Lord Kelvin - Knowledge

2349: 2980: 1132: 79: 1806: 2393: 1685: 2070: 2678:'s discovery of the X-rays was announced at the end of 1895, Lord Kelvin was entirely skeptical, and regarded the announcement as a hoax. The papers had been full of the wonders of Röntgen's rays, about which Lord Kelvin was intensely skeptical until Röntgen himself sent him a copy of his Memoir"; on 17 January 1896, having read the paper and seen the photographs, he wrote Röntgen a letter saying that "I need not tell you that when I read the paper I was very much astonished and delighted. I can say no more now than to congratulate you warmly on the great discovery you have made" Kelvin had his own hand X-rayed in May 1896. 1140: 3106: 2006: 3099: 2840: 3161: 2205: 2079:

other hand, portray Thomson as a man of undoubted talent and enthusiasm, with some genuine knowledge of the sea, who managed to parlay a handful of modest ideas in compass design into a commercial monopoly for his own manufacturing concern, using his reputation as a bludgeon in the law courts to beat down even small claims of originality from others, and persuading the Admiralty and the law to overlook both the deficiencies of his own design and the virtues of his competitors'.

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Association for the Advancement of Science (1900). There is no evidence that Kelvin said this, and the quote is instead a paraphrase of Albert A. Michelson, who in 1894 stated: "… it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established … An eminent physicist remarked that the future truths of physical science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals." Similar statements were given earlier by others, such as

2372: 1564:, maintaining that experimental demonstration of the conversion of heat into work was still outstanding. As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the 2548: 1035: 7290: 1777:, but the voyage was dogged by technical problems. The cable was lost after 1,200 miles (1,900 km) had been laid, and the project was abandoned. A further attempt in 1866 laid a new cable in two weeks, and then recovered and completed the 1865 cable. The enterprise was feted as a triumph by the public, and Thomson enjoyed a large share of the adulation. Thomson, along with the other principals of the project, was 2295:

Over the years he refined his arguments and reduced the upper bound by a factor of ten, and in 1897 Thomson, now Lord Kelvin, ultimately settled on an estimate that Earth was 20–40 million years old. In a letter published in Scientific American Supplement 1895 Kelvin criticized geologists' estimates of the age of rocks and the age of Earth, including the views published by Darwin, as "vaguely vast age".

1465:. Surprisingly, Thomson did not send Joule a copy of his paper, but when Joule eventually read it he wrote to Thomson on 6 October, claiming that his studies had demonstrated conversion of heat into work but that he was planning further experiments. Thomson replied on 27 October, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two sides. 3175: 2600:. As the subject matter was under active development, Kelvin amended that text and in 1904 it was typeset and published. Kelvin's attempts to provide mechanical models ultimately failed in the electromagnetic regime. Starting from his lecture in 1884, he was the first scientist to formulate the hypothetical concept of 1293:, winning the Colquhoun Sculls in 1843. He took a lively interest in the classics, music, and literature; but the real love of his intellectual life was the pursuit of science. The study of mathematics, physics, and in particular, of electricity, had captivated his imagination. In 1845 Thomson graduated as 1644:. Whitehouse had possibly misinterpreted the results of his own experiments but was doubtless feeling financial pressure as plans for the cable were already well under way. He believed that Thomson's calculations implied that the cable must be "abandoned as being practically and commercially impossible". 3137:

On the dexter side a student of the University of Glasgow, habited, holding in his dexter hand a marine voltmeter, all proper. On the sinister side a sailor, habited, holding in the dexter hand a coil, the rope passing through the sinister, and suspended therefrom a sinker of a sounding machine, also

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His forecast for practical aviation (i.e., heavier-than-air aircraft) was negative. In 1896 he refused an invitation to join the Aeronautical Society, writing "I have not the smallest molecule of faith in aerial navigation other than ballooning or of expectation of good results from any of the trials

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Thomson's initial 1864 estimate of Earth's age was from 20 to 400 million years old. These wide limits were due to his uncertainty about the melting temperature of rock, to which he equated Earth's interior temperature, as well as the uncertainty in thermal conductivities and specific heats of rocks.

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I believe the tendency in the material world is for motion to become diffused, and that as a whole the reverse of concentration is gradually going on – I believe that no physical action can ever restore the heat emitted from the Sun, and that this source is not inexhaustible; also that the motions of

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for the relatively short time for which he worked on the subject, around 1859. He developed several instruments for measuring the atmospheric electric field, using some of the electrometers he had initially developed for telegraph work, which he tested at Glasgow and whilst on holiday on Arran. His

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The board insisted that Thomson join the 1858 cable-laying expedition, without any financial compensation, and take an active part in the project. In return, Thomson secured a trial for his mirror galvanometer, which the board had been unenthusiastic about, alongside Whitehouse's equipment. Thomson

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In physical science a first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know

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A statement falsely attributed to Kelvin is: "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." This has been widely misattributed to Kelvin since the 1980s, either without citation or stating that it was made in an address to the British

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On 27 April 1900 he gave a widely reported lecture titled "Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light" to the Royal Institution. The two "dark clouds" he was alluding to were confusion surrounding how matter moves through the aether (including the puzzling results of the

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Thomson's fears were realised when Whitehouse's apparatus proved insufficiently sensitive and had to be replaced by Thomson's mirror galvanometer. Whitehouse continued to maintain that it was his equipment that was providing the service and started to engage in desperate measures to remedy some of

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in January 1849, still convinced that the theory was fundamentally sound. However, though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In February 1851 he sat down to articulate his new thinking. He

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Scientific biographers of Thomson, if they have paid any attention at all to his compass innovations, have generally taken the matter to be a sorry saga of dim-witted naval administrators resisting marvellous innovations from a superlative scientific mind. Writers sympathetic to the Navy, on the

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in that Thomson was thinking in terms of a unitary continuum theory, whereas Descartes was thinking in terms of three different types of matter, each relating respectively to emission, transmission, and reflection of light. About 60 scientific papers were written by approximately 25 scientists.

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argued for another attempt and prevailed, Thomson insisting that the technical problems were tractable. Though employed in an advisory capacity, Thomson had, during the voyages, developed a real engineer's instincts and skill at practical problem-solving under pressure, often taking the lead in

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The discovery of radioactivity largely invalidated Kelvin's estimate of the age of Earth. Although he eventually paid off a gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in Earth's geology, he never publicly acknowledged this because he thought he had a much stronger argument

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Kelvin did pay off gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in the Earth. The Kelvin period does exist in the evolution of stars. They shine from gravitational energy for a while (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins. Fusion was not

1726:, in 1858. Whitehouse still felt able to ignore Thomson's many suggestions and proposals. It was not until Thomson convinced the board that using purer copper for replacing the lost section of cable would improve data capacity, that he first made a difference to the execution of the project. 1756:. When the cable failed completely Whitehouse was dismissed, though Thomson objected and was reprimanded by the board for his interference. Thomson subsequently regretted that he had acquiesced too readily to many of Whitehouse's proposals and had not challenged him with sufficient vigour. 1006:, and the family moved there in October 1833. The Thomson children were introduced to a broader cosmopolitan experience than their father's rural upbringing, spending mid-1839 in London, and the boys were tutored in French in Paris. Much of Thomson's life during the mid-1840s was spent in 1942:

measurements on Arran were sufficiently rigorous and well-calibrated that they could be used to deduce air pollution from the Glasgow area, through its effects on the atmospheric electric field. Thomson's water dropper electrometer was used for measuring the atmospheric electric field at

1665:. He thought Whitehouse no fool and suspected that he might have the practical skill to make the existing design work. Thomson's work had attracted the attention of the project's undertakers. In December 1856, he was elected to the board of directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. 2344:

was recognised in the 1930s that Kelvin's age paradox was truly resolved. However, modern cosmology recognizes the Kelvin period in the early life of a star, during which it shines from gravitational energy (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins.

2291:. In his response to Huxley's address to the Geological Society of London (1868) he presented his address "Of Geological Dynamics" (1869) which, among his other writings, challenged the geologists' assertion that Earth must be vastly old, perhaps billions of years in age. 1547:

In final publication, Thomson retreated from a radical departure and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on ... two ... propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius." Thomson went on to state a form of the second law:

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near his home at Netherhall and fractured his leg, causing him to miss the 1861 Manchester meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and to limp thereafter. He remained something of a celebrity on both sides of the Atlantic until his death.

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Thomson remained a devout believer in Christianity throughout his life; attendance at chapel was part of his daily routine. He saw his Christian faith as supporting and informing his scientific work, as is evident from his address to the annual meeting of the

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were tutored at home by their father while the younger boys were tutored by their elder sisters. James was intended to benefit from the major share of his father's encouragement, affection and financial support and was prepared for a career in engineering.

1431:." Such a scale would be "quite independent of the physical properties of any specific substance." By employing such a "waterfall", Thomson postulated that a point would be reached at which no further heat (caloric) could be transferred, the point of 1580:

something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of

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replaces the ordinary hand line. The wire glides so easily to the bottom that "flying soundings" can be taken while the ship is at full speed. Thomson added a pressure gauge to register the depth of the sinker. About the same time he revived the

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was uncertain of how to frame his theory, and the paper went through several drafts before he settled on an attempt to reconcile Carnot and Joule. During his rewriting, he seems to have considered ideas that would subsequently give rise to the

919:. Despite offers of elevated posts from several world-renowned universities, Kelvin refused to leave Glasgow, remaining until his retirement from that post in 1899. Active in industrial research and development, he was recruited around 1899 by 1441:

had speculated in 1702. "Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat", published by Carnot in French in 1824, the year of Lord Kelvin's birth, used −267 as an estimate of the absolute zero temperature. Thomson used data published by Regnault to

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that could be achieved and the economic consequences in terms of the potential revenue of the transatlantic undertaking. In a further 1855 analysis, Thomson stressed the impact that the design of the cable would have on its profitability.

2226:. Given his youthful work on the figure of Earth and his interest in heat conduction, it is no surprise that he chose to investigate Earth's cooling and to make historical inferences of Earth's age from his calculations. Thomson was a 1872:. As he approached the harbour, he signalled to the Blandy residence "Will you marry me?" and Fanny (Blandy's daughter Frances Anna Blandy) signalled back "Yes". Thomson married Fanny, 13 years his junior, on 24 June 1874. 1339:

in the University of Glasgow. At age 22 he found himself wearing the gown of a professor in one of the oldest universities in the country and lecturing to the class of which he was a first year student a few years before.

4148: 1324:, the science which deals with the forces between electrically charged bodies at rest. It was partly in response to his encouragement that Faraday undertook the research in September 1845 that led to the discovery of the 1711:, showing when the line is running out of the ship, at a constant speed in a uniform depth of water, it sinks in a slant or straight incline from the point where it enters the water to that where it touches the bottom. 2336:

restricting the age of the Sun to no more than 20 million years. Without sunlight, there could be no explanation for the sediment record on Earth's surface. At the time, the only known source for solar energy was

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Thomson took part in the laying of the French Atlantic submarine communications cable of 1869, and with Jenkin was engineer of the Western and Brazilian and Platino-Brazilian cables, assisted by vacation student

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in various areas but with constant attention to energy as a unifying principle. A second edition appeared in 1879, expanded to two separately bound parts. The textbook set a standard for early education in

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Thomson was intrigued but sceptical. Though he felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into an even deeper commitment to the Carnot–Clapeyron school. He predicted that the

2054:. Thomson's design was a great improvement on the older instruments, being steadier and less hampered by friction. The deviation caused by the ship's magnetism was corrected by movable iron masses at the 1767:, most of the problems arose from known and avoidable causes. Thomson was appointed one of a five-member committee to recommend a specification for a new cable. The committee reported in October 1863. 2328:

famously made the argument in a 1904 lecture attended by Kelvin that this provided the unknown energy source Kelvin had suggested, but the estimate was not overturned until the development in 1907 of

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and the son of a farmer. James Thomson married Margaret Gardner in 1817 and, of their children, four boys and two girls survived infancy. Margaret Thomson died in 1830 when William was six years old.

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elected Thomson as its first president at its preliminary meeting, held in London on 26–27 June 1906. "On the proposal of the President , secounded by Mr Mailloux the Right Honorable Lord Kelvin,

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Thomson did more than any other electrician up to his time in introducing accurate methods and apparati for measuring electricity. As early as 1845 he pointed out that the experimental results of

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and the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Most of the blame for the cable's failure was found to rest with Whitehouse. The committee found that, though underwater cables were notorious in their lack of

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in August 1857, with Whitehouse confined to land owing to illness, but the voyage ended after 380 miles (610 km) when the cable parted. Thomson contributed to the effort by publishing in the

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for many years, and one was still in use operationally at the Kakioka Observatory in Japan until early 2021. Thomson may have unwittingly observed atmospheric electrical effects caused by the

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It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.

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in 1971; in the current issue of banknotes, his image appears on the bank's £100 note. He is shown holding his adjustable compass and in the background is a map of the transatlantic cable.

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William's father was able to make a generous provision for his favourite son's education and, in 1841, installed him, with extensive letters of introduction and ample accommodation, at

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at the University of Glasgow has a permanent exhibition on the work of Kelvin, which includes many of his original papers, instruments, and other artefacts, including his smoking pipe.

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He was elected a fellow of St. Peter's (as Peterhouse was often called at the time) in June 1845. On gaining the fellowship, he spent some time in the laboratory of the celebrated

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Thomson, W. (March 1851). "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam".

2528:). At the same time as the funeral in Westminster Abbey, a service was held in St Columba's Episcopal Church, Largs, attended by a large congregation including burgh dignitaries. 2458:, a distance of about a mile. Large crowds witnessed the passing of the cortege, and shopkeepers closed their premises and dimmed their lights. The coffin was placed in a special 1320:", and not by some incomprehensible "action at a distance". He also devised the mathematical technique of electrical images, which became a powerful agent in solving problems of 9195: 2690:. The attribution to Kelvin in 1900 is presumably a confusion with his "Two clouds" lecture and which on the contrary pointed out areas that would subsequently see revolutions. 2250:, that conditions had remained constant since the indefinite past. He contended that "This earth, certainly a moderate number of millions of years ago, was a red-hot globe … ." 2062:

and others, but contributed little in terms of novel physical thinking. Thomson's energetic lobbying and networking proved effective in gaining acceptance of his instrument by

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Thomson, W. (1852). "On the dynamical theory of heat; with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam".

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had to return home following a disastrous storm in June 1858. In London, the board was about to abandon the project and mitigate their losses by selling the cable. Thomson,

2125:. He introduced a chain or series of effective instruments, including the quadrant electrometer, which cover the entire field of electrostatic measurement. He invented the 9230: 2693:

In 1898, Kelvin predicted that only 400 years of oxygen supply remained on the planet, due to the rate of burning combustibles. In his calculation, Kelvin assumed that

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and other structures, followed by a gradual "heat death". He developed the view that Earth had once been too hot to support life and contrasted this view with that of

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of the difference between interior temperature and surface temperature, so that the uncertainty in the former leads to an even larger relative uncertainty in the age.

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In November 1907 he caught a chill and his condition deteriorated until he died at his Scottish country seat, Netherhall, in Largs on 17 December. At the request of

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for his "Essay on the figure of the Earth" which showed an early facility for mathematical analysis and creativity. His physics tutor at this time was his namesake,

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Thomson attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, where his father was a professor in the university department. In 1834, aged 10, he began studying at the

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Thomson's wife, Margaret, died on 17 June 1870, and he resolved to make changes in his life. Already addicted to seafaring, in September he purchased a 126-ton

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Though eminent in the academic field, Thomson was obscure to the general public. In September 1852, he married childhood sweetheart Margaret Crum, daughter of

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Thomson, W. (1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations".

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Aplin, Karen L. (April 2012). "Smoke emissions from industrial western Scotland in 1859 inferred from Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements".

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sped up by divine guidance. His calculations showed that the Sun could not have possibly existed long enough to allow the slow incremental development by

2454:, the undertakers Wylie & Lochhead prepared an oak coffin lined with lead. In the dark of the winter evening the cortege set off from Netherhall for 3967: 1528:(as Thomson had previously compared universal heat death to a clock running slower and slower, although he was unsure whether it would eventually reach 7921: 4409:"On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam" 1349: 4274:

Thomson, W. (1849). "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat; with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam".

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Thomson published more than 650 scientific papers and applied for 70 patents (not all were issued). Regarding science, Thomson wrote the following:

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Thomson was an enthusiastic yachtsman, his interest in all things relating to the sea perhaps arising from, or fostered by, his experiences on the

1980:, was popular among British physicists and mathematicians. Thomson pioneered the theory, which was distinct from the 17th century vortex theory of 9135: 56: 1842:

and used it as a base for entertaining friends and scientific colleagues. His maritime interests continued in 1871 when he was appointed to the

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in 1859, Thomson saw evidence of the relatively short habitable age of Earth as tending to contradict Darwin's gradualist explanation of slow

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was developed. Thomson's initiative in this complex study that continues to inspire new mathematics has led to persistence of the topic in

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In the paper, Thomson supports the theory that heat was a form of motion but admits that he had been influenced only by the thought of Sir

9270: 9255: 1838: 1568:, sometimes called the Kelvin–Joule effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the 167: 1609:; but her health broke down on their honeymoon, and over the next 17 years Thomson was distracted by her suffering. On 16 October 1854, 789:

It is believed the "PNP" in his signature stands for "Professor of Natural Philosophy". Kelvin also wrote under the pseudonym "P. Q. R."

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followed, and Thomson became good friends with Charles R. Blandy and his three daughters. On 2 May 1874 he set sail for Madeira on the

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Harrison, R. G. (2003). "Twentieth-century atmospheric electrical measurements at the observatories of Kew, Eskdalemuir and Lerwick".

1229:) and committed himself to study the "continental" mathematics resisted by a British establishment still working in the shadow of Sir 9185: 8163: 7949: 3313: 2631:

might break down. Two major physical theories were developed during the 20th century starting from these issues: for the former, the

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Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain with Abstracts of the Discourses

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for the purpose, and urged that the signals should consist of short and long flashes of the light to represent the dots and dashes.

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Faraday had demonstrated how the construction of a cable would limit the rate at which messages could be sent—in modern terms, the

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we hear of." In a 1902 newspaper interview he predicted that "No balloon and no aeroplane will ever be practically successful."

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on 10 November 1866. To exploit his inventions for signalling on long submarine cables, Thomson entered into a partnership with

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Argent, a stag's head caboshed gules, on a chief azure a thunderbolt proper, winged or, between two spur revels of the first.

853:, was known before his work, Kelvin determined its correct value as approximately −273.15 degrees Celsius or −459.67 degrees 872:

engineer and inventor which propelled him into the public eye and earned him wealth, fame, and honours. For his work on the

9205: 8021: 8005: 2979: 988: 710: 333: 1099: 5405:"Natürliche Radioisotope: die "Atomuhr" für die Bestimmung des absoluten Alters von Gesteinen und archäologischen Funden" 2428: 1260:

On the uniform motion of heat in homogeneous solid bodies, and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity

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wrote to Thomson to try to re-interest him in work by asking his opinion on some experiments of Faraday on the proposed

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operated from the birth of the universe and envisaged a dynamic process that saw the organisation and evolution of the

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of that year. Even after Niagara Falls, Thomson still held to his belief that direct current was the superior system.

1309:, one of the examiners, is said to have declared to another examiner "You and I are just about fit to mend his pens." 8465: 8358: 7997: 7907: 6045: 6019: 5999: 5814: 5316: 5095: 4132: 3823: 3687: 3072: 2872: 2463: 2093:

might be made to signal a distinctive number by occultations of its light, but Thomson pointed out the merits of the

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may be restored for instance to the earth by heat received from the sun, or by other means, that the loss cannot be

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strategy during times of personal stress. On the title page of this essay Thomson wrote the following lines from

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inside Earth, and thus showing a much greater age, this had little immediate impact. The discovery in 1903 that

1805: 1624:. Thomson jumped at the problem and published his response that month. He expressed his results in terms of the 78: 8881: 8366: 8243: 7830: 7392: 6716:

Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Lord Kelvin (William Thomson)

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P.Q.R. (1842). "On the uniform motion of heat and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity".

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The University of Glasgow held a memorial service for Kelvin in the Bute Hall. Kelvin had been a member of the

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with 2,500 miles (4,020 km) of cable when the cable developed a fault. An unscheduled 16-day stop-over in

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of the length of the cable. Thomson's results were disputed at a meeting of the British Association in 1856 by

1056: 835: 628: 435: 385: 123: 64: 60: 4645:"Board of Trade Committee to Inquire into … Submarine Telegraph Cables', Parl. papers (1860), 52.591, no. 2744 2524:, attached to St Columba's Episcopal Church in Largs, and when in Glasgow to St Mary's Episcopal Church (now, 2196:, was unanimously elected first President of the Commission", minutes of the Preliminary Meeting Report read. 1369: 8910: 8029: 7973: 6573: 3971: 3012: 2573: 1614: 1348:

By 1847, Thomson had already gained a reputation as a precocious and maverick scientist when he attended the

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Volume V. Thermodynamics, cosmical and geological physics, molecular and crystalline theory, electrodynamics

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dealing with emergencies and being unafraid to assist in manual work. A cable was completed on 5 August.

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William Thomson's telegraphic syphon recorder, on display at Porthcurno Telegraph Museum, in January 2019

912: 583: 470: 465: 440: 2655:'s discovery of energy quanta which was the foundation of quantum mechanics, another of which described 1067: 8761: 7710: 7686: 7180: 6905:"Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics; Historical and Philosophical Perspectives" 6635: 6517: 6472: 6422: 4025: 3029: 2948: 2471: 2413: 1641: 1494: 1469: 1202:". These lines inspired Thomson to understand the natural world using the power and method of science: 598: 405: 4344: 1714:

Thomson developed a complete system for operating a submarine telegraph that was capable of sending a

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Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: historical and philosophical perspectives

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Kelvin's funeral was on 23 December 1907. The Abbey was crowded, including representatives from the

2435:(OM). He received the order from the King on 8 August 1902 and was sworn a member of the council at 2069: 1632:

Thomson contended that the signalling speed through a given cable was inversely proportional to the

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The Correspondence Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs

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Kargon, Robert; Achinstein, Peter; Brown, Laurie M. (1987). Kargon, R. H.; Achinstein, P. (eds.).

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on 11 August 1902. In his later years he often travelled to his town house at 15 Eaton Place, off

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science. He was soon drawn into public disagreement with geologists and with Darwin's supporters

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The discoveries: great breakthroughs in twentieth-century science, including the original papers

5379: 5373: 5240: 884:, becoming Sir William Thomson. He had extensive maritime interests and worked on the mariner's 9170: 9062: 8139: 8096: 7726: 7502: 6742:

Buchwald, J. Z. (1977). "William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics".

5921: 5826: 3081:, is 26 June. It was chosen to celebrate his birth date and has been held annually, since 2019. 2569: 2337: 2239: 1677:

as chief engineer, but Whitehouse had his way with the specification, supported by Faraday and

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In 1848, he extended the Carnot–Clapeyron theory further through his dissatisfaction that the

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to serve as vice-chairman of the board of the British company Kodak Limited, affiliated with

815: 811: 771: 743: 618: 543: 515: 374: 343: 8781: 7141: 6248: 6213: 6173: 5682: 5659: 4589:

Thomson, W. (1865). "On the forces concerned in the laying and lifting of deep-sea cables".

3329:

His first wife was Margaret Crum and he married secondly Frances Blandy but had no children.

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Silliman, Robert H. (1963). "William Thomson: Smoke Rings and Nineteenth-Century Atomism".

4860: 4813: 4778: 4733: 3852: 3633: 3603: 3583: 3553: 3523: 3493: 3463: 3433: 2785: 2710:—which accounts for more than half of marine photosynthesis—was not discovered until 1986. 2663:

in terms of statistical mechanics, providing a strong argument for the existence of atoms.

2648: 2632: 2341: 2317: 2268: 1926: 1693: 1654: 1411: 1357: 1156: 1007: 869: 803: 420: 43: 3125:

A cubit arm erect, vested azure, cuffed argent, the hand grasping five ears of rye proper.

1461:—But a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's 1139: 8: 8851: 8342: 8235: 8211: 7886: 7790: 7774: 7622: 7534: 7354: 7251: 6603: 6590:

Volume VI. Voltaic theory, radioactivity, electrions, navigation and tides, miscellaneous

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John William Strutt-- the 3rd Baron Rayleigh (1842–1919): Recently studied correspondence

2902: 2780: 2671:

Like many scientists, Thomson made some mistakes in predicting the future of technology.

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of finding a ship's position, and calculated a set of tables for its ready application.

1977: 1921: 1880: 1719: 1673:

Thomson became scientific adviser to a team with Whitehouse as chief electrician and Sir

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Joule, J. P.; Thomson, W. (30 June 2011). "On the thermal effects of fluids in motion".

3856: 2724:

A variety of physical phenomena and concepts with which Thomson is associated are named

2058:. Thomson's innovations involved much detailed work to develop principles identified by 1468:

Thomson returned to critique Carnot's original publication and read his analysis to the

1328:, which established that light and magnetic (and thus electric) phenomena were related. 8686: 8481: 8398: 8350: 7630: 7089: 7045: 7012: 6971: 6811: 6759: 6683: 6449: 6437: 6368: 6348: 6253: 6218: 6198: 6178: 5936: 5687: 5664: 5354: 4990: 4982: 4878: 4829: 4751: 4723: 3949: 3870: 3796: 3379: 2795: 2656: 2612: 2532: 2397: 2329: 2299: 2272: 2051: 2047: 1994: 1905: 1847: 1818: 1678: 1637: 1537: 1438: 1263: 895:

in 1892 in recognition of his achievements in thermodynamics, and of his opposition to

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The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900

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on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centenary of the birth of mathematician

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Green, G. & Lloyd, J. T. (1970). "Kelvin's instruments and the Kelvin Museum".

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Trainer, Matthew (2008). "Lord Kelvin, Recipient of The John Fritz Medal in 1905".

3906: 3860: 3786: 3719: 3629: 3599: 3579: 3549: 3519: 3489: 3459: 3429: 3371: 3237: 3180: 3040: 2984: 2977:. His title died with him, as he was survived by neither heirs nor close relations. 2929: 2774: 2739: 2597: 2585: 2159:

In 1893, Thomson headed an international commission to decide on the design of the

2146: 2022: 1951: 1771: 1735: 1704: 1633: 1394: 1298: 1262:. In the paper he made remarkable connections between the mathematical theories of 1237:

authoring a critical book. The book motivated Thomson to write his first published

722: 686: 485: 480: 9036: 7899: 7766: 7526: 4194: 3918: 3731: 9046: 9002: 8821: 8791: 8606: 8576: 8302: 8278: 7870: 7718: 7331: 6533: 5472: 5423: 5219:(paperback ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 23–24. 5212: 4598: 4565: 4542: 4509: 4467: 4452: 4371: 4285: 4250: 4094: 3065: 3005: 2915: 2759: 2706: 2697:

was the only source of free oxygen; he did not know all of the components of the

2660: 2640: 2486: 2459: 2376: 2126: 2086: 1786: 1723: 1541: 1402: 1377: 1313: 1199: 972: 877: 753: 704: 623: 510: 415: 7450: 7240: 5760:

No Mean Society: 200 years of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. 2nd Ed

3105: 2005: 849:

in Lord Kelvin's honour. While the existence of a coldest possible temperature,

838:

from 1890 to 1895. In 1892, he became the first scientist to be elevated to the

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Gooding, D. (1980). "Faraday, Thomson, and the concept of the magnetic field".

5922:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

5596: 4039:

P.Q.R. (1841). "On Fourier's expansions of functions in trigonometric series".

3910: 3723: 2702: 2694: 2593: 2572:

describing sound as waves of pressure in air and attempted to describe also an

2510: 2432: 2254: 2193: 2167: 2150: 1843: 1760: 1398:. Experimental confirmation in his laboratory did much to bolster his beliefs. 1361: 1325: 1321: 1316:'s idea that electric induction takes place through an intervening medium, or " 1267: 1234: 1233:. Unsurprisingly, Fourier's work had been attacked by domestic mathematicians, 1219: 1195: 976: 975:, another Glasgow professor, who worked to form one of the founding schools of 920: 881: 865: 839: 664: 656: 578: 563: 505: 475: 390: 379: 7085: 6836: 6807: 6786: 6629: 5350: 5161:

The Bible, rocks, and time : geological evidence for the age of the earth

5020: 4951: 3945: 3375: 2839: 1190:. Throughout his life, he would work on the problems raised in the essay as a 9099: 9052: 8996: 8945: 8885: 8825: 8785: 8680: 8676: 8660: 8422: 8414: 8382: 8310: 8259: 8203: 8064: 7934: 7806: 7798: 7742: 7678: 7590: 7574: 7566: 7550: 7410: 7400: 7169: 6323:"Lord Kelvin biography – Science Hall of Fame – National Library of Scotland" 6151: 6122: 5891: 4189: 4167: 3241: 3198: 3098: 2828: 2733: 2616: 2514: 2506: 2357: 2280: 2231: 2163: 2160: 2063: 2036: 1794: 1653:

magazine, pitching himself into the public eye. Thomson recommended a larger

1490: 1433: 1385: 1176: 924: 904: 850: 827: 528: 500: 3662: 3648:

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson; 1824–1907) British physicist, born in Belfast

1274:

was ultimately to describe as one of the most valuable science-forming ideas

818:

of electricity, was instrumental in the formulation of the first and second

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Cardoso Dias, D.M. (1996). "William Thomson and the Heritage of Caloric".

5319:. pp. 243–251. In Thomson's theory the Earth's age is proportional to the 3508:

Kelvin, Lord (1824–1907) The British mathematician, physicist and engineer

2539:; a society of which he was president in the periods 1856–58 and 1874–77. 9022: 8992: 8972: 8771: 8620: 8056: 7981: 7758: 7335: 6083:"Papers Past—Evening Post—30 July 1898—A Startling Scientific Prediction" 5581: 5554: 5293: 5268: 4873: 4848: 2884: 2854: 2790: 2601: 2592:, which found no luminiferous aether. Kelvin did not provide a text, but 2353: 2298:

His exploration of this estimate can be found in his 1897 address to the

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To understand the technical issues in which Thomson became involved, see

1443: 1365: 1360:

making yet another of his, so far, ineffective attempts to discredit the

1011: 955: 698: 692: 633: 568: 425: 7024:

Knudsen, O. (1972). "From Lord Kelvin's notebook: aether speculations".

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every 3.5 seconds. He patented the key elements of his system, the

8966: 8925: 8795: 8726: 8473: 8438: 6663: 4825: 2652: 2467: 2380: 2094: 2090: 2082:

The truth, inevitably, seems to lie somewhere between the two extremes.

2031: 1913: 1826: 1457:) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered 1317: 1152: 1059: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 854: 6928: 6876: 6650:—— (1912). "Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering". 5756: 4986: 1968:

Between 1870 and 1890 the vortex atom theory, which purported that an

8666: 8580: 7376: 7365: 7008: 6967: 6823:

Gossick, B. R. (1976). "Heaviside and Kelvin: a study in contrasts".

6755: 6679: 6605:

Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light

5806: 5619:

The Finality of this Globe, Hampshire Telegraph, 15 June 1889, p. 11.

4849:"Initial effect of the Fukushima accident on atmospheric electricity" 4533:

Thomson, W. (1855). "On Peristaltic Induction of Electric Currents".

3484:

Clapham, Christopher; Nicholson, James, eds. (2014), "Kelvin, Lord",

3314:"William Thomson, Lord Kelvin. Scientist, Mathematician and Engineer" 2843:

Bronze bust of Lord Kelvin by A. McFarlane Shannan, Glasgow, Scotland

2605: 2444: 2371: 2276: 1909: 1416:

in which "a unit of heat descending from a body A at the temperature

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Martin, Elizabeth, ed. (2009), "Kelvin, Sir William Thomson, Lord",

3359: 2547: 1647:

Thomson attacked Whitehouse's contention in a letter to the popular

1034: 8765: 7284: 4978: 4897: 4664:

Gurney, Alan (2005). "Chapter 19: Thomson's Compass and Binnacle".

3773:

Flood, Raymond; McCartney, Mark; Whitaker, Andrew (28 April 2009).

2966: 2604:; he then attempted to define and locate some "dark bodies" in the 2189: 2055: 1986: 1833: 1778: 1770:

In July 1865, Thomson sailed on the cable-laying expedition of the

1504: 1486: 1389: 1290: 916: 892: 573: 395: 187: 4728: 2279:—unless it was heated by an energy source beyond the knowledge of 2184:

Acknowledging his contribution to electrical standardisation, the

1822: 1485:

irrecoverably; but not lost in the material world". Moreover, his

1289:. While at Cambridge, Thomson was active in sports, athletics and 1251:

by his father. A second P.Q.R. paper followed almost immediately.

8865: 8700: 8600: 8590: 5712: 5710: 2404: 2364: 2316:

published a paper in 1895 challenging Kelvin's assumption of low

2043: 1865: 1516:

compensated and I think it probable that it is under-compensated.

1255: 1144: 1003: 911:, which flows near his laboratory at the University of Glasgow's 885: 823: 593: 163: 6621: 5266: 4326:"Literature and Science in the Nineteenth Century: An Anthology" 2535:. The family grave has a second modern memorial, erected by the 8559: 8549: 7188:

Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units

6896:

Circuits in the Sea: the men, the ships, and the Atlantic cable

5849:"A History of Dark Matter- Gianfranco Bertone & Dan Hooper" 4500:

Thomson, W. (1855). "On the theory of the electric telegraph".

3478:

Lord Kelvin 1824–1907 British physicist and natural philosopher

2820: 2490: 2142: 1973: 1861: 1353: 1302: 1191: 1182:

In the academic year 1839/1840, Thomson won the class prize in

1168: 1159:, to which the university moved in the 1870s (photograph 1890s) 846: 5707: 1392:, otherwise its expansion on freezing could be exploited in a 1002:

In 1832, his father was appointed professor of mathematics at

9026: 8775: 8650: 8640: 8610: 3994:"Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002" 3663:"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, The Second Law of Thermodynamics" 3624:

Law, Jonathan; Rennie, Richard, eds. (2020), "Kelvin, Lord",

3594:

Rennie, Richard; Law, Jonathan, eds. (2019), "Kelvin, Lord",

3568:

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson) (1824–1907) Scottish physicist

2958: 2324:

releases heat led to Kelvin's estimate being challenged, and

1917: 1753: 1752:

the problems. He fatally damaged the cable by applying 2,000

938:, which he built in the 1870s and where he died in 1907. The 935: 900: 183: 8532: 6734: 3426:

The New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors

1155:

Gilmorehill campus of the University of Glasgow designed by

9261:

People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution

9066: 8895: 8730: 8720: 7372:

Kelvin Building Opening – The Leys School, Cambridge (1893)

7216:

Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics

6284:"Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902–1910" 5470: 5421: 3618:

Kelvin, Lord (William Thomson; 1824–1907) British physicist

3064:

Lord Kelvin was commemorated on the £20 note issued by the

2531:

Lord Kelvin is memorialised on the Thomson family grave in

2494: 2489:, Russia, the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and 2153: 2149:. From around 1880 he was aided by the electrical engineer 2042:

During the 1880s, Thomson worked to perfect the adjustable

1969: 1954:(a significant geomagnetic storm) in early September 1859. 5138:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 40. 4556:

Thomson, W. (1856). "Letters on "telegraphs to America"".

4218:

Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress

2666: 2485:, along with representatives from France, Italy, Germany, 814:

for 53 years, where he undertook significant research and

8670: 7339: 7052: 4846: 2470:, where the van was attached to the overnight express to 2403:

In the winter of 1860–61 Kelvin slipped on the ice while

1376:. Joule argued for the mutual convertibility of heat and 1258:

in 1841, he wrote a third, more substantial P.Q.R. paper

27:

British physicist, engineer and mathematician (1824–1907)

4847:

Takeda, M.; Yamauchi, M.; Makino, M.; Owada, T. (2011).

4690:"Lord Kelvin's sailing yacht 'Lalla Rookh', c 1860–1900" 2564:

on "Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light" at

2423:

list published on 26 June 1902 (the original day of the

2117:

for 1857 he published a description of his divided ring

1904:

Over the period 1855 to 1867, Thomson collaborated with

7323:

Measuring the Absolute: William Thomson and Temperature

6847:

Lord Kelvin: An Account of His Scientific Life and Work

6370:

Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention and Tragedy

6353:. Vol. 2. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 914. 5766:. Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow. p. 138. 4442: 2816: 1312:

In 1845, he gave the first mathematical development of

9196:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

7143:

Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin

7114:

Lord Kelvin as Professor in the Old College of Glasgow

6272:. No. 36867. London. 8 September 1902. p. 4. 4172:. Vol. 1. MacMillan and Co., Limited. p. 98. 3772: 2674:

His biographer Silvanus P. Thompson writes that "When

2623:

Michelson–Morley experiment) and indications that the

1985:

Following the lead of Thomson and Tait, the branch of

1730:

found the access he was given unsatisfactory, and the

1493:

the second law to the cosmos, originating the idea of

1017:

His sister, Anna Thomson, was the mother of physicist

987:, was a teacher of mathematics and engineering at the 9251:

Peers of the United Kingdom created by Queen Victoria

9087:

People whose names are used in chemical element names

9083:

Scientists whose names are used in physical constants

6902: 6854: 5267:

England, P.; Molnar, P.; Righter, F. (January 2007).

5260: 5258: 2910:

Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland

2222:

Kelvin made an early physics-based estimation of the

1789:. In conjunction with the latter, he also devised an 1508:

which is converted into heat; and that although some

7139: 4712:"Lord Kelvin's atmospheric electricity measurements" 4110:

The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols

3156: 2302:, given at the request of the institute's president 1759:

A joint committee of inquiry was established by the

934:

Kelvin resided in Netherhall, a redstone mansion in

7929: 5648:. No. 36842. London. 9 August 1902. p. 6. 4964: 4898:"The Vortex Atom: A Victorian Theory of Everything" 2580:susceptible to vibration. The study group included 1856:In June 1873, Thomson and Jenkin were on board the 1207:Go, wondrous creature! mount where Science guides; 9231:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 7368:—This collection includes sources for many quotes. 7072:May, W. E. (1979). "Lord Kelvin and his compass". 6770: 6350:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs 5938:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs 5633:. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5. 5255: 5013:The life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs 4710:Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (3 September 2013). 4169:The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs 3289:"Significant Scots. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)" 3264: 2831:was named after him by botanist William Trownson. 1600:Submarine communications cable: Bandwidth problems 1350:British Association for the Advancement of Science 1209:Go measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides; 967:, and William Thomson, were all professors at the 7480: 7347:Reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnetism 7249: 7207:William Thomson, Lord Kelvin: His Way of Teaching 6893: 5163:. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 99. 5047:"Maclean, Magnus, 1857–1937, electrical engineer" 2983:The memorial of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin in 1891: 1522:a creative act or an act possessing similar power 1420:° of this scale, to a body B at the temperature ( 864:Kelvin worked closely with mathematics professor 9241:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 9216:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order 9097: 9079:List of scientists whose names are used as units 6237:. No. 36760. London. 6 May 1902. p. 5. 5211: 4593:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–167. 4447:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 333–455. 4366:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–332. 4280:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–164. 4245:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–106. 3483: 3260: 3258: 2901:Hon. Member of the Royal College of Preceptors ( 2367:" as Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow 1424:−1)°, would give out the same mechanical effect 1335:, at Paris; but in 1846 he was appointed to the 971:, the latter two through their association with 7167: 6741: 6564:Volume III. Elasticity, heat, electro-magnetism 6105:"The Evening News – Google News Archive Search" 5757:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow (2008). 5595:McCartney & Whitaker (2002), reproduced on 5132:Imbrie, John; Imbrie, Katherine Palmer (1986). 4560:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–102. 4537:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–91 . 4307: 4305: 2611:He was skeptical about Maxwell's prediction of 2375:Lord Kelvin and Lady Kelvin hosting Norwegians 1829:section of the Brazilian coast cables in 1873. 9296:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 7171:Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs 6822: 6268:"Foreign degrees for British men of Science". 6061:. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada. p. 8. 5729:. London: Roger & Robert Nicholson. p. 62. 5519:Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth," 5339:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 4666:Compass: A Story of Exploration and Innovation 4504:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–76. 4397:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 3751:National Institute of Standards and Technology 3448:British theoretical and experimental physicist 3364:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2615:, but admitted that it did exist after seeing 2555: 1916:, the description of motion without regard to 1692:Thomson sailed on board the cable-laying ship 9221:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 8518: 7915: 7466: 7213: 7185: 6574:Volume IV. Hydrodynamics and general dynamics 6315: 5555:"Kelvin's age of the Earth paradox revisited" 5182: 5180: 5158: 4940:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 4709: 3813: 3514:Schaschke, Carl, ed. (2014), "Kelvin, Lord", 3334: 3255: 3221:Creators of Mathematics: The Irish Connection 2619:'s experimental proof of radiation pressure. 845:Absolute temperatures are stated in units of 9276:Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 7055:Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision 6531: 6492:. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black. 1880. 6303:. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers 5801:Kargon, Robert and Achinstein, Peter (1987) 5471:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (January 1977). 5422:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips (January 1977). 5265:understood until well after Kelvin's time. 5159:Young, Davis A.; Stearley, Ralph F. (2008). 5131: 4663: 4302: 4185:"William Thomson: king of Victorian physics" 4176: 4112:. Vol. 2. New York: Dover. p. 301. 3905:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3718:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3486:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics 2935:Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, 1889. 2271:. Thomson's own views favoured a version of 1957: 1593: 1446:his scale against established measurements. 1245:, defending Fourier, which was submitted to 1014:. Language study was given a high priority. 888:, which previously had limited reliability. 822:, and contributed significantly to unifying 30:For other people named William Thomson, see 9311:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees 9236:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences 9151:Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom 7120: 7023: 6982: 6945: 6793: 6744:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 6507: 6462: 6414: 5191:. University of Chicago Press. p. 43. 5085:"1906 Preliminary Meeting Report, pp 46–48" 4588: 4555: 4532: 4499: 4361: 4273: 4240: 4107: 4026:"David Thomson 17 Nov 1817 – 31st Jan 1880" 3456:Lord Kelvin Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 2866:President, 1873–1878, 1886–1890, 1895–1907. 2166:. Despite his belief in the superiority of 2089:had been among the first to suggest that a 168:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 113:1 December 1890 – 30 November 1895 8525: 8511: 7922: 7908: 7473: 7459: 7312:William Thomson: king of Victorian physics 7204: 7111: 7071: 7053:McCartney, M.; Whitaker, A., eds. (2002). 6796:British Journal for the History of Science 6301:"Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank" 6293: 6029: 6027: 5941:. Vol. 2. MacMillan and Co., Limited. 5677: 5675: 5402: 5186: 5177: 3544:Ridpath, Ian, ed. (2018), "Kelvin, Lord", 2306:, as recorded in that institute's journal 2177:system which had been demonstrated at the 2123:Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger 1937:Thomson made significant contributions to 1932: 1211:Instruct the planets in what orbs to run, 806:and engineer. Born in Belfast, he was the 802:was an Irish-born, British mathematician, 266: 1874⁠–⁠1907) 77: 7100: 6735:Biography, history of ideas and criticism 5609:Address to the Christian Evidence Society 5580: 5292: 4872: 4745: 4727: 4215: 4182: 3970:. Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. Archived from 3864: 3838: 3790: 3628:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press, 3623: 3598:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press, 3593: 3578:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 3573: 3548:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 3513: 3488:(5th ed.), Oxford University Press, 3458:(8th ed.), Oxford University Press, 3428:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 3351: 2993:Knight Grand Cross of the Victorian Order 2186:International Electrotechnical Commission 1119:Learn how and when to remove this message 9176:Chancellors of the University of Glasgow 8533:Scientists whose names are used as units 6843: 6699:. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press. 6450:Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part II) 6346: 6247: 6212: 6192: 6172: 6056: 5934: 5681: 5658: 5378:. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 5007: 4803: 4165: 3818:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 162. 3688:"Thermodynamics - Entropy, Heat, Energy" 3216: 2978: 2849:Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2838: 2546: 2431:and one of the first members of the new 2391: 2383:visiting at their house in February 1897 2370: 2347: 2203: 2141:), for the precise specification of the 2115:Memoirs of the Roman Academy of Sciences 2068: 2004: 1908:on a textbook that founded the study of 1874: 1804: 1683: 1668: 1213:Correct old Time, and regulate the sun; 1138: 1130: 954: 868:in his work. He also had a career as an 8892:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh 7433:Chancellor of the University of Glasgow 7385:Professional and academic associations 7261:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive 6649: 6601: 6496: 6438:Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part I) 6392:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 6024: 5990:Davies, Paul and Brown, Julian. (1988) 5963:Letter from Lord Kelvin to Baden Powell 5925:, Series 6, volume 2, pages 1–40 (1901) 5865: 5747:Glasgow Evening Times, 23 December 1907 5672: 5371: 5332: 4933: 4465: 4406: 4394: 4342: 4147: 4060:"Note on a passage in Fourier's 'Heat'" 3968:"Biography of William Thomson's father" 3931: 3902:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3715:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3588:Lord Kelvin 1824–1907 British scientist 3576:Lord Kelvin Oxford Essential Quotations 3543: 3453: 3357: 3340: 3194:List of presidents of the Royal Society 2667:Pronouncements later proven to be false 2387: 2100: 1746: 1502:the Earth and other planets are losing 929:chancellor of the University of Glasgow 242: 1852; died 1870) 14: 9136:Academics of the University of Glasgow 9098: 7767:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 6946:King, A. G. (1925). "Kelvin the Man". 6694: 6154:. Institution of Engineers in Scotland 5552: 4469:Popular Lectures and Addresses, Vol. I 4080: 4057: 4038: 3423: 2720:List of things named after Lord Kelvin 2596:took notes and duplicated them with a 2537:Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow 2466:van. The train set off at 8:30 pm for 2425:coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra 2050:owing to the increased use of iron in 1886: 1821:. He was present at the laying of the 1588: 1380:and for their mechanical equivalence. 945: 8506: 7903: 7454: 5335:"On the Secular Cooling of the Earth" 4895: 4889: 4768: 4705: 4703: 4122: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3845:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3779:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2238:by the 1840s.) He contended that the 2028:new method of deep-sea depth sounding 7140:Smith, C. & Wise, M. N. (1989). 6713: 6500:Shakespeare and Bacon on Vivisection 5994:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 5992:Superstring: A theory of everything? 5189:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth 4323: 3899:Smith, Crosbie. "Thomson, William". 3634:10.1093/acref/9780198841227.001.0001 3604:10.1093/acref/9780198821472.001.0001 3584:10.1093/acref/9780191866692.001.0001 3554:10.1093/acref/9780191851193.001.0001 3524:10.1093/acref/9780199651450.001.0001 3516:A Dictionary of Chemical Engineering 3494:10.1093/acref/9780199679591.001.0001 3464:10.1093/acref/9780199668700.001.0001 3434:10.1093/acref/9780199545155.001.0001 2551:Kelvin in 1906 by Russell & Sons 2230:in a broad sense, but he was not a ' 2109:were in accordance with the laws of 1800: 1477:. In Carnot's theory, lost heat was 1254:While on holiday with his family in 1057:adding citations to reliable sources 1028: 989:Royal Belfast Academical Institution 334:Royal Belfast Academical Institution 9266:People of the Industrial Revolution 9146:Alumni of the University of Glasgow 9131:20th-century British mathematicians 9121:19th-century British mathematicians 7116:. Glasgow: Maclehose & Jackson. 7057:. Institute of Physics Publishing. 6508:——; Tait, P. G (1872). 6463:——; Tait, P. G (1872). 5827:"How dark matter became a particle" 5241:""Of Geological Dynamics" excerpts" 4183:McCartney, Mark (1 December 2002). 4127:. Peterhouse Boat Club. p. 5. 3119:The arms of Lord Kelvin consist of: 2973:, which runs by the grounds of the 2969:, 1892. The title derives from the 2647:papers, one of which explained the 2352:Kelvin on a pleasure cruise on the 1481:but Thomson contended that it was " 1449:In his publication, Thomson wrote: 370:Joule-Thomson ideal gas coefficient 24: 9271:Presidents of the Physical Society 9256:People associated with electricity 7355:The Molecular Tactics of a Crystal 7307:"Horses on Mars", from Lord Kelvin 7107:. London: Religious Tract Society. 7046:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x 6390:Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian 5866:Khramov, Yu A (31 December 1986). 5375:The Earth's Dynamic Systems 5th ed 5092:The minutes from our first meeting 5051:University of Strathclyde Archives 5015:. London: Macmillan. p. 723. 4716:History of Geo- and Space Sciences 4700: 3881: 3841:"Lord Kelvin and Liberal Unionism" 3712:"Thomson, William, Baron Kelvin". 3104: 3097: 2659:, and the last of which explained 2236:lost mainstream scientific support 1305:, is a test of original research. 1248:The Cambridge Mathematical Journal 25: 9337: 9291:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal 9106:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin 9033:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 7234: 6898:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 6415:Thomson, W.; Tait, P. G. (1867). 6407: 6257:. 2 September 1902. p. 5679. 6182:. 16 November 1866. p. 6062. 6123:"Place name detail: Mount Kelvin" 5668:. 2 September 1902. p. 5679. 4914:10.1034/j.1600-0498.2002.440102.x 4472:. London: MacMillan. p. 80. 3898: 3538:A Belfast-born Scottish scientist 3073:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame 3039:First international recipient of 2987:next to the University of Glasgow 2873:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2464:Glasgow and South Western Railway 2396:The grave of the Thomson family, 1797:for sending messages on a cable. 1560:and the experiments of Joule and 1343: 800:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin 90:, by T. & R. Annan & Sons 9186:Elders of the Church of Scotland 7288: 7209:. Glasgow: John Smith & Son. 6535:Mathematical and Physical Papers 6421:2nd edition, 1883. (reissued by 6360: 6340: 6276: 6261: 6241: 6226: 6206: 6202:. 23 February 1892. p. 991. 6186: 6166: 6144: 6115: 6097: 6075: 6050: 6014:. Simon & Schuster. p. 575. 6004: 5984: 5738:Glasgow Herald, 24 December 1907 4591:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4558:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4535:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4502:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4445:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4364:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4351:. Vol. 5. pp. 388–393. 4277:Mathematical and Physical Papers 4243:Mathematical and Physical Papers 3454:Knowles, Elizabeth, ed. (2014), 3341:Ranford, Paul (September 2019). 3173: 3159: 3046:Order of the First Class of the 3011:One of the first members of the 2312:. Although his former assistant 1223:Théorie analytique de la chaleur 1033: 314: 32:William Thomson (disambiguation) 9281:Presidents of the Royal Society 9141:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge 9126:19th-century British physicists 7127:. London: T. C. & E. C.Jack 6012:Einstein: His Life and Universe 5968: 5956: 5945: 5928: 5914: 5898: 5884:10.1070/PU1986v029n12ABEH003609 5859: 5841: 5819: 5795: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5719: 5695: 5691:. 12 August 1902. p. 5173. 5652: 5637: 5622: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5560:Journal of Geophysical Research 5546: 5513: 5464: 5415: 5396: 5365: 5326: 5309:Topics in Mathematical Modeling 5301: 5233: 5205: 5152: 5125: 5113: 5082: 5076: 5064: 5039: 5027: 5001: 4958: 4927: 4840: 4797: 4762: 4682: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4582: 4549: 4526: 4493: 4459: 4436: 4423: 4388: 4355: 4336: 4317: 4267: 4234: 4209: 4159: 4141: 4116: 4101: 4074: 4051: 4032: 4018: 3986: 3960: 3925: 3832: 3807: 3766: 3738: 3705: 3680: 3267:"William Thomson, Baron Kelvin" 3071:In 2011 he was inducted to the 2588:who subsequently performed the 2517:, was one of the pall-bearers. 2199: 2156:in his electrical experiments. 2121:, based on the electroscope of 2046:to correct errors arising from 1536:). Thomson also formulated the 1453:... The conversion of heat (or 1409:of temperature. He proposed an 1044:needs additional citations for 874:transatlantic telegraph project 808:professor of Natural Philosophy 461:Kelvin's minimum energy theorem 263: 239: 9286:Recipients of the Copley Medal 9181:Creators of temperature scales 8882:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet 7401:President of the Royal Society 7146:. Cambridge University Press. 7124:Lord Kelvin: His Life and Work 6850:. London: J. M. Dent & Co. 6511:Elements of Natural Philosophy 6466:Elements of Natural Philosophy 6417:Treatise on Natural Philosophy 6152:"Honorary Members and Fellows" 5716:The Scotsman, 23 December 1907 5311:. Princeton University Press. 4791:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.053 4668:. W. W. Norton & Company. 4345:"On the Age of the Sun's Heat" 4332:. Vol. 1. pp. 60–67. 4125:Peterhouse Boat Club 1828–1978 4083:Cambridge Mathematical Journal 4064:Cambridge Mathematical Journal 4041:Cambridge Mathematical Journal 3866:10.1088/1742-6596/158/1/012004 3792:10.1088/1742-6596/158/1/011001 3655: 3574:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2018). 3414: 3390: 3306: 3281: 3210: 2861:Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize 2827:Mount Kelvin in New Zealand's 2736:(also known as Thomson bridge) 1900:Treatise on Natural Philosophy 1893:Treatise on Natural Philosophy 1709:submarine communications cable 1584:, whatever the matter may be. 1364:of heat and the theory of the 1218:Thomson became intrigued with 994:William and his elder brother 629:Stationary phase approximation 101:President of the Royal Society 13: 1: 9226:Members of the Order of Merit 8942:William John Macquorn Rankine 8872:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille 7272:Works by or about Lord Kelvin 6538:. Cambridge University Press. 6222:. 14 July 1896. p. 4026. 5829:. CERN Courier. 13 April 2017 5135:Ice ages: solving the mystery 4407:Thomson, W. (December 1852). 3851:(1). IOP Publishing: 012004. 3398:"You are being redirected..." 3204: 2940:Knight of the Prussian Order 2574:electromagnetic wave equation 2501:, and close to the graves of 2173:, he endorsed Westinghouse's 1615:transatlantic telegraph cable 1227:The Analytical Theory of Heat 961:James Thomson (mathematician) 861:is also named in his honour. 534:Kelvin probe force microscope 84: 9191:Fellows of the Royal Society 9166:Burials at Westminster Abbey 7190:. Peter Peregrinus: London. 6532:—— (1882–1911). 6387: 6366: 6131:New Zealand Geographic Board 5597:Institute of Physics website 5372:Hamblin, W. Kenneth (1989). 5119: 5070: 5033: 4853:Geophysical Research Letters 4633: 4621: 4599:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.020 4566:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.012 4543:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.011 4510:10.1017/cbo9780511996016.009 4453:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.050 4403:(part II): 261–268, 289–298. 4372:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.049 4311: 4286:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.042 4251:10.1017/cbo9780511996009.040 4149:"Thomson, William (THN841W)" 4095:10.1017/CBO9780511996009.004 3919:UK public library membership 3732:UK public library membership 3189:People on Scottish banknotes 3091:Coat of arms of Lord Kelvin 2801:Kelvin's circulation theorem 2745:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability 2526:St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow 1912:first on the mathematics of 1809:Lord Kelvin's sailing yacht 1707:involved in the laying of a 1475:second law of thermodynamics 1356:. At that meeting, he heard 1280: 899:, becoming Baron Kelvin, of 589:Second law of thermodynamics 491:Kelvin's circulation theorem 431:Kelvin–Helmholtz instability 411:Kelvin's mirror galvanometer 7: 9206:John Fritz Medal recipients 8597:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 7287:(public domain audiobooks) 6857:American Journal of Physics 6695:Wilson, D. B., ed. (1990). 6347:Thompson, Silvanus (1910). 6085:. Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 5935:Thompson, Silvanus (1910). 5725:Hall, Alfred Rupert (1966) 5477:American Journal of Physics 5428:American Journal of Physics 5187:Burchfield, Joe D. (1990). 5009:Thompson, Silvanus Phillips 4220:. Oxford University Press. 4166:Thompson, Silvanus (1910). 4153:A Cambridge Alumni Database 3518:, Oxford University Press, 3265:Sharlin, Harold I. (2019). 3152: 2879:Fellow of the Royal Society 2796:Kelvin's heat death paradox 2750:Kelvin–Helmholtz luminosity 2590:Michelson–Morley experiment 2560:In 1884, Lord Kelvin led a 2556:Limits of classical physics 2493:. Kelvin's grave is in the 2171:electric power transmission 1520:Compensation would require 1463:very remarkable discoveries 1337:chair of natural philosophy 584:First law of thermodynamics 456:Kelvin–Helmholtz time scale 451:Kelvin's heat death paradox 441:Kelvin-Helmholtz luminosity 10: 9342: 7711:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 7687:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 6985:"Lord Kelvin's Early Home" 6894:Hearn, Chester G. (2004). 6636:Cambridge University Press 6518:Cambridge University Press 6514:. At the University press. 6473:Cambridge University Press 6469:. At the University press. 6423:Cambridge University Press 6057:Lightman, Alan P. (2005). 5629:"The Coronation Honours". 5403:Heuel-Fabianek, Burkhard. 4155:. University of Cambridge. 3030:Royal Frederick University 2949:Order of Leopold (Belgium) 2921:Commander of the Imperial 2834: 2755:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 2717: 2713: 2472:St Pancras railway station 2427:), Kelvin was appointed a 2414:Christian Evidence Society 1961: 1897: 1642:Atlantic Telegraph Company 1597: 1470:Royal Society of Edinburgh 907:. The title refers to the 834:in 1883 and served as its 599:Heat death of the universe 436:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 29: 9156:British fluid dynamicists 9076: 8955: 8922:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 8905: 8750: 8569: 8538: 8449: 8335:Frederick Gowland Hopkins 8319:Charles Scott Sherrington 8270: 8131: 8040: 7941: 7489: 7439: 7430: 7422: 7417: 7407: 7397: 7389: 7384: 7086:10.1017/S037346330003318X 6837:10.1080/00033797600200561 6808:10.1017/S0007087400017726 6787:10.1080/00033799600200361 6040:. Broadway Books. p. 19. 5952:The Royal Society, London 5553:Stacey, Frank D. (2000). 5473:"The life of Lord Kelvin" 5424:"The life of Lord Kelvin" 5351:10.1017/s0080456800018512 5333:Thomson, William (1862). 4952:10.1017/S0370164600045430 4343:Thomson, William (1862). 4108:Niven, W.D., ed. (1965). 3946:10.1007/s00016-007-0344-4 3626:A Dictionary of Chemistry 3546:A Dictionary of Astronomy 3376:10.1017/s0080456800022481 3358:Thomson, William (1849). 3269:. Encyclopædia Britannica 2568:. Kelvin referred to the 2542: 2522:Scottish Episcopal Church 2253:After the publication of 2000: 1964:Vortex theory of the atom 1958:Vortex theory of the atom 1640:, the electrician of the 1594:Calculations on data rate 1530:thermodynamic equilibrium 1427:, whatever be the number 959:The Thomson family tree: 950: 793: 788: 784: 780: 759: 749: 739: 732: 678: 644:Vortex theory of the atom 604:Magnetic vector potential 352: 326: 322: 310: 299: 282: 274: 217: 201: 193: 173: 150: 145: 141: 129: 117: 106: 99: 95: 76: 41: 8375:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood 7266:University of St Andrews 7168:Thompson, S. P. (1910). 6503:. Sands & McDougall. 6010:Isaacson, Walter (2007) 5701:"Death of Lord Kelvin". 3839:Hutchison, Iain (2009). 3242:10.33232/BIMS.0048.65.68 3048:Sacred Treasure of Japan 2643:published the so-called 2566:Johns Hopkins University 2260:On the Origin of Species 2073:Kelvin Mariner's Compass 1703:the whole theory of the 1297:. He also won the first 1135:William Thomson, aged 22 1024: 965:James Thomson (engineer) 401:Kelvin cat's eye pattern 9306:Scientists from Belfast 8932:Johann Heinrich Lambert 8832:Johann Heinrich Lambert 8697:Rolf Maximilian Sievert 8196:Benjamin Collins Brodie 8172:Marquess of Northampton 7655:Julius Robert von Mayer 7297:Heroes of the Telegraph 7104:Heroes of the Telegraph 6602:—— (1904). 6388:Sharlin, H. I. (1979). 4771:Atmospheric Environment 4216:Chang, H. (2004). "4". 3692:Encyclopedia Britannica 3596:A Dictionary of Physics 3217:Grabiner, Judy (2002). 3085: 3079:World Refrigeration Day 2483:University of Cambridge 2421:1902 Coronation Honours 2145:, the standard unit of 2026:. Thomson introduced a 2011:tide-predicting machine 1948:Eskdalemuir Observatory 1939:atmospheric electricity 1933:Atmospheric electricity 1562:Julius Robert von Mayer 1489:beliefs led Thomson to 1019:James Thomson Bottomley 639:Tide-predicting machine 446:Kelvin-Planck statement 9321:Theistic evolutionists 9063:Evangelista Torricelli 8140:William Hyde Wollaston 7727:James Joseph Sylvester 7543:Michel Eugène Chevreul 7503:Alexander von Humboldt 7214:Wilson, D. B. (1987). 7186:Tunbridge, P. (1992). 6373:. Joseph Henry Press. 5872:Soviet Physics Uspekhi 4747:10.5194/hgss-4-83-2013 4123:Mayer, Roland (1978). 4028:. Aberdeen University. 3934:Physics in Perspective 3911:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507 3814:Randall, Lisa (2005). 3724:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507 3109: 3102: 2988: 2871:Foreign member of the 2844: 2570:acoustic wave equation 2552: 2400: 2384: 2368: 2363:for his 17 June 1896 " 2338:gravitational collapse 2240:laws of thermodynamics 2219: 2208:Kelvin caricatured by 2084: 2074: 2013: 1883: 1813: 1689: 1675:Charles Tilston Bright 1586: 1554: 1518: 1459: 1407:operational definition 1388:of ice must fall with 1216: 1160: 1136: 980: 820:laws of thermodynamics 804:mathematical physicist 554:Dark night sky paradox 8963:Alexander Graham Bell 8862:Hans Christian Ørsted 8762:Anders Jonas Ångström 8244:George Gabriel Stokes 7831:George Gabriel Stokes 7735:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 7671:Hermann von Helmholtz 7639:Henri Victor Regnault 7519:Johannes Peter Müller 7511:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 7302:The Online Books Page 7074:Journal of Navigation 6718:. Basilisken-Presse. 6127:New Zealand Gazetteer 5531:, 341–342, 582–585. ( 4934:Thomson, Wm. (1867). 4896:Kragh, Helge (2002). 3230:Irish Math. Soc. Bull 3167:United Kingdom portal 3144:Honesty without fear. 3108: 3101: 2982: 2975:University of Glasgow 2896:President, 1890–1895. 2842: 2819:unit of temperature, 2811:Kelvin–Varley divider 2806:Kelvin–Stokes theorem 2718:Further information: 2629:statistical mechanics 2625:equipartition theorem 2550: 2479:University of Glasgow 2456:Largs railway station 2395: 2374: 2351: 2207: 2076: 2072: 2008: 1920:. The text developed 1878: 1808: 1791:automatic curb sender 1687: 1669:Scientist to engineer 1611:George Gabriel Stokes 1577: 1550: 1526:rejuvenating universe 1499: 1451: 1333:Henri Victor Regnault 1287:Peterhouse, Cambridge 1204: 1173:Dialogues of the Gods 1165:University of Glasgow 1142: 1134: 969:University of Glasgow 958: 816:mathematical analysis 812:University of Glasgow 772:William Edward Ayrton 744:University of Glasgow 619:Piezoresistive effect 544:Automatic curb sender 539:Kelvin scanning probe 516:Kelvin-Varley divider 496:Kelvin–Stokes theorem 344:Peterhouse, Cambridge 8956:Non-systematic units 8802:Carl Friedrich Gauss 8737:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 8647:James Prescott Joule 8228:William Spottiswoode 8220:Joseph Dalton Hooker 8073:Earl of Macclesfield 7815:Stanislao Cannizzaro 7783:Joseph Dalton Hooker 7647:James Prescott Joule 7559:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 7443:The Earl of Rosebery 7316:Institute of Physics 7281:Works by Lord Kelvin 7252:Robertson, Edmund F. 7241:Works by Lord Kelvin 7174:. London: Macmillan. 7121:Russell, A. (1912). 6983:King, E. T. (1909). 6554:Volume II. 1853–1856 6528:) 2nd edition, 1879. 6497:Thomson, W. (1881). 6483:) 2nd edition, 1879. 6367:Lindley, D. (2004). 5853:ned.ipac.caltech.edu 5727:The Abbey Scientists 5582:10.1029/2000JB900028 5543:at Internet Archive) 5409:StrahlenschutzPraxis 5294:10.1130/GSAT01701A.1 4874:10.1029/2011GL048511 4466:Thomson, W. (1891). 4349:Macmillan's Magazine 4324:Otis, Laura (2002). 4006:on 19 September 2015 3775:"Kelvin and Ireland" 2786:Kelvin water dropper 2649:photoelectric effect 2633:theory of relativity 2513:. Darwin's son, Sir 2388:Later life and death 2342:thermonuclear fusion 2318:thermal conductivity 2269:biological diversity 2179:Chicago World's Fair 2129:, also known as the 2101:Electrical standards 1927:mathematical physics 1846:into the sinking of 1747:Disaster and triumph 1566:Joule–Thomson effect 1495:universal heat death 1412:absolute temperature 1358:James Prescott Joule 1301:, which, unlike the 1241:under the pseudonym 1157:George Gilbert Scott 1053:improve this article 927:. In 1904 he became 870:electrical telegraph 859:Joule–Thomson effect 421:Kelvin water dropper 365:Joule–Thomson effect 44:The Right Honourable 9326:Ulster Scots people 9301:Royal Medal winners 8852:James Clerk Maxwell 8343:William Henry Bragg 8236:Thomas Henry Huxley 8212:George Biddell Airy 7887:Marcellin Berthelot 7879:John William Strutt 7863:Albert von Kölliker 7791:Thomas Henry Huxley 7775:Franz Ernst Neumann 7623:Karl Ernst von Baer 7535:Henri Milne-Edwards 7250:O'Connor, John J.; 7218:. Bristol: Hilger. 7205:Wilson, D. (1910). 7112:Murray, D. (1924). 7038:1972Cent...16...41K 7001:1910Natur..82..331J 6960:1926Natur.117R..79. 6921:1989PhT....42a..82K 6869:1972AmJPh..40..496G 6672:1913Natur..90..563P 6614:2010blmd.book.....T 6544:Volume I. 1841–1853 6489:Elasticity and heat 5783:on 24 November 2020 5607:Thomson, W. (1889) 5573:2000JGR...10513155S 5567:(B6): 13155–13158. 5489:1977AmJPh..45.1010T 5440:1977AmJPh..45.1010T 5307:Tung, K. K. (2007) 5285:2007GSAT...17R...4E 4865:2011GeoRL..3815811T 4818:2003Wthr...58...11H 4783:2012AtmEn..50..373A 4738:2013HGSS....4...83A 4429:Thomson, W. (1851) 3857:2009JPhCS.158a2004H 3092: 3026:Doctor mathematicae 2908:Hon. Member of the 2903:College of Teachers 2781:Kelvin wake pattern 2777:in potential theory 2765:Joule–Kelvin effect 2582:Albert A. Michelson 2578:luminiferous aether 2340:. It was only when 2234:' (a view that had 2175:alternating current 2107:William Snow Harris 2060:George Biddell Airy 2030:, in which a steel 1887:Other contributions 1881:Hubert von Herkomer 1720:mirror galvanometer 1589:Transatlantic cable 1307:Robert Leslie Ellis 1272:James Clerk Maxwell 946:Early life and work 559:Earth's age paradox 521:Kelvin wake pattern 18:Sir William Thomson 9161:British physicists 8687:Werner von Siemens 8546:André-Marie Ampère 8482:Venki Ramakrishnan 8431:Sir Michael Atiyah 8399:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin 8351:Henry Hallett Dale 7950:Viscount Brouncker 7631:Charles Wheatstone 7377:The Kelvin Library 7338:and Sang Wook Yi ( 7330:2 May 2019 at the 7101:Munro, J. (1891). 6254:The London Gazette 6233:"Court Circular". 6219:The London Gazette 6199:The London Gazette 6179:The London Gazette 6038:The End of Science 5688:The London Gazette 5665:The London Gazette 5644:"Court Circular". 4826:10.1256/wea.239.01 4405:Also published in 3420:Multiple sources: 3110: 3103: 3090: 2989: 2845: 2657:special relativity 2635:; for the second, 2613:radiation pressure 2553: 2533:Glasgow Necropolis 2401: 2398:Glasgow Necropolis 2385: 2369: 2330:radiometric dating 2300:Victoria Institute 2273:theistic evolution 2220: 2075: 2052:naval architecture 2048:magnetic deviation 2014: 1995:history of science 1906:Peter Guthrie Tait 1884: 1819:James Alfred Ewing 1814: 1690: 1679:Samuel F. B. Morse 1638:Wildman Whitehouse 1538:heat death paradox 1439:Guillaume Amontons 1352:annual meeting in 1270:, an analogy that 1264:thermal conduction 1161: 1137: 983:Thomson's father, 981: 339:Glasgow University 9093: 9092: 8617:Louis Harold Gray 8500: 8499: 8327:Ernest Rutherford 7958:Joseph Williamson 7897: 7896: 7703:James Dwight Dana 7482:Copley Medallists 7449: 7448: 7440:Succeeded by 7426:The Earl of Stair 7418:Academic offices 7408:Succeeded by 7245:Project Gutenberg 7225:978-0-85274-526-7 7197:978-0-86341-237-0 7153:978-0-521-26173-9 7064:978-0-7503-0866-3 6995:(2099): 331–333. 6938:978-0-262-11117-1 6929:10.1063/1.2810888 6886:978-0-85261-016-9 6877:10.1119/1.1986598 6844:Gray, A. (1908). 6825:Annals of Science 6774:Annals of Science 6725:978-3-925347-56-6 6714:Hörz, H. (2000). 6706:978-0-521-32831-9 6658:(2256): 563–565. 6644:978-1-108-00767-2 6526:978-1-108-01448-9 6481:978-1-108-01448-9 6431:978-1-108-00537-1 6399:978-0-271-00203-3 6380:978-0-309-09073-5 6068:978-0-676-97789-9 5878:(12): 1127–1134. 5773:978-0-9544965-0-0 5506:978-0-8284-0292-7 5457:978-0-8284-0292-7 5389:978-0-02-349381-2 5226:978-0-8018-4391-4 5198:978-0-226-08043-7 5170:978-0-8308-2876-0 5145:978-0-674-44075-3 4936:"On Vortex Atoms" 4675:978-0-393-60883-0 4608:978-1-108-02899-8 4575:978-1-108-02899-8 4519:978-1-108-02899-8 4479:978-0-598-77599-3 4381:978-1-108-02898-1 4295:978-1-108-02898-1 4260:978-1-108-02898-1 4227:978-0-19-517127-3 3917:(Subscription or 3746:"Kelvin: History" 3730:(Subscription or 3643:978-0-19-884122-7 3613:978-0-19-882147-2 3563:978-0-19-185119-3 3533:978-0-19-965145-0 3503:978-0-19-967959-1 3473:978-0-19-966870-0 3443:978-0-19-954515-5 3318:Westminster Abbey 3293:Electric Scotland 3150: 3149: 3057:, London next to 3055:Westminster Abbey 3034:Niels Henrik Abel 3021:, 11 August 1902. 2947:Commander of the 2928:Commander of the 2923:Order of the Rose 2688:Philipp von Jolly 2637:quantum mechanics 2452:Westminster Abbey 2437:Buckingham Palace 2326:Ernest Rutherford 2322:radioactive decay 2265:natural selection 2248:uniformitarianism 1801:Later expeditions 1740:Curtis M. Lampson 1524:, resulting in a 1405:provided only an 1368:built upon it by 1129: 1128: 1121: 1103: 797: 796: 750:Academic advisors 734:Scientific career 665:Coining the term 657:Coining the term 649:Coining the term 609:Magnetoresistance 466:Kelvin conjecture 386:Thomson relations 375:Voigt–Thomson law 124:Sir George Stokes 16:(Redirected from 9333: 9316:Second Wranglers 9211:Knights Bachelor 9201:Irish physicists 8717:Alessandro Volta 8570:SI derived units 8527: 8520: 8513: 8504: 8503: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8469: 8461: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8410: 8402: 8394: 8391:Patrick Blackett 8386: 8378: 8370: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8338: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8298: 8295:Archibald Geikie 8290: 8282: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8143: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8100: 8092: 8084: 8076: 8068: 8060: 8052: 8033: 8025: 8017: 8014:Robert Southwell 8009: 8006:Earl of Pembroke 8001: 7993: 7985: 7977: 7969: 7966:Christopher Wren 7961: 7953: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7901: 7900: 7890: 7882: 7874: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7847:Karl Weierstrass 7842: 7839:Edward Frankland 7834: 7826: 7818: 7810: 7802: 7794: 7786: 7778: 7770: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7698: 7690: 7682: 7674: 7666: 7663:Friedrich Wöhler 7658: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7498: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7423:Preceded by 7390:Preceded by 7382: 7381: 7360:Internet Archive 7292: 7291: 7276:Internet Archive 7268: 7229: 7210: 7201: 7175: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7117: 7108: 7097: 7068: 7049: 7020: 7009:10.1038/082331a0 6979: 6968:10.1038/117079b0 6942: 6899: 6890: 6851: 6840: 6819: 6790: 6767: 6756:10.2307/27757369 6729: 6710: 6691: 6680:10.1038/090563a0 6633: 6594:Internet Archive 6584:Internet Archive 6568:Internet Archive 6558:Internet Archive 6548:Internet Archive 6539: 6515: 6504: 6493: 6470: 6455:Internet Archive 6443:Internet Archive 6420: 6403: 6384: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6111:on 12 July 2012. 6107:. 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Morley 2429:Privy Councillor 2416:on 23 May 1889. 2147:electric current 1952:Carrington event 1844:Board of Enquiry 1736:Cyrus West Field 1479:absolutely lost, 1395:perpetuum mobile 1239:scientific paper 1220:Joseph Fourier's 1124: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1061: 1037: 1029: 940:Hunterian Museum 760:Notable students 723:John Fritz Medal 486:Kelvin transform 481:Kelvin functions 471:Kelvin structure 382:(thermoelectric) 318: 267: 265: 243: 241: 211:Liberal Unionist 180: 177:17 December 1907 160: 158: 146:Personal details 132: 120: 111: 89: 86: 81: 71: 39: 38: 21: 9341: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9072: 9043:Wilhelm Röntgen 9003:Michael Faraday 8951: 8912: 8901: 8822:Heinrich Kayser 8812:William Gilbert 8792:Galileo Galilei 8751:Non-SI metric ( 8746: 8607:Michael Faraday 8577:Henri Becquerel 8565: 8534: 8531: 8501: 8496: 8488: 8480: 8472: 8464: 8456: 8445: 8437: 8429: 8421: 8413: 8405: 8397: 8389: 8381: 8373: 8365: 8359:Robert Robinson 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8303:William Crookes 8301: 8293: 8285: 8279:William Huggins 8277: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8234: 8226: 8218: 8210: 8202: 8194: 8188:Lord Wrottesley 8186: 8178: 8170: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8138: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8103: 8095: 8087: 8079: 8071: 8063: 8055: 8047: 8036: 8028: 8022:Charles Montagu 8020: 8012: 8004: 7998:Earl of Carbery 7996: 7988: 7980: 7972: 7964: 7956: 7948: 7937: 7928: 7898: 7893: 7885: 7877: 7871:William Huggins 7869: 7861: 7853: 7845: 7837: 7829: 7821: 7813: 7805: 7797: 7789: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7751:William Thomson 7749: 7741: 7733: 7725: 7719:Rudolf Clausius 7717: 7709: 7701: 7693: 7685: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7653: 7645: 7637: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7605: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7549: 7541: 7533: 7525: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7479: 7445: 7436: 7428: 7413: 7404: 7395: 7332:Wayback Machine 7289: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7198: 7176:In two volumes 7158: 7156: 7154: 7130: 7128: 7065: 6939: 6887: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6707: 6486: 6410: 6400: 6381: 6363: 6358: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6211: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6055: 6051: 6032: 6025: 6009: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5979:Newark Advocate 5973: 5969: 5965:8 December 1896 5961: 5957: 5950: 5946: 5933: 5929: 5919: 5915: 5903: 5899: 5864: 5860: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5680: 5673: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5551: 5547: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5497:10.1119/1.10735 5469: 5465: 5458: 5448:10.1119/1.10735 5420: 5416: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5370: 5366: 5331: 5327: 5306: 5302: 5263: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5087: 5081: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5053: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5006: 5002: 4963: 4959: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4908:(1–2): 32–114. 4894: 4890: 4845: 4841: 4802: 4798: 4767: 4763: 4708: 4701: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4554: 4550: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4498: 4494: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4424: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4360: 4356: 4341: 4337: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4197:on 15 July 2008 4181: 4177: 4164: 4160: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4121: 4117: 4106: 4102: 4079: 4075: 4058:P.Q.R. (1841). 4056: 4052: 4037: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3897: 3882: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3816:Warped Passages 3812: 3808: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3644: 3614: 3564: 3534: 3504: 3474: 3444: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3356: 3352: 3339: 3335: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3225: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3111: 3088: 3066:Clydesdale Bank 3006:Yale University 2925:(Brazil), 1873. 2837: 2825: 2760:Kelvin material 2722: 2716: 2707:Prochlorococcus 2669: 2661:Brownian motion 2645:annus mirabilis 2641:Albert Einstein 2558: 2545: 2487:Austria-Hungary 2390: 2377:Fridtjof Nansen 2267:bringing about 2232:flood geologist 2202: 2127:current balance 2103: 2087:Charles Babbage 2003: 1966: 1960: 1944:Kew Observatory 1935: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1879:Lord Kelvin by 1803: 1787:Fleeming Jenkin 1749: 1724:siphon recorder 1671: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1542:William Rankine 1403:gas thermometer 1378:mechanical work 1374:Émile Clapeyron 1346: 1314:Michael Faraday 1295:second wrangler 1283: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1200:An Essay on Man 1151:containing the 1125: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1062: 1060: 1050: 1038: 1027: 973:William Rankine 953: 948: 897:Irish Home Rule 776: 754:William Hopkins 728: 705:Matteucci Medal 674: 673: 672: 624:Siphon recorder 614:Maxwell's demon 511:Kelvin equation 416:Kelvin material 406:Kelvin coupling 359: 348: 327:Alma mater 295: 270: 269: 261: 257: 254: 253: 245: 237: 233: 230: 229: 209: 202:Political party 182: 178: 162: 156: 154: 136:The Lord Lister 130: 118: 112: 107: 91: 87: 72: 51: 49: 48:The Lord Kelvin 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9339: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9246:Ordained peers 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9091: 9090: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9060: 9050: 9040: 9037:degree Réaumur 9030: 9020: 9013:Heinrich Mache 9010: 9000: 8990: 8980: 8970: 8959: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8949: 8946:degree Rankine 8939: 8929: 8918: 8916: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8889: 8879: 8869: 8859: 8849: 8842:Samuel Langley 8839: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8799: 8789: 8779: 8769: 8758: 8756: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8734: 8724: 8714: 8704: 8694: 8684: 8674: 8664: 8654: 8644: 8637:Heinrich Hertz 8634: 8624: 8614: 8604: 8594: 8587:Anders Celsius 8584: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8530: 8529: 8522: 8515: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8486: 8478: 8474:Sir Paul Nurse 8470: 8462: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8439:Sir Aaron Klug 8435: 8427: 8419: 8411: 8403: 8395: 8387: 8379: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8347: 8339: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8307: 8299: 8291: 8283: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8256: 8248: 8240: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8164:Duke of Sussex 8160: 8156:Davies Gilbert 8152: 8144: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8101: 8093: 8085: 8081:Earl of Morton 8077: 8069: 8061: 8053: 8044: 8042: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7986: 7978: 7970: 7962: 7954: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7927: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7883: 7875: 7867: 7859: 7855:Carl Gegenbaur 7851: 7843: 7835: 7827: 7823:Rudolf Virchow 7819: 7811: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7771: 7763: 7755: 7747: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7699: 7695:Claude Bernard 7691: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7659: 7651: 7643: 7635: 7627: 7619: 7615:Julius Plücker 7611: 7607:Michel Chasles 7603: 7599:Charles Darwin 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7531: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7478: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7438: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7406: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7351: 7343: 7319: 7309: 7304: 7293: 7278: 7269: 7247: 7236: 7235:External links 7233: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7211: 7202: 7196: 7183: 7165: 7152: 7137: 7118: 7109: 7098: 7069: 7063: 7050: 7021: 6980: 6943: 6937: 6900: 6891: 6885: 6852: 6841: 6831:(3): 275–287. 6820: 6791: 6781:(5): 511–520. 6768: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6724: 6711: 6705: 6692: 6647: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6577: 6571: 6561: 6551: 6529: 6505: 6494: 6484: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6446: 6411: 6409: 6408:Kelvin's works 6406: 6405: 6404: 6398: 6385: 6379: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6339: 6327:digital.nls.uk 6314: 6292: 6289:(in Norwegian) 6275: 6260: 6240: 6225: 6205: 6185: 6165: 6143: 6114: 6096: 6074: 6067: 6049: 6023: 6003: 5983: 5967: 5955: 5944: 5927: 5913: 5897: 5858: 5840: 5818: 5794: 5772: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5718: 5706: 5694: 5671: 5651: 5636: 5621: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5545: 5512: 5505: 5463: 5456: 5414: 5395: 5388: 5364: 5325: 5300: 5254: 5243:. Zapatopi.net 5232: 5225: 5204: 5197: 5176: 5169: 5151: 5144: 5124: 5112: 5075: 5063: 5038: 5026: 5000: 4979:10.1086/349764 4973:(4): 461–474. 4957: 4926: 4888: 4839: 4796: 4761: 4699: 4681: 4674: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4607: 4581: 4574: 4548: 4525: 4518: 4492: 4478: 4458: 4435: 4422: 4387: 4380: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4301: 4294: 4266: 4259: 4233: 4226: 4208: 4175: 4158: 4140: 4133: 4115: 4100: 4073: 4050: 4031: 4017: 3985: 3959: 3924: 3880: 3831: 3824: 3806: 3765: 3737: 3704: 3679: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3642: 3621: 3612: 3591: 3571: 3562: 3541: 3532: 3511: 3502: 3481: 3472: 3451: 3442: 3413: 3389: 3370:(5): 541–574. 3350: 3333: 3305: 3280: 3254: 3223:(book review)" 3208: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3170: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3096: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3062: 3051: 3044: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3013:Order of Merit 3009: 2996: 2990: 2952: 2945: 2942:Pour le Mérite 2938: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2876: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2836: 2833: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2770:Kelvin sensing 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2715: 2712: 2703:cyanobacterium 2695:photosynthesis 2668: 2665: 2594:A. S. Hathaway 2576:, presuming a 2557: 2554: 2544: 2541: 2511:Charles Darwin 2433:Order of Merit 2389: 2386: 2255:Charles Darwin 2201: 2198: 2168:direct current 2151:Magnus Maclean 2135:Ampere balance 2131:Kelvin balance 2102: 2099: 2002: 1999: 1982:René Descartes 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1934: 1931: 1898:Main article: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1802: 1799: 1761:Board of Trade 1748: 1745: 1670: 1667: 1657:with a larger 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1570:kinetic theory 1362:caloric theory 1345: 1344:Thermodynamics 1342: 1326:Faraday effect 1322:electrostatics 1282: 1279: 1268:electrostatics 1235:Philip Kelland 1205: 1196:Alexander Pope 1171:of Samosata's 1127: 1126: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1026: 1023: 977:thermodynamics 952: 949: 947: 944: 921:George Eastman 882:Queen Victoria 866:Hugh Blackburn 840:House of Lords 795: 794: 791: 790: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 777: 775: 774: 769: 763: 761: 757: 756: 751: 747: 746: 741: 737: 736: 730: 729: 727: 726: 720: 714: 708: 702: 696: 690: 682: 680: 676: 675: 671: 670: 667:kinetic energy 662: 659:thermodynamics 654: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 579:Law of squares 576: 571: 566: 564:Depth sounding 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 523: 518: 513: 508: 506:Kelvin sensing 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 396:Kelvin's balls 393: 391:Kelvin balance 388: 383: 380:Thomson effect 377: 372: 367: 361: 360: 357: 356: 354: 353:Known for 350: 349: 347: 346: 341: 336: 330: 328: 324: 323: 320: 319: 312: 308: 307: 301: 297: 296: 294: 293: 286: 284: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 259: 255: 252:Frances Blandy 251: 250: 249: 248: 235: 231: 227: 226: 225: 224: 221: 219: 215: 214: 203: 199: 198: 195: 191: 190: 181:(aged 83) 175: 171: 170: 152: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 104: 103: 97: 96: 93: 92: 82: 74: 73: 50: 47: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9338: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Catastrophism 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9053:J. J. Thomson 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8968: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8833: 8830: 8827: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8782:Loránd Eötvös 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8677:Blaise Pascal 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539:SI base units 8537: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8423:George Porter 8420: 8416: 8415:Andrew Huxley 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8383:Howard Florey 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8311:J. J. Thomson 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8287:Lord Rayleigh 8284: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8261: 8260:Joseph Lister 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8204:Edward Sabine 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8180:Earl of Rosse 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8065:Martin Folkes 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7935:Royal Society 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7911: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7807:Simon Newcomb 7804: 7800: 7799:George Salmon 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7743:Arthur Cayley 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7679:Louis Pasteur 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7591:Adam Sedgwick 7588: 7584: 7583:Thomas Graham 7580: 7576: 7575:Louis Agassiz 7572: 7568: 7567:Robert Bunsen 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7551:Charles Lyell 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7527:Léon Foucault 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7462: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7411:Joseph Lister 7403: 7402: 7394: 7393:George Stokes 7388: 7383: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7256:"Lord Kelvin" 7253: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7138: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909:Physics Today 6906: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6802:(2): 91–120. 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6634:(reissued by 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516:(reissued by 6513: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6471:(reissued by 6468: 6467: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6361:Cited sources 6352: 6351: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6153: 6147: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6084: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6046:9780553061741 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6021: 6020:9781416586913 6017: 6013: 6007: 6001: 6000:9780521437752 5997: 5993: 5987: 5981:26 April 1902 5980: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5953: 5948: 5940: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5908:, Volume 16, 5907: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5828: 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4027: 4021: 4002: 3995: 3989: 3974:on 2 May 2019 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3825:0-06-053109-6 3821: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754:. 14 May 2018 3753: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3347:. p. 25. 3346: 3345: 3337: 3330: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3268: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3199:Taylor column 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3171: 3168: 3157: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3008:, 5 May 1902. 3007: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2829:Paparoa Range 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734:Kelvin bridge 2732: 2731: 2729: 2728:, including: 2727: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2683: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2617:Pyotr Lebedev 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2515:George Darwin 2512: 2508: 2507:John Herschel 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2304:George Stokes 2301: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281:Victorian era 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2164:power station 2162: 2161:Niagara Falls 2157: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2064:The Admiralty 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037:Sumner method 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2023:Great Eastern 2019: 2012: 2007: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1894: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1795:telegraph key 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1774:Great Eastern 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:cross section 1656: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1585: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1534:stop for ever 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1458: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1434:absolute zero 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1386:melting point 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:Smith's Prize 1296: 1292: 1288: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1214: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1188:David Thomson 1185: 1180: 1179:to English. 1178: 1177:Ancient Greek 1174: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1133: 1123: 1120: 1112: 1109:December 2017 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1070: – 1069: 1068:"Lord Kelvin" 1065: 1064:Find sources: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1042:This section 1040: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 997: 992: 990: 986: 985:James Thomson 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 957: 943: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 925:Eastman Kodak 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905:County of Ayr 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 851:absolute zero 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:Royal Society 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 792: 787: 783: 779: 773: 770: 768: 767:Lord Rayleigh 765: 764: 762: 758: 755: 752: 748: 745: 742: 738: 735: 731: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 687:Smith's Prize 684: 683: 681: 677: 669: 668: 663: 661: 660: 655: 653: 652: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:Kelvin bridge 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 355: 351: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 304:James Thomson 302: 298: 291: 290:James Thomson 288: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 247: 246: 228:Margaret Crum 223: 222: 220: 216: 212: 207: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 176: 172: 169: 165: 153: 149: 144: 140: 137: 134: 128: 125: 122: 116: 110: 105: 102: 98: 94: 80: 75: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8983:Pierre Curie 8936:foot-lambert 8707:Nikola Tesla 8657:Isaac Newton 8627:Joseph Henry 8555: 8490:Adrian Smith 8450:21st century 8271:20th century 8251: 8148:Humphry Davy 8132:19th century 8121:Joseph Banks 8113:John Pringle 8105:James Burrow 8089:James Burrow 8049:Isaac Newton 8041:18th century 7990:Samuel Pepys 7974:John Hoskyns 7942:17th century 7750: 7495:Richard Owen 7431: 7398: 7353: 7345: 7321: 7296: 7259: 7215: 7206: 7187: 7170: 7157:. Retrieved 7142: 7129:. Retrieved 7123: 7113: 7103: 7077: 7073: 7054: 7032:(1): 41–53. 7029: 7025: 6992: 6988: 6954:(2933): 79. 6951: 6947: 6915:(1): 82–84. 6912: 6908: 6895: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6828: 6824: 6799: 6795: 6778: 6772: 6747: 6743: 6715: 6696: 6655: 6651: 6604: 6576:(Hathitrust) 6540:(6 volumes) 6534: 6510: 6499: 6488: 6465: 6448: 6436: 6416: 6389: 6369: 6349: 6342: 6330:. Retrieved 6326: 6317: 6305:. Retrieved 6295: 6288: 6278: 6269: 6263: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6228: 6217: 6208: 6197: 6188: 6177: 6168: 6156:. Retrieved 6146: 6134:. Retrieved 6126: 6117: 6109:the original 6099: 6087:. Retrieved 6077: 6058: 6052: 6037: 6034:Horgan, John 6011: 6006: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5958: 5947: 5937: 5930: 5920: 5916: 5905: 5900: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5831:. Retrieved 5821: 5802: 5797: 5785:. 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Varley 1773: 1769: 1758: 1750: 1731: 1728: 1713: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1672: 1648: 1646: 1631: 1619: 1604: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1558:Humphry Davy 1555: 1551: 1546: 1533: 1525: 1521: 1519: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1482: 1478: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1437:about which 1432: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1400: 1393: 1382: 1347: 1330: 1311: 1284: 1275: 1259: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1231:Isaac Newton 1226: 1222: 1217: 1206: 1181: 1172: 1162: 1149:River Kelvin 1115: 1106: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1063: 1051:Please help 1046:verification 1043: 1016: 1001: 993: 982: 933: 909:River Kelvin 890: 863: 844: 832:Copley Medal 799: 798: 740:Institutions 733: 717:Copley Medal 711:Albert Medal 666: 658: 650: 549:Cable theory 525:Kelvin angle 179:(1907-12-17) 161:26 June 1824 131:Succeeded by 108: 36: 9116:1907 deaths 9111:1824 births 9023:John Napier 8993:John Dalton 8973:Marie Curie 8772:Peter Debye 8556:Lord Kelvin 8367:Lord Adrian 8252:Lord Kelvin 8057:Hans Sloane 8030:Lord Somers 7982:Cyril Wyche 7759:Carl Ludwig 7484:(1851–1900) 7336:Hasok Chang 7080:: 122–134. 6750:: 101–136. 6249:"No. 27470" 6214:"No. 26758" 6194:"No. 26260" 6174:"No. 23185" 6089:4 September 5683:"No. 27464" 5660:"No. 27470" 5483:(10): 998. 5345:: 160–161. 4777:: 373–376. 4419:(22): 8–21. 3940:: 212–223. 3138:all proper. 2885:Royal Medal 2855:Keith Medal 2791:Kelvin wave 2602:dark matter 2598:papyrograph 2497:, near the 2474:in London. 2361:Glen Sannox 2356:aboard the 2354:River Clyde 2228:creationist 2215:Vanity Fair 1991:knot theory 1870:Lalla Rookh 1839:Lalla Rookh 1811:Lalla Rookh 1765:reliability 1607:Walter Crum 1491:extrapolate 1487:theological 1483:lost to man 1370:Sadi Carnot 1366:heat engine 1012:Netherlands 913:Gilmorehill 891:Kelvin was 880:in 1866 by 699:Keith Medal 693:Royal Medal 634:Dark matter 569:Dissipation 529:Zero Kelvin 476:Kelvin foam 426:Kelvin wave 213:(from 1886) 208:(1865–1886) 194:Nationality 119:Preceded by 88: 1900 9100:Categories 8926:Fahrenheit 8727:James Watt 8097:James West 7931:Presidents 7437:1904–1907 7405:1890–1895 7366:Quotations 6863:(3): 496. 6664:B0000EFOL8 6630:1041059646 6307:15 October 5910:p. 363–397 5279:(1): 4–9. 5247:29 October 5105:21 October 5056:19 January 5021:5894345318 4946:: 94–105. 4330:OUP Oxford 4047:: 258–262. 3978:29 October 3921:required.) 3785:: 011001. 3734:required.) 3401:www.dib.ie 3273:24 January 3205:References 3134:Supporters 3128:Escutcheon 2653:Max Planck 2639:. 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