136:
319:. This group includes various historical languages spoken by Siouan peoples not only in the Ohio River Valley, but across the Appalachian Plateau and into the Piedmont regions of present-day Virginia and the Carolinas. Some of these groups migrated or were displaced great distances following European contact, ending up as far afield as present-day Ontario and southern Mississippi. Collectively, Siouan languages of Appalachia and the Piedmont are sometimes grouped under the term
866:. Rankin et al. (2015) analyze numerous instances of long vowels as present due to common inheritance rather than common innovation. The five oral vowels and three nasal vowels posited by earlier scholars is expanded to include a distinction between short and long vowels. The proposed Proto-Siouan vowel system appears below:
842:
have different reflexes in daughter languages, with *w appearing as or in most daughter languages, while *W has a reflex of , , , or . The actual phonetic value of these obstruents is an issue of some debate, with some arguing that they arise through geminated *w+*w or *r+*r sequences or a laryngeal plus *w or *r.
547:
Collaborative work involving a number of
Siouanists started at the 1984 Comparative Siouan Workshop at the University of Colorado with the goal of creating a comparative Siouan dictionary that would include Proto-Siouan reconstructions. This work yielded a different analysis of the phonemic system of
841:
Unlike Wolff and
Matthew's proposals, there are no posited nasal consonants in Proto-Siouan. Nasal consonants only arise in daughter languages when followed by a nasal vowel. In addition, there is a set of sounds that represent obstruentized versions of their corresponding sonorants. These sounds
837:
of short vowels before stressed syllables. For example, Matthews (1958: 129) gives *wrĂłke as the proto-form for 'male.' With added data from a larger set of Siouan languages since the middle of the twentieth century, Rankin et al. (2015) give *waroË(-ka) as the reconstructed form for 'male.'
829:
The major change to the previously-proposed system was accomplished by systematically accounting for the distribution of multiple stop series in modern Siouan languages by tracing them back to multiple stop series in the proto-language. Previous analysis posited only a single stop series.
1183:
Ryan M. Kasak. 2016. A distant genetic relationship between SiouanCatawban and Yuchi. In
Catherine Rudin & Bryan J. Gordon (eds.), Advances in the study of siouan languages and linguistics, 5â39. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.17169/langsci.b94.120
314:
was divergent enough from the other Siouan languages, including neighboring Siouan languages of the
Piedmont and Appalachia, to be considered a distinct branch. Voegelin proposes that Biloxi, Ofo and Tutelo consistute one group which he terms
380:
in SiouanâCatawban languages. Wolff (1950â51) is among the first and more complete works on the subject. Wolff reconstructed the system of proto-Siouan, and this was modified by
Matthews (1958). The latter's system is shown below:
1261:
Some Siouan languages have however developed a phonemic contrast between the non-nasal sonorants w- and r- and the corresponding nasals m- and n-. These historical developments are presented in the following article:
5965:
6011:
1105:. In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s,
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2840:
2911:
1866:
4982:
1117:
hypothesis is not considered proven, and the similarities between the three families may instead be due to their protolanguages having been part of a
5975:
5871:
4847:
1888:
2409:
2949:
2885:
5970:
2825:
2514:
1522:
6021:
2584:
2374:
1859:
2479:
1491:
17:
2274:
4975:
2349:
2284:
2264:
1196:
Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T., Jones, A. Wesley, Koontz, John E., Rood, David S. & Hartmann, Iren (Eds.). (2015).
4995:
2489:
1467:
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1852:
4472:
5844:
2870:
2845:
2795:
2259:
1185:
819:
3444:
2619:
2399:
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4968:
4629:
1402:
1374:
173:
5980:
4605:
3844:
2364:
1319:
Rudin, Catherine; Gordon, Bryan James (2016). "A distant genetic relationship between Siouan-Catawban and Yuchi".
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5343:
3763:
3699:
2942:
2865:
2830:
2634:
2504:
2354:
2309:
1090:
isolate may be the closest relative of SiouxâCatawban, based on both sound changes and morphological comparison.
4376:
3618:
2775:
2569:
2544:
2464:
2156:
1900:
1515:
225:
or as "Siouan-proper" and "Catawban". Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use the name
4127:
4960:
4842:
4489:
3624:
3449:
3235:
3229:
3153:
1397:(Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94â114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
4852:
4837:
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823:
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421:
5692:
4832:
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3884:
3802:
3775:
3479:
3469:
2875:
2644:
2229:
2214:
2088:
6006:
5929:
5310:
4398:
4059:
3856:
3654:
3514:
3484:
3474:
3464:
3170:
2935:
2484:
2239:
332:
6001:
4810:
4617:
4593:
4568:
4541:
4524:
3534:
3489:
3459:
3432:
3003:
2958:
2702:
2654:
1508:
365:
2176:
1393:
Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). "The Siouan languages." In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.),
5939:
5790:
5772:
5435:
5018:
4857:
4664:
4301:
4289:
4121:
3183:
3176:
2992:
2589:
2444:
2414:
1973:
1875:
1678:
1539:
238:
222:
218:
108:
80:
1269:"Historical Transfer of Nasality Between Consonantal Onset and Vowel: From C to V or from V to C?"
3862:
3787:
3190:
3140:
2880:
2614:
2604:
2564:
2439:
2171:
2106:
851:
6016:
5766:
5724:
5533:
5499:
5217:
4876:
4724:
4519:
4295:
4248:
3878:
3795:
3454:
3438:
3246:
3147:
3010:
2986:
2549:
2269:
2116:
2059:
1993:
1978:
1114:
135:
4514:
5934:
5880:
5799:
5777:
5418:
5300:
4922:
4820:
4509:
4312:
4102:
4091:
4053:
3660:
3634:
3539:
3529:
3212:
3128:
2979:
2743:
2677:
2624:
2519:
2419:
2186:
2151:
2141:
2082:
1200:. Leipzig, Germany: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at
324:
248:
The
Western Siouan languages are typically subdivided into Missouri River languages (such as
5832:
5825:
4623:
4348:
1448:
Rudin, Catherine; Gordon, Bryan James (2016). Rudin, Catherine; Gordon, Bryan James (eds.).
5759:
5607:
5173:
5139:
4897:
4654:
4462:
4435:
4418:
4386:
4284:
3998:
3923:
3850:
3629:
3606:
3578:
3509:
3420:
3201:
2314:
2166:
2038:
1700:
1602:
1094:
4782:
229:
for the entire family. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction.
8:
5944:
5783:
5741:
5681:
5660:
5454:
5390:
5333:
5281:
5266:
5239:
5207:
5023:
4674:
4578:
4478:
4467:
4429:
4408:
4306:
4265:
4040:
4022:
4016:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3890:
3873:
3612:
3278:
3265:
3159:
3109:
2966:
2805:
2101:
2028:
2003:
1968:
1948:
1409:
1268:
1102:
834:
833:
Many of the consonant clusters proposed by Wolff (1950â1951) can be accounted for due to
681:
307:
5855:
5811:
5735:
5635:
5621:
5551:
5441:
5257:
5201:
5194:
5105:
5089:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4530:
4499:
4494:
4447:
4441:
4392:
4337:
4260:
4144:
4108:
4069:
4011:
3818:
3813:
3524:
3283:
3252:
3218:
3206:
3165:
3040:
2890:
2434:
2429:
2289:
2136:
2072:
2053:
1988:
1983:
1915:
1798:
1788:
1657:
1429:
1288:
1244:
1155:
859:
745:
625:
394:
377:
311:
293:
273:
269:
242:
74:
5078:
4685:
4648:
2008:
1488:
1186:
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/be94144a-3e4f-4913-9089-2bcfe5bd0879/611691.pdf
126:
5919:
5861:
5614:
5597:
5572:
5558:
5413:
5276:
5271:
5233:
5116:
4599:
4504:
4484:
4423:
4403:
4114:
4075:
4046:
4034:
3971:
3917:
3895:
3868:
3808:
3781:
3600:
3561:
3551:
3519:
3392:
3318:
3300:
3294:
3196:
3114:
3028:
2916:
2717:
2424:
2181:
2161:
1943:
1647:
1463:
1398:
1370:
1344:
1334:
1248:
1098:
581:
571:
566:
409:
399:
202:
4690:
4679:
4659:
2997:
1292:
5949:
5894:
5887:
5805:
5746:
5674:
5667:
5586:
5544:
5509:
5467:
5448:
5423:
5384:
5363:
5357:
5320:
5125:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5036:
4907:
4767:
4757:
4752:
4706:
4700:
4669:
4562:
4457:
4381:
4319:
4271:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4167:
4151:
4086:
4064:
4005:
3899:
3831:
3742:
3709:
3677:
3573:
3545:
3494:
3415:
3399:
3385:
3367:
3360:
3346:
3306:
3288:
3272:
3258:
3080:
3063:
2860:
2697:
2649:
2599:
2539:
2454:
2379:
2369:
2344:
2299:
2146:
2096:
2077:
2067:
2018:
2013:
1808:
1735:
1641:
1559:
1455:
1421:
1326:
1280:
1236:
1147:
855:
714:
594:
561:
389:
297:
265:
253:
153:
4747:
4695:
3687:
1425:
1151:
5752:
5709:
5702:
5579:
5565:
5515:
5429:
5404:
5327:
5293:
5287:
5184:
5150:
5050:
5012:
4902:
4777:
4762:
4731:
4452:
4413:
4278:
4224:
4096:
3958:
3724:
3719:
3584:
3499:
3380:
3373:
3353:
3335:
3240:
3223:
3022:
2753:
2707:
2459:
2404:
2394:
2254:
2033:
1963:
1958:
1938:
1905:
1815:
1762:
1742:
1683:
1624:
1617:
1612:
1578:
1495:
1362:
1110:
1054:
960:
863:
576:
404:
323:, Tutelo-Saponi, or Yesah (Yesa:sahÄŻ) as the language historically spoken by the
320:
301:
289:
285:
257:
186:
62:
56:
1113:
compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, this
5818:
5650:
5628:
5481:
5460:
5352:
5246:
5166:
5159:
5098:
5043:
4912:
4772:
4741:
4712:
4343:
4229:
4212:
4162:
4157:
4028:
3965:
3735:
3729:
3649:
3644:
3590:
3567:
3312:
3134:
3091:
3074:
3068:
3046:
3034:
2835:
2820:
2810:
2449:
2279:
2234:
2131:
2043:
1998:
1835:
1672:
1666:
1607:
1264:
1087:
261:
205:
valleys and southeastern North
America with a few other languages in the east.
4990:
2712:
1844:
1109:
further explored the link between Siouan and
Caddoan languages. In the 1990s,
5995:
5522:
5488:
5474:
5132:
5029:
4796:
4736:
4718:
4234:
4218:
4172:
3929:
3749:
3714:
3704:
3682:
3639:
3504:
3085:
3017:
2692:
2687:
2579:
2529:
2524:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2244:
2121:
1933:
1910:
1554:
1459:
1348:
1330:
1106:
879:
653:
249:
190:
49:
2927:
1449:
3693:
2895:
2850:
2800:
2790:
2770:
2738:
2639:
2594:
2574:
2359:
2339:
2304:
2219:
2204:
2023:
1895:
1769:
1320:
1284:
281:
194:
100:
2748:
2629:
2609:
2474:
2334:
2324:
2209:
1953:
874:
850:
Previous work on Proto-Siouan only posited single vowel length. However,
529:
497:
3340:
2785:
2682:
2554:
2469:
2294:
1118:
923:
884:
474:
336:
198:
2384:
1433:
1305:
Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T. & Jones, A. Wesley. (n.d.).
1159:
2559:
2389:
1213:
Rankin, Robert L., Carter, Richard T. & Jones, A. Wesley (n.d.).
1138:
Voegelin, C.F. (1941). "Internal
Relationships of Siouan Languages".
1023:
992:
798:
708:
445:
120:
94:
90:
1454:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Berlin: Language Science Press.
2758:
2722:
2672:
2534:
2319:
1500:
1240:
772:
328:
2765:
2249:
2126:
2048:
588:
416:
4936:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4917:
4815:
2111:
165:
2855:
1172:
162:
1325:. Studies in Diversity Linguistics. Language Science Press.
524:
With respect to vowels, five oral vowels are reconstructed:
2815:
1369:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 305.
1451:
Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics
1322:
Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics
140:
Pre-contact distribution of the SiouanâCatawban languages
1483:
826:
is
Americanist *ĆĄ, IPA *j is Americanist *y, and so on.
1097:
suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the
310:
established, on the basis of linguistic evidence, that
1412:(1941). "Internal Relationships of Siouan Languages".
1201:
535:. Wolff also reconstructed some consonantal clusters
174:
159:
1263:
818:
In Siouanist literature (e.g., Rankin et al. 2015),
156:
6012:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
5993:
1267:; Jacques, Guillaume; Rankin, Robert L. (2012).
1874:
5691:
4976:
2957:
2943:
1860:
1516:
1229:International Journal of American Linguistics
1227:Wolff, Hans (1950). "Comparative Siouan II".
4946:Families with more than 30 languages are in
5870:
1447:
1318:
854:exists in several Siouan languages such as
4983:
4969:
2950:
2936:
1867:
1853:
1523:
1509:
1395:Handbook of North American Indians: Plains
4992:Indigenous language families and isolates
2375:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
5596:
260:, Mississippi River languages (such as
14:
5994:
1361:
4964:
2931:
1848:
1504:
1489:Siouan languages mailing list archive
1367:The languages of native North America
1226:
1081:
871:
822:transcriptions are the norm, so IPA *
371:
237:Siouan languages can be grouped into
1530:
2846:Norse colonization of North America
1131:
548:Proto-Siouan, which appears below:
542:
213:Authors who call the entire family
24:
1441:
1307:Proto-Siouan Phonology and Grammar
1215:Proto-Siouan Phonology and Grammar
232:
25:
6033:
1477:
193:that is located primarily in the
6022:Indigenous languages of Maryland
368:of all modern Siouan languages.
217:distinguish the two branches as
152:
134:
27:Language family of North America
2866:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1387:
1355:
342:
1312:
1299:
1255:
1220:
1207:
1190:
1177:
1166:
13:
1:
1484:Comparative Siouan Dictionary
1426:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00080
1198:Comparative Siouan Dictionary
1152:10.1525/aa.1941.43.2.02a00080
1124:
551:
376:There is a certain amount of
2831:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
2781:Eastern Agricultural Complex
278:Ohio Valley Siouan languages
7:
2215:Bandelier National Monument
2089:List of Mississippian sites
1876:Pre-Columbian North America
1309:. Ms. University of Kansas.
1217:. Ms. University of Kansas.
61:One of the world's primary
10:
6038:
2635:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
2240:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1949:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1204:, Accessed on 2015-12-13.)
1173:https://www.yesasahin.org/
5958:
5912:
5843:
5723:
5649:
5532:
5498:
5403:
5373:
5342:
5309:
5256:
5216:
5183:
5149:
5115:
5088:
5002:
4931:
4890:
4867:
4806:
4795:
4639:
4372:
4361:
4329:
4256:
4247:
4136:
3953:
3942:
3909:
3771:
3762:
3670:
3428:
3414:
3328:
3123:
3105:
3056:
2974:
2965:
2959:Primary language families
2904:
2876:Three Sisters agriculture
2731:
2663:
2195:
1924:
1882:
1829:
1796:
1787:
1752:
1725:
1714:
1692:
1656:
1633:
1595:
1588:
1568:
1547:
1538:
1408:
1137:
1022:
991:
922:
883:
878:
873:
845:
797:
771:
707:
587:
558:
354:
349:
133:
119:
107:
89:
68:
57:Linguistic classification
55:
42:
37:
32:
3776:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2415:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1974:Buttermilk Creek complex
1460:10.17169/langsci.b94.118
1331:10.17169/LANGSCI.B94.118
239:Western Siouan languages
18:Siouan-Catawban language
4943:have no living members.
2615:Town Creek Indian Mound
2585:Sierra de San Francisco
2440:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
1414:American Anthropologist
1140:American Anthropologist
208:
5976:Unclassified languages
4923:Unclassified languages
4877:list of sign languages
3845:Northeastern Tasmanian
2270:Coso Rock Art District
2157:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
2060:List of Hopewell sites
1285:10.1075/dia.29.2.04mic
366:reconstructed ancestor
355:Reconstruction of
4898:Constructed languages
2678:Arlington Springs Man
2520:Portsmouth Earthworks
1093:In the 19th century,
852:phonemic vowel length
296:branch consisting of
3445:BinandereanâGoilalan
2886:Transoceanic contact
2776:Container Revolution
2350:Gila Cliff Dwellings
2315:Etowah Indian Mounds
820:Americanist phonetic
364:Proto-Siouan is the
5925:AlgonquianâWakashan
4727:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4630:TequiracaâCanichana
4473:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
3236:Northwest Caucasian
3230:Northeast Caucasian
3154:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2806:Green Corn Ceremony
2620:Turkey River Mounds
2410:Lake Jackson Mounds
2230:Blue Spring Shelter
1202:http://csd.clld.org
1103:Iroquoian languages
308:Charles F. Voegelin
5913:Proposed groupings
5003:Language families
4349:Tarascan/Purépecha
3838:Northern Tasmanian
3596:South Bougainville
3557:North Bougainville
2891:Underwater panther
2565:Rosenstock Village
2435:Marmes Rockshelter
2420:L'Anse aux Meadows
1754:Mississippi Siouan
1589:Mississippi Valley
1494:2005-10-25 at the
1082:External relations
372:Previous proposals
317:Ohio Valley Siouan
274:Dhegihan languages
6007:Language families
5989:
5988:
5971:Extinct languages
5908:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5719:
5718:
5645:
5644:
5399:
5398:
5375:TakelmaâKalapuyan
4958:
4957:
4908:Language isolates
4886:
4885:
4791:
4790:
4357:
4356:
4243:
4242:
3938:
3937:
3885:Western Tasmanian
3803:Eastern Tasmanian
3758:
3757:
3480:East Geelvink Bay
3410:
3409:
3101:
3100:
2925:
2924:
2917:Pre-Columbian era
2718:Spirit Cave mummy
2515:Plum Bayou Mounds
2425:Lynch Quarry Site
1944:Ancient Beringian
1842:
1841:
1836:extinct languages
1825:
1824:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1710:
1709:
1634:ChiwereâWinnebago
1469:978-3-946234-37-1
1340:978-3-946234-37-1
1079:
1078:
816:
815:
537:/*tk,*kÊ,*Êk,*sp/
522:
521:
362:
361:
145:
144:
63:language families
16:(Redirected from
6029:
6002:Siouan languages
5981:Linguistic areas
5868:
5867:
5689:
5688:
5594:
5593:
5307:
5306:
5086:
5085:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4804:
4803:
4758:Huaorani/Waorani
4642:(extant in 2000)
4606:EsmeraldaâYaruro
4377:AndoqueâUrequena
4370:
4369:
4254:
4253:
4060:Plateau Penutian
3951:
3950:
3926:(Northern Daly?)
3769:
3768:
3655:Northwest Papuan
3619:TransâNew Guinea
3485:East New Britain
3460:Central Solomons
3426:
3425:
3171:Great Andamanese
3121:
3120:
2972:
2971:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2861:Projectile point
2698:Leanderthal Lady
2625:Upward Sun River
2600:Stallings Island
2590:Shell ring sites
2540:Recapture Canyon
2455:Moorehead Circle
2300:El Fin del Mundo
2285:Cueva de la Olla
2091:
2078:Maritime Archaic
2062:
1892:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1794:
1793:
1723:
1722:
1593:
1592:
1545:
1544:
1532:Siouan languages
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1473:
1437:
1381:
1380:
1363:Mithun, Marianne
1359:
1353:
1352:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1224:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1135:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
987:
982:
973:
968:
963:
954:
949:
940:
935:
930:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
869:
868:
825:
789:
784:
779:
765:
760:
755:
748:
739:
734:
729:
724:
717:
701:
694:
689:
684:
673:
666:
661:
656:
645:
638:
633:
628:
619:
614:
607:
602:
597:
556:
555:
543:Current proposal
538:
534:
527:
526:/*i,*e,*a,*o,*u/
514:
509:
504:
486:
481:
469:
464:
459:
454:
440:
435:
428:
423:
384:
383:
378:comparative work
358:Siouan languages
347:
346:
177:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
138:
129:
115:
103:
30:
29:
21:
6037:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6026:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5985:
5954:
5900:
5866:
5848:linguistic area
5847:
5839:
5728:linguistic area
5727:
5715:
5687:
5641:
5592:
5537:linguistic area
5536:
5528:
5502:linguistic area
5501:
5494:
5395:
5369:
5338:
5305:
5252:
5212:
5179:
5145:
5111:
5084:
5004:
4998:
4989:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4927:
4913:Mixed languages
4882:
4863:
4798:
4787:
4641:
4635:
4490:KatembriâTaruma
4364:
4353:
4325:
4239:
4132:
3945:
3934:
3905:
3754:
3666:
3625:TuramaâKikorian
3535:Lower Mamberamo
3490:East Strickland
3418:
3406:
3324:
3112:
3107:
3097:
3052:
2961:
2956:
2926:
2921:
2912:Genetic history
2900:
2754:Ceremonial pipe
2727:
2708:Minnesota Woman
2665:
2659:
2480:Ocmulgee Mounds
2460:Morrison Mounds
2405:Kolomoki Mounds
2395:Kimball Village
2255:Candelaria Cave
2197:
2191:
2172:Suwannee Valley
2107:Old Cordilleran
2087:
2058:
1926:
1920:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1843:
1838:
1821:
1775:
1748:
1727:Virginia Siouan
1706:
1688:
1652:
1629:
1584:
1564:
1534:
1529:
1496:Wayback Machine
1480:
1470:
1444:
1442:Further reading
1390:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1360:
1356:
1341:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1265:Michaud, Alexis
1260:
1256:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1111:Marianne Mithun
1084:
1053:
1028:
959:
928:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
848:
744:
713:
680:
652:
624:
593:
554:
545:
374:
345:
235:
233:Family division
227:SiouanâCatawban
211:
187:language family
183:SiouanâCatawban
175:
155:
151:
141:
125:
113:
99:
44:
38:SiouanâCatawban
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6035:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:Classification
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Macro-Chibchan
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5876:
5874:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5851:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5787:
5775:
5773:Tequistlatecan
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5698:
5696:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5656:
5654:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5601:
5591:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5436:Tequistlatecan
5433:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5378:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4965:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:Indo-Pakistani
4835:
4830:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4721:
4716:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:PiaroaâSaliban
4534:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4302:Tequistlatecan
4299:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4031:
4026:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3829:
3825:MarrkuâWurrugu
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3184:Hurro-Urartian
3180:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3118:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:Mound Builders
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Medicine wheel
2818:
2813:
2811:Horned Serpent
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Roberts Island
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Old Stone Fort
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Moaning Cavern
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Kincaid Mounds
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Cuarenta Casas
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Bluefish Caves
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2196:Archaeological
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1994:Caloosahatchee
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Caborn-Welborn
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1925:Archaeological
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1694:
1693:(unclassified)
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1548:Missouri River
1542:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1479:
1478:External links
1476:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1420:(2): 246â249.
1410:Voegelin, C.F.
1406:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1354:
1339:
1311:
1298:
1279:(2): 201â230.
1254:
1241:10.1086/464075
1235:(3): 113â121.
1219:
1206:
1189:
1176:
1165:
1146:(2): 246â249.
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1058:
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1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
988:
983:
978:
976:
974:
969:
964:
956:
955:
950:
945:
943:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
847:
844:
814:
813:
811:
809:
807:
804:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
768:
766:
761:
756:
751:
749:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
718:
711:
705:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
685:
677:
676:
674:
669:
667:
662:
657:
649:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
629:
621:
620:
615:
610:
608:
603:
598:
591:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
553:
550:
544:
541:
520:
519:
517:
515:
510:
505:
500:
494:
493:
491:
489:
487:
482:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:
442:
441:
436:
431:
429:
424:
419:
413:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
373:
370:
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
344:
341:
234:
231:
223:Eastern Siouan
219:Western Siouan
210:
207:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
97:
87:
86:
85:
84:
78:
70:
66:
65:
59:
53:
52:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6034:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6017:Sioux culture
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:CalusaâTunica
5690:
5684:
5683:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4996:North America
4993:
4986:
4981:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:Original Thai
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4612:HibitoâCholĂłn
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4128:YumanâCochimĂ
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:Southern Daly
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:Darwin Region
3785:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:DemtaâSentani
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3191:Indo-European
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:Austroasiatic
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Falcon dancer
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:Miscellaneous
2730:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Melbourne Man
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:La Brea Woman
2691:
2689:
2688:Kennewick Man
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Serpent Mound
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:Pueblo Bonito
2528:
2526:
2525:Poverty Point
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2510:Pinson Mounds
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Painted Bluff
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Horr's Island
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Effigy Mounds
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Crystal River
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:Weeden Island
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:Safety Harbor
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Poverty Point
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Paleo-Indians
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:Mississippian
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1743:Tutelo-Saponi
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:0-16-050400-7
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1378:
1376:9780521232289
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Wallace Chafe
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:Robert Latham
1091:
1089:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
984:
979:
977:
975:
970:
965:
962:
958:
957:
951:
946:
944:
942:
937:
932:
927:
925:
921:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
889:
886:
881:
876:
870:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
843:
839:
836:
831:
827:
821:
812:
810:
808:
805:
802:
800:
796:
793:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:
770:
767:
762:
757:
752:
750:
747:
743:
742:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:
716:
712:
710:
706:
703:
698:
696:
691:
686:
683:
682:postaspirated
679:
678:
675:
670:
668:
663:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
642:
640:
635:
630:
627:
623:
622:
616:
611:
609:
604:
599:
596:
592:
590:
586:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
557:
549:
540:
531:
518:
516:
511:
506:
501:
499:
496:
495:
492:
490:
488:
483:
478:
476:
473:
472:
466:
461:
456:
451:
449:
447:
444:
443:
437:
432:
430:
425:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
382:
379:
369:
367:
357:
353:
348:
340:
338:
334:
333:Haliwa-Saponi
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:North America
188:
184:
180:
179:
170:
149:
137:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
96:
92:
88:
82:
81:Siouan proper
79:
76:
73:
72:
71:
67:
64:
60:
58:
54:
51:
50:North America
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5930:AztecâTanoan
5893:
5886:
5881:Guanahatabey
5879:
5872:Pre-Arawakan
5854:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5798:
5789:
5782:
5767:Oto-Manguean
5765:
5758:
5751:
5734:
5725:Mesoamerican
5708:
5701:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5534:Coahuiltecan
5521:
5514:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5447:
5440:
5428:
5383:
5362:
5344:Coast Oregon
5326:
5319:
5286:
5245:
5238:
5227:
5226:
5218:Macro-Siouan
5200:
5193:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5104:
5097:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5011:
5005:and isolates
4947:
4940:
4939:Families in
4874:
4825:
4723:
4711:
4561:
4529:
4520:Pano-Tacanan
4477:
4440:
4428:
4399:ArutaniâSape
4391:
4336:
4318:
4311:
4296:Oto-Manguean
4294:
4277:
4270:
4217:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4150:
4143:
4120:
4113:
4101:
4081:
4074:
4052:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3964:
3957:
3916:
3883:
3879:Western Daly
3857:PamaâNyungan
3855:
3843:
3836:
3823:
3801:
3796:Eastern Daly
3794:
3786:
3741:
3617:
3605:
3583:
3566:
3544:
3515:KaureâKosare
3475:DosoâTurumsa
3465:ChimbuâWahgi
3455:Bulaka River
3439:Austronesian
3437:
3398:
3391:
3372:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3247:Sino-Tibetan
3245:
3228:
3211:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3158:
3148:Austronesian
3146:
3139:
3127:
3073:
3011:Nilo-Saharan
3009:
3002:
2987:Austronesian
2985:
2978:
2896:Water glyphs
2851:Oasisamerica
2841:N.A.G.P.R.A.
2801:Folsom point
2791:Effigy mound
2771:Clovis point
2739:Aridoamerica
2640:Wickiup Hill
2595:Spiro Mounds
2575:Salmon Ruins
2570:Russell Cave
2365:Helen Blazes
2360:Grimes Point
2340:Fort Juelson
2330:Fort Ancient
2305:El Vallecito
2265:Chaco Canyon
2205:Angel Mounds
2167:Steed-Kisker
2117:Paleo-Arctic
2039:Glacial Kame
2024:Fort Ancient
1916:Post-Classic
1887:
1831:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1715:
1699:
1671:
1665:
1640:
1577:
1569:
1531:
1450:
1417:
1413:
1394:
1388:Bibliography
1366:
1357:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1276:
1272:
1257:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1168:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1115:Macro-Siouan
1092:
1085:
849:
840:
832:
828:
817:
654:preaspirated
546:
530:nasal vowels
523:
375:
363:
350:Proto-Siouan
343:Proto-Siouan
306:
247:
236:
226:
214:
212:
195:Great Plains
182:
147:
146:
109:Linguasphere
69:Subdivisions
45:distribution
5935:Macro-Mayan
5800:Uto-Aztecan
5778:Totozoquean
5608:Coahuilteco
5419:Palaihnihan
5301:Tsimshianic
4833:Germanosign
4737:Mura-PirahĂŁ
4618:LuleâVilela
4594:Bora-Witoto
4569:UruâChipaya
4542:TicunaâYuri
4525:PebaâYaguan
4510:Nambikwaran
4313:Uto-Aztecan
4249:Mesoamerica
4103:Uto-Aztecan
4092:Tsimshianic
4054:Palaihnihan
3924:Malak-Malak
3661:Papuan Gulf
3635:West Papuan
3540:Lower Sepik
3530:Lakes Plain
3433:AraiâSamaia
3421:the Pacific
3129:Afroasiatic
3004:NigerâCongo
2980:Afroasiatic
2881:Thunderbird
2749:Black drink
2713:Peñon woman
2650:Winterville
2630:Velda Mound
2610:Taos Pueblo
2505:Parkin Park
2490:Orwell site
2475:Nodena site
2370:Holly Bluff
2345:Four Mounds
2335:Fort Center
2260:Casa Grande
2210:Anzick site
2102:Monongahela
2029:Fort Walton
2004:Coles Creek
1969:Belle Glade
1954:Anishinaabe
1717:Ohio Valley
1701:Mitchigamea
1679:OmahaâPonca
1603:Assiniboine
1273:Diachronica
835:syncopation
746:glottalized
626:glottalized
498:Approximant
203:Mississippi
5996:Categories
5791:MixeâZoque
5760:Misumalpan
5682:Chitimacha
5174:Algonquian
5140:Athabaskan
5019:YukiâWappo
4827:Francosign
4675:Chiquitano
4655:Alacalufan
4463:Guaicuruan
4436:Chapacuran
4419:Cahuapanan
4387:Araucanian
4290:MixeâZoque
4285:Misumalpan
3999:Comecrudan
3851:Nyulnyulan
3630:Upper Yuat
3607:Torricelli
3579:Senu River
3510:Foja Range
3416:New Guinea
3341:Burushaski
3202:Kartvelian
3177:HmongâMien
2993:KhoeâKwadi
2826:Metallurgy
2786:Eden point
2683:Buhl Woman
2555:Rock Eagle
2545:River Styx
2470:Mummy Cave
2465:Moundville
2445:Mesa Verde
2430:Marksville
2177:Tchefuncte
2137:Plaquemine
2073:Las Palmas
1989:Calf Creek
1984:Cades Pond
1125:References
1119:sprachbund
552:Consonants
533:/*Ä©,*ĂŁ,*Ć©/
528:and three
337:Occaneechi
43:Geographic
5945:Tolatecan
5845:Caribbean
5833:AlagĂŒilac
5826:Purépecha
5812:Cuitlatec
5784:Totonacan
5742:Jicaquean
5661:Muskogean
5636:Mamulique
5622:Comecrudo
5552:Karankawa
5455:Jicaquean
5442:Chimariko
5391:Kalapuyan
5334:Sahaptian
5282:Yok-Utian
5267:Chinookan
5240:Iroquoian
5208:Chimakuan
5024:Chumashan
4858:Tanzanian
4799:languages
4696:HodĂŻ/Joti
4640:Isolates
4579:Yanomaman
4515:OtomĂĄkoan
4479:Jirajaran
4468:Guajiboan
4430:Catacaoan
4409:Barbacoan
4338:Cuitlatec
4307:Totonacan
4266:Jicaquean
4145:Chimariko
4041:Muskogean
4023:Kalapuyan
4017:Iroquoian
3992:Chumashan
3985:Chinookan
3978:Chimakuan
3896:Yangmanic
3891:Worrorran
3874:Wagaydyic
3764:Australia
3613:Trans-Fly
3279:Yeniseian
3266:Tyrsenian
3160:Dravidian
2871:Stickball
2560:Rock Hawk
2390:Key Marco
2182:Troyville
2162:St. Johns
2147:Red Ocher
1906:Formative
1834:indicate
1349:2363-5568
1249:197656511
799:Obstruent
709:Fricative
446:Fricative
339:peoples.
270:Winnebago
121:Glottolog
91:ISO 639-2
83:(Western)
77:(Eastern)
5856:Arawakan
5736:Chibchan
5615:Cotoname
5573:Quinigua
5559:Maratino
5258:Penutian
5202:Wakashan
5195:Salishan
5106:Eskimoan
5090:Eskaleut
4891:See also
4868:Isolates
4843:Japanese
4783:Yuracaré
4665:Candoshi
4624:Macro-JĂȘ
4589:Zaparoan
4584:Zamucoan
4574:Witotoan
4557:Tucanoan
4552:Tiniguan
4547:Timotean
4531:Quechuan
4500:Matacoan
4495:Mascoian
4485:Jivaroan
4448:Chibchan
4442:Charruan
4393:Arawakan
4330:Isolates
4261:Chibchan
4137:Isolates
4109:Wakashan
4070:Salishan
4012:Eskaleut
3918:Giimbiyu
3910:Isolates
3819:Jarrakan
3814:Iwaidjan
3671:Isolates
3525:Kutubuan
3393:Sumerian
3329:Isolates
3284:Yukaghir
3253:Tungusic
3219:Mongolic
3207:Koreanic
3166:Eskaleut
3057:Isolates
3041:Ubangian
2759:Chanunpa
2744:Ballgame
2723:Vero man
2673:Anzick-1
2645:Windover
2605:SunWatch
2535:Rassawek
2355:Glenwood
2245:Brewster
2097:Mogollon
2068:La Jolla
2054:Hopewell
2014:Deptford
1927:cultures
1799:Catawban
1658:Dhegihan
1648:Ho-Chunk
1492:Archived
1365:(1999).
1293:53057252
860:Ho-Chunk
773:Sonorant
395:Alveolar
329:Manahoac
312:Catawban
298:Catawban
294:Catawban
243:Catawban
127:siou1252
75:Catawban
48:central
5920:Amerind
5895:Ciguayo
5888:Macorix
5862:Cariban
5836: ?
5695: ?
5675:Atakapa
5668:Natchez
5653: ?
5600: ?
5598:Pakawan
5587:Tonkawa
5545:Aranama
5500:Pueblo
5468:Salinan
5449:Esselen
5414:Shastan
5407: ?
5385:Takelma
5377: ?
5364:Siuslaw
5346: ?
5321:Klamath
5313: ?
5311:Plateau
5277:Maiduan
5272:Wintuan
5260: ?
5234:Caddoan
5220: ?
5187: ?
5126:Tlingit
5117:Na-Dene
5072:Waikuri
5065:Timucua
5058:Kutenai
5037:Beothuk
4941:italics
4918:Pidgins
4903:Creoles
4853:Swedish
4821:Chinese
4768:Urarina
4753:Puinave
4707:Itonama
4701:Irantxe
4670:Chimane
4600:Chimuan
4505:Nadahup
4424:Cariban
4404:Aymaran
4365:America
4207:Waikuri
4200:Tonkawa
4193:Timucua
4186:Takelma
4179:Siuslaw
4168:Kutenai
4152:Esselen
4115:Wintuan
4076:Shastan
4047:Na-Dene
4035:Maiduan
3972:Caddoan
3946:America
3900:Wagiman
3898:(incl.
3869:Tangkic
3809:Garawan
3782:Bunuban
3743:Tambora
3710:Maybrat
3678:Abinomn
3601:Teberan
3562:Pauwasi
3552:Mairasi
3520:Kiwaian
3400:Tambora
3386:Shompen
3368:Kusunda
3361:Kenaboi
3347:Elamite
3319:Siangic
3301:Kho-Bwa
3295:Hrusish
3213:KraâDai
3197:Japonic
3106:Eurasia
3081:Sandawe
3064:Bangime
3029:Songhay
2908:Related
2766:Chunkey
2666:remains
2655:Wupatki
2495:Paquime
2385:HuĂĄpoca
2250:Cahokia
2220:Bastian
2127:Patayan
2049:Hohokam
2034:Fremont
2009:ComondĂș
1964:Baytown
1959:Avonlea
1939:Alachua
1911:Classic
1901:Archaic
1889:Periods
1832:Italics
1809:Catawba
1789:Eastern
1736:Moneton
1642:Chiwere
1596:Dakotan
1560:Hidatsa
1540:Western
1099:Caddoan
880:Central
856:Hidatsa
589:Plosive
582:Glottal
572:Palatal
567:Coronal
417:Plosive
410:Glottal
400:Palatal
325:Monacan
292:). The
276:), and
266:Chiwere
254:Hidatsa
5950:Waroid
5806:Xincan
5747:Lencan
5710:Calusa
5703:Tunica
5580:Solano
5566:Naolan
5510:Tanoan
5424:Pomoan
5358:Coosan
5353:Alsean
5328:Molala
5288:Yokuts
5228:Siouan
5079:PericĂș
5051:Cayuse
4816:BANZSL
4778:Yamana
4763:Trumai
4732:Movima
4686:FulniĂŽ
4649:AikanĂŁ
4563:Tupian
4458:Chonan
4382:Arauan
4320:Xincan
4272:Lencan
4225:Yokuts
4122:Yukian
4087:Tanoan
4082:Siouan
4065:Pomoan
4006:Coosan
3832:Mirndi
3725:Porome
3720:Pawaia
3574:Senagi
3546:Madang
3495:Eleman
3450:Border
3381:Nihali
3374:Minoan
3354:Hattic
3336:Basque
3307:Mijiic
3289:Digaro
3273:Uralic
3259:Turkic
3110:Europe
2967:Africa
2325:Folsom
2290:Cutler
2225:Benson
2112:Oneota
2044:Glades
2019:Folsom
1999:Clovis
1896:Lithic
1816:Woccon
1763:Biloxi
1684:Quapaw
1625:Stoney
1618:Lakota
1613:Dakota
1579:Mandan
1570:Mandan
1466:
1434:662955
1432:
1401:
1373:
1347:
1337:
1291:
1247:
1160:662955
1158:
864:Tutelo
862:, and
846:Vowels
562:Labial
390:Labial
335:, and
321:Tutelo
302:Woccon
290:Tutelo
288:, and
286:Biloxi
272:, and
262:Dakota
258:Mandan
215:Siouan
148:Siouan
33:Siouan
5959:Lists
5819:Huave
5753:Mayan
5629:Garza
5516:Keres
5482:Washo
5461:Karuk
5430:Yuman
5405:Hokan
5294:Utian
5247:Yuchi
5185:Mosan
5167:Yurok
5160:Wiyot
5151:Algic
5099:Aleut
5044:Bidai
5013:Haida
4773:Warao
4742:Nukak
4713:Kunza
4691:GuatĂł
4680:CofĂĄn
4660:CamsĂĄ
4453:Choco
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