2800:
2674:
2643:
2547:
2474:
2432:
995:
975:
965:
took power at age 30 in 982, serving as a regent for her 11-year-old son
794:, Hebei) from Pingzhou, which have not been included in the original 16.
791:
684:
263:
148:
70:
32:
1404:
903:
troops in battle, was almost killed in a rout of his forces in southern
2939:
2896:
2794:
2757:
2727:
2721:
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2589:
2577:
2553:
1003:
971:
854:
775:
183:
74:
2052:
2964:
2873:
2818:
2812:
2733:
2601:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2565:
2489:
2452:
2442:
1704:
978:
boys she had captured in China, supplementing the Khitan's supply of
865:(Emperor Taizong of Liao), convinced Shi to found a new dynasty (the
826:
822:
236:
193:
In 1120s, two principal cities, Youzhou (also called Yanzhou, modern
1921:
Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century
19:
3125:
3113:
3094:
3018:
2907:
2867:
2739:
2715:
2692:
2649:
2631:
2457:
850:
739:
712:
512:
272:
918:
Still, the territory remained in Liao hands. However, by 960, the
3131:
3119:
3008:
2763:
2541:
2535:
2462:
2447:
2170:
2150:
1629:(Kitan Migrations in Eurasia (10th–14th Centuries) Michal Biran*
1133:
1031:
951:
947:
908:
888:
838:
568:
434:
407:
380:
353:
326:
194:
160:
82:
78:
1734:"8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese"
1478:
817:
2745:
2686:
2668:
2619:
2613:
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884:
813:
787:
744:
717:
689:
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655:
485:
458:
259:
198:
171:
126:
90:
60:
2806:
2776:
2028:
Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics
1612:. Center for Central Eurasian Studies: 85–108. Archived from
904:
631:
602:
573:
544:
517:
490:
463:
228:
201:, Shanxi) were taken away from the Liao when the Jurchen-led
86:
1968:
Tuotuo. Liaoshi . Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974 (or Tuotuo,
2861:
1006:
was the ethnic Han minister who had a love affair with the
1954:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–132,
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
797:
1903:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–37,
1450:遼史 卷七一至一百十五 (列傳 第一至四五) (遼 史 卷 一 百 九) (列 傳 第 三 十 九)(伶 官)
891:(near modern-day Beijing), which they turned into their
849:. In 923 his dynasty was overthrown by Li Keyong's son,
841:, another Jiedushi, who declared himself emperor of the
31:(light grey) in the south. Some distance to its west is
1060:
1632:
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Jerusalem, Israel)
954:. The Sixteen Prefectures would remain in Liao hands.
3165:
1379:
Tuotuo 1974, pp.109.1480-82 (or Liaoshi, 109.1480-82)
1010:, and Chengtian was rumoured to have a son with him.
1790:(illustrated ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
1498:"王继恩传_白话二十四史 - 中学生读书网 (当前位置：中学生读书网 >> 白话二十四史)"
2031:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press.
1671:
1599:"Kitan Migrations in Eurasia (10th–14th Centuries)"
246:
3189:
1946:Standen, Naomi (2009), "The Five Dynasties", in
1705:Hoyt Cleveland Tillman; Stephen H. West (1995).
23:The Sixteen Prefectures (yellow) wedged between
1698:
1286:
1284:
1753:
1743:. University of California Press. p. 186.
837:. The first of these dynasties was founded by
2068:
1760:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 358–.
1522:王继恩_英语例句|英文例子|在线翻译_栗子搜！([例句2] 来源：王继恩)
1207:
1205:
2501:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1281:
1975:
2075:
2061:
1996:
1747:
1684:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
1202:
3208:Prefectures of Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
1575:) (in Chinese). 維基文庫 (Chinese Wikisource)
1156:
1154:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
3087:
1917:
1113:
1111:
1109:
18:
2082:
1945:
1918:Peterson, Barbara Bennett, ed. (2000).
1846:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1839:
1731:
1561:
1263:
1247:
1235:
1211:
1184:
925:
790:, Hebei) from Jizhou and Luanzhou (滦州;
3190:
3069:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
2994:Endless power transmitting chain drive
1151:
1081:
1024:
982:to serve at her court, among them was
804:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
798:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
2056:
1924:(illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
1894:
1783:
1593:
1106:
812:(Emperor Taizu of Liao) as their new
2024:
1867:
1811:
1290:
1275:
1259:
1223:
1196:
1172:
1160:
1145:
1129:
1100:
1606:Journal of Central Eurasian Studies
1351:
283:
109:It is more specifically called the
16:Historical region in northern China
13:
770:, Hebei) and Pingzhou (平州; modern
239:, overthrowing the Yuan's rule in
111:Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun
69:) comprise a historical region in
14:
3259:
1757:A History of Chinese Civilization
1426:"梦远书城 > 辽史 > (卷一百一 列传第三十九)"
115:Sixteen Prefectures of You and Ji
3175:
2253:
1972:(Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1974))
1479:《辽史》作者：脱脱_第115页_全文在线阅读_思兔 - 思兔阅读
247:Tang dynasty political geography
3218:Prefectures of the Liao dynasty
1997:Van Derven, H. J., ed. (2000).
1777:
1725:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1587:
1555:
1544:
1533:
1515:
1490:
1472:
1461:
1443:
1418:
1393:
1382:
1373:
1362:
1340:
1329:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1269:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1077:李榮村, "燕雲十六州" 中華百科全書‧典藏版1983 ed.
782:’s cession. Yizhou (易州; modern
190:, and Khitan-led Liao dynasty.
97:until the establishment of the
2495:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
1754:Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996).
1190:
1178:
1166:
1139:
1123:
298:Administrator during the Tang
131:
122:
65:
56:
48:
1:
3243:Former prefectures in Tianjin
3228:Former prefectures in Beijing
2930:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1054:
41:Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun
3238:Former prefectures in Shanxi
1950:and Paul Jakov Smith (ed.),
1899:and Paul Jakov Smith (ed.),
1711:. SUNY Press. pp. 28–.
872:
301:Proximity to the Great Wall
273:frontier military commanders
7:
3233:Former prefectures in Hebei
3203:Former prefectures of China
2342:Department of State Affairs
1037:
138:
10:
3264:
2304:Bureau of Military Affairs
2000:Warfare in Chinese History
1784:Bauer, Susan Wise (2010).
876:
853:, who then proclaimed the
845:in 907 after deposing the
801:
166:In 938 they were ceded by
3223:Prefectures of Later Zhou
3213:Prefectures of Later Tang
2955:
2887:
2708:
2522:
2414:
2367:
2332:
2262:
2251:
2176:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2166:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
2091:
1008:Empress Dowager Chengtian
967:Emperor Shengzong of Liao
963:Empress Dowager Chengtian
2507:Four Great Books of Song
2025:Wang, Yuan-Kang (2013).
1879:Harvard University Press
1874:Imperial China: 900-1800
1567:
1389:国学导航－遼史 (遼史卷一百０九 列傳第三十九)
959:Emperor Jingzong of Liao
430:Jizhou District, Tianjin
27:(grey) in the north and
2358:Secretariat-Chancellery
1840:McMahon, Keith (2013).
943:Emperor Taizong of Song
104:
85:, and part of northern
3248:History of the Khitans
2989:Early Bessemer process
2957:Science and technology
2156:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1979:; et al. (1344).
1732:Elliott, Mark (2012).
1401:"中国古籍全录 (卷一百一 列传第三十九)"
205:conquered the region.
197:) and Yunzhou (modern
36:
2377:Ministry of Personnel
2282:Imperial examinations
1468:辽史-卷一百九列传第三十九 - 文学100
974:of around 100 ethnic
932:Emperor Taizu of Song
816:, the first from the
22:
2513:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2287:Administrative units
2161:Song–Tibet relations
2136:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1818:. HarperCollins UK.
1568:遼史/卷109 列傳第39: 伶官 宦官
1303:Peterson(2000), 259.
926:Liao-Song contention
3198:Sixteen Prefectures
3063:Forensic entomology
3024:Watertight bulkhead
2903:Joint-stock company
2397:Ministry of Justice
2382:Ministry of Revenue
2292:Sixteen Prefectures
1992:] (in Chinese).
1812:Keay, John (2010).
1667:McMahon(2013), 256.
1656:McMahon(2013), 262.
1645:McMahon(2013), 261.
1369:McMahon(2013), 269.
1358:McMahon(2013), 261.
1119:李海清 "'幽云'、'燕云' 两不同"
1025:Jin-Song contention
287:Chinese characters
53:traditional Chinese
2999:Astronomical clock
2206:Treaty of Shaoxing
1948:Denis C. Twitchett
1897:Denis C. Twitchett
1869:Mote, Frederick W.
1527:2014-10-09 at the
1484:2014-10-10 at the
1455:2013-10-12 at the
1314:Derven(2000), 199.
1044:History of Beijing
268:Northern Dynasties
66:Yānyún Shíliù Zhōu
45:simplified Chinese
37:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3078:Dream Pool Essays
2970:Gunpowder weapons
2883:
2882:
2410:
2409:
2402:Ministry of Works
2387:Ministry of Rites
2334:Three Departments
2171:Fang La rebellion
2151:Wang Ze rebellion
1961:978-0-521-81248-1
1910:978-0-521-81248-1
1877:, Cambridge, MA:
1767:978-0-521-49781-7
1718:978-0-7914-2273-1
1691:978-0-521-24331-5
1540:白话辽史-王继恩传 - 文学100
1325:Bauer(2010), 569.
1278:, pp. 65–66.
1250:, pp. 98–98.
1238:, pp. 97–98.
1199:, pp. 63–65.
1187:, pp. 66–67.
847:last Tang emperor
760:Frederick W. Mote
756:
755:
186:, its successour
132:Yōujì Shíliù Zhōu
3255:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3109:
3106:
3085:
3084:
2833:
2832: 1174–1189
2830:
2772:
2771: 1050–1080
2769:
2664:
2663: 1111–1117
2661:
2520:
2519:
2470:Longquan celadon
2438:Five Great Kilns
2330:
2329:
2257:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1993:
1964:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1913:
1891:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1815:China: A History
1808:
1806:
1804:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1619:on 14 April 2014
1618:
1603:
1597:(October 2012).
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1500:. Archived from
1494:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1428:. Archived from
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1397:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1104:
1098:
1079:
1073:
913:Emperor of China
893:Southern Capital
403:Yanqing District
322:Xicheng District
293:Modern province/
290:Modern location
279:
278:
227:ordered general
133:
124:
67:
58:
50:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3155:
3107:
3083:
3039:Horner's method
2951:
2879:
2831:
2783:Emperor Huizong
2770:
2704:
2662:
2518:
2406:
2392:Ministry of War
2363:
2328:
2258:
2249:
2228:Mongol conquest
2146:Chanyuan Treaty
2106:Chenqiao mutiny
2087:
2081:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1989:History of Liao
1962:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1911:
1889:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1573:History of Liao
1569:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1529:Wayback Machine
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:Wayback Machine
1477:
1473:
1466:
1462:
1457:Wayback Machine
1448:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:, p. 39: "
1128:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1082:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1040:
1027:
1016:Chanyuan Treaty
989:History of Liao
928:
881:
875:
806:
800:
349:Shunyi District
317:
312:
294:
249:
141:
107:
77:in present-day
17:
12:
11:
5:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3108: 10th c.
3098:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:Wujing Zongyao
2972:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2626:Huang Tingjian
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2369:Six Ministries
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Qingli Reforms
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:Gaoliang River
2126:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2038:978-0231522403
2037:
2022:
2009:
1994:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1943:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1892:
1887:
1865:
1853:978-1442222908
1852:
1837:
1825:978-0007372089
1824:
1809:
1797:978-0393078176
1796:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1746:
1724:
1717:
1697:
1690:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1586:
1554:
1543:
1532:
1514:
1489:
1471:
1460:
1442:
1417:
1392:
1381:
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1280:
1268:
1262:, p. 65;
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1150:
1138:
1122:
1105:
1080:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1026:
1023:
927:
924:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
835:Five Dynasties
802:Main article:
799:
796:
758:The historian
754:
753:
750:
747:
742:
737:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
720:
715:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
687:
682:
679:
674:
670:
669:
666:
663:
658:
653:
650:
645:
641:
640:
637:
634:
629:
624:
621:
616:
612:
611:
608:
607:Youzhou-Jizhou
605:
600:
595:
592:
587:
583:
582:
579:
578:Youzhou-Jizhou
576:
571:
566:
563:
558:
554:
553:
550:
549:Youzhou-Jizhou
547:
542:
537:
534:
531:
527:
526:
523:
522:Youzhou-Jizhou
520:
515:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
496:
495:Youzhou-Jizhou
493:
488:
483:
480:
477:
473:
472:
469:
468:Youzhou-Jizhou
466:
461:
456:
453:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:Youzhou-Jizhou
437:
432:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:Youzhou-Jizhou
410:
405:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
386:
385:Youzhou-Jizhou
383:
378:
376:Miyun District
373:
370:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:Youzhou-Jizhou
356:
351:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:Youzhou-Jizhou
329:
324:
319:
314:
307:
303:
302:
299:
296:
291:
288:
285:
282:
253:prefecture or
248:
245:
221:Hongwu Emperor
140:
137:
106:
103:
71:northern China
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3260:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3055:Yingzao Fashi
3052:
3050:
3049:Liaodi Pagoda
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Tianchi basin
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:Zhao Mengjian
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:Wuzhun Shifan
2842:
2839:
2836:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2324:Three Bureaus
2322:
2320:
2319:Baojia system
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Huangtiandang
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:Jin–Song Wars
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Song–Xia wars
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Southern Tang
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1888:0-674-01212-7
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1595:Biran, Michal
1590:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1504:on 2018-11-30
1503:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1432:on 2013-10-12
1431:
1427:
1421:
1407:on 2014-10-10
1406:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:, p. 66.
1292:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1266:, p. 99.
1265:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:, p. 41.
1225:
1220:
1214:, p. 87.
1213:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1175:, p. 39.
1174:
1169:
1163:, p. 38.
1162:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 65.
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1050:
1049:Jin–Song wars
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
944:
939:
937:
933:
923:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
880:
870:
868:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
811:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
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29:Northern Song
26:
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3150:Guo Shoujing
3076:
3067:
3053:
3044:Architecture
3029:Fishing reel
3004:Movable type
2974:
2944:
2838:Zhou Jichang
2789:Zhang Zeduan
2638:Zhou Bangyan
2530:Fan Zhongyan
2511:
2499:
2485:Yaozhou ware
2480:Qingbai ware
2314:New Policies
2291:
2119:Southern Han
2110:Unification
2084:Song dynasty
2042:. Retrieved
2027:
2014:. Retrieved
1999:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1951:
1935:. Retrieved
1920:
1900:
1873:
1857:. Retrieved
1842:
1829:. Retrieved
1814:
1801:. Retrieved
1786:
1778:Bibliography
1756:
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1621:. Retrieved
1614:the original
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1502:the original
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1264:Standen 2009
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1192:
1185:Standen 2009
1180:
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1125:
1028:
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994:
987:
956:
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936:Northern Han
929:
920:Song dynasty
917:
900:Shi Chonggui
897:
882:
879:Liao dynasty
863:Yelü Deguang
859:
831:
807:
780:Shi Jingtang
766:(营州; modern
757:
254:
250:
241:China proper
233:Chang Yuchun
225:Ming dynasty
218:
214:Yuan dynasty
207:
192:
188:Song dynasty
168:Shi Jingtang
165:
145:Tang dynasty
142:
130:
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108:
99:Yuan dynasty
95:Tang dynasty
64:
40:
38:
3152:(1231–1316)
3146:(1202–1261)
3144:Qin Jiushao
3140:(1192-1279)
3134:(1186–1249)
3128:(1031–1095)
3122:(1020–1101)
3116:(1010–1070)
3101:Zhang Sixun
2946:Zhu Fan Zhi
2935:Champa rice
2899:(1021–1086)
2876:(1235–1305)
2870:(1222–1307)
2864:(1210–1269)
2858:(1199–1295)
2852:(1190–1230)
2846:(1178–1249)
2825:Lin Tinggui
2821:(1140–1210)
2815:(1120–1182)
2809:(1100–1197)
2803:(1096–1119)
2801:Wang Ximeng
2797:(1094-1172)
2791:(1085–1145)
2785:(1082–1135)
2779:(1051–1107)
2760:(1049–1106)
2754:(1036–1093)
2748:(1020–1090)
2742:(1019–1079)
2736:(1000–1064)
2701:(1170–1231)
2695:(1140–1207)
2689:(1130–1200)
2683:(1127–1206)
2677:(1126–1193)
2675:Fan Chengda
2671:(1125–1209)
2652:(1085–1144)
2646:(1084–1155)
2644:Li Qingzhao
2640:(1056–1121)
2634:(1047–1126)
2628:(1045–1105)
2622:(1039–1112)
2616:(1037–1101)
2610:(1033–1107)
2604:(1032–1085)
2598:(1022–1077)
2592:(1019–1086)
2586:(1019–1083)
2580:(1017–1073)
2574:(1012–1067)
2568:(1011–1077)
2562:(1009–1066)
2556:(1007–1072)
2550:(1002–1060)
2548:Mei Yaochen
2475:Cizhou ware
2352:Chancellery
2347:Secretariat
2275:Family tree
2233:Diaoyucheng
2044:5 September
2016:5 September
1937:5 September
1859:5 September
1831:5 September
1803:5 September
1623:5 September
1579:5 September
1563:脫脫 (Tuotuo)
1347:Keay(2010).
1336:Wang(2013).
843:Later Liang
810:Yelü Abaoji
792:Luan County
778:, prior to
752:in between
725:in between
697:in between
685:Ying County
668:in between
639:in between
610:in between
581:in between
552:in between
415:in between
284:Prefecture
203:Jin dynasty
35:(deep grey)
33:Western Xia
3192:Categories
3097:(972–1051)
3014:Pound lock
2940:Nanhai One
2897:Wang Anshi
2795:Su Hanchen
2758:Li Gonglin
2728:Zhao Chang
2724:(970–1053)
2722:Xu Daoning
2718:(960–1030)
2699:Zhao Rukuo
2681:Yang Wanli
2590:Sima Guang
2578:Zhou Dunyi
2554:Ouyang Xiu
2544:(998–1061)
2538:(991–1055)
2532:(989–1052)
2263:Government
2010:9004117741
1931:0765619296
1508:2013-09-07
1436:2013-09-07
1411:2013-09-07
1117:(Chinese)
1075:(Chinese)
1055:References
1004:Han Derang
996:Ethnic Han
984:Wang Ji'en
972:castration
855:Later Tang
814:Great Khan
776:Later Tang
313:(Yanzhou)
216:of China.
184:Later Zhou
143:After the
75:Great Wall
73:along the
3088:Inventors
2965:Gunpowder
2874:Qian Xuan
2840:(12th c.)
2819:Liang Kai
2813:Zhao Boju
2752:Wang Shen
2734:Yi Yuanji
2730:(10th c.)
2602:Cheng Hao
2596:Zhang Zai
2584:Zeng Gong
2572:Cai Xiang
2566:Shao Yong
2490:Jian ware
2453:Guan ware
2443:Ding ware
2238:Xiangyang
2114:Later Shu
1981:Liao Shi
1291:Mote 1999
1276:Mote 1999
1260:Mote 1999
1224:Mote 1999
1197:Mote 1999
1173:Mote 1999
1161:Mote 1999
1146:Mote 1999
1130:Mote 1999
1101:Mote 1999
873:Liao rule
867:Later Jin
827:Li Keyong
784:Yi County
733:Shuozhou
705:Huanzhou
627:Yu County
506:Zhuozhou
342:Shunzhou
237:Zhongyuan
219:In 1368,
176:Later Jin
3126:Shen Kuo
3114:Jia Xian
3095:Bi Sheng
3019:Dry dock
2908:Banknote
2868:Gong Kai
2740:Wen Tong
2716:Fan Kuan
2709:Painters
2693:Xin Qiji
2650:Zhu Bian
2632:Cai Jing
2608:Cheng Yi
2458:Jun ware
2428:Religion
2299:Military
2270:Emperors
2201:Yancheng
2186:Jingkang
2097:Timeline
1871:(1999),
1525:Archived
1482:Archived
1453:Archived
1038:See also
851:Li Cunxu
764:Yíngzhou
740:Shuozhou
713:Shuozhou
711:East of
677:Yīngzhou
533:Xinzhou
513:Zhuozhou
451:Yíngzhou
369:Tanzhou
266:and the
139:Overview
3132:Song Ci
3120:Su Song
3009:Compass
2889:Economy
2850:Li Song
2764:Cui Bai
2542:Song Qi
2536:Yan Shu
2523:Writers
2463:Ru ware
2448:Ge ware
2420:Society
2416:Culture
2221:Caizhou
2211:Tangdao
2093:History
1977:Toqto'a
1970:Liaoshi
1134:Zhu Wen
1032:Beijing
980:eunuchs
976:Chinese
952:Kaifeng
948:cavalry
909:Kaifeng
889:Youzhou
839:Zhu Wen
768:Qian'an
648:Yunzhou
598:Xuanhua
569:Huailai
561:Guizhou
525:inside
498:inside
479:Mozhou
471:inside
442:inside
435:Tianjin
423:Jizhou
408:Beijing
396:Ruzhou
388:inside
381:Beijing
361:inside
354:Beijing
334:inside
327:Beijing
310:Youzhou
223:of the
195:Beijing
178:to the
170:of the
157:Jurchen
119:Chinese
113:or the
83:Tianjin
79:Beijing
3168:Portal
2918:Guanzi
2913:Jiaozi
2746:Guo Xi
2687:Zhu Xi
2669:Lu You
2656:Zhu Yu
2620:Su Zhe
2614:Su Shi
2560:Su Xun
2433:Poetry
2216:Caishi
2086:topics
2035:
2007:
1958:
1928:
1907:
1885:
1850:
1822:
1794:
1764:
1715:
1688:
961:died,
957:After
885:Datong
823:Bo Sea
788:Zunhua
772:Lulong
749:Hedong
745:Shanxi
722:Hedong
718:Shanxi
694:Hedong
690:Shanxi
665:Hedong
661:Shanxi
656:Datong
636:Hedong
619:Yuzhou
590:Wuzhou
540:Zhuolu
486:Renqiu
459:Hejian
260:Datong
199:Datong
172:Shatuo
161:Mongol
159:, and
153:Khitan
129::
127:pinyin
121::
91:Shanxi
63::
61:pinyin
55::
47::
3182:China
3138:Li Ye
2923:Huizi
2807:Li Di
2777:Mi Fu
2243:Yamen
2196:De'an
1986:[
1737:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
1602:(PDF)
905:Hebei
632:Hebei
603:Hebei
574:Hebei
545:Hebei
518:Hebei
491:Hebei
464:Hebei
229:Xu Da
174:-led
123:幽蓟十六州
87:Hebei
57:燕雲十六州
49:燕云十六州
2984:Coke
2862:Muqi
2418:and
2046:2013
2033:ISBN
2018:2013
2005:ISBN
1983:(宋史)
1956:ISBN
1939:2013
1926:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1861:2013
1848:ISBN
1833:2013
1820:ISBN
1805:2013
1792:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1625:2013
1581:2013
1551:王继恩传
1014:The
818:Yelü
318:(燕州)
255:zhou
231:and
105:Name
89:and
39:The
25:Liao
3105:fl.
2829:fl.
2768:fl.
2660:fl.
1000:Hán
264:Qin
149:Han
135:).
3194::
1881:,
1608:.
1604:.
1565:.
1283:^
1204:^
1153:^
1108:^
1083:^
1062:^
857:.
736:朔州
730:16
708:寰州
702:15
681:应州
673:14
652:云州
644:13
623:蔚州
615:12
594:武州
586:11
565:妫州
557:10
536:新州
509:涿州
482:莫州
455:瀛州
426:蓟州
399:儒州
372:檀州
345:顺州
316:幽州
163:.
155:,
151:,
125:;
101:.
81:,
59:;
51:;
3170::
3110:)
3103:(
2834:)
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2773:)
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2665:)
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2069:t
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2020:.
1965:.
1941:.
1914:.
1863:.
1835:.
1807:.
1770:.
1721:.
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1571:(
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